DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

Chapter 8
IIR Filter Structure

OER Digital Signal Processing by Dr. Norizam Sulaiman work is under licensed
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
License.
 IIR Filter Structure

• Aims
– To explain type of II filter structure, components and methods to
realize the IIR filter structure.

• Expected Outcomes

– By completing the chapter, students should be able to develop

the appropriate filter structure based on the type and
characteristics of the IIR filter.
 FIR Filter Structure

 As described in the previous chapter on the LTI system,

those system can be modeled using :
1. A Difference/Differential equation, y(n) = x[n] + x[n-1] + …
2. Impulse Response, h(n)
3. Transfer Function, H(z)

 Hence, the systems that described by the difference

equations can be represented by structures consisting of an
interconnection of the basic operations of addition,
multiplication by a constant or signal multiplication, delay
and advance.
 IIR Filter Structure
 Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) of LTI can be realized by the
following difference equation & block diagram:
y(n) – ay(n-1) = x(n), a is constant
Thus, The Transfer Function, H(z ) = 1 / (1 – az-1) and
Block diagram:
x(n) + y(n)

z-1
a

 Example of the difference equation that describe the IIR system:

 y[n] = ½ y[n-1] + 2x[n] + x[n-1]

 The system transfer function to describe IIR system:

 H(z) = B(z) / A(z) = (b(k)z-k ) / (1 + (a(k)z-k )
 Type of IIR Filter Structure

• IIR system/filter can be realized in several

structures:

1. DIRECT FORM I
2. DIRECT FORM II (CANONIC)
3. CASCADE FORM
4. PARALLEL FORM
 IIR Filter Structure : Direct Form I

• The example IIR filter structure for Direct Form

I is shown in diagram below:
b0 w(n)
x(n) + + y(n)

z-1 z-1
b1 -a1
+ +
z-1 z-1
b2 -a2
+ +
z-1 z-1
bM -aN
 IIR Filter Structure : Direct Form I

• Example:
Determine the Direct Form I structure of the IIR Filter
described by the following difference equation;
y(n) = 0.5y(n-1) – 0.76y(n-2) + 0.63y(n-3) + x(n) + 0.875x(n-1)
Solution:
1. Compute the Transfer Function, H(z).
Y(z) = 0.5z-1Y(z) – 0.76z-2Y(z) + 0.63z-3Y(z) + X(z) + 0.875z-1 X(z)
H(z) = Y(z) / X(z) = (1 + 0.875z-1) / (1 - 0.5z-1 + 0.76z-2 - 0.63z-3)
2. Now, draw Direct Form I structure based on the
Transfer Function, H(z).
 IIR Filter Structure : Direct Form I

• Example:
3. The Direct Form I IIR Filter Structure is shown below:
1
x(n) + + y(n)

z-1 z-1
0.5
0.875 +
z-1
-0.76
+
z-1
0.63
IIR Filter Structure : Direct Form II (Canonic)

• In order for the system to have efficiency in the memory

requirement, the delays of the Direct Form I structure
can be delayed to become Direct Form II or Canonic
form as shown below:
w(n) b0
x(n) + + y(n)

z-1 z-1
w(n) = -a1 w(n-1) + x(n)
-a1 b1 Thus, the output, y(n) = b0 w(n) + b1 w(n-1)

w(n-1) w(n-1)
b0
x(n) + + y(n)

z-1

-a1 b1
w(n-1)
 IIR Filter Structure : Direct Form II (Canonic)
• Example:
Determine the Direct Form II (Canonic) structure of the IIR Filter described by
the following difference equation;
y(n) = 0.5y(n-1) – 0.76y(n-2) + 0.63y(n-3) + x(n) + 0.875x(n-1)
Solution:
Draw the structure based on the transfer function obtain from previous example.

1
x(n) + + y(n)

z-1
0.5 0.875
+

-0.76
z-1
+

z-1
0.63
 IIR Filter Structure : Cascade Form

• To produce Cascade form of the IIR filter structure, the

numerator and denominator of the factorized system will
be paired other such as;
H(z) = H1(z).H2(z)

 The Cascade form can be described in term of the

mathematical formula as stated below;
k
H(z) = p0  (1 + 1k z-1 + 2k z-2) / (1 + 1k z-1 + 2k z-2)
 IIR Filter Structure : Cascade Form

• Example:
Determine the Cascade Form structure of the IIR Filter described by the
following difference equation;
y(n) = -¼ y(n-1) + 3/8y(n-2) + x(n) + 2x(n-1) + x(n-2)
Solution:
1. Obtain the transfer function as below;
Y(z) = -¼ z-1Y(z) + 3/8 z-2Y(z) + X(z) + 2z-1X(z)+ z-2X(z)
H(z) = Y(z) / X(z) = (1 + 2z-1+ z-2) / (1 + ¼ z-1 - 3/8z-2)
2. Factorize the transfer function as below;
H(z) = [(1 + z-1)(1 + z-1) / [(1 - ¾ z-1)(1 + ½ z-1)]
3. Split the transfer function to become;
H(z) = H1(z).H2(z) = [(1 + z-1) / (1 - ¾ z-1)].[(1 + z-1) / (1 + ½ z-1)]
 IIR Filter Structure : Cascade Form

• Solution:
4. Construct the Cascade structure based on the transfer function;
H(z) = H1(z).H2(z) = [(1 + z-1) / (1 - ¾ z-1)].[(1 + z-1) / (1 + ½ z-1)]

1 1
x(n) + + + + y(n)

z-1 z-1

¾ 1 -½ 1

H1(z) H2(z)
 IIR Filter Structure : Parallel Form

 To produce Parallel form of the IIR filter structure, the

numerator and denominator of the factorized system will
be split into summation form such as;
H(z) = H1(z) + H2(z)

 Partial Fraction Expansion (PFE) method can be

employed to obtain the split of the transfer function.

 Then, the structure will be constructed from each

transfer function.
 IIR Filter Structure : Parallel Form

• Example:
Determine the Parallel Form structure of the IIR Filter described by the
following difference equation;
y(n) = -¼ y(n-1) + 3/8y(n-2) + x(n) + 2x(n-1) + x(n-2)
Solution:
1. Obtain the transfer function as below;
Y(z) = -¼ z-1Y(z) + 3/8 z-2Y(z) + X(z) + 2z-1X(z)+ z-2X(z)
H(z) = Y(z) / X(z) = (1 + 2z-1+ z-2) / (1 + ¼ z-1 - 3/8z-2)
2. Factorize the transfer function as below;
H(z) = [(1 + z-1)(1 + z-1) / [(1 - ¾ z-1)(1 + ½ z-1)]
3. Split the transfer function using PFE technique to obtain;
H(z) = H1(z) + H2(z) = 8/3 + [(2/30) / (1 - ¾ z-1)] + [(18/5) / (1 + ½ z-1)]
 IIR Filter Structure : Parallel Form

• Solution:
4. Construct the structure according to the transfer function below;
H(z) = H1(z) + H2(z) = 8/3 + [(2/30) / (1 - ¾ z-1)] + [(8/5) / (1 + ½ z-1)]
2/30
+

z-1
8/3 ¾
x(n) + + + y(n)

8/5
+

z-1
-½
 IIR FILTER STRUCTURE
To construct IIR filter structure

5
To construct the
4 1 To identify
block diagram of difference
the filter. equation of the
x(n) + y(n)
system, y(n)
Z-1

3
-a
2
To identify the To convert the
structure components difference equation
into Transfer
Function, H(z)
 Conclusion

• Able to identify the IIR structure components.

• Able to differentiate the type of IIR structure.

• Able to construct the IIR structure from the difference

equation and transfer function of the LTI system.
Author Information

Teaching slides prepared by

Dr. Norizam Sulaiman,
Senior Lecturer,
Applied Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Faculty of Electrical & Electronics Engineering,
Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Pekan Campus,
Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia
norizam@ump.edu.my
OER Digital Signal Processing by Dr. Norizam Sulaiman work is under licensed
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
License.