EX NO: 1 BASIC NETWORK COMMAND: PING, NETSTAT,

TRACERT, NSLOOKUP, PORT SCAN, ARP, IPCONFIG.

Ping:
The ping command helps to verify IP-level connectivity. When
troubleshooting, you can use ping to send an ICMP echo request to a target
host name or IP address. Use ping whenever you need to verify that a host
computer can connect to the TCP/IP network and network resources. Ping is the
primary tool for troubleshooting IP-level connectivity. Type ping -? at a
command prompt to see a complete list of available command-line options. Ping
allows you to specify the size of packets to use (the default is 32 bytes), how
many to send, whether to record the route used, what Time To Live (TTL) value
to use, and whether to set the "don't fragment" flag.

Netstat:
The netstatcommandis aCommand Prompt commandused to display very
detailed information about how your computer is communicating with other
computers or network devices. Specifically, the netstat command can show
details about individual network connections, overall and protocol-specific
networking statistics, and much more, all of which could help troubleshoot
certain kinds of networking issues.

Tracert:
The tracertcommandis aCommand Prompt command, used to show
several details about the path that a packet takes from the computer or device to
destination you specify.A traceroute is a function which traces the path from
one network to another. It allows us to diagnose the source of many problems.
Nslookup:
nslookup (which stands for name server lookup) is a network utility
program used to obtain information about internet servers. As its name suggests,
it finds name server information for domains by querying theDomain
NameSystem(DNS).Nslookup is a useful tool for troubleshooting DNS
problems, such as host name resolution. When you start Nslookup, it shows the
host name and IP address of the DNS server that is configured for the local
system, and then display a command prompt for further queries. If you type a
question mark ( ? ), Nslookup shows all available commands. You can exit the
program by typing exit .
port scan
The most common host-based tool for checking for open ports on
Windows or Unix systems is the netstatcommand. But running this command
means actually walking or remotely accessing each and every server and you
miss other host systems that might be listening on improper ports. This is where
port scanners come in with this tool, a system, network, or security
administrator can check a group of hosts all at once.

ARP:
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a protocol for mapping an
Internet Protocol address (IP address) to a physical machine address that is
recognized in the local network.When you try to ping an IP address on your
local network, say 192.168.1.1, your system has to turn the IP address
192.168.1.1 into a MAC address. This involves using ARP to resolve the
address, hence its name.Systems keep an ARP look-up table where they store
information about what IP addresses are associated with what MAC addresses.
When trying to send a packet to an IP address, the system will first consult this
table to see if it already knows the MAC address. If there is a value cached,
ARP is not used.
If the IP address is not found in the ARP table, the system will then send a
broadcast packet to the network using the ARP protocol to ask "who has
192.168.1.1". Because it is a broadcast packet, it is sent to a special MAC
address that causes all machines on the network to receive it. Any machine with
the requested IP address will reply with an ARP packet that says "I am
192.168.1.1", and this includes the MAC address which can receive packets for
that IP.

Ipconfig:
Ipconfig (sometimes written as IPCONFIG) is a command line tool used
to control the network connections on Windows NT/2000/XP machines.
Ipconfig displays all current TCP/IP network configuration values and refreshes
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) and Domain Name System
(DNS) settings.
OUTPUT:
PING :
C:\Users\admin>ping gmail.com
Pinging gmail.com [142.250.67.229] with 32 bytes of data:
Reply from 142.250.67.229: bytes=32 time=52ms TTL=115
Reply from 142.250.67.229: bytes=32 time=52ms TTL=115
Reply from 142.250.67.229: bytes=32 time=53ms TTL=115
Reply from 142.250.67.229: bytes=32 time=53ms TTL=115 Ping
statistics for 142.250.67.229:
Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
Minimum = 52ms, Maximum = 53ms, Average = 52m
NETSTAT:
C:\Users\admin>netstat
Active Connections
Proto Local Address Foreign Address State
TCP 127.0.0.1:49774 ITPC2:49775 ESTABLISHED
TCP 127.0.0.1:49775 ITPC2:49774 ESTABLISHED
TCP 127.0.0.1:52105 ITPC2:52106 ESTABLISHED
TCP 127.0.0.1:52106 ITPC2:52105 ESTABLISHED
TCP 127.0.0.1:52118 ITPC2:52119 ESTABLISHED
TCP 127.0.0.1:52119 ITPC2:52118 ESTABLISHED
TRACERT:
C:\Users\admin>tracert gmail.com Tracing
route to gmail.com [216.58.200.133] over a
maximum of 30 hops:
1 <1 ms 3 ms <1 ms 192.168.49.254
2 3 ms 3 ms 3 ms 210.212.246.130
NSLOOKUP
C:\Users\admin>nslookup gmail.com
Server: dns.google
Address: 8.8.8.8
Name: gmail.com
Addresses: 2404:6800:4007:80b::2005
142.250.183.10
ARP
C:\Users\admin>ARP –A
Interface: 192.168.85.1 --- 0x7
Internet Address Physical Address Type
192.168.85.254 00-50-56-e1-80-22 dynamic
192.168.85.255 ff-ff-ff-ff-ff-ff static
224.0.0.22 01-00-5e-00-00-16 static
224.0.0.251 01-00-5e-00-00-fb static
224.0.0.252 01-00-5e-00-00-fc static
239.255.255.250 01-00-5e-7f-ff-fa static
255.255.255.255 ff-ff-ff-ff-ff-ff static
IPCONFIG
C:\Users\admin>ipconfig
Windows IP Configuration Ethernet
adapter Ethernet:
Connection-specific DNS Suffix . :
Link-local IPv6 Address . . . . . : fe80::7888:b0c6:ecc6:3ce0%12
IPv4 Address. . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.49.234
Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.0
Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.49.254
EX NO:2 GENERATING HAMMING CODE FOR ERROR DETECTION
AND CORRECTION

PROGRAM:
import java.util.*;
class DanHamming
{ public static void main(String arg[])
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println(“Enter the 7-bit data code”);
int d[]=new int[7]; for(int
i=0;i<7;i++)
{ d[i]=sc.nextInt();
} int p[]=new int[4];
p[0]=d[0]^d[1]^d[3]^d[4]^d[6]
;
p[1]=d[0]^d[2]^d[3]^d[5]^d[6]
; p[2]=d[1]^d[2]^d[3];
p[3]=d[4]^d[5]^d[6]; int
c[]=new int[11];
System.out.println(“Complete Code Word is “);
c[0]=p[0]; c[1]=p[1]; c[2]=d[0]; c[3]=p[2];
c[4]=d[1]; c[5]=d[2]; c[6]=d[3]; c[7]=p[3];
c[8]=d[4]; c[9]=d[5]; c[10]=d[6];
for(int i=0; i<11;i++) {
System.out.print(c[i]+ ” “);
}
System.out.println();
System.out.println(“Enter the Received codeword”);
int r[]=new int[11]; for(int i=0;i<11;i++)
{ r[i]=sc.nextInt();
} int pr[]=new
int[4]; int
rd[]=new int[7];
pr[0]=r[0];
pr[1]=r[1];
rd[0]=r[2];
pr[2]=r[3];
rd[1]=r[4];
rd[2]=r[5];
rd[3]=r[6];
pr[3]=r[7];
rd[4]=r[8];
rd[5]=r[9];
rd[6]=r[10]; int
s[]=new int[4];
s[0]=pr[0]^rd[0]^r
d[1]^rd[3]^rd[4]^r
d[6];
s[1]=pr[1]^rd[0]^r
d[2]^rd[3]^rd[5]^r
d[6];
s[2]=pr[2]^rd[1]^r
d[2]^rd[3];
s[3]=pr[3]^rd[4]^r
d[5]^rd[6]; int
dec=(s[0]*1)+
(s[1]*2)+(s[2]*4)+
(s[3]*8);
if(dec==0)
System.out.println(“No error”);
else {
 System.out.println(“Error is at “+dec);
if(r[dec-1]==0) r[dec-1]=1; else r[dec-
1]=0;
}
System.out.println(“Corrected code word is : “); for(int
i=0;i<11;i++)
System.out.print(r[i]+” “);
System.out.println();
}
}

SAMPLE OUTPUT:

Enter the 7-bit data code

1110100
Complete Code Word is
10101101100
Enter the Received codeword
10001101100
Error is at 3
Corrected code word is :
101011011

EX NO:3 IMPLEMENT THE CRC

PROGRAM:
import java.io.*;
class crc
{
public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException
{
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(System.in));
System.out.println("Enter Generator:");
String gen = br.readLine();
System.out.println("Enter Data:");
String data = br.readLine(); String
code = data;
while(code.length() < (data.length() + gen.length() - 1))
code = code + "0"; code = data + div(code,gen);
System.out.println("The transmitted Code Word is: " +
code);
System.out.println("Please enter the received Code Word: ");
String rec = br.readLine();
if(Integer.parseInt(div(rec,gen)) == 0)
System.out.println("The received code word contains
no errors."); else
System.out.println("The received code word contains
errors.");
}
static String div(String num1,String num2)
{ int pointer = num2.length();
String result = num1.substring(0, pointer);
String remainder = "";
for(int i = 0; i< num2.length(); i++)
{
if(result.charAt(i) == num2.charAt(i)) remainder
+= "0";
else remainder += "1";
}
while(pointer < num1.length())
{ if(remainder.charAt(0) == '0')

{
} remainder = remainder.substring(1, remainder.length());
remainder = remainder +
String.valueOf(num1.charAt(pointer)); pointer++;

result = remainder; remainder

= "";
 for(int i = 0; i< num2.length(); i++)
{
if(result.charAt(i) ==
num2.charAt(i)) remainder += "0";
else remainder += "1";

}
}
return remainder.substring(1,remainder.length());
}
}

OUTPUT:
Enter Generator:
1010
Enter Data:
10101010
The transmitted Code Word is: 10101010010 Please
enter the received Code Word:
10101010010
The received code word contains no errors.

EXNO:4 IMPLEMENTATION OF STOP AND WAIT PROTOCOL

PROGRAM SENDER:
import java.io.*; import
java.net.*;
importjava.util.Scanner;
class stopwaitsender
{ public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception
{ stopwaitsendersws = new stopwaitsender();
sws.run();
} public void run() throws
Exception
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println(“Enter no of frames to be sent:”); int
n=sc.nextInt();
Socket myskt=new Socket(“localhost”,9999);
PrintStreammyps=new PrintStream(myskt.getOutputStream());
for(inti=0;i<=n;)
{ if(i==n)
{
myps.println(“exit”); break;
}
System.out.println(“Frame no “+i+” is sent”);
myps.println(i);
BufferedReader bf=new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader (myskt. getInputStream ()));
String ack=bf.readLine(); if(ack!=null)
{
System.out.println(“Acknowledgement was Received
from receiver”); i++;
Thread.sleep(4000);
} else
 { myps.println(i);
}
}
}
}
RECEIVER:
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*; class
stopwaitreceiver
{ public static void main(String args[])throws Exception
{ stopwaitreceiver swr = new stopwaitreceiver();
swr.run();
} public void run() throws
Exception
{
String temp="any message",str="exit";
ServerSocket myss=new ServerSocket(9999);
Socket ss_accept=myss.accept();
BufferedReaderss_bf=new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader (ss_accept. GetInputStream()));
PrintStream myps=new PrintStream(ss_accept.getOutputStream());
while(temp.compareTo(str)!=0)
{
Thread.sleep(1000); temp=ss_bf.readLine();
if(temp.compareTo(str)==0)
{
break;
}
System.out.println(“Frame “+temp+” was received”);
Thread.sleep(500); myps.println(“Received”);
}
 System.out.println(“ALL FRAMES WERE RECEIVED SUCCESSFULLY”);

}
}

OUTPUT:
SENDER:
[usera37@redhatnewit gunaseelan]$ javac stopwaitsender.java
[usera37@redhatnewit gunaseelan]$ java stopwaitsender

Enter no of frames to be sent:

5
Frame no0is sent
Acknowledgement was Received from receiver
Frame no1is sent
Acknowledgement was Received from receiver
Frame no2is sent
Acknowledgement was Received from receiver
Frame no3is sent
Acknowledgement was Received from receiver
Frame no4is sent
Acknowledgement was Received from receiver
RECEIVER
[usera37@redhatnewit gunaseelan]$ javac stopwaitreceiver.java
[usera37@redhatnewit gunaseelan]$ java stopwaitreceiver
Frame 0 was received
Frame 1 was received
Frame 2 was received
Frame 3 was received
Frame 4 was received
ALL FRAMES WERE RECEIVED SUCCESSFULLYSERVER:

EXNO:5 SLIDING WINDOW

PROGRAM:
CLIENT PROGRAM
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*; class
sliclient
{ public static void main(String aafhbasgj[])throws Exception {

Socket s=new Socket("localhost",6483);

String opmsg;
BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(System.in));
DataInputStream in=new DataInputStream(s.getInputStream());
PrintStream dos=new PrintStream(s.getOutputStream());
int iterations=Integer.parseInt(in.readLine());
String msg=in.readLine(); int
no=Integer.parseInt(msg); int
i=0,intr=0,iframe=0; int framecounter=0;
while(intr<iterations)
{ msg=in.readLine();
System.out.println(msg);
i++; framecounter++;
if(framecounter
%no==0)
{
System.out.println("sending ack to server");
opmsg="ACK : FRAME "+iframe+"
RECIEVED"; dos.println(opmsg); iframe++;
} if(i==8)
{ i=0;
intr++;
}
}
s.close();
}
}
SERVER:
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*; class
slisender
{ public static void main(String aafhbasgj[])throws Exception
{
ServerSocket ss=new ServerSocket(6483);
Socket s=ss.accept();
BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(System.in));
 DataInputStream in=new DataInputStream(s.getInputStream());
String str1;
System.out.println("Enter number of iterations"); int
it=Integer.parseInt(br.readLine());
int intr=0; int
msg[]=new int[8];
for(int i=0;i<8;i++)
msg[i]=i;

PrintStream p; int
no;
p=new PrintStream(s.getOutputStream()); p.println(it);
System.out.println("Enter window size");
no=Integer.parseInt(br.readLine());
p.println(no); int
i=0;
while(intr<it)
{
p.println(msg[i]); i++;

if(i==no)
{ str1=in.readLine();
System.out.println(str1);
} if(i==8)
{ i=0; int r+
+;
}}
ss.close();
s.close();
}
}

OUTPUT:
SERVER:
Enter number of iterations
4
Enter window size
2
ACK : FRAME 0 RECIEVED
ACK : FRAME 1 RECIEVED
ACK : FRAME 2 RECIEVED
ACK : FRAME 3 RECIEVED CLIENT:
project@ubuntu:~/lab/sliding$ java sliclient
0 1 sending ack to
server
2 3 sending ack to
server
4 5 sending ack to
server
0 1 sending ack to
server
2 3 sending ack to
server
4
5
sending ack to server
0 1 sending ack to
server
2 3 sending ack to
server
4 5 sending ack to
server
0 1 sending ack to
server
2 3 sending ack to
server
4 5 sending ack to
server
0 1 sending ack to
server
2
3 sending
ack to server
4 5
sending ack to
server
6 7 sending ack to
server

EX NO: 6 IMPLEMENTATION OF UDP

PROGRAM:
SERVER:
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*; class
UDPServer { public
static DatagramSocket
serversocket; public
static DatagramPacket
dp; public static
BufferedReader dis;
public static
InetAddress ia; public
static byte buf[] = new
byte[1024]; public
static int cport =
789,sport=790; public
static void
main(String[] a)
throws IOException
{ serversocket = new DatagramSocket(sport); dp
= new DatagramPacket(buf,buf.length); dis
= new BufferedReader (new
InputStreamReader(System.in)); ia =
InetAddress.getLocalHost();
System.out.println("Server is Running...");
while(true)
{ serversocket.receive(dp);
String str = new String(dp.getData(), 0,
dp.getLength());
if(str.equals("STOP"))
{
System.out.println("Terminated...");
break;
}
 System.out.println("Client: " + str); String
str1 = new String(dis.readLine()); buf =
str1.getBytes(); serversocket.send(new
DatagramPacket(buf,str1.length(), ia, cport)); }
}
}
CLIENT:
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*; class
UDPClient
{ public static DatagramSocket clientsocket; public static
DatagramPacket dp; public static BufferedReader dis;
public static InetAddress ia; public static byte buf[] =
new byte[1024]; public static int cport = 789, sport =
790; public static void main(String[] a) throws
IOException
{
clientsocket = new DatagramSocket(cport);
dp = new DatagramPacket(buf,
buf.length); dis = new
BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(System.in)); ia =
InetAddress.getLocalHost();
System.out.println("Client is Running... Type 'STOP'to Quit");
while(true)
{
String str = new String(dis.readLine()); buf
= str.getBytes(); if(str.equals("STOP"))
{
System.out.println("Terminated...");
clientsocket.send(new
 DatagramPacket(buf,str.length(), ia,
sport)); break;
}
clientsocket.send(new DatagramPacket(buf,
str.length(), ia, sport));
clientsocket.receive(dp);
String str2 = new String(dp.getData(), 0, dp.getLength());
System.out.println("Server: " + str2);

}
}
}
OUTPUT: CLIENT
project@ubuntu:~/lab/udp$ javac udpclient.java
project@ubuntu:~/lab/udp$ java udpclient
Hello message sent.
Hello
SERVER
project@ubuntu:~/lab/udp$ javac udpserver.java
project@ubuntu:~/lab/udp$ java udpserver
hello

EX NO : 7 IMPLEMENTATION OF TCP

PROGRAM:
CLIENT
import java.net.*; import
java.io.*; public class
ReverseClient {
 public static void main(String[] args) {
if (args.length < 2) return;

String hostname = args[0]; int

port = Integer.parseInt(args[1]);

try (Socket socket = new Socket(hostname, port)) {

OutputStream output = socket.getOutputStream();

PrintWriter writer = new PrintWriter(output, true);

Console console = System.console();

String text;
do { text =
console.readLine("Enter text: ");

writer.println(text);

InputStream input = socket.getInputStream();

BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(input));

String time = reader.readLine();

System.out.println(time);

} while (!text.equals("bye"));

socket.close();

} catch (UnknownHostException ex) {

 System.out.println("Server not found: " + ex.getMessage());

} catch (IOException ex) {

System.out.println("I/O error: " + ex.getMessage());

}
}
}
SERVER
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*; public
class ReverseServer {

public static void main(String[] args) {

if (args.length < 1) return;

int port = Integer.parseInt(args[0]);

try (ServerSocket serverSocket = new ServerSocket(port)) {

System.out.println("Server is listening on port " + port);

while (true) {
Socket socket = serverSocket.accept();
System.out.println("New client connected");

InputStream input = socket.getInputStream();

BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(input));
 OutputStream output = socket.getOutputStream();
PrintWriter writer = new PrintWriter(output, true); String
text;
do { text =
reader.readLine();

writer.println("Server: " +text);

} while (!text.equals("bye"));

socket.close();
}

} catch (IOException ex) {

System.out.println("Server exception: " + ex.getMessage());
ex.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
CLIENT
project@ubuntu:~/lab/tcp$ java ReverseClient localhost 8056
Enter text: hello
Server: hello
Enter text: hi
Server: hi
SERVER
project@ubuntu:~/lab/tcp$ java ReverseServer 8056
Server is listening on port 8056
New client connected
Hello
Hi
 EX NO:8 STUDY OF BASIC CONCEPTS OF NETWORK SIMULATOR
(NS2), ITS INSTALLATION AND WORKING ENVIRONMENT.

I. Basic concepts of Network Simulator (NS2):

• NS2 stands for Network Simulator Version 2. It is an open-source eventdriven

simulator designed specifically for research in computer
communication networks.
• Network simulator is a discrete event network simulator.
• A network simulator is software that predicts the behavior of a computer network.
Network simulator is used to understand system behavior accurately.
In simulators, the computer network is typically modeled with devices, links, and
applications to analyze the performance.
• Simulators provide support for the most popular technologies and networks.
Use of Network Simulator
• Network simulators provide a cost effective method for network design and
validation for sensor networks
• Facility for addition or modification to exiting network simulator must enable user
to model the network topology to specify the nodes and the links between
• Those nodes Model the application flow (traffic) between the nodes. •Provides
network performance metrics as output
• Visualization and animation of packet flow.
Features of NS2
1. It is a discrete event simulator for networking research.
2. It provides substantial support to simulate bunch of protocols like TCP, FTP, UDP,
HTTP and DSR.
3. It simulates wired and wireless network.
4. It is primarily Unix based.
5. Uses TCL as its scripting language.
6. Otcl: Object oriented support
7. Tclcl: C++ and otcl linkage
8. Discrete event scheduler
Basic Architecture

NS2 consists of two key languages: C++ and Object-oriented Tool Command
Language (OTcl). While the C++ defines the internal mechanism (i.e., a backend)
of the simulation objects, the OTcl sets up simulation by assembling and
configuring the objects as well as scheduling discrete events. The C++ and the
OTcl are linked together using TclCL. Ns2 is basically an Object Oriented TCL
(OTcl) script interpreter with network simulation event scheduler, network
component object libraries and network setup (plumbing) module libraries.
Network simulator is used for setting up and running a network simulation and user
writes a simulation program in OTcl script language. The OTcl script is used to
initiate the event scheduler, setup the network topology and tell traffic source when
to start and stop sending packets through event scheduler

II. INSTALLATION Installing

NS2 on windows 7

• NS2 builds and runs under windows using Cygwin.

• Cygwin provides Linux like environment under windows.
• System Requirements: A computer with C++ compiler. Building full NS2 package
requires large memory space approximately 250MB

A. Steps to install NS 2 on windows 7

1. Download Cygwin from following link http://www.cygwin.com/setup.exe 2. Run
the downloaded setup.exe and you will see screen shown below click next.
3. Select option “Install From Internet”. If you have already downloaded the package
select “Install from local directory” and click next.
4. Keep the default installation directory as “C:\cygwin” and click next.

5. Keep default local package directory as your download folder and click next.

6. Next screen will ask for your Internet connection type keep it as “Direct connection”
and click next and in next screen choose one site to download the packages and click
next.

7. In next screen Cygwin will allow to select the packages you want to install .

8. Uncheck the option “Hide obsolete packages” then click on “view” button till the
word “category” changes to “Full”.

To install NS2 you need to select and install following packages: gcc gcc-g++
gnuplot
make
patch perl
tar
X-startup-scripts xorg-x11-
base xorg-x11-bin xorg-
x11-devel xorg-x11-bin-
dlls xorg-x11-bin-lndir
xorg-x11-etc xorg-x11-fenc
xorg-x11-fnts xorg-x11-
libs-data xorg-x11-xwin
libxt-devel
libXmu-devel

To select a package search the package name and click on word “skip” this will
change it to version number of the package. Do this for all above packages and
click next to start download and installation .
9. Once installation is complete create desktop icons if you need.

NOTE: If you missed any package while installing Cygwin first time you can install
it by running the setup.exe again and selecting the package in step 8.

10. Cygwin installation is complete now you can run Cygwin from desktop and see
its interface.

B. Steps is to install NS2

1. Download NS2 from following link: http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/dist/ns-allinone-

2. 28.tar.gz

2. Decompress the file use winrar. Copy the decompressed folder the Cygwin installation
directory under the subdirectory home. It will be C:\
cygwin\home\system_name : where system_name is name of your system in above
Cygwin installation this path will be C:\Cygwin\home\sys27

3. Run Cygwin from desktop and change the directory to folder you copied just now in
step 2 command to change directory: cd /home/sys27/ns-allinone-2.28

NOTE: please change sys27 to name of your system

4. To start installation type following command: "./install" (WITHOUT qoutes)

This will began the installation process if any Cygwin package is missing it will be
reported to you if so the run Cygwin setu.exe and install the missing package and
start again from step 2.

5. Add following lines to the .bashrc

export NS_HOME=/home/sys27/ns-allinone-2.28 export

PATH=$NS_HOME/nam-
1.11:$NS_HOME/tcl8.4.5/unix:$NS_HOME/tk8.4.5/unix:$NS_HOME/bin:$PAT
H export
LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$NS_HOME/tcl8.4.5/unix:$NS_HOME/tk8.4.5/unix:$NS
_HOME/otcl-1.9:$NS_HOME/lib:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH export
TCL_LIBRARY=$NS_HOME/tcl8.4.5/library

NOTE: replace sys27 with your system name.

Working environment.
Why NS2 uses two languages? (TCL and C++)
NS2 uses OTcl to create and configure a network, and uses C++ to run simulation.
All C++ codes need to be compiled and linked to create an executable file. Use OTcl
- For configuration, setup, or one time simulation, or - To run
simulation with existing NS2 modules.

This option is preferable for most beginners, since it does not involve complicated
internal mechanism of NS2. Unfortunately, existing NS2 modules are fairly
limited. This option is perhaps not sufficient for most researchers.
Use C++
- When you are dealing with a packet, or – when you need to
modify existing NS2 modules.
This option perhaps discourages most of the beginners from using NS2. This book
particularly aims at helping the readers understand the structure of NS2 and feel
more comfortable in modifying NS2 modules.
NETWORK ANIMATOR [NAM]
NAM is a Tcl/TK based animation toolfor viewing network simulation traces and
real world packet traces. It supports topology layout, packet level animation, and
various data inspection tools.It has a graphical interface, which can provide
information such as number of packets drops at each link. The network animator
"NAM'' began in 1990 as a simple tool for animating packet trace data. Nam began
at LBL. It has evolved substantially over the past few years.

We can either start NAM with the command

'nam <nam-file>'

where '<nam-file>' is the name of a NAM trace file that was generated by NS or
one can execute it directly out of the Tcl simulation script for visualization of node
movement.

NAM window is showed on the following figure;

Structure of NS2
● NS is an object oriented discrete event simulator
– Simulator maintains list of events and executes one event after another –
Single thread of control: no locking or race conditions

● Back end is C++ event scheduler

– Protocols mostly
– Fast to run, more control

• Front end is OTCL

Creating scenarios, extensions to C++ protocols

Platforms: It can be employed in most unix systems (FreeBSD, Linux, Solaris) and
Windows.

Source code: Most of NS2 code is in C++

Scripting language: It uses TCL as its scripting language OTcl adds object orientation to
TCL.
Protocols implemented in NS2
Transport layer(Traffic Agent) – TCP, UDP
Network layer(Routing agent)
Interface queue – FIFO queue, Drop Tail queue, Priority queue
Logic link contol layer – IEEE 802.2, AR

NS programming Structure
● Create the event scheduler
● Turn on tracing
● Create network topology
● Create transport connections
● Generate traffic
● Insert errors

Creating Event Scheduler

● Create event scheduler: set ns [new simulator]
● Schedule an event: $ns at <time><event>
– event is any legitimate ns/tcl function
$ns at 5.0 “finish”
proc finish {}
{ global ns nf close
$nf exec nam
out.nam &
exit 0 }
● Start Scheduler
$ns run

Tracing ● All
packet trace
$ns traceall[open out.tr w]
<event><time><from><to><pkt><size>
<flowid><src><dst><seqno><aseqno>
+ 0.51 0 1 cbr 500 —– 0 0.0 1.0 0 2
_ 0.51 0 1 cbr 500 —– 0 0.0 1.0 0 2
R 0.514 0 1 cbr 500 —–0 0.0 1.0 0 0
● Variable trace set par [open
output/param.tr w]
$tcp attach $par
$tcp trace cwnd_
$tcp trace maxseq_
$tcp trace rtt_

Tracing and Animation

● Network Animator set nf
[open out.nam w]
$ns namtraceall
$nf proc finish
{} { global ns
nf close $nf
exec nam out.nam & exit
0}

Creating topology
● Two nodes connected by a
link

● Creating nodes set n0 [$ns

node] set n1 [$ns node]

● Creating link between nodes

$ns <link_type> $n0 $n1 <bandwidth><delay><queue-type>
$ns duplex-link$n0 $n1 1Mb 10ms DropTail

Data Sending

● Create UDP agent set udp0

[new Agent/UDP] $ns attach-
agent $n0 $udp0

● Create CBR traffic source for

feeding into UDP agent set
cbr0 [new
Application/Traffic/CBR]
$cbr0 set packetSize_ 500
$cbr0 set interval_ 0.005
$cbr0 attach-agent$udp0

● Create traffic sink set null0

[new Agent/Null] $ns attach-
agent$n1 $null0 ● Connect
two agents
$ns connect $udp0 $null0
● Start and stop of data
$ns at 0.5 “$cbr0 start”
$ns at 4.5 “$cbr0 stop”
EX NO:9 CREATION OF SIMPLE TOPOLOGY

PROGRAM
set ns [new Simulator] #define
color for data flows
$ns color 1 Blue $ns color 2
Red #open tracefiles set
tracefile1 [open out.tr w] set
winfile [open winfile w]
$ns trace-all $tracefile1 #open
nam file set namfile [open
out.nam w] $ns namtrace-all
$namfile #define the finish
procedure proc finish {} {
global ns tracefile1 namfile
$ns flush-trace
close $tracefile1 close
$namfile exec nam
out.nam & exit 0
}
#create six nodes set
n0 [$ns node] set n1
[$ns node] set n2
[$ns node] set n3
[$ns node] set n4
[$ns node] set n5
[$ns node] $n1
color Red
$n1 shape box

#create links between the nodes

$ns duplex-link $n0 $n2 2Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n1 $n2 2Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns simplex-link $n2 $n3 0.3Mb 100ms DropTail
$ns simplex-link $n3 $n2 0.3Mb 100ms DropTail
set lan [$ns newLan "$n3 $n4 $n5" 0.5Mb 40ms LL Queue/DropTail
MAC/Csma/Cd Channel]

#Give node position

$ns duplex-link-op $n0 $n2 orient right-down
$ns duplex-link-op $n1 $n2 orient right-up
$ns simplex-link-op $n2 $n3 orient right
$ns simplex-link-op $n3 $n2 orient left

#set queue size of link(n2-n3) to 20

$ns queue-limit $n2 $n3 20

#setup TCP connection set tcp [new

Agent/TCP/Newreno] $ns attach-agent
$n0 $tcp set sink [new
Agent/TCPSink/DelAck]
$ns attach-agent $n4 $sink
$ns connect $tcp $sink
$tcp set fid_ 1
$tcp set packet_size_ 552
#set ftp over tcp connection set
ftp [new Application/FTP]
$ftp attach-agent $tcp

#setup a UDP connection set

udp [new Agent/UDP] $ns
attach-agent $n1 $udp set
null [new Agent/Null] $ns
attach-agent $n5 $null
$ns connect $udp $null
$udp set fid_ 2

#setup a CBR over UDP connection set

cbr [new Application/Traffic/CBR]
$cbr attach-agent $udp
$cbr set type_ CBR
$cbr set packet_size_ 1000
$cbr set rate_ 0.01Mb
$cbr set random_ false

#scheduling the events

$ns at 0.1 "$cbr start"
$ns at 1.0 "$ftp start"
$ns at 124.0 "$ftp stop" $ns at 125.5
"$cbr stop" proc plotWindow
{tcpSource file} { global ns set time
0.1 set now [$ns now] set cwnd
[$tcpSource set cwnd_] puts $file
"$now $cwnd"
$ns at [expr $now+$time] "plotWindow $tcpSource $file"
}
$ns at 0.1 "plotWindow $tcp $winfile"
$ns at 125.0 "finish"
$ns run
DELAY
BEGIN
{ seqno = 0;
droppedPackets = 0;
receivedPackets = 0; count
= 0;

} #packet delivery ratio

if($1 == "s" && seqno < $6)
{
seqno = $6;
} else if($1 ==
"r")
{ receivedPackets++;
} else if ($1 == "D" && $8 >
512)
{ droppedPackets++;
}
#end-to-end delayif($1 == "s") {
Start_time[$6] = $2;
} else if(($1 ==
"r"))
{
end_time[$6] = $2;
} else if($1 ==
"D")
{ end_time[$6] = -1;
}
}
END
{ for(i=0; i<=seqno; i++)
{ if(end_time[i] >
0)
{ delay[i] = end_time[i] - start_time[i]; count++;
}
Else
{ delay[i] = -1;
} } for(i=0; i<count;
i++)
{
if(delay[i] > 0)
{ n_to_n_delay = n_to_n_delay + delay[i];
}
n_to_n_delay = n_to_n_delay/count;
} printf( "\n") printf("GeneratedPackets =%d\n", seqno+1)
printf("ReceivedPackets = %d\n", receivedPackets) printf("Packet Delivery
Ratio = %.2f\n", receivedPackets/(seqno+1)*100"%") printf("Packet Loss =
%d\n", droppedPackets) printf("Average End-to-End Delay= %.2f\n",
n_to_n_delay * 1000 " ms") printf("\n") }
THROUGUPUT:
BEGIN
{ recvdSize = 0
txsize=0
drpSize=0
startTime = 400
stopTime = 0
thru=0
}

event = $1time = $2node_id = $4pkt_size = $6level = $5#

Store start timeif (event == "s" && pkt_size >=512 )
{ if (time < startTime)
{ startTime = time
}
}
# Update total received packets size and store packets arrival time if
(event == "r" && pkt_size >=512 )
{ if (time > stopTime)
{ stopTime =
time
}
# Rip off the header
# hdr_size = pkt_size % 512
# pkt_size -= hdr_size
# Store received packets sizerecvdSize += pkt_size }
}
END {
printf("Average Throughput[kbps] = %.2f\t\t
StartTime=%.2f\tStopTime=%.2f\n",(recvdSize/(stopTimestartTime)*3/1000),start
Time,stopTime)
}

OUTPUT:
 EXNO:10 SIMULATION OF DUPLEX NETWORK

PROGRAM:

#===================================
# Simulation parameters setup
#===================================
set val(stop) 5.0 ;# time of simulation end

#===================================
# Initialization
#===================================
#Create a ns simulator set
ns [new Simulator]

#Open the NS trace file set

tracefile [open out.tr w]
$ns trace-all $tracefile

#Open the NAM trace file set

namfile [open out.nam w]
$ns namtrace-all $namfile

#===================================
# Nodes Definition
#===================================
#Create 6 nodes set
n0 [$ns node] set
n1 [$ns node] set
n2 [$ns node] set
n3 [$ns node] set
n4 [$ns node] set
n5 [$ns node] $n1
color red

$n1 shape box $n0

color blue
$n0 shape hexagon

#===================================
# Links Definition
#===================================
#Createlinks between nodes
$ns duplex-link $n0 $n2 100.0Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns queue-limit $n0 $n2 30
$ns duplex-link $n1 $n2 100.0Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns queue-limit $n1 $n2 30
$ns duplex-link $n3 $n4 100.0Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns queue-limit $n3 $n4 30
$ns duplex-link $n3 $n5 100.0Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns queue-limit $n3 $n5 30
$ns simplex-link $n2 $n3 100.0Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns queue-limit $n2 $n3 20
$ns simplex-link $n3 $n2 100.0Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns queue-limit $n3 $n2 20

#Give node position (for NAM)

$ns duplex-link-op $n0 $n2 orient right-down
$ns duplex-link-op $n1 $n2 orient right-up
$ns duplex-link-op $n3 $n4 orient right-up
$ns duplex-link-op $n3 $n5 orient right-down
$ns simplex-link-op $n2 $n3 orient right
$ns simplex-link-op $n3 $n2 orient left

#===================================
# Agents Definition
#===================================
#Setup a TCP connection set
tcp0 [new Agent/TCP] $ns
attach-agent $n0 $tcp0 set
sink1 [new Agent/TCPSink]
$ns attach-agent $n4 $sink1
$ns connect $tcp0 $sink1
$tcp0 set packetSize_ 1500

#Setup a UDP connection set

udp2 [new Agent/UDP] $ns
attach-agent $n1 $udp2 set
null3 [new Agent/Null] $ns
attach-agent $n5 $null3
$ns connect $udp2 $null3
$udp2 set packetSize_ 1500

#===================================
# Applications Definition
#===================================
#Setup a FTP Application over TCP connection set
ftp0 [new Application/FTP]

$ftp0 attach-agent $tcp0

$ns at 1.0 "$ftp0 start"
$ns at 2.0 "$ftp0 stop"

#Setup a CBR Application over UDP connection set

cbr1 [new Application/Traffic/CBR]
$cbr1 attach-agent $udp2
$cbr1 set packetSize_ 1000
$cbr1 set rate_ 1.0Mb
$cbr1 set random_ null
$ns at 2.0 "$cbr1 start"
$ns at 4.0 "$cbr1 stop"

#===================================
# Termination
#===================================
#Define a 'finish' procedure
proc finish {} { global ns
tracefile namfile $ns
flush-trace close
$tracefile close $namfile
exec nam out.nam & exit
0
}
$ns at $val(stop) "$ns nam-end-wireless $val(stop)"
$ns at $val(stop) "finish"
$ns at $val(stop) "puts \"done\" ; $ns halt"
$ns run
OUTPUT
 EXNO:11 SIMULATE A WIRED NETWORK AND MEASURE THE
THROUGHPUT,DELAY,PACKE LOSS

PROGRAM

#===================================
# Simulation parameters setup
#===================================
set val(stop) 5.0 ;# time of simulation end

#===================================
# Initialization
#===================================
#Create a ns simulator set
ns [new Simulator]

#Open the NS trace file set

tracefile [open out.tr w]
$ns trace-all $tracefile

#Open the NAM trace file set

namfile [open out.nam w]
$ns namtrace-all $namfile

#===================================
# Nodes Definition
#===================================
#Create 10 nodes
set n0 [$ns node] set
n1 [$ns node] set n2
[$ns node] set n3
[$ns node] set n4
[$ns node] set n5
[$ns node] set n6
[$ns node] set n7
[$ns node] set n8
[$ns node] set n9
[$ns node]

#===================================
# Links Definition
#===================================
#Createlinks between nodes
$ns duplex-link $n0 $n1 100.0Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns queue-limit $n0 $n1 50
$ns duplex-link $n1 $n2 100.0Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns queue-limit $n1 $n2 50
$ns duplex-link $n2 $n3 100.0Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns queue-limit $n2 $n3 50
$ns duplex-link $n3 $n9 100.0Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns queue-limit $n3 $n9 50
$ns duplex-link $n9 $n8 100.0Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns queue-limit $n9 $n8 50
$ns duplex-link $n8 $n7 100.0Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns queue-limit $n8 $n7 50
$ns duplex-link $n0 $n6 100.0Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns queue-limit $n0 $n6 50
$ns duplex-link $n6 $n5 100.0Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns queue-limit $n6 $n5 50
$ns duplex-link $n5 $n4 100.0Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns queue-limit $n5 $n4 50
$ns duplex-link $n4 $n3 100.0Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns queue-limit $n4 $n3 50
$ns duplex-link $n5 $n0 100.0Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns queue-limit $n5 $n0 50
$ns duplex-link $n7 $n5 100.0Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns queue-limit $n7 $n5 50
$ns duplex-link $n5 $n1 100.0Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns queue-limit $n5 $n1 50
$ns duplex-link $n5 $n8 100.0Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns queue-limit $n5 $n8 50
$ns duplex-link $n4 $n2 100.0Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns queue-limit $n4 $n2 50
$ns duplex-link $n4 $n9 100.0Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns queue-limit $n4 $n9 50
$ns duplex-link $n6 $n7 100.0Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns queue-limit $n6 $n7 50

#Give node position (for NAM)

$ns duplex-link-op $n0 $n1 orient right
$ns duplex-link-op $n1 $n2 orient right
$ns duplex-link-op $n2 $n3 orient right-down
$ns duplex-link-op $n3 $n9 orient left-down
$ns duplex-link-op $n9 $n8 orient left

$ns duplex-link-op $n8 $n7 orient left

$ns duplex-link-op $n0 $n6 orient left-down

$ns duplex-link-op $n6 $n5 orient right
$ns duplex-link-op $n5 $n4 orient right
$ns duplex-link-op $n4 $n3 orient right
$ns duplex-link-op $n5 $n0 orient left-up
$ns duplex-link-op $n7 $n5 orient right-up
$ns duplex-link-op $n5 $n1 orient right-up
$ns duplex-link-op $n5 $n8 orient right-down
$ns duplex-link-op $n4 $n2 orient right-up
$ns duplex-link-op $n4 $n9 orient right-down
$ns duplex-link-op $n6 $n7 orient right-down

#===================================
# Agents Definition
#===================================
#Setup a TCP connection set
tcp0 [new Agent/TCP] $ns
attach-agent $n0 $tcp0 set
sink1 [new Agent/TCPSink]
$ns attach-agent $n3 $sink1
$ns connect $tcp0 $sink1
$tcp0 set packetSize_ 1500
#Setup a TCP connection set
tcp2 [new Agent/TCP] $ns
attach-agent $n2 $tcp2 set
sink3 [new Agent/TCPSink]
$ns attach-agent $n8 $sink3

$ns connect $tcp2 $sink3

$tcp2 set packetSize_ 1500

#Setup a TCP connection set

tcp4 [new Agent/TCP] $ns
attach-agent $n8 $tcp4 set
sink5 [new Agent/TCPSink]
$ns attach-agent $n1 $sink5
$ns connect $tcp4 $sink5
$tcp4 set packetSize_ 1500

#Setup a TCP connection set

tcp6 [new Agent/TCP] $ns
attach-agent $n5 $tcp6 set
sink7 [new Agent/TCPSink]
$ns attach-agent $n0 $sink7
$ns connect $tcp6 $sink7
$tcp6 set packetSize_ 1500

#Setup a UDP connection set

udp8 [new Agent/UDP] $ns
attach-agent $n6 $udp8 set
null9 [new Agent/Null] $ns
attach-agent $n3 $null9
$ns connect $udp8 $null9
$udp8 set packetSize_ 1500

#Setup a UDP connection

set udp10 [new Agent/UDP]
$ns attach-agent $n7 $udp10 set
null11 [new Agent/Null] $ns
attach-agent $n7 $null11
$ns connect $udp10 $null11
$udp10 set packetSize_ 1500

#Setup a UDP connection set

udp12 [new Agent/UDP] $ns
attach-agent $n4 $udp12 set
null13 [new Agent/Null] $ns
attach-agent $n6 $null13
$ns connect $udp12 $null13
$udp12 set packetSize_ 1500

#Setup a UDP connection set

udp14 [new Agent/UDP] $ns
attach-agent $n9 $udp14 set
null15 [new Agent/Null] $ns
attach-agent $n0 $null15
$ns connect $udp14 $null15
$udp14 set packetSize_ 1500
#Setup a UDP connection set
udp16 [new Agent/UDP] $ns
attach-agent $n5 $udp16 set
null17 [new Agent/Null] $ns
attach-agent $n7 $null17 $ns
connect $udp16 $null17

$udp16 set packetSize_ 1500

#===================================
# Applications Definition
#===================================
#Setup a FTP Application over TCP connection set
ftp0 [new Application/FTP]
$ftp0 attach-agent $tcp0
$ns at 1.0 "$ftp0 start"
$ns at 2.0 "$ftp0 stop"

#Setup a FTP Application over TCP connection set

ftp1 [new Application/FTP]
$ftp1 attach-agent $tcp2
$ns at 1.0 "$ftp1 start"
$ns at 2.0 "$ftp1 stop"

#Setup a FTP Application over TCP connection set

ftp2 [new Application/FTP]
$ftp2 attach-agent $tcp6
$ns at 1.0 "$ftp2 start"
$ns at 2.0 "$ftp2 stop"

#Setup a FTP Application over TCP connection

set ftp3 [new Application/FTP] $ftp3 attach-
agent $tcp4

$ns at 1.0 "$ftp3 start"

$ns at 2.0 "$ftp3 stop"

#Setup a CBR Application over UDP connection set

cbr4 [new Application/Traffic/CBR]
$cbr4 attach-agent $udp8
$cbr4 set packetSize_ 1000
$cbr4 set rate_ 1.0Mb
$cbr4 set random_ null
$ns at 2.0 "$cbr4 start"
$ns at 4.0 "$cbr4 stop"

#Setup a CBR Application over UDP connection set

cbr5 [new Application/Traffic/CBR]
$cbr5 attach-agent $udp10
$cbr5 set packetSize_ 1000
$cbr5 set rate_ 1.0Mb
$cbr5 set random_ null
$ns at 2.0 "$cbr5 start"
$ns at 4.0 "$cbr5 stop"
#Setup a CBR Application over UDP connection set
cbr6 [new Application/Traffic/CBR]
$cbr6 attach-agent $udp14
$cbr6 set packetSize_ 1000
$cbr6 set rate_ 1.0Mb
$cbr6 set random_ null
$ns at 2.0 "$cbr6 start"
$ns at 4.0 "$cbr6 stop"

#Setup a CBR Application over UDP connection set

cbr7 [new Application/Traffic/CBR]
$cbr7 attach-agent $udp12
$cbr7 set packetSize_ 1000
$cbr7 set rate_ 1.0Mb
$cbr7 set random_ null
$ns at 2.0 "$cbr7 start"
$ns at 4.0 "$cbr7 stop"

#Setup a CBR Application over UDP connection set

cbr8 [new Application/Traffic/CBR]
$cbr8 attach-agent $udp16
$cbr8 set packetSize_ 1000
$cbr8 set rate_ 1.0Mb
$cbr8 set random_ null
$ns at 2.0 "$cbr8 start"
$ns at 4.0 "$cbr8 stop"
#===================================
# Termination
#===================================
#Define a 'finish' procedure
proc finish {} { global ns
tracefile namfile
$ns flush-trace
close $tracefile
close $namfile exec
nam out.nam &
exit 0
}
$ns at $val(stop) "$ns nam-end-wireless $val(stop)"
$ns at $val(stop) "finish"
$ns at $val(stop) "puts \"done\" ; $ns halt"
$ns run
DELAY.AWK
********* BEGIN
{
seqno = 0;
droppedPackets = 0;
receivedPackets = 0; count
= 0;
}
{
#packet delivery ratio if($1
== "s" && seqno < $6)
{ seqno =
$6;
}

else if($1 == "r") { receivedPackets++;

}
else if ($1 == "D" && $8 > 512)
{ droppedPackets++;
} #end-to-end delay
if($1 == "s")
{ start_time[$6] =
$2;
} else if(($1 ==
"r"))
{ end_time[$6] =
$2;
} else if($1 ==
"D")
{ end_time[$6] = -
1;
}
} END { for(i=0;
i<=seqno; i++)
{ if(end_time[i] >
0)
{
delay[i] = end_time[i] - start_time[i];
count++; } else

{ delay[i] = -
1;
} } for(i=0; i<count;
i++)
{ if(delay[i] >
0)
{ n_to_n_delay = n_to_n_delay +
delay[i];
}
n_to_n_delay = n_to_n_delay/count;
} printf( "\n") printf("GeneratedPackets =%d\n", seqno+1)
printf("ReceivedPackets = %d\n", receivedPackets) printf("Packet Delivery
Ratio = %.2f\n", receivedPackets/(seqno+1)*100"%") printf("Packet Loss =
%d\n", droppedPackets) printf("Average End-to-End Delay= %.2f\n",
n_to_n_delay * 1000 " ms") printf("\n")
}
THROUGUPUT;
**********
BEGIN {

recvdSize = 0
txsize=0 drpSize=0
startTime = 400
stopTime = 0
thru=0 }
{
Event = $1 time = $2 node_id = $4
pkt_size = $6 level = $5 # Store start
time if (event == "s" && pkt_size
>=512 ) { if (time < startTime)
{ startTime = time
}}
# Update total received packets size and store packets arrival time
if (event == "r" && pkt_size >=512 ) { if (time > stopTime)
{ stopTime = time
}
# Rip off the header
# hdr_size = pkt_size % 512
# pkt_size -= hdr_size

# Store received packets size recvdSize

+= pkt_size
}}
END {
printf("Average Throughput[kbps] = %.2f\t\t StartTime=%.2f\tStopTime=%.2f\n",
(recvdSize/(stopTimestartTime)*3/1000),startTime,stopTime)
}
OUTPUT
dealy:

[root@localhost ~]# awk -f delay.awk out.tr

GeneratedPackets =10000
ReceivedPackets = 2376
Packet Delivery Ratio = 237600.00
Packet Loss = 0
Average End-to-End Delay= 03.00

[root@localhost ~]#

[root@localhost ~]# awk -f thro.awk out.tr

Average Throughput[kbps] = -1.13
StartTime=1.00
StopTime=2.00
StartTime=2.00
StopTime=4.00
[root@localhost ~]#
EX NO: 12 IMPLEMENT LINK STATE ROUTING AND DISTANCE VECTOR
ROUTING

PROGRAM:
DISTANCE VECTOR:
set ns [new Simulator]
set nr [open thro.tr w]
$ns trace-all $nr set nf
[open thro.nam w]

$ns namtrace-all $nf

proc finish { } {
global ns nr nf $ns
flush-trace close $nf
close $nr exec nam
thro.nam &
exit 0
}

for { set i 0 } { $i < 12} { incr i 1 } { set

n($i) [$ns node]}

for {set i 0} {$i < 8} {incr i} {

$ns duplex-link $n($i) $n([expr $i+1]) 1Mb 10ms DropTail }
$ns duplex-link $n(0) $n(8) 1Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n(1) $n(10) 1Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n(0) $n(9) 1Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n(9) $n(11) 1Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n(10) $n(11) 1Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n(11) $n(5) 1Mb 10ms DropTail

set udp0 [new Agent/UDP] $ns attach-

agent $n(0) $udp0 set cbr0 [new
Application/Traffic/CBR]
$cbr0 set packetSize_ 500
$cbr0 set interval_ 0.005
$cbr0 attach-agent $udp0 set
null0 [new Agent/Null] $ns
attach-agent $n(5) $null0

$ns connect $udp0 $null0

set udp1 [new Agent/UDP] $ns attach-

agent $n(1) $udp1 set cbr1 [new
Application/Traffic/CBR]
$cbr1 set packetSize_ 500
$cbr1 set interval_ 0.005
$cbr1 attach-agent $udp1 set
null0 [new Agent/Null] $ns
attach-agent $n(5) $null0
$ns connect $udp1 $null0

$ns rtproto DV

$ns rtmodel-at 10.0 down $n(11) $n(5)

$ns rtmodel-at 15.0 down $n(7) $n(6)
$ns rtmodel-at 30.0 up $n(11) $n(5)
$ns rtmodel-at 20.0 up $n(7) $n(6)

$udp0 set fid_ 1

$udp1 set fid_ 2

$ns color 1 Red

$ns color 2 Green

$ns at 1.0 "$cbr0 start"

$ns at 2.0 "$cbr1 start"

$ns at 45 "finish"
$ns run
LINK STATE
set ns [new Simulator]
set nr [open thro.tr w]
$ns trace-all $nr set nf
[open thro.nam w]

$ns namtrace-all $nf

proc finish { }
{ global ns nr nf
$ns flush-trace close
$nf close $nr
exec nam thro.nam &
exit 0
}
for { set i 0 } { $i < 12} { incr i 1 } { set
n($i) [$ns node]}

for {set i 0} {$i < 8} {incr i} {

$ns duplex-link $n($i) $n([expr $i+1]) 1Mb 10ms DropTail }

$ns duplex-link $n(0) $n(8) 1Mb 10ms DropTail

$ns duplex-link $n(1) $n(10) 1Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n(0) $n(9) 1Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n(9) $n(11) 1Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n(10) $n(11) 1Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n(11) $n(5) 1Mb 10ms DropTail

set udp0 [new Agent/UDP] $ns attach-

agent $n(0) $udp0 set cbr0 [new
Application/Traffic/CBR]
$cbr0 set packetSize_ 500
$cbr0 set interval_ 0.005
$cbr0 attach-agent $udp0 set
null0 [new Agent/Null] $ns
attach-agent $n(5) $null0
$ns connect $udp0 $null0

set udp1 [new Agent/UDP] $ns attach-

agent $n(1) $udp1 set cbr1 [new
Application/Traffic/CBR]
$cbr1 set packetSize_ 500
$cbr1 set interval_ 0.005
$cbr1 attach-agent $udp1 set
null0 [new Agent/Null] $ns
attach-agent $n(5) $null0
$ns connect $udp1 $null0

$ns rtproto LS

$ns rtmodel-at 10.0 down $n(11) $n(5)

$ns rtmodel-at 15.0 down $n(7) $n(6)
$ns rtmodel-at 30.0 up $n(11) $n(5)
$ns rtmodel-at 20.0 up $n(7) $n(6)

$udp0 set fid_ 1

$udp1 set fid_ 2
$ns color 1 Red
$ns color 2 Green

$ns at 1.0 "$cbr0 start"

$ns at 2.0 "$cbr1 start"

$ns at 45 "finish"
$ns run
OUTPUT:

NS2 : Simulating Distance Vector Routing

Data Transfer in NAM

First Link Fails

Data Transfer through Alternate Path

Second Link Fails & Data Transfer through Alternate Path

THROUGHPUT:

[root@localhost ~]# awk -f thro.awk thro.tr

Average Throughput[kbps] = 0.00
StartTime=1.00
StopTime=2.00

Delay:
******
[root@localhost ~]# awk -f delay.awk thro.tr

GeneratedPackets =200000
ReceivedPackets = 150000
Packet Delivery Ratio = 75.00
Packet Loss = 1.5
Average End-to-End Delay= 0.00001

[root@localhost ~]#
LINKSTATE:

NS2 : Simulating Link State Routing

Network Topology in NAM

Data Transfer & Link Failure

Data Transfer through Alternate Path

Second Link Fails & Data Transfer through Alternate Path

THROUGHPUT:

[root@localhost ~]# awk -f thro.awk thro.tr

Average Throughput[kbps] = 0.00
StartTime=1.00
StopTime=2.00

Delay:
******
[root@localhost ~]# awk -f delay.awk thro.tr

GeneratedPackets =200000
ReceivedPackets = 150000
Packet Delivery Ratio = 75.00
Packet Loss = 1.5
Average End-to-End Delay= 0.00001
 EX NO:13 EXPERIMENT ON PACKET CAPTURE AND NETWORK
TRAFFIC USING WIRE SHARK TOOL.

ABOUT WIRE SHARK TOOL

Wireshark is a free application that allows you to capture and view the data
traveling back and forth on your network, providing the ability to drill down and
read the contents of each packet – filtered to meet your specific needs. It is
commonly utilized to troubleshoot network problems as well as to develop and test
software. This opensource protocol analyzer is widely accepted as the industry
standard, winning its fair share of awards over the years. Wireshark can be
downloaded at no cost from theWireshark Foundation websitefor both macOS and
Windows operating systems. Unless you are an advanced user, it is recommended
that you only download the latest stable release. During the setup process
(Windows only) you should choose to also install WinPcap if prompted, as it
includes a library required for live data capture.
What Wireshark Is Used For?
Wireshark has quite an extensive application or use. Here are a few examples of
what people use Wireshark for:
• Network administrators use it to troubleshoot network problems
• Network security engineers use it to examine security problems
• Developers use it to debug protocol implementations
• Others use it to learn network protocol internals
Features at a Glance
• The following are some of the many features Wireshark provides:
Capture live packet data from a network interface.
• Open files containing packet data captured with tcpdump/WinDump,
Wireshark, and a number of other packet capture programs.
• Import packets from text files containing hex dumps of packet data.
 • Display packets with very detailed protocol information.
• Save packet data captured.
• Export some or all packets in a number of capture file formats.
• Filter packets on many criteria.
• Search for packets on many criteria.
• Colorize packet display based on filters.
• Create various statistics.

How to Capture Data Packets

When you first launch Wireshark a welcome screen similar to the one shown
above should be visible, containing a list of available network connections on your
current device. In this example, you'll notice that the following connection types are
shown: Bluetooth Network Connection, Ethernet, VirtualBox Host-Only Network, Wi-
Fi. Displayed to the right of each is an EKG-style line graph that represents live traffic on
that respective network.
To begin capturing packets, first select one or more of these networks by clicking
on your choice(s) and using the Shift or Ctrl keys if you'd like to record data from
multiple networks simultaneously. Once a connection type is selected for capturing
purposes, its background will be shaded in either blue or gray. Click on
Capturefrom the main menu, located towards the top of the Wireshark interface.
When the drop-down menu appears, select the Start option.
You can also initiate packet capturing via one of the following shortcuts.
Keyboard: Press Ctrl + E
Mouse: To begin capturing packets from one particular network, simply doubleclick
on its name
Toolbar: Click on the blue shark fin button, located on the far left-hand side of the
Wireshark toolbar
The live capture process will now begin, with packet details displayed in the Wireshark
window as they are recorded. Perform one of the actions below to stop capturing.
Keyboard: Press Ctrl + E
Toolbar: Click on the red stop button, located next to the shark fin on the Wireshark
toolbar
OUTPUT:
Viewing and Analyzing Network Traffic