Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in

Article Talk Read Edit View history Search Wikipedia

List of common misconceptions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Main page This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.
Contents
This is a list of common misconceptions. Each entry is worded as a correction; the misconceptions themselves are implied rather than stated. These entries are concise
Current events
Random article summaries of the main subject articles, which can be consulted for more detail.
About Wikipedia A common misconception is a viewpoint or factoid that is often accepted as true in current times. They often arise from conventional wisdom (such as old wives' tales),
Contact us
stereotypes, a misunderstanding of science, or popularisation of pseudoscience. Some common misconceptions are also considered to be urban legends, and they are often
Donate
involved in moral panics.
Contribute
Contents [hide]
Help
1 Arts and culture
Learn to edit
Community portal 1.1 Business
Recent changes 1.2 Food and cooking
Upload file 1.2.1 Food history
1.2.2 Microwave ovens
Tools
1.3 Film and television
What links here
1.4 Language
Related changes
1.4.1 English language
Special pages
Permanent link 1.5 Law, crime, and military
Page information 1.6 Literature
Cite this page 1.7 Music
Wikidata item 1.7.1 Classical music
1.7.2 Popular music
Print/export
1.8 Religion
Download as PDF
1.8.1 Christianity
Printable version
1.8.2 Islam
Languages 1.8.3 Judaism
‫اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬ 1.8.4 Buddhism
Français 1.9 Sports
한국어
1.10 Video games
िह ी
2 History
Bahasa Indonesia
2.1 Ancient
Português
Türkçe 2.2 Middle Ages
Tiếng Việt 2.3 Early modern
中文 2.4 Modern
2.4.1 United States
12 more
3 Science, technology, and mathematics
Edit links 3.1 Astronomy and spaceflight
3.2 Biology
3.2.1 Vertebrates
3.2.2 Invertebrates
3.2.3 Plants
3.2.4 Evolution and paleontology
3.3 Chemistry and materials science
3.4 Computing and the Internet
3.5 Economics
3.6 Environmental science
3.7 Human body and health
3.7.1 Disease and preventive healthcare
3.7.2 Human sexuality and reproduction
3.7.3 Nutrition, food, and drink
3.7.3.1 Alcoholic beverages
3.7.4 Skin and hair
3.8 Inventions
3.9 Mathematics
3.10 Physics
3.11 Psychology and neuroscience
3.11.1 Mental disorders
3.11.2 Brain
3.11.3 Senses
3.12 Transportation
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links

Arts and culture [ edit ]

Business [ edit ]

Legal tender laws in the United States do not state that a private business, a person, or an organization must accept cash for payment, though it must be regarded as valid
payment for debts tendered to a creditor.[1]
Adidas is not an acronym for either "All day I dream about sports", "All day I dream about soccer", or "All day I dream about sex". The
company is named after its founder Adolf "Adi" Dassler. The "sex" misconception comes from a humorous 1978 San Francisco Chronicle
column by Herb Caen and was further popularized by the Korn song of the same name, while the "sports" and "soccer" ones came from a
1981 article in The Philadelphia Inquirer and a joke by an American Adidas executive respectively.[2][3][4]
The common image of Santa Claus (Father Christmas) as a jolly old man in red robes was not created by The Coca-Cola Company as an
advertising gimmick. Despite being historically represented with different characteristics in different colors of robes, Santa Claus had
already taken his modern form in popular culture and seen extensive use in other companies' advertisements and other mass media at the
time Coca-Cola began using his image in the 1930s.[5]
The Chevrolet Nova sold very well in Latin American markets; General Motors did not need to rename the car. While no va does mean 'it
A c. 1915 photo of Adolf
doesn't go' in Spanish, nova was easily understood to mean "new".[6] Dassler, the namesake for
Netflix was not founded in response to co-founder Reed Hastings receiving a $40 late fee from Blockbuster over his rental of Apollo 13. Co- Adidas.

founder and former CEO Marc Randolph said Hastings made up the story to give Netflix a "convenient story" as to why it was created and
how its business model operated. The company was actually founded after both Randolph and Hastings were inspired by Amazon and wanted to offer a similar
service.[7][8][9] Hastings himself said in a 2005 interview with Inc. that "there was no Aha! moment" in coming up with the company, undermining the supposed origin
story.[10]
At no point in time did PepsiCo own the "6th most powerful navy" (or military) in the world after a deal with the Soviet Union. The deal proposed in 1990, in which US$3
billion worth of Pepsi would be traded for 20 decommissioned Soviet warships to be sold for scrap, ultimately did not take place due to the dissolution of the Soviet Union,
and would have only granted PepsiCo "small, old, obsolete, unseaworthy vessels."[11][12]

Food and cooking [ edit ]

Searing does not seal moisture in meat; in fact, it causes it to lose some moisture. Meat is seared to brown it, improving its color and flavor.[13]
Twinkies, an American snack cake generally considered as "junk food", have a shelf life of around 45 days, despite the common claim (usually facetious) that they remain
edible for decades.[14][15] Twinkies, with only sorbic acid as an added preservative, normally remain on a store shelf for 7 to 10 days.[16][17]
There are no known cases of children having been killed or seriously injured by poisoned candy or fruit given to them by strangers at Halloween or any other time, though
there are cases where people have poisoned their own children.[18]
With the exception of some perishables, properly stored food can safely be eaten past their "expiration" dates.[19][20] The vast majority of expiration dates in the US are
regulated by state governments and refer to food quality, not safety; the "Use by" date represents the last day the manufacturer warrants the quality of their product.
Seeds are not the spicy part of chili peppers. In fact, seeds contain a low amount of capsaicin, one of several compounds which induce the hot sensation (pungency) in
mammals. The highest concentration of capsaicin is located in the placental tissue (the pith) to which the seeds are attached.[21]
Turkey meat is not particularly high in tryptophan, and does not cause more drowsiness than other foods.[22] Drowsiness after holiday meals generally comes from
overeating.
Rice does not cause birds to die by inflating their stomachs until they burst. Birds do eat wild rice, though some species avoid it. This common misconception has often led
to weddings using millet, confetti, or other materials to shower the newlyweds as they leave the ceremony, instead of traditionally throwing rice.[23][24]
There is a scientific consensus[25][26][27][28][29] that currently available food derived from genetically modified crops poses no greater risk to human health than conventional
food.[30][31][32][33][34][35][36]

Food history [ edit ]

Fortune cookies are not found in Chinese cuisine, despite their ubiquity in Chinese restaurants in the United States and other
Western countries. They were invented in Japan and introduced to the US by the Japanese.[37] In China, they are considered
American, and are rare.[38]
George Washington Carver was not the inventor of peanut butter.[39][40][41] Peanut butter was used by the Aztecs and Incans as
early as the 15th century,[39] and the first peanut butter-related patent was filed by John Harvey Kellogg in 1895.[42] Carver did
compile hundreds of uses for and products that could be made from peanuts (some of which, like peanut butter, were variants of
products that already existed) and hundreds more for soybeans, pecans, and sweet potatoes to promote his system of crop
rotation.[40] An opinion piece by William F. Buckley Jr. may have been the source of the misconception.[41]
Potato chips were not invented by a frustrated George Speck in response to a customer, sometimes attributed as Cornelius
Fortune cookies are associated with
Vanderbilt, constantly complaining that his French fries were too thick and not salty enough.[43][44][45] Recipes for potato chips Chinese cuisine, but were actually
existed in cookbooks as early as 1817.[45][46] The most credible version of the story is that a local variant that became the basis for invented in Japan,[37] and are almost
Lay's chips, called "Saratoga Chips", was invented by his sister Kaite Speck Wits during a cooking accident.[43][47] The never eaten in China, where they are
seen as American.[38]
misconception arose about two decades after Speck died, with it being popularized by a 1973 advertising campaign launched by
St. Regis Paper Company.[44][47]
Spices were not used in the Middle Ages to mask the flavor of rotting meat before refrigeration. Spices were an expensive luxury item; those who could afford them could
afford good meat, and there are no contemporaneous documents calling for spices to disguise the taste of bad meat.[48]
Steak tartare was not invented by Mongol warriors who tenderized meat under their saddles.[49] The dish originated in the early 20th century in Europe, as a variation on
the American Hamburg steak.[50][51]
Whipped cream was not invented by François Vatel at the Château de Chantilly in 1671; the recipe is attested at least a century earlier in Italy, but the name crème chantilly
only in the 19th century.[52]
Catherine de' Medici and her entourage did not introduce Italian foods to the French royal court and thus create French haute cuisine.[53]

Microwave ovens [ edit ]

Microwave ovens are not tuned to any specific resonance frequency for water molecules in the food, but rather produce a broad spectrum of frequencies,[54][55][56] cooking
food via dielectric heating of polar molecules, including water. Several absorption peaks for water lie within the microwave range, and while it is true that these peaks are
caused by quantization of molecular energy levels corresponding to a single frequency,[57] water absorbs radiation across the entire microwave spectrum.
Microwave ovens do not cook food from the inside out. 2.45 GHz microwaves can only penetrate approximately 1 centimeter (3⁄8 inch) into most foods. The inside portions
of thicker foods are mainly heated by heat conducted from the outer portions.[58]
Microwave ovens do not cause cancer, as microwave radiation is non-ionizing, and therefore does not have the cancer risks associated with ionizing radiation such as X-
rays. No studies have found that microwave radiation causes cancer, even with exposure levels far greater than normal radiation leakage.[59]
Microwaving food does not reduce its nutritive value, and may in fact help to preserve it due to shorter cooking times.[60]

Film and television [ edit ]

Ronald Reagan was never seriously considered for the role of Rick Blaine in the 1942 film classic Casablanca, eventually played by Humphrey Bogart. This belief came
from an early studio press release announcing the film's production that used his name to generate interest in the film. But by the time it had come out, Warner Bros. knew
that Reagan was unavailable for any roles in the foreseeable future since he was no longer able to defer his entry into military service.[61] Studio records show that
producer Hal B. Wallis had always wanted Bogart for the part.[62]
Although it's considered the first modern zombie film, George A. Romero's Night of the Living Dead did not identify the creatures as zombies. Instead they were referred to
as "ghouls". The ghouls in the film also have little in common with the zombies from Haitian mythology, who were corpses renanimated by sorcerors to act as their personal
slaves.[63][64][65] Romero said the ghouls were inspired by the vampires from I Am Legend,[66] and that at the time he still associated the word "zombie" with the creatures
from the 1932 film White Zombie,[67] who were closer to their Haitian depictions.[68] The former misconception comes from confusion with its 1978 sequel Dawn of the
Dead, where the creatures were explicitly called "zombies".[65]
Walt Disney Studios' Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was not the first animated film to be feature-length. El Apóstol, a lost 1917 Argentine silent film that used cutout
animation, is considered the first.[69][70][71] The confusion comes from Snow White being the first animated feature-length film to use cel animation, which is what most
animated films were made with following its release,[72] and from El Apóstol's screenings being limited to select theaters in Buenos Aires.[73]

Language [ edit ]
See also: List of common misconceptions about language learning

The pronunciation of coronal fricatives in Spanish did not arise through imitation of a lisping king. Only one Spanish king, Peter of Castile, is documented as having a lisp,
and the current pronunciation originated two centuries after his death.[74]
Sign languages are not the same worldwide. Aside from the pidgin International Sign, each country generally has its own native sign language, and some have more than
one.[75]
Eskimo tribes, such as the Inuit and Aleut, do not have a disproportionate number of words representing snow in their languages. The myth comes from a misconstruction
of Franz Boas's original statement noting that Eskimos had a variety of words for various snow-related concepts; Boas noted that the same was true to a lesser extent for
English (see, for example, "blizzard," "flurry" and "squall").[76] However, Eskimo languages do have many more root words for "snow" than does English.[77][78]
The Hopi people do in fact have a concept of time, and the Hopi language does have ways of expressing temporal concepts, though they are organized differently from
those in Western languages.[79]
The Chinese word for "crisis" (危机) is not composed of the symbols for "danger" and "opportunity;" the first does represent danger, but the second instead means
"inflection point" (the original meaning of the word "crisis").[80] The myth was perpetuated mainly by a campaign speech from John F. Kennedy.[81]

English language [ edit ]

Main articles: List of common false etymologies and Common English usage misconceptions

"Irregardless" is a word.[82][83] Nonstandard, slang, or colloquial terms used by English speakers are sometimes alleged not to be real words, despite appearing in
numerous dictionaries. All words in English became accepted by being commonly used for a certain period of time; thus, there are many vernacular words currently not
accepted as part of the standard language, or regarded as inappropriate in formal speech or writing, but the idea that they are somehow not words is a misconception.[84]
Other examples of words that are sometimes alleged not to be words include "burgularize", "licit",[85] and "funnest"[86] which appear in numerous dictionaries as English
words.[87]
African American Vernacular English speakers do not simply replace "is" with "be" across all tenses, with no added meaning. In fact, AAVE speakers use "be" to mark a
habitual grammatical aspect not explicitly distinguished in Standard English.[88]
"420" did not originate from the Los Angeles police or penal code for marijuana use.[89] California Penal Code section 420 prohibits the obstruction of access to public
land.[89][90] The use of "420" started in 1971 at San Rafael High School, where it indicated the time, 4:20 pm, when a group of students would go to smoke.[89]
The word "crap" did not originate as a back-formation of British plumber Thomas Crapper's aptronymous surname, nor does his name originate from the word "crap".[91]
The surname "Crapper" is a variant of "Cropper", which originally referred to someone who harvested crops.[92] The word "crap" ultimately comes from Medieval Latin
crappa.[93]
The word "fuck" did not originate in the Middle Ages as an acronym for either "fornicating under consent of king" or "for unlawful carnal knowledge", either as a sign posted
above adulterers in the stocks, or as a sign on houses visible from the road during the Black Plague. Nor did it originate as a corruption of "pluck yew" (an idiom falsely
attributed to the English for drawing a longbow).[94] It is most likely derived from Middle Dutch or the Germanic languages, where it either meant "to thrust" or "to copulate
with" (fokken in Middle Dutch), "to copulate" (fukka in Norwegian), or "to strike, push, copulate" or "penis" (focka and fock respectively in Swedish).[94][95] Either way, these
variations would have been derived from the Indo-European root word -peuk, meaning "to prick".[94]
The word "gringo" as a term for someone foreign to Latin America did not originate during the Mexican–American War (1846–48), the Venezuelan War of Independence
(1811–23), the Mexican Revolution (1910–20), or from the American Old West (c. 1865–99) as a corruption of the English lyrics "green grow" in either "Green Grow the
Lilacs" (Irish folk song) or "Green Grow the Rushes, O" (English folk song), as sung by US soldiers or cowboys;[96] nor did it originate during any of these times as a
corruption of "Green, go home!", in reference to either the green uniforms of American troops[97] or the color of the U.S. dollar.[98] The word originally simply meant
'foreigner', and is probably a corruption of the Spanish word griego for 'Greek' (along the lines of the idiom "It's Greek to me").[99]
The expression "rule of thumb" did not originate from an English law allowing a man to beat his wife with a stick no thicker than his thumb, and there is no evidence that
such a law ever existed.[100] The false etymology has been broadly reported in media including The Washington Post (1989), CNN (1993), and Time magazine (1983).[101]
The expression originates from the seventeenth century from various trades where quantities were measured by comparison to the width or length of a thumb.
The word "the" was never pronounced or spelled "ye" in Old or Middle English.[102] The confusion, seen in the common stock phrase "ye olde", derives from the use of the
character thorn (þ), which in Middle English represented the sound now represented in Modern English by "th". In blackletter, þ and y were difficult to distinguish, meaning
that "þe" ( ) very closely resembled "ye".[103]
The anti-Italian slur wop did not originate from an acronym for "without papers" or "without passport";[104] it is actually derived from the term guappo (roughly meaning thug
or "dandy"), from Spanish guapo.[105]
"Xmas" did not originate as a secular plan to "take the Christ out of Christmas".[106] X represents the Greek letter chi, the first letter of
Χριστός (Christós), "Christ" in Greek,[107] as found in the chi-rho symbol ΧΡ since the 4th century. In English, "X" was first used as a scribal
abbreviation for "Christ" in 1100; "X'temmas" is attested in 1551, and "Xmas" in 1721.[108]

Law, crime, and military [ edit ]

It is rarely necessary to wait 24 hours before filing a missing person report. When there is evidence of violence or of an unusual absence, it
is important to start an investigation promptly.[109] The UK government advises "You do not have to wait 24 hours before contacting the
police."[110] Criminology experts say the first 72 hours in a missing person investigation are the most critical.[111]
Twinkies were not claimed to be the cause of San Francisco mayor George Moscone's and supervisor Harvey Milk's murders. In the trial of
Dan White, the defense successfully argued White's diminished capacity as a result of severe depression. While eating Twinkies was cited
as evidence of this depression, it was never claimed to be the cause of the murders.[112]
The US Armed Forces have generally forbidden military enlistment as a form of deferred adjudication (that is, an option for convicts to avoid
jail time) since the 1980s. US Navy protocols discourage the practice, while the other four branches have specific regulations against it.[113]
"Xmas", along with a
The United States does not require police officers to identify themselves as police in the case of a sting or other undercover work, and modern Santa Claus, used on
police officers may lie when engaged in such work.[114] Claiming entrapment as a defense instead focuses on whether the defendant was a Christmas postcard (1910)

induced by undue pressure (such as threats) or deception from law enforcement to commit crimes they would not have otherwise
committed.[115]
Crime in the United States decreased between 1993 and 2017. The violent crime rate fell 49% in that period,[116] and the number of
gun homicides had decreased during that same time period.[117]
The First Amendment to the United States Constitution generally prevents only government restrictions on the freedoms of religion,
speech, press, assembly, or petition,[118] not restrictions imposed by private individuals or businesses[119] unless they are acting on
behalf of the government.[120] Other laws may restrict the ability of private businesses and individuals to restrict the speech of
others.[121]
Neither the Mafia nor other criminal organizations regularly use or have used cement shoes to drown their victims.[122] There are
only two documented cases of this method being used in murders: one in 1964 and one in 2016 (although, in the former, the victim
Violent crime rates in the United
had concrete blocks tied to his legs rather than being enclosed in cement).[123] The French Army did use cement shoes on
States declined significantly between
Algerians killed in death flights during the Algerian War.[124] 1994 and 2003
In the United States, a defendant may not have their case dismissed simply because they were not read their Miranda rights at the
time of their arrest. Miranda warnings cover the rights of a person when they are taken into custody and then interrogated by law
enforcement.[125][126] If a person is not given a Miranda warning before the interrogation is conducted, statements made by them during the interrogation may not be
admissible in a trial. The prosecution may still present other forms of evidence, or statements made during interrogations where the defendant was read their Miranda
rights, to get a conviction.[127]

Literature [ edit ]
Main article: Wikiquote:Misquotations

Many quotations are incorrect or attributed to people who never uttered them, and quotations from obscure or unknown authors are often attributed to more famous figures.
Commonly misquoted individuals include Mark Twain, Albert Einstein, Adolf Hitler, Winston Churchill, Abraham Lincoln, William Shakespeare, Confucius, Sun Tzu, and the
Buddha.[128]
Mary Shelley's 1818 novel Frankenstein is named after the scientist Victor Frankenstein, who created the sapient creature in the novel, not the creature itself, which is
never named and is called Frankenstein's monster. However, as later adaptations started to refer to the monster itself as Frankenstein, this usage became well-established,
and some no longer regard it as erroneous.[129][130]

Music [ edit ]
See also: Mondegreen § In songs

Classical music [ edit ]

Mozart did not die from poisoning and was not poisoned by his colleague Antonio Salieri or anyone else.[131] The false rumor originated soon after Salieri's death and was
dramatized in Alexander Pushkin's play Mozart and Salieri (1832).[132] The film Amadeus (1984) also suggested Salieri's involvement in Mozart's death, but he was not
shown to use poison.[133]
The minuet in G major by Christian Petzold is commonly attributed to Johann Sebastian Bach, although the piece was identified in the 1970s as a movement from a
harpsichord suite by Petzold. The misconception stems from Notebook for Anna Magdalena Bach, a book of sheet music by various composers (mostly Bach) in which the
minuet is found.[134] Compositions that are doubtful as works of Bach are catalogued as "BWV Anh.", short for "Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis Anhang" ("Bach works catalogue
annex"); the minuet is assigned to BWV Anh. 114.
The "Minute Waltz" takes, on average, two minutes to play as originally written.[135] Its name comes from the adjective minute, meaning "small", and not the noun spelled
the same.[136]

Popular music [ edit ]

"Edelweiss" is not the national anthem of Austria, but an original composition created for the 1959 musical The Sound of Music.[137] The Austrian national anthem is "Land
der Berge, Land am Strome" ("Land of the Mountains, Land on the River").[138] The edelweiss is also Austria's state flower.[139]
The Beatles were not the first to experiment with sounds processed through a Leslie speaker.[140]
The Monkees did not outsell the Beatles' and the Rolling Stones' combined record sales in 1967. Michael Nesmith originated the claim in a 1977 interview as a prank.[141]
The Rolling Stones were not performing "Sympathy for the Devil" at the 1969 Altamont Free Concert when Meredith Hunter was stabbed to death by a member of the local
Hells Angels chapter that was serving as security. While the incident began while the band was performing the song, prompting a brief interruption before the Stones
finished it, the actual stabbing occurred later as the band was performing "Under My Thumb".[142] The misconception arose from mistaken reporting in Rolling Stone.[143]
Concept albums did not begin with rock music in the 1960s. The format had already been employed by singers such as Frank Sinatra in the 1940s and 1950s.[144]
Phil Collins did not write his 1981 hit "In the Air Tonight" about witnessing someone drowning and then confronting the person in the audience who let it happen. According
to Collins himself, it was about his emotions when divorcing from his first wife.[145]

Religion [ edit ]

Christianity [ edit ]
Jesus was most likely not born on any date corresponding to December 25, the date on which his birth is traditionally celebrated as Christmas. It is more likely that his birth
was in either the season of spring or perhaps summer, while December 25 in the Northern Hemisphere is at the beginning of winter. Also, although the Common Era
ostensibly counts the years since his birth,[146] it is unlikely that he was born in either AD 1 or 1 BC, as such a numbering system would imply. Modern historians estimate a
date closer to between 6 BC and 4 BC.[147]
The Bible does not say that exactly three magi came to visit the baby Jesus, nor that they were kings, or rode on camels, or that their names were Caspar, Melchior, and
Balthazar, nor what color their skin was. Three magi are inferred because three gifts are described, but the Bible says only that there was more than one;[148] still, artistic
depictions of the nativity have almost always depicted three magi since the 3rd century.[149] The Bible specifies only an upper limit of 2 years for the interval between the
birth and the visit (Matthew 2:16 ), and artistic depictions and the closeness of the traditional dates of December 25 and January 6 encourage the popular assumption that
the visit took place in the same season as the birth, but later traditions varied, with the visit taken as occurring up to two years later.[150] The association of magi with kings
—a connection vehemently opposed by John Calvin as a "ridiculous contrivance"[151]—comes from attempts to tie Old Testament prophecies such as Psalm 72 and chapter
60 of the Book of Isaiah, to the magi; most accounts describe the magi as being astrologers or magicians.[152][153]
The idea that Mary Magdalene was a prostitute before she met Jesus is not found in the Bible or in any of the other earliest Christian
writings. The misconception likely arose due to a conflation between Mary Magdalene, Mary of Bethany (who anoints Jesus's feet in John
11:1–12), and the unnamed "sinful woman" who anoints Jesus's feet in Luke 7:36–50.[154]
Paul the Apostle did not change his name from Saul. He was born a Jew, with Roman citizenship inherited from his father, and thus carried
both a Hebrew and a Greco-Roman name from birth, as mentioned by Luke in Acts 13:9 : "...Saul, who also is called Paul...".[155]
The Roman Catholic dogma of the Immaculate Conception is unrelated to the Christian doctrine that Mary conceived and gave birth to
Jesus while remaining a virgin. The Immaculate Conception is the belief that Mary was free of original sin from the moment of her own
conception. A less common mistake is to think that the Immaculate Conception means that Mary herself was conceived without sexual
intercourse.[156][157]
Roman Catholic dogma does not say that the pope is either sinless or always infallible.[158] Catholic dogma since 1870 does state that a
dogmatic teaching contained in divine revelation that is promulgated by the pope (deliberately, and under certain very specific
circumstances; generally called ex cathedra) is free from error, although official invocation of papal infallibility is rare. While most
No Biblical or historical
theologians state that canonizations meet the requisites,[159] aside from that, most recent popes have finished their reign without a single
evidence supports Mary
invocation of infallibility. Otherwise, even when speaking in his official capacity, dogma does not hold that he is free from error. Magdalene having been a
St. Peter's Basilica is not the mother church of Roman Catholicism, nor is it the official seat of the Pope.[160] These equivalent distinctions prostitute.[154]

belong to the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran, which is located in Rome outside of Vatican City but over which the Vatican has
extraterritorial jurisdiction.[160] This also means that St. Peter's is not a cathedral in the literal sense of that word.[160] St. Peter's is, however, used as the principal church for
many papal functions.[160]
Members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) no longer practice polygamy.[161] However, a man may be "sealed" to another wife if his current
wife dies, and is considered a polygamist in the hereafter.[162] Currently, the LDS Church excommunicates any members who practice "living" polygamy within the
organization.[163] However, some Mormon fundamentalist sects still practice polygamy within their groups.[164] For more details on this subject, see Mormonism and
polygamy.
Saint Augustine did not say "God created hell for inquisitive people".[165] He actually said: "I do not give the answer that someone is said to have given (evading by a joke
the force of the objection), 'He was preparing hell for those who pry into such deep subjects.' ... I do not answer in this way. I would rather respond, 'I do not know,'
concerning what I do not know than say something for which a man inquiring about such profound matters is laughed at, while the one giving a false answer is praised."[166]
So Augustine is saying that he would not say this and that he does not know the answer to the question.

Islam [ edit ]
Most Muslim women do not wear a burqa (also transliterated as burka or burkha), which covers the body, head, and face, with a mesh
grille to see through. Many Muslim women cover their hair and face (excluding the eyes) with a niqāb, or just their hair with a hijab.[167]
However, there are also Muslim women who wear neither face nor head coverings of any kind.[168]
A fatwa is a non-binding legal opinion issued by an Islamic scholar under Islamic law; it is therefore commonplace for fatwā from
different authors to disagree. The misconception[169] that it is a death sentence stems from a fatwā issued by Ayatollah Ruhollah
Khomeini of Iran in 1989 where he said that the author Salman Rushdie had earned a death sentence for blasphemy.[170]
The word "jihad" does not always mean "holy war"; literally, the word in Arabic means "struggle". While there is such a thing as "jihad Afghan women wearing burqas
bil saif", or jihad "by the sword",[171] many modern Islamic scholars usually say that it implies an effort or struggle of a spiritual
kind.[172] Scholar Louay Safi asserts that "misconceptions and misunderstandings regarding the nature of war and peace in Islam are
widespread in both the Muslim societies and the West", as much following 9/11 as before.[173]
The Quran does not promise martyrs 72 virgins in heaven. It does mention virgin female companions,[174][175] houri, to all people—
martyr or not—in heaven, but no number is specified. The source for the 72 virgins is a hadith in Sunan al-Tirmidhi by Imam
Tirmidhi.[176][177] Hadiths are sayings and acts of the prophet Muhammad as reported by others, and as such they are not part of the
Yemeni women wearing niqābs
Quran itself. Muslims are not meant to necessarily believe all hadiths, and that applies particularly to those hadiths that are weakly
sourced, such as this one.[178] Furthermore, the correct translation of this particular hadith is a matter of debate.[176]

Judaism [ edit ]
The forbidden fruit mentioned in the Book of Genesis is never identified as an apple,[179] as widely depicted in Western art. The
original Hebrew texts mention only tree and fruit. Early Latin translations use the word mali, which can mean either "of evil" or "of
apple". In early Germanic languages the word apple and its cognates usually simply meant "fruit". Jewish scholars have suggested
that the fruit could have been a grape, fig, pomegranate, wheat, mushroom, or banana.[180]
While tattoos are forbidden by the Book of Leviticus, Jews with tattoos are not barred from being buried in a Jewish cemetery, just as Turkish women wearing hijabs

violators of other prohibitions are not barred.[181]

Buddhism [ edit ]
The historical Buddha is not known to have been fat. The chubby monk known as the "fat Buddha" or "laughing Buddha" in the
West is a 10th-century Chinese Buddhist folk hero by the name of Budai.[182]

Sports [ edit ]

The name "golf" is not an acronym for "Gentlemen Only, Ladies Forbidden".[183][184][185] The USGA claims it comes from the Dutch
word kolf or kolve, meaning "club", and that it became goff or gouff when adopted by the Scottish language in the 14th or 15th Often shown as an apple in art, the
[184]
century before finally becoming golf in the 16th century. Another theory is that it comes from the Scottish word goulf or gowf fruit in the Garden of Eden is not
meaning "to strike or cuff".[183] Mary, Queen of Scots was a noted golf enthusiast, further casting the acronym claim into doubt.[185] named in Genesis.[179]

Abner Doubleday did not invent baseball, nor did it originate in Cooperstown, New York. It is believed to have evolved from other
bat-and-ball games such as cricket and rounders and first took its modern form in New York City.[186]
The black belt in martial arts does not necessarily indicate expert level or mastery. It was introduced for judo in the 1880s to indicate
competency at all of the basic techniques of the sport. Promotion beyond 1st dan (the first black belt rank) varies among different martial
arts. In judo and derived martial arts such as Brazilian jiu-jitsu, holders of higher master ranks are awarded alternating red and white
panels, and the highest grandmasters wear solid red belts.[187] Some other arts such as taekwondo use black belts with a number of gold
bars to indicate the holder's dan rank.
The use of triangular corner flags in English football is not a privilege reserved for those teams that have won an FA Cup in the past[188] as
depicted in a scene in the film Twin Town. The Football Association's rules are silent on the subject, and often the decision over what shape
flag to use has been up to the individual club's groundskeepers.[189]
India did not withdraw from the 1950 FIFA World Cup because their squad played barefoot, which was against FIFA regulations.[190] In
reality, India withdrew because the country's managing body, the All India Football Federation (AIFF), was insufficiently prepared for the
team's participation and gave various reasons for withdrawing, including a lack of funding and prioritizing the Olympics.[191][192] The AIFF
itself may have been the source of this myth.[193]
Marcos Torregrosa
Video games [ edit ] wearing the BJJ black belt
with a red bar indicating first
There is no evidence that violent video games cause people to become violent. Studies have consistently found no link between aggression degree
and violent video games,[194][195] and the popularity of gaming has coincided with a decrease in youth violence.[196][197] The moral panic
surrounding video games in the 1980s through to the 2000s, alongside isolated incidents of violence and legislation in many countries,
likely contributed to proliferating this idea.[198]
The so-called "Nuclear Gandhi" glitch, in which peaceful leader Mahatma Gandhi would become unusually aggressive if democracy was adopted because it caused an
integer underflow,[199] did not exist in either the original Civilization game or Civilization II. Game designer Sid Meier said it was not possible because both games were
programmed in C and C++, which did not produce overflows due to the integers being signed by default. He attributed the origins of the rumor to both a TV Tropes thread
and a Know Your Meme entry,[200] while Reddit and a Kotaku article helped popularize it.[201] Gandhi's supposed behavior would later be intentionally added to Civilization
V[200] and VI[202] as a reference to the rumor.
The Japanese government did not pass a law banning Square Enix from releasing the Dragon Quest games on weekdays due to it causing too many schoolchildren to cut
class. The only extent of the government's involvement was that the National Diet held hearings over rises in muggings caused by the release of Dragon Quest III.[203]
Series executive producer Yuu Miyake said that while the police did complain to the company about the games' releases causing increases in truancies, the decision to
change the release dates from Thursdays to Saturdays was on Square Enix's own volition.[204][205] Dragon Quest X was released on a Thursday, long after the decision
had been put in place, further discrediting the claim.[206]
Space Invaders' release in 1978 did not cause a shortage of ¥100 coins in Japan. The shortage was actually due to the production of ¥100 coins being unusually low that
year,[207][208] and silver speculators hoarding or importing these coins en masse for their high silver mix.[207] The game's designer Tomohiro Nishikado has also repeatedly
expressed skepticism over the claim.[209][210] This claim originated from both an advertising campaign by Taito Corporation and an erroneous 1980 article in New
Scientist,[208] and has since been repeated in the Guinness Book of World Records,[211] The Guardian,[212] and The Ultimate History of Video Games.[213]

History [ edit ]

Ancient [ edit ]

Ancient Greek and Roman sculptures were originally painted with bright colors; they only appear white today because the original pigments
have deteriorated. Some well-preserved statues still bear traces of their original coloration.[214][215]
Tutankhamun's tomb is not inscribed with a curse on those who disturb it. This was a media invention of 20th-century tabloid
journalists.[216]
The ancient Greeks did not use the word "idiot" (Ancient Greek: ἰδιώτης, romanized: ídiṓtēs) to disparage people who did not take part in
civic life or who did not vote. An ἰδιώτης was simply a private citizen as opposed to a government official. Later, the word came to mean any
sort of non-expert or layman, then someone uneducated or ignorant, and much later to mean stupid or mentally deficient.[217]
The Roman salute, in which the arm is fully extended forwards or diagonally with palm down and fingers touching, was not used in ancient
Rome. The gesture was first associated with ancient Rome in the 1784 painting The Oath of the Horatii by the French artist Jacques-Louis
David, which inspired later salutes, most notably the Nazi salute.[218]
Vomiting was not a regular part of Roman dining customs.[219] In ancient Rome, the architectural feature called a vomitorium was the
entranceway through which crowds entered and exited a stadium, not a special room used for purging food during meals.[220] Ancient Greek sculptures
Julius Caesar was not born via caesarean section. Such a procedure would have been fatal to the mother at the time, and Caesar's mother were originally painted bright
was still alive when Caesar was 45 years old.[221][222] The name "caesarean" probably comes from the Latin verb caedere 'to cut'.[223] colors.[214]

The death of the Greek philosopher Hypatia of Alexandria at the hands of a mob of Christian monks in 415 was mainly a result of
her involvement in a bitter political feud between her close friend and student Orestes, the Roman prefect of Alexandria, and the
bishop Cyril, not her religious views.[224] Her death also had nothing to do with the destruction of the Library of Alexandria,[225]
which had likely already ceased to exist centuries before Hypatia was born.[225]
Scipio Aemilianus did not plow over the city of Carthage and sow it with salt after defeating it in the Third Punic War.[226]

Middle Ages [ edit ]

See also: List of common misconceptions about the Middle Ages

The Middle Ages were not "a time of ignorance, barbarism and superstition"; the Church did not place religious authority over
personal experience and rational activity; and the term "Dark Ages" is rejected by modern historians.[227] The ancient Romans did not use
the Roman salute, as depicted in the
While modern life expectancies are much higher than those in the Middle Ages and earlier,[228] adults in the Middle Ages did not die
painting The Oath of the Horatii (1784).
in their 30s or 40s on average. That was the life expectancy at birth, which was skewed by high infant and adolescent mortality. The
life expectancy among adults was much higher;[229] a 21-year-old man in medieval England, for example, could expect to live to the
age of 64.[230][229]
There is no evidence that Vikings wore horns on their helmets; this would have been highly impractical in battle.[231] In fact, the image of
Vikings wearing horned helmets stems from the scenography of an 1876 production of the Der Ring des Nibelungen opera cycle by Richard
Wagner.[232]
Vikings did not drink out of the skulls of vanquished enemies. This was based on a mistranslation of the skaldic poetic use of ór bjúgviðum
hausa (branches of skulls) to refer to drinking horns.[233]
Vikings did not name Iceland "Iceland" as a ploy to discourage others from settling it. Naddodd and Hrafna-Flóki Vilgerðarson both saw
snow and ice on the island when they traveled there, giving the island its name.[234] Greenland, on the other hand, was named in the hope
that it would help attract settlers.[235]
King Canute did not command the tide to reverse in a fit of delusional arrogance.[236] His intent that day, if indeed the incident did occur,
was most likely to prove a point to members of his privy council that no man is all-powerful, and we all must bend to forces beyond our Vomitorium to a Roman
amphitheater in Toulouse
control, such as the tides.
There is no evidence that iron maidens were used for torture, or even yet invented, in the Middle Ages. Instead they were pieced together in
the 18th century from several artifacts found in museums to create spectacular objects intended for (commercial) exhibition.[237]
Spiral staircases in castles were not designed in a clockwise direction to hinder right-handed attackers.[238][239] While clockwise spiral
staircases are more common in castles than anti-clockwise, they were even more common in medieval structures without a military role
such as religious buildings.[240][238]
The plate armor of European soldiers did not stop soldiers from moving around or necessitate a crane to get them into a saddle. They
would routinely fight on foot and could mount and dismount without help. In fact, soldiers equipped with plate armor were more mobile than
those with mail armor (chain armor), as mail was heavier and required stiff padding beneath due to its pliable nature.[241] It is true that
armor used in tournaments in the late Middle Ages was significantly heavier than that used in warfare,[242] which may have contributed to
this misconception.
Whether chastity belts, devices designed to prevent women from having sexual intercourse, were invented in medieval times is disputed by
modern historians. Most existing chastity belts are now thought to be deliberate fakes or anti-masturbatory devices from the 19th and early
20th centuries.[243]
Medieval Europeans did not believe Earth was flat. Scholars have known the Earth is spherical since at least 500 BC.[244] This myth was
An anti-clockwise spiral
created in the 17th century by Protestants to argue against Catholic teachings.[245] staircase at Hohenzollern
Medieval cartographers did not regularly write "here be dragons" on their maps. The only maps from this era that have the phrase inscribed Castle in Germany. The
on them are the Hunt-Lenox Globe and the Ostrich Egg Globe, next to a coast in Southeast Asia for both of them. Maps instead were more choice of anticlockwise or
clockwise spirals in castles
likely to have "here are lions" inscribed. Maps in this period did occasionally have illustrations of mythical beasts like dragons and sea had more to do with
serpents, as well as exotic animals like elephants, on them.[246][247][248][249] convenience than with
Christopher Columbus' efforts to obtain support for his voyages were not hampered by belief in a flat Earth, but by valid worries that the hindering right-handed
attackers.
East Indies were farther than he realized.[250] In fact, Columbus grossly underestimated the Earth's circumference because of two
calculation errors.[251] The myth that Columbus proved the Earth was round was propagated by authors like Washington Irving in A History
of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus.[244][252]
Christopher Columbus was not the first European to visit the Americas:[253] Leif Erikson, and possibly other Vikings before him, explored
Vinland, which is presumably both Newfoundland and the Gulf of Saint Lawrence as far as northeastern New Brunswick. Ruins at L'Anse
aux Meadows prove that at least one Norse settlement was built in Newfoundland, confirming a narrative in the Saga of Erik the Red.
Columbus also never reached any land that now forms part of the contiguous United States; most of the landings Columbus made on his
four voyages, including the initial October 12, 1492 landing (the anniversary of which forms the basis of Columbus Day), were on Caribbean
islands that are now independent countries. However, Columbus did land on the mainland of South America during his third voyage to the
Americas (1498–1500) and on the island of Puerto Rico (now a U.S. territory) during his first voyage.

Early modern [ edit ]

The Mexica people of the Aztec Empire did not mistake Hernán Cortés and his landing party for gods during Cortés' conquest of the
empire. This myth came from Francisco López de Gómara, who never went to Mexico and conjured the myth while working for the retired
Cortés in Spain years after the conquest.[254]
Marco Polo did not import pasta from China,[255] a misconception that originated with the Macaroni Journal, published by an association of
food industries to promote the use of pasta in the United States.[256] Marco Polo describes a food similar to "lasagna" in his Travels, but he
uses a term with which he was already familiar. Medieval depiction of a
spherical Earth
Contrary to the popular image of the Pilgrim Fathers, the early settlers of the Plymouth Colony in North America usually did not wear all
black, and their capotains (hats) were shorter and rounder than the widely depicted tall hat with a buckle on it. Instead, their fashion was
based on that of the late Elizabethan era: doublets, jerkins and ruffs. Both men and women wore the same style of shoes, stockings, capes, coats and hats in a range of
colors including reds, yellows, purples, and greens.[257] The traditional image was formed in the 19th century when buckles were a kind of emblem of quaintness.[258] (The
Puritans, who also settled in Massachusetts near the same time, did frequently wear all black.)[259]
There is little evidence to support that the Italian mathematician, physicist, and philosopher Galileo Galilei uttered "e pur si muove" or "eppur si muove" (and yet it moves) in
1633 after being forced by the Catholic Church to abandon his heliocentric theory in favor of the geocentric theory as adopted by the Church.[260]
The familiar story that Isaac Newton was inspired to research the nature of gravity by an apple hitting his head is almost certainly apocryphal. All Newton himself ever said
was that the idea came to him as he sat "in a contemplative mood" and "was occasioned by the fall of an apple".[261]
The accused at the Salem witch trials in North America were not burned at the stake; about 15 died in prison, 19 were hanged and one was pressed to death.[262]
Marie Antoinette did not say "let them eat cake (brioche)" when she heard that the French peasantry were starving due to a
shortage of bread. The phrase was first published in Rousseau's Confessions when Marie was only nine years old and not
attributed to her, just to "a great princess". The phrase was used as anti-monarchist propaganda.[263]
George Washington did not have wooden teeth. His dentures were made of gold, hippopotamus ivory, lead, animal teeth (including
horse and donkey teeth),[264] and probably human teeth purchased from slaves.[265]
The signing of the United States Declaration of Independence did not occur on July 4, 1776. After the Second Continental
Congress voted to declare independence on July 2, the final language of the document was approved on July 4, and it was printed
and distributed on July 4–5.[266] However, the actual signing occurred on August 2, 1776.[267]
Benjamin Franklin did not propose that the wild turkey be used as the symbol for the United States instead of the bald eagle. While
he did serve on a commission that tried to design a seal after the Declaration of Independence, his proposal was an image of
Moses. His objections to the eagle as a national symbol and preference for the turkey were stated in a 1784 letter to his daughter in
response to the Society of the Cincinnati's use of the former; he never expressed that sentiment publicly.[268]
Benjamin Banneker did not recall from memory or reproduce Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant's plan for the city of Washington, D.C.,
did not assist in the planning or surveying of that city, did not write one of the first almanacs in the United States, did not invent a The phrase "let them eat cake" is
clock, and was not one of the first people to record observations of the periodical cicada (see Mythology of Benjamin Banneker for commonly attributed to Marie
Antoinette.
further information and references).
There was never a bill to make German the official language of the United States that was defeated by one vote in the House of
Representatives, nor has one been proposed at the state level. In 1794, a petition from a group of German immigrants was put aside on a procedural vote of 42 to 41, that
would have had the government publish some laws in German. This was the basis of the Muhlenberg legend, named after the Speaker of the House at the time, Frederick
Muhlenberg, a speaker of German descent who abstained from this vote.[269]

Modern [ edit ]

Napoleon Bonaparte was not especially short for a Frenchman of his time. He was the height of an average French male in 1800, but short
for an aristocrat or officer.[270] After his death in 1821, the French emperor's height was recorded as 5 feet 2 inches in French feet, which in
English measurements is 5 feet 7 inches (1.70 m).[271] He was actually nicknamed le Petit Caporal (The Little Corporal) as a term of
endearment.[citation needed] Napoleon was often accompanied by his imperial guard, who were selected for their height[272]—this may have
contributed to a perception that he was comparatively short.
Cinco de Mayo is not Mexico's Independence Day, but the celebration of the Mexican Army's victory over the French in the Battle of Puebla
on May 5, 1862. Mexico's Declaration of Independence from Spain in 1810 is celebrated on September 16.[273]
Victorian-era doctors did not invent the vibrator to cure female "hysteria" by triggering orgasm.[274]
Alfred Nobel did not omit mathematics in the Nobel Prize due to a rivalry with mathematician Gösta Mittag-Leffler, as there is little evidence
the two have ever met, nor was it because Nobel's spouse had an affair with a mathematician, as Nobel was never married. The more likely
explanation is that Nobel believed mathematics was too theoretical to benefit humankind, as well as his personal lack of interest in the
field.[275] (See: Nobel Prize controversies) Napoleon on the
Bellerophon by Charles Lock
The Italian dictator Benito Mussolini did not "make the trains run on time". Much of the repair work had been performed before he and the
Eastlake. Napoleon was taller
Fascist Party came to power in 1922. Moreover, the Italian railways' supposed adherence to timetables was more propaganda than than his nickname, le Petit
reality.[276] Caporal, suggests.
There is no evidence of Polish cavalry mounting a brave but futile charge against German tanks using lances and sabers during the
German invasion of Poland in 1939. This story may have originated from German propaganda efforts following the charge at Krojanty, in
which a Polish cavalry brigade surprised German infantry in the open, and successfully charged and dispersed them, until driven off by armored cars. While Polish cavalry
still carried the saber for such opportunities, they were trained to fight as highly mobile, dismounted cavalry (dragoons) and issued with light anti-tank weapons.[277]
During the occupation of Denmark by the Nazis during World War II, King Christian X of Denmark did not thwart Nazi attempts to identify Jews by wearing a yellow star
himself. Jews in Denmark were never forced to wear the Star of David. The Danish resistance did help most Jews flee the country before the end of the war.[278]
Albert Einstein did not fail mathematics classes in school. Einstein remarked, "I never failed in mathematics.... Before I was fifteen I had
mastered differential and integral calculus."[279] Einstein did, however, fail his first entrance exam into the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School
(ETH) in 1895, when he was two years younger than his fellow students, but scored exceedingly well in the mathematics and science
sections, then passed on his second attempt.[280]
US President John F. Kennedy's words "Ich bin ein Berliner" are standard German for "I am a Berliner (citizen of Berlin)."[281] It is not true
that by not leaving out the indefinite article "ein", he changed the meaning of the sentence from the intended "I am a citizen of Berlin" to "I
am a Berliner", a Berliner being a type of German pastry, similar to a jelly donut, amusing Germans.[282] Furthermore, the pastry which is
known by many names in Germany was not then nor is it now commonly called "Berliner" in the Berlin area.[283]
Although popularly known as the "red telephone", the Moscow–Washington hotline was never a telephone line, nor were red phones used.
The first implementation of the hotline used teletype equipment, which was replaced by facsimile (fax) machines in 1988. Since 2008, the
hotline has been a secure computer link over which the two countries exchange emails.[284] Moreover, the hotline links the Kremlin to the
Pentagon, not the White House.[285] Albert Einstein,
photographed at 14, did not
Not all members of the skinhead subculture are far-right or identify as white supremacists. There are many members that identify as left-
fail mathematics at school.
wing or apolitical, and there are many members that oppose racism, most notably with groups such as Skinheads Against Racial
Prejudice.[286][287][288][289] The first wave of the subculture originated from the 1950s British working class, whose members were
influenced by both black and Jamaican music and subcultures, with the Jamaican rude boy subculture being the most significant, and the mods subculture. As a result,
many initial members were either black or West Indian.[288] The association between the skinheads and white supremacy mostly came about in the subculture's second
wave in the 1970s and 1980s as a result of far-rights groups like the National Front and the British Movement recruiting from the subculture to obtain grassroot support,[288]
some punk bands within the movement adopting Nazi imagery for shock value,[290] and an incident in July 1981 when skinheads attending a concert in a predominantly
South Asian neighborhood in London rioted and attack several Asian-owned stores,[291][288] among other factors.
Russia does not explicitly have an independence day, nor is there a date that officially commemorates such an occasion. There have been many states that predate the
current Russian Federation, and the public holiday of Russia Day only celebrates the establishment of present-day Russia, which occurred on June 12, 1990. Both
Russians and foreigners commonly refer to Russia Day as "Russia's Independence Day" since it reflects the break from the Soviet Union that held dominion over Russia
from 1922 to 1991.[292]

United States [ edit ]

The Alaska Purchase was generally popular in the United States, both among the public and the press. The opponents of the purchase who characterized it as "Seward's
Folly", alluding to William H. Seward, the Secretary of State who negotiated it, represented a minority opinion at the time.[293]
Cowboy hats were not initially popular in the Western American frontier, with derby or bowler hats being the typical headgear of choice.[294] Heavy marketing of the Stetson
"Boss of the Plains" model in the years following the American Civil War was the primary driving force behind the cowboy hat's popularity, with its characteristic dented top
not becoming standard until near the end of the 19th century.[295]
The Great Chicago Fire of 1871 was not caused by Mrs. O'Leary's cow kicking over a lantern. A newspaper reporter later admitted to having invented the story to make
colorful copy.[296]
There is no evidence that Frederic Remington, on assignment to Cuba in 1897, telegraphed William Randolph Hearst, "There will be no war. I wish to return," and that
Hearst responded, "Please remain. You furnish the pictures, and I'll furnish the war". The anecdote was originally included in a book by James Creelman, and probably
never happened.[297]
Immigrants' last names were not Americanized (voluntarily, mistakenly, or otherwise) upon arrival at Ellis Island. Officials there kept no records other than checking ship
manifests created at the point of origin, and there was simply no paperwork that would have let them recast surnames, let alone any law. At the time in New York, anyone
could change the spelling of their name simply by using that new spelling.[298] These names are often referred to as an "Ellis Island Special".
Distraught stockbrokers did not jump to their deaths after the Wall Street Crash of 1929. The source of this myth seems to be Winston Churchill's account of a man jumping
off the Savoy-Plaza Hotel, just one floor below where Churchill was staying. In fact, he was a German tourist, and his fall was reported as accidental.[299]
There was no widespread outbreak of panic across the United States in response to Orson Welles's 1938 radio adaptation of H.G. Wells's The War of the Worlds. Only a
very small share of the radio audience was even listening to it, and isolated reports of scattered incidents and increased call volume to emergency services were played up
the next day by newspapers, eager to discredit radio as a competitor for advertising (see The Press-Radio War for more information about the rivalry between the two
media during that era). Both Welles and CBS, which had initially reacted apologetically, later came to realize that the myth benefited them and actively embraced it in later
years.[300]
American pilot Kenneth Arnold did not use the term "flying saucer" when describing a 1947 UFO sighting at Mount Rainier, Washington. Kenneth frequently maintained he
was misquoted, and The East Oregonian, the first newspaper to report on the incident, merely quoted him as saying the objects "flew like a saucer" and were "flat like a pie
pan".[301][302][303] The attribution may have come from a reporter at the United Press International misinterpretating his descriptions,[304] with newspapers and news
agencies like the Associated Press subsequently using "flying saucers" in sensationalist headlines.[301][302]
U.S. Senator George Smathers never gave a speech to a rural audience describing his opponent, Claude Pepper, as an "extrovert" whose sister was a "thespian", in the
apparent hope they would confuse them with similar-sounding words like "pervert" and "lesbian". Smathers offered US$10,000 to anyone who could prove he had made the
speech; it was never claimed.[305]
Rosa Parks was not sitting in the front ("white") section of the bus during the event that made her famous and incited the Montgomery bus boycott. Rather, she was sitting
in the front of the back ("colored") section of the bus, where African Americans were expected to sit, but refused to give up her seat to a white man who asked for it (which
was also the expected action of African Americans at the time).[citation needed]
African-American intellectual and activist W.E.B. Du Bois did not renounce his U.S. citizenship while living in Ghana shortly before his death,[306] as is often claimed.[307] In
early 1963, his membership in the Communist Party and support for the Soviet Union incited the U.S. State Department not to renew his passport while he was already in
Ghana overseeing the creation of the Encyclopedia Africana. After leaving the embassy, he stated his intention to renounce his citizenship in protest. But while he took
Ghanaian citizenship, he never went through the process of renouncing his American citizenship,[308] and may not even have intended to.[306]
When the bartender Kitty Genovese was murdered outside her Queens apartment in 1964, there were not 37 neighbors standing idly by and watching who failed to call the
police until after she was dead, as The New York Times initially reported[309] to widespread public outrage that persisted for years. Later reporting established that the
police report the Times had initially relied on was inaccurate, that Genovese had been attacked twice in different locations, and that, while some of the many witnesses
heard the attack, they only heard brief portions and did not realize what was occurring, with only six or seven actually reporting seeing anything. Some called police; one
said "I didn't want to get involved",[310] an attitude later attributed to all the residents who saw or heard part of the attack.[311]
While it was praised by one architectural magazine before it was built as "the best high apartment of the year", the Pruitt–Igoe housing project in St. Louis, Missouri,
considered to epitomize the failures of urban renewal in American cities after it was demolished in the early 1970s, never won any awards for its design.[312] The
architectural firm that designed the buildings did win an award for an earlier St. Louis project, which may have been confused with Pruitt–Igoe.[313]
There is little contemporary documentary evidence for the notion that US Vietnam veterans were spat upon by anti-war protesters upon return to the United States. This
belief was detailed in some biographical accounts and was later popularized by films such as Rambo.[314][315][316]
Women did not burn their bras outside the Miss America contest in 1969 as a protest in support of women's liberation. They did symbolically throw bras in a trash can, along
with other articles seen as emblematic of the woman's position in American society such as mops, make-up, and high-heeled shoes. The myth of bra burning came when a
journalist hypothetically suggested that women may in future do so, as men of the era burned their draft cards.[317]
Despite being the origin of the phrase "drinking the Kool-Aid", and the fact that Kool-Aid was consumed on-site for both normal purposes and for trial runs,[318] Kool-Aid was
not used for the potassium cyanide-fruit punch mix ingested as part of the Jonestown massacre.[319][320][321] A Washington Post article stated that Flavor-Aid packets were
found at the site,[322] an eyewitness account said that Flavor-Aid was used,[323] and Kraft Foods confirmed that Kool-Aid was not used.[324] The misconception most likely
arose from erroneous reporting from an initial Post article,[325] coroners using the term "Cool Aid" [sic] for an early inquest in the generic sense,[320] conflation with stories
from the 1968 book The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test that described the use of Kool-Aid laced with LSD,[326][320] and the name "Kool-Aid" being more familiar to the public
than Flavor-Aid.[320]
Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, the landmark Supreme Court decision which overruled both Roe v. Wade and Planned Parenthood v. Casey, did not make
abortion illegal in the United States nationwide.[327] While abortion remains legal in the majority of states, states with trigger laws to restrict abortion in the event that Roe
was overturned immediately implemented them.[328][329] Abortion laws in states that allow abortion are expected to become more permissive following Dobbs, not less;
proposals by California, Oregon, and Washington have included expanding abortion access by eliminating co-pays for abortion services, funding travel costs for those
seeking abortion from states that ban abortion, and enshrining the right to an abortion in state constitutions.[330][331]

Science, technology, and mathematics [ edit ]

See also: Scientific misconceptions, Superseded theories in science, and List of topics characterized as pseudoscience

Astronomy and spaceflight [ edit ]

External video There is no scientific evidence that the motion of stars, planets, and other celestial
James Randi on Astrology bodies influences the fates of humans, and astrology has repeatedly been shown to
YouTube video have no explanatory power in predicting future events.[332][333][334]
The Great Wall of China is not, as is claimed, the only human-made object visible from
James Randi on Astrology
space or from the Moon. None of the Apollo astronauts reported seeing any specific
human-made object from the Moon, and even Earth-orbiting astronauts can see it only
with magnification. City lights, however, are easily visible on the night side of Earth from orbit.[335]
Spacecraft are never in "zero-gravity" or "zero-g". If a spacecraft is in free-fall it may be experiencing zero G-force, that is, the craft
may be weightless, but this is very different from there being no gravity. The only reason why an object orbiting a planet remains in
orbit is because the object is being influenced by the planet's gravity, and gravitational fields still exist even in the depths of
intergalactic space. At an altitude of 400 kilometres (250 mi), equivalent to a typical orbit of the International Space Station, the A satellite image of a section of the
Earth's gravity is still nearly 90% as strong as at the surface.[336][337][338][339] While in orbit, spacecraft may not even experience Great Wall of China, running diagonally
from lower left to upper right (not to be
zero G-forces; on the International Space Station, for example, small G-forces come from tidal effects, gravity from objects other
confused with the much more
than the Earth such as astronauts, spacecraft, and other celestial bodies, as well as air resistance and internal movements that prominent river running from upper left
impart momentum to the space station.[340][341] to lower right). The region pictured is
12 by 12 kilometers (7.5 mi × 7.5 mi).
The phrase "dark side of the Moon" does not refer to "dark" as in the absence of light, but rather "dark" as in unknown: until
humans were able to send spacecraft around the Moon, this area had never been seen. Tidal forces from Earth have slowed the
Moon's rotation to the point where the same side is always facing the Earth, a phenomenon called tidal locking. While many
misconstrue this to mean that the "dark side" receives little to no sunlight, in reality, both the near and far sides receive (on
average) almost equal amounts of light directly from the Sun.[342][343][344][345][346]
Black holes have the same gravitational effects as any other equal mass in their place. They will draw objects nearby towards
them, just as any other planetary body does, except at very close distances to the black hole—comparable to its Schwarzschild
radius.[347] If, for example, the Sun were replaced by a black hole of equal mass, the orbits of the planets would be essentially
unaffected. A black hole can act like a "cosmic vacuum cleaner" and pull a substantial inflow of surrounding matter, but only if the
star from which it formed was already doing so.[348]
Seasons are not predominantly caused by the Earth being closer to the Sun in the summer than in the winter, but by the effects of
Earth's 23.4-degree axial tilt. Earth reaches perihelion (the point in its orbit closest to the Sun) in January, and it reaches aphelion
The dark side of the Moon,
(the point farthest from the Sun) in July, so the slight contribution of orbital eccentricity opposes the temperature trends of the
photographed by Apollo 16 in 1972,
seasons in the Northern Hemisphere.[349] In general, the effect of orbital eccentricity on Earth's seasons is a 7% variation in clearly illuminated by the Sun. It is
sunlight received. Each hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun in its respective summer (July in the Northern Hemisphere and much more crater-ridden than the near
January in the Southern Hemisphere), resulting in longer days and more direct sunlight, with the opposite being true in the winter. side of the Moon.

Orbital eccentricity can influence temperatures, but on Earth, this effect is small and is more than counteracted by other
factors.[350][351]
When a meteor or spacecraft enters the atmosphere, the heat of entry is not (primarily) caused by friction, but by adiabatic
compression of air in front of the object.[352][353][354]
Egg balancing is possible on every day of the year, not just the vernal equinox,[355] and there is no relationship between any
astronomical phenomenon and the ability to balance an egg.[356]
The Fisher Space Pen was not commissioned by NASA at a cost of millions of dollars, while the Soviets used pencils. It was
independently developed by Paul C. Fisher, founder of the Fisher Pen Company, with $1 million of his own funds.[357] NASA tested
and approved the pen for space use, then purchased 400 pens at $6 per pen.[358] The Soviet Union subsequently also purchased
the space pen for its Soyuz spaceflights.[359]
Tang, Velcro, and Teflon were not spun off from technology originally developed by NASA for spaceflight, though many other The Earth's equator does not line
[360]
products (such as memory foam and space blankets) were. up with the plane of the Earth's orbit,
The Sun is actually white rather than yellow.[361] It is atmospheric scattering that causes the Sun to look yellow, orange, or red at meaning that for half of the year the
Northern Hemisphere is tilted more
sunrise and sunset.[361]
towards the Sun and for the other half
The Big Bang model does not fully explain the origin of the universe. It does not describe how energy, time, and space were of the year the Northern Hemisphere is
caused, but rather it describes the emergence of the present universe from an ultra-dense and high-temperature initial state.[362] tilted more away from the Sun. This is
the dominant cause of seasonal
temperature variation, not the distance
Biology [ edit ]
of the Earth from the Sun in its orbit.
See also: Common misunderstandings of genetics

Biologists currently recognize more than twenty kingdoms of life.[363][364] Although it has traditionally been taught that there are
three,[365] four,[366] five,[367] six,[368][369] or eight[370] kingdoms of life, modern molecular evidence shows that there are a large
number of high-level divisions in the tree of life, and that kingdoms like plants and animals are not among the highest biological
ranks.[364] Some taxonomists have moved away from using kingdoms altogether, since some traditional kingdoms are no longer
seen as natural groups.[371]

Vertebrates [ edit ]
Phylogenetic tree of the Prokaryota
Old elephants near death do not leave their herd to go to an "elephants' graveyard" to die.[372] showing some of the high-order
divisions of life
Bulls are not enraged by the color red, used in capes by professional matadors. Cattle are dichromats, so red does not stand out as
a bright color. It is not the color of the cape, but the perceived threat by the matador that incites it to charge.[373]
Lemmings do not engage in mass suicidal dives off cliffs when migrating. The scenes of lemming suicides in the Disney
documentary film White Wilderness, which popularized this idea, were completely fabricated.[374] The misconception itself is much
older, dating back to at least the late 19th century, though its exact origins are uncertain.[375]
Dogs do not sweat by salivating.[376] Dogs actually do have sweat glands and not only on their tongues; they sweat mainly through
their footpads. However, dogs do primarily regulate their body temperature through panting.[377] (See also: Dog anatomy).
Dogs do not consistently age seven times as quickly as humans. Aging in dogs varies widely depending on the breed; certain
breeds, such as giant dog breeds and English bulldogs, have much shorter lifespans than average. Most dogs age consistently
across all breeds in the first year of life, reaching adolescence by one year old; smaller and medium-sized breeds begin to age
more slowly in adulthood.[378] The color of a red cape does not
enrage a bull.
The phases of the moon have no effect on the vocalizations of wolves, and wolves do not howl at the moon.[379] Wolves howl to
assemble the pack usually before and after hunts, to pass on an alarm particularly at a den site, to locate each other during a
storm, while crossing unfamiliar territory, and to communicate across great distances.[380]
There is no such thing as an "alpha" in a wolf pack. An early study that coined the term "alpha wolf" had only observed unrelated adult wolves living in captivity. In the wild,
wolf packs operate more like human families: there is no defined sense of rank, parents are in charge until the young grow up and start their own families, younger wolves
do not overthrow an "alpha" to become the new leader, and social dominance fights are situational.[381][382]
Bats are not blind. While about 70% of bat species, mainly in the microbat family, use echolocation to navigate, all bat species have eyes and are capable of sight. In
addition, almost all bats in the megabat or fruit bat family cannot echolocate and have excellent night vision.[383]
Ostriches do not stick their heads in the sand to hide from enemies or to sleep.[384] This misconception's origins are uncertain but it was probably popularized by Pliny the
Elder (23–79 CE), who wrote that ostriches "imagine, when they have thrust their head and neck into a bush, that the whole of their body is concealed."[385]
A duck's quack actually does echo,[386] although the echo may be difficult to hear for humans under some circumstances.[387]
Contrary to the apologue about the boiling frog, frogs die immediately when cast into boiling water, rather than leaping out; furthermore, frogs will attempt to escape cold
water that is slowly heated past their critical thermal maximum.[388]
The memory span of goldfish is much longer than just a few seconds. It is up to a few months long.[389][390]
Sharks can have cancer. The misconception that sharks do not get cancer was spread by the 1992 book Sharks Don't Get Cancer, which was used to sell extracts of shark
cartilage as cancer prevention treatments. Reports of carcinomas in sharks exist, and current data do not support any conclusions about the incidence of tumors in
sharks.[391]
Great white sharks do not mistake human divers for pinnipeds. When attacking pinnipeds, the shark surfaces quickly and attacks violently. In contrast, attacks on humans
are slower and less violent: the shark charges at a normal pace, bites, and swims off. Great white sharks have efficient eyesight and color vision; the bite is not predatory,
but rather for identification of an unfamiliar object.[392]
Snake jaws cannot unhinge. The posterior end of the lower jaw bones contains a quadrate bone, allowing jaw extension. The anterior tips of the lower jaw bones are joined
by a flexible ligament allowing them to bow outwards, increasing the mouth gape.
Tomato juice and tomato sauce are ineffective at neutralizing the odor of a skunk; it only appears to work due to olfactory fatigue.[393] For dogs that get sprayed, The
Humane Society of the United States recommends using a mixture of dilute hydrogen peroxide (3%), baking soda, and dishwashing liquid.[394]
Porcupines do not shoot their quills. They can detach, but do not project.[395][396]
Mice do not have a special appetite for cheese, and will eat it only for lack of better options; they actually favor sweet, sugary foods. The myth may have come from the fact
that before refrigeration, cheese was usually stored outside and was therefore an easy food for mice to reach.[397]
There is no credible evidence that the candiru, a South American parasitic catfish, can swim up a human urethra if one urinates in the water in which it lives. The sole
documented case of such an incident, written in 1997, has been heavily criticized upon peer review, and this phenomenon is now largely considered a myth.[398]
The bold, powerful cry commonly associated with the bald eagle in popular culture is actually that of a red-tailed Bald eagle call (0:02)
hawk. Bald eagle vocalizations are much softer and chirpy, and bear far more resemblance to the calls of 0:03
[399][400]
gulls.
A recording of a bald eagle at Yellowstone
Piranhas do not only eat meat but are omnivorous, and they only swim in schools to defend themselves from National Park
predators and not to attack. They very rarely attack humans, only when under stress and feeling threatened, and
Problems playing this file? See media help.
even then, bites typically only occur on hands and feet.[401]
The hippopotamus does not produce pink milk. Hipposudoric acid, a red pigment found in hippo skin secretions, does not affect the color of their milk, which is white or
beige.[402]
Pacus, South American fish related to piranhas, do not attack or feed on human testicles. This myth originated from a misinterpreted joke in a 2013 report of a pacu being
found in Øresund, the strait between Sweden and Denmark, which claimed that the fish ate "nuts."[403][404]
The Pacific tree frog is the only frog species that makes a "ribbit" sound. The misconception that all frogs, or at least all those found in North America, make this sound
comes from its extensive use in Hollywood films.[405][406][407]

Invertebrates [ edit ]
Earthworms do not become two worms when cut in half. Only a limited number of earthworm species[408] are capable of anterior
regeneration. When such earthworms are bisected, only the front half of the worm (where the mouth is located) can feed and
survive, while the other half dies.[409] Some species of planarian flatworms, however, actually do become two new planarians when
bisected or split down the middle.[410]
Houseflies have an average lifespan of 20 to 30 days, not 24 hours.[411] The misconception may arise from confusion with mayflies,
which, in some species, have an adult lifespan of as little as 5 minutes.[412]
The daddy longlegs spider (Pholcidae) is not the most venomous spider in the world; though they can indeed pierce human skin,
the tiny amount of venom they carry causes only a mild burning sensation for a few seconds.[413] In addition, there is confusion Bombus pratorum over an
Echinacea purpurea inflorescence; a
regarding the use of the name daddy longlegs, because harvestmen (order Opiliones, which are arachnids but not spiders, and
widespread misconception holds that
have no venom), crane flies (which are insects), and male mosquitoes (also insects) are also sometimes called daddy longlegs in bumblebees should be incapable of
regional dialects, and may occasionally share the misconception of being venomous.[414][415] flight.

Horseshoe crabs are not crabs. Their popular name is a misnomer as they are not even crustaceans as crabs are, but are
chelicerates, most closely related to arachnids such as spiders and scorpions.[416][417]
People do not swallow large numbers of spiders during sleep. A sleeping person makes noises that warn spiders of danger.[418][419]
It is not true that aerodynamic theory predicts that bumblebees should not be able to fly; the physics of insect flight is quite well understood. The misconception appears to
come from a calculation based on a fixed-wing aircraft mentioned in a 1934 book.[420]
Earwigs are not known to purposely climb into external ear canals, though there have been anecdotal reports of earwigs being found in the ear.[421] Entomologists suggest
that the origin of the name is actually a reference to the appearance of the hindwings, which are unique and distinctive among insects, and resemble a human ear when
unfolded.[422][423]
European honey bees are not essential to human food production, despite claims that without their pollination, humanity would starve or die out "within four years".[424] In
fact, many important crops need no insect pollination at all. The ten most important crops,[425] accounting for 60% of all human food energy,[426] all fall into this category.
Female praying mantises rarely eat the males during reproduction, especially in their natural environment. In a study in a laboratory at the University of Central Arkansas, it
was observed that 1 out of 45 times the female ate the male before mating, and the male ate the female with that same frequency.[427]
Ticks do not fall from trees onto people. Instead, they lie in wait in high grass.[428]
Though they are often called "white ants",[429] termites are not ants, nor are they closely related to ants. Termites are actually highly derived eusocial
cockroaches.[430][431][432]

Plants [ edit ]
Carnivorous plants do survive without food. Catching insects, however, supports their growth.[433]
Poinsettias are not highly toxic to humans or cats. While it is true that they are mildly irritating to the skin or stomach,[434] and may sometimes cause diarrhea and vomiting
if eaten, they rarely cause serious medical problems.[435]
Sunflowers do not always point to the Sun. Flowering sunflowers face a fixed direction (often east) all day long, but do not
necessarily face the Sun.[436] However, in an earlier developmental stage, before the appearance of flower heads, the immature
buds do track the Sun (a phenomenon called heliotropism), and the fixed alignment of the mature flowers toward a certain direction
is often the result.[437]

Evolution and paleontology [ edit ]

Further information: Introduction to evolution and Objections to evolution

The word theory in "the theory of evolution" does not imply scientific doubt regarding its validity; the concepts of theory and
hypothesis have specific meanings in a scientific context. While theory in colloquial usage may denote a hunch or conjecture, a Sunflowers with the Sun clearly
scientific theory is a set of principles that explains an observable phenomenon in natural terms.[438][439] "Scientific fact and theory visible behind them

are not categorically separable",[440] and evolution is a theory in the same sense as germ theory or the theory of gravitation.[441]
The theory of evolution does not attempt to explain the origin of life[442] or the origin and development of the universe. The theory of
evolution deals primarily with changes in successive generations over time after life has already originated.[443] The scientific model
concerned with the origin of the first organisms from organic or inorganic molecules is known as abiogenesis, and the prevailing
theory for explaining the early development of our universe is the Big Bang model.
Evolution is not a progression from inferior to superior organisms, and it also does not necessarily result in an increase in
complexity. Evolution through natural selection only causes organisms to become more fit for their environment.[444] A population
can evolve to become simpler or to have a smaller genome,[445] and atavistic ancestral genetic traits can reappear after having Despite cultural depictions,
plesiosaurs were not dinosaurs, nor did
been lost through evolutionary change in previous generations.[446] Biological devolution or de-evolution is a misnomer, not only
either plesiosaurs or non-avian
because it implies that organisms can only evolve backward or forward, but also because it implies that evolution may cause dinosaurs coexist with humans.
organisms to evolve in the "wrong" direction.[447][448]
Evolution does not "plan" to improve an organism's fitness to survive.[449][450] The misconception is encouraged as it is common
shorthand for biologists to speak of a purpose as a concise form of expression (sometimes called the "metaphor of purpose");[451] it is less cumbersome to say "Dinosaurs
may have evolved feathers for courtship" than "Feathers may have been selected for when they arose as they gave dinosaurs a selective advantage during courtship over
their non-feathered rivals".[452]
Mutations are not entirely random, nor do they occur at the same frequency everywhere in the genome. Certain regions of an organism's genome will be more or less likely
to undergo mutation depending on the presence of DNA repair mechanisms and other mutation biases. For instance, in a study on Arabidopsis thaliana, biologically
important regions of the plant's genome were found to be protected from mutations, and beneficial mutations were found to be more likely, i.e. mutation was "non-random in
a way that benefits the plant".[453][454][455]
Dinosaurs are not extinct. Not all dinosaurs became extinct during the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. Birds evolved from small feathered theropods in the
Jurassic, and while most dinosaur lineages were cut short at the end of the Cretaceous, some birds survived. Consequently, theropod dinosaurs are part of the modern
fauna.[456]
Mosasaurs, ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, and other aquatic Mesozoic diapsids were not dinosaurs. Despite their many cultural depictions as 'swimming dinosaurs,' mosasaurs
were actually lizards, and ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs were even more distantly related to dinosaurs. Though some dinosaurs were or are semiaquatic, (Hesperornis,
Spinosaurus, auks, penguins), none are known to have been fully marine.[457][458][459][460]
Dimetrodon is often mistakenly called a dinosaur or considered to be a contemporary of dinosaurs in popular culture, but it became
extinct some 40 million years before the first appearance of dinosaurs. Being a synapsid, Dimetrodon is actually more closely
related to mammals than to dinosaurs, birds, lizards, or other diapsids.[461][462][463][464]
Pterosaurs (sometimes referred to using the informal term 'pterodactyls') are often called "flying dinosaurs" by popular media and
the general public, but while pterosaurs were closely related to dinosaurs, dinosaurs are defined as the descendants of the last
common ancestor of the Saurischia and the Ornithischia, which excludes the pterosaurs.[462][465]
Humans and non-avian dinosaurs did not coexist.[466] The last of the non-avian dinosaurs died 66 million years ago in the course of
the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, whereas the earliest members of genus Homo (humans) evolved between 2.3 and 2.4 Dimetrodon, the iconic sail-backed
synapsid, was not a dinosaur, nor did it
million years ago. This places a 63-million-year expanse of time between the last non-avian dinosaurs and the earliest humans. live at the same time as the dinosaurs.
Humans did coexist with woolly mammoths and saber-toothed cats—mammals often erroneously depicted alongside non-avian
dinosaurs.[467] Humans and dinosaurs, specifically birds, did (and do) coexist.
The vast majority of fossil fuel, such as petroleum (oil), coal, and natural gas, is not composed of dinosaur fossils. Petroleum is
formed when algae and zooplankton die and sink in anoxic conditions to be buried on the ocean floor without being decomposed by
aerobic bacteria. Coal is formed when terrestrial plants die and fall into anoxic swamps or bogs, decaying into peat before being
buried. While coal deposits may contain dinosaur fossils, the vast majority of coal is derived from dead plant matter. A substantial
amount of the world's coal was formed in coal forests during the Carboniferous period, more than 50 million years before the first
appearance of dinosaurs, and consequently most coals contain no dinosaur fossil material whatsoever.[468][469][470][471]
Mammals did not evolve from any modern group of reptiles; rather, mammals descend from a Reptiliomorph, "reptile-like," ancestor. Tyrannosaurus rex. Non-avian
The term reptile is problematic, since its conventional usage unnaturally excludes birds and mammals, and the modern consensus dinosaurs died out in the Cretaceous–
Paleogene extinction event at the end
is that the reptiles are not a natural group.[472] After the first fully terrestrial tetrapods evolved, one of their lineages split into the
of the Cretaceous period.
synapsids (the line leading to mammals) and the diapsids (the line leading to lizards, snakes, birds and other dinosaurs, and
crocodiles). The synapsids and the diapsids diverged about 320 million years ago, in the mid-Carboniferous period.[473][474] Only
later, in the Triassic, did the modern diapsid groups (the lepidosaurs and the archosuars) emerge and diversify.[475][476] The mammals themselves are the only survivors of
the synapsid line.[477]
Humans and other apes are Old World monkeys. The word 'monkey' is often used colloquially to describe only those simians which
possess tails, thus excluding Barbary apes and true apes, but this distinction is taxonomically invalid.[479][480][481][482][483][484][485]
While apes were traditionally thought to be a sister group to monkeys, modern paleontological and molecular evidence shows that
apes are deeply nested within the monkey family tree. Old World monkeys like baboons are more closely related to all apes than
they are to all New World monkeys, and extinct Old World monkeys like Aegyptopithecus predate the split between apes and all
other extant Old World monkeys.[478][486][487][488][489][490][491] There is a concerted social and religious effort to deny evidence
which connects humans to their simian ancestors, but there is no way to naturally define the monkeys while excluding humans and
Aegyptopithecus, a prehistoric
other apes.[479][492]
monkey predating the split between
Although humans evolved from apes, they did not evolve from either of the living species of chimpanzees (common chimpanzees apes and other Old World monkeys
and bonobos) or other living species of apes.[493] Humans and chimpanzees did, however, evolve from a common during the course of human evolution.
Aegyptopithecus also postdates the
ancestor.[494][495] The most recent common ancestor of humans and the living chimpanzees lived between 5 and 8 million years
division of the Old and New world
ago.[496] monkeys, making it more closely
Humans are animals, despite the fact that the word animal is colloquially used as an antonym for human.[497][498] related to humans than to all New
World monkeys.[478]
Chemistry and materials science [ edit ]

Glass does not flow at room temperature as a high-viscosity liquid.[499] Although glass shares some molecular properties with liquids, it is a solid at room temperature and
only begins to flow at hundreds of degrees above room temperature.[500][501] Old glass which is thicker at the bottom than at the top comes from the production process,
not from slow flow;[500][501] no such distortion is observed in other glass objects of similar or even greater age.[500][501][502]
Most diamonds are not formed from highly compressed coal. More than 99% of diamonds ever mined have formed in the conditions of extreme heat and pressure about
140 kilometers (87 mi) below the earth's surface. Coal is formed from prehistoric plants buried much closer to the surface, and is unlikely to migrate below 3.2 kilometers
(2.0 mi) through common geological processes. Most diamonds that have been dated are older than the first land plants, and are therefore older than coal.[503]
Diamonds are not infinitely hard, and are subject to wear and scratching: although they are the hardest known material on the Mohs Scale, they can be scratched by other
diamonds[504] and worn down even by much softer materials, such as vinyl records.[505]
Neither tin foil nor tin cans still use tin as a primary material. Aluminum foil has replaced tin foil in almost all uses since the 20th century; tin cans now primarily use steel or
aluminum as their main metal.[506]

Computing and the Internet [ edit ]

Computers running macOS or Linux are not immune to malware such as trojan horses or computer viruses.[507] Specialized malware designed to attack those systems
does exist. However, the vast majority of viruses are developed for Microsoft Windows[508] and infecting Linux with malware is difficult.[509][510][511]
The deep web is not primarily full of pornography, illegal drug trade websites, and stolen bank details. This information is primarily found in a small portion of the deep web
known as the "dark web". Much of the deep web consists of academic libraries, databases, and anything that is not indexed by normal search engines.[512][513]
Private browsing, such as incognito mode, does not protect users from being tracked by websites or their internet service provider (ISP). Such entities can still use
information such as IP addresses and user accounts to uniquely identify users.[514][515]
Submerging a mobile phone which has suffered from water damage into rice has not been shown to be effective in repairing them.[516][517] Even if submerging them in a
desiccant were more effective than leaving them to dry in open air, common desiccants such as silica gel or cat litter are better than rice.[518]

Economics [ edit ]

The total number of people living in extreme absolute poverty globally, by the widely used metric of
$1.00/day (in 1990 U.S. dollars) has decreased over the last several decades, but most people surveyed in
several countries incorrectly think it has increased or stayed the same.[520]
Human population growth is decreasing and the world population is expected to peak and then begin falling
during the 21st century. Improvements in agricultural productivity and technology are expected to be able
to meet anticipated increased demand for resources, making a global human overpopulation scenario
unlikely.[521][522][523]
Monopolists do not try to sell items for the highest possible price, nor do they try to maximize profit per unit,
but rather they try to maximize total profit.[524]
For any given production set, there is not a set amount of labor input (a "lump of labor") to produce that
output. This fallacy is commonly seen in Luddite and later, related movements as an argument either that
automation causes permanent, structural unemployment, or that labor-limiting regulation can decrease
unemployment. But, in fact, changes in capital allocation, efficiency, and economies of learning can change Total population living in extreme poverty, by world region 1987
to 2015[519]
the amount of labor input for a given set of production.[525]
Income is not a direct factor in determining credit score in the United States. Rather, credit score is
impacted by the amount of unused available credit, which is in turn affected by income.[526] Income is also considered when evaluating creditworthiness more generally.
The US public vastly overestimates the amount spent on foreign aid.[527]
An increase in gross income will never reduce one's post-tax earnings (net income) due to putting one in a higher tax bracket. In every country with tax brackets, they only
indicate the marginal tax rate, as opposed to the total income tax rate; only the additional income earned in the higher tax bracket is taxed at the elevated rate.[528] An
increase in gross income can reduce one's net income in a welfare cliff, however, when benefits are suddenly withdrawn when passing a certain income threshold.[529]

Environmental science [ edit ]

See also: Tornado myths

Global warming is partially caused by human activities, primarily the release of greenhouse gases like CO2 and methane through
the burning of fossils fuels and deforestation, as well as secondary climate change feedbacks like the melting of ice caps, which
increases the amount of sunlight absorbed by the Earth, and the sublimation of deep-water and permafrost methane clathrates,
which releases yet more greenhouse gases. No scientific body of national or international standing disagrees with this view and
there has been near-complete scientific consensus to this effect for decades.[530][531][532][533]
Global warming is not caused by the hole in the ozone layer. Ozone depletion is a separate problem caused by chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs)[536] which have been released into the atmosphere.[537] However, CFCs are strong greenhouse gases.[538][539]
Cooling towers in power stations and other facilities do not emit smoke or harmful fumes, but water vapor, and do not contribute to
climate change.[540][541]
Ozone depletion is not a cause of
The idea that lightning never strikes the same place twice is one of the oldest and best-known superstitions about lightning, but has global warming.
no basis in evidence. Lightning in a thunderstorm is more likely to strike objects and spots the more prominent or conductive they
are. For instance, lightning strikes the Empire State Building in New York City about 100 times per year.[542][543]
Heat lightning does not exist as a distinct phenomenon. What is mistaken for "heat lightning" is usually ordinary lightning from
storms too distant to hear the associated thunder.[544]
The Yellowstone Caldera is not overdue for a supervolcano eruption.[545]
The Amazon rainforest does not provide 20% of Earth's oxygen. This is a misinterpretation of a 2010 study which found that
approximately 34% of photosynthesis by terrestrial plants occurs in tropical rainforests (so the Amazon rainforest would account for
approximately half of this). Due to respiration by the resident organisms, all ecosystems (including the Amazon rainforest) have a
net output of oxygen of approximately zero. The oxygen currently present in the atmosphere was accumulated over billions of
years.[546] Global surface temperature
reconstruction over the last 2000 years
using proxy data from tree rings,
Human body and health [ edit ]
corals, and ice cores in blue.[534]
See also: Urban legends about drugs Directly observed data is in red.[535]

Sleeping in a closed room with an electric fan running does not result in "fan death", as is widely believed in South Korea.[547]
Waking up a sleepwalker does not harm them. Sleepwalkers may be confused or disoriented for a short time after awakening, but
the health risks associated with sleepwalking are from injury or insomnia, not from being awakened.[548]
Drowning is often inconspicuous to onlookers.[549] In most cases, the instinctive drowning response prevents the victim from
waving or yelling (known as "aquatic distress"),[549] which are therefore not dependable signs of trouble; indeed, most drowning
victims undergoing the response do not show prior evidence of distress.[550]
Human blood in veins is not actually blue. Blood is red due to the presence of hemoglobin; deoxygenated blood (in veins) has a
deep red color, and oxygenated blood (in arteries) has a light cherry-red color. Veins below the skin can appear blue or green due
to subsurface scattering of light through the skin, and aspects of human color perception. Many medical diagrams also use blue to
show veins, and red to show arteries, which contributes to this misconception.[551]
Exposure to a vacuum, or experiencing all but the most extreme uncontrolled decompression, does not cause the body to explode,
or internal fluids to boil. (However, fluids in the mouth or lungs will boil at altitudes above the Armstrong limit.) Instead, it will lead to
a loss of consciousness once the body has depleted the supply of oxygen in the blood, followed by death from hypoxia within
minutes.[552]
Stretching before or after exercise does not reduce delayed onset muscle soreness.[553]
Cooling towers from the now-
Exercise-induced delayed onset muscle soreness is not caused by lactic acid build-up. Muscular lactic acid levels return to normal decommissioned Cottam power
levels within an hour after exercise; delayed onset muscle soreness is thought to be due to microtrauma from unaccustomed or stations in England. The gases
expelled by the towers are harmless
strenuous exercise.[554]
water vapors from the cooling process.
Swallowing gasoline does not generally require special emergency treatment, as long as it goes into the stomach and not the
lungs, and inducing vomiting can make it worse.[555]
Urine is not sterile, not even in the bladder.[556]
Sudden immersion into freezing water does not typically cause death by hypothermia, but rather from the cold shock response,
which can cause cardiac arrest, heart attack, or hyperventilation leading to drowning.[557]
Cremated remains are not ashes in the usual sense. After the incineration is completed, the dry bone fragments are swept out of
the retort and pulverized by a machine called a Cremulator—essentially a high-capacity, high-speed blender—to process them into
"ashes" or "cremated remains".[558]
The lung's alveoli are not tiny balloons that expand and contract under positive pressure following the Young–Laplace equation, as
is taught in some physiology and medical textbooks. The tissue structure is more like a sponge with polygonal spaces that unfold A widely held misconception in
and fold under negative pressure from the chest wall.[559] South Korea is that leaving electric
fans on while asleep can be fatal.
Half of body heat is not lost through the head, and covering the head is no more effective at preventing heat loss than covering any
other portion of the body. Heat is lost from the body in proportion to the amount of exposed skin.[560][561] The head accounts for
around 7-9% of the body's surface, and studies have shown that having one's head submerged in cold water only causes a person to lose 10% more heat overall.[562] This
myth likely comes from a flawed United States military experiment in 1950, wherein a prototype Arctic survival suit was tested. The result actually came from the fact that
the head was one of the few body parts left exposed by the suit.[563] The misconception was further perpetuated by a 1970 military field manual that claimed "40-45%" of
heat is lost through the head, based on the 1950 study.[561][563]
Adrenochrome is not harvested from living people and has no use as a recreational drug. Hunter S. Thompson conceived a fictional drug of the same name in his book
Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, apparently as a metaphor and unaware that a real substance by that name existed; it is Thompson's fictional adrenochrome, and not the
real chemical compound, that is the source of numerous conspiracy theories revolving around human trafficking to harvest the fictional drug.[564][565]
Men and women have the same number of ribs, 24 or 12 pairs. The erroneous idea that women have one more rib than men may stem from the biblical creation story of
Adam & Eve.[566][567]

Disease and preventive healthcare [ edit ]

See also: Misconceptions about HIV and AIDS and COVID-19 misinformation

The common cold is caused by viruses, not cold temperature, although cold temperature may somewhat weaken the immune system, and viruses are more likely to spread
during the winter for a variety of reasons such as dry air, less air circulation in homes, and lower vitamin D levels in humans.[568][569][570] Similarly, antibiotics will not cure a
cold, as they are ineffectual against viruses.[571][572] There may, however, be cases in which an opportunistic infection by bacterial pathogens needs to be treated by
antibiotics.[573]
In those with the common cold, the color of the sputum or nasal secretion may vary from clear to yellow to green and does not indicate the class of agent causing the
infection.[574]
Vitamin C does not prevent the common cold, although it may have a protective effect during intense cold-weather exercise. If taken daily, it may slightly reduce the
duration and severity of colds, but it has no effect if taken after the cold starts.[575]
Humans cannot catch warts from toads or other animals; the bumps on a toad are not warts.[576] Warts on human skin are caused
by human papillomavirus, which is unique to humans.
Neither cracking one's knuckles nor exercising while in good health causes osteoarthritis.[577]
Stress does not play a major role in hypertension.[578] Specific relaxation therapies are not supported by the evidence.[579] Acute
stress has been shown to temporarily increase blood-pressure levels.[578] Chronic stress may cause a sustained rise in high blood-
pressure.[578]
In people with eczema, bathing does not dry the skin and may in fact be beneficial.[580]
The bumps on a toad are not warts,
There have never been any programs in the US that provide access to dialysis machines in exchange for pull tabs on beverage
and therefore cannot cause warts on
cans.[581] This rumor has existed since at least the 1970s, and usually cites the National Kidney Foundation as the organization humans.
offering the program. The Foundation itself has denied the rumor, noting that dialysis machines are primarily funded by
Medicare.[582]
High dietary protein intake is not associated with kidney disease in healthy people.[583] While significantly increased protein intake in the short-term is associated with
changes in renal function, there is no evidence to suggest this effect persists in the long-term and results in kidney damage or disease.[584]
Rhinoceros horn in powdered form is not used as an aphrodisiac in traditional Chinese medicine as Cornu Rhinoceri Asiatici (犀角, xījiǎo, "rhinoceros horn"). It is prescribed
for fevers and convulsions,[585] a treatment not supported by evidence-based medicine.
Leprosy is not auto-degenerative as commonly supposed, meaning that it will not (on its own) cause body parts to be damaged or fall off.[586] Leprosy causes rashes to
form and may degrade cartilage and, if untreated, inflame tissue. In addition, leprosy is only mildly contagious, partly because 95% of those infected with the mycobacteria
that causes leprosy do not develop the disease.[587][586] Tzaraath, a Biblical disease that disfigures the skin is often identified as leprosy, and may be the source of many
myths about the disease.[588]
Rust does not cause tetanus infection. The Clostridium tetani bacterium is generally found in dirty environments. Since the same conditions that harbor tetanus bacteria
also promote rusting of metal, many people associate rust with tetanus. C. tetani requires anoxic conditions to reproduce and these are found in the permeable layers of
rust that form on oxygen-absorbing, unprotected ironwork.[589]
Quarantine has never been a standard procedure for those with severe combined immunodeficiency, despite the condition's popular nickname ("bubble boy syndrome")
and its portrayal in films. A bone marrow transplant in the earliest months of life is the standard course of treatment. The exceptional case of David Vetter, who indeed lived
much of his life encased in a sterile environment because he would not receive a transplant until age 12 (the transplant, because of failure to detect mononucleosis, instead
killed Vetter), was one of the primary inspirations for the "bubble boy" trope.[590]
Gunnison, Colorado, did not avoid the 1918 flu pandemic by using protective sequestration. The implementation of protective sequestration did prevent the virus from
spreading outside a single household after a single carrier came into the town while it was in effect, but it was not sustainable and had to be lifted in February 1919. A
month later, the flu killed five residents and infected dozens of others.[591]
Antibiotics are ineffective in treating many diseases, and their overuse is not without risks. The misconception that they are effective against many common viral infections
leads to their overuse. In fact, antibiotics are used to treat bacterial diseases, not viral diseases.[592][593]
The frequency of side effects in medication package inserts describes how often the effect occurs after taking a drug, not because of the drug.[594]
A dog's mouth is not cleaner than a human's mouth. A dog's mouth contains almost as much bacteria as a human mouth.[595][596]
There is no peer-reviewed scientific evidence that crystal healing has any effect beyond acting as a placebo.[597][598][599]

Human sexuality and reproduction [ edit ]

A broken hymen is not a reliable indicator that a female has been vaginally penetrated, because the tearing of the hymen may have been the result of some other
event,[600][601] and bleeding is not necessarily associated with the first vaginal sexual intercourse. Traditional virginity tests, such as the "two-finger" test, are widely
considered to be unscientific.[602][603] Reliable forensic methods of determining whether sexual intercourse has occurred do exist; biological evidence such as semen,
blood, vaginal secretions, saliva, and vaginal epithelial cells may all be identified and genetically typed, and the information derived from such analyses can often help
determine whether sexual contact occurred, as well as provide information regarding the circumstances of the incident.[604]
Neither race,[605] hand size,[606] nor foot size[607] correlate with human penis size, but finger length ratio may.[608]
While pregnancies from sex between first cousins do carry a slightly elevated risk of birth defects, this risk is often exaggerated.[609] The risk is 5–6% (similar to that of a
woman in her early 40s giving birth),[609][610] compared with a baseline risk of 3–4%.[610] The effects of inbreeding depression, while still relatively small compared to other
factors (and thus difficult to control for in a scientific experiment), become more noticeable if isolated and maintained for several generations.[611]
Having sex before a sporting event or contest is not physiologically detrimental to performance.[612] In fact it has been suggested that sex prior to sports activity can elevate
male testosterone level, which could potentially enhance performance for male athletes.[613]
There is no definitive proof of the existence of the vaginal G-spot, and the general consensus is that no such spot exists on the female body.[614]
Closeted or latent homosexuality is not correlated with internalized homophobia. A 1996 study claiming a connection in men[615] has not been verified by subsequent
studies, including a 2013 study that found no correlation.[616]
Not all pedophiles commit child sexual abuse, and not all child sexual abuse is committed by pedophiles. Pedophilia is a psychiatric disorder in which an adult or older
adolescent experiences a primary or exclusive sexual attraction to prepubescent children. Child sexual abuse, also called child molestation, is a form of child abuse in
which an adult or older adolescent, pedophile or not, uses a child for sexual stimulation.[617]
The menstrual cycles of women who live together do not tend to synchronize. A 1971 study made this claim, but subsequent research has not supported it.[618][619]

Nutrition, food, and drink [ edit ]

Diet has little influence on the body's detoxification, and there is no evidence that detoxification diets rid the body of toxins.[620][621] Toxins are removed from the body by the
liver and kidneys.[620]
Drinking milk or consuming other dairy products does not increase mucus production.[622] As a result, they do not need to be avoided by those with the flu or cold
congestion.
Drinking eight glasses (2–3 liters) of water a day is not needed to maintain health.[623] The amount of water needed varies by person (weight), diet, activity level, clothing,
and environment (heat and humidity). Water does not actually need to be drunk in pure form, but can be derived from liquids such as juices, tea, milk, soups, etc., and from
foods including fruits and vegetables.[623]
Drinking coffee and other caffeinated beverages does not cause dehydration for regular drinkers, although it can for occasional drinkers.[624]
Sugar does not cause hyperactivity in children.[625] Double-blind trials have shown no difference in behavior between children given sugar-full or sugar-free diets, even in
studies specifically looking at children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or those considered sensitive to sugar.[626] A 2019 meta-analysis found no positive effect of
sugar consumption on mood but did find an association with lower alertness and increased fatigue within an hour of consumption, known as a sugar crash.[627]
Eating nuts, popcorn, or seeds does not increase the risk of diverticulitis.[628] These foods may actually have a protective effect.[629]
Eating less than an hour before swimming does not increase the risk of experiencing muscle cramps or drowning. One study shows a correlation between alcohol
consumption and drowning, but not between eating and stomach cramps.[630]
A vegetarian or vegan diet can provide enough protein for adequate nutrition.[631] In fact, typical protein intakes of ovo-lacto vegetarians and vegans meet or exceed
requirements.[632] However, a vegan diet does require supplementation of vitamin B12.[631]
Swallowed chewing gum does not take seven years to digest. In fact, chewing gum is mostly indigestible, and passes through the digestive system at the same rate as
other matter.[633]
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) does not trigger migraine headaches or other symptoms of so-called Chinese restaurant syndrome, nor is there evidence that some
individuals are especially sensitive to MSG. There is also little evidence it impacts body weight.[634]
Spicy food or coffee does not have a significant effect on the development of peptic ulcers.[635]
The beta carotene in carrots does not enhance night vision beyond normal levels for people receiving an adequate amount, only in those with a deficiency of vitamin A.[636]
The belief that it does may have originated from World War II British disinformation meant to explain the Royal Air Force's improved success in night battles, which was
actually due to radar and the use of red lights on instrument panels.[637]
Most cases of obesity are not related to slower resting metabolism. Resting metabolic rate does not vary much between people. Overweight people tend to underestimate
the amount of food they eat, and underweight people tend to overestimate. In fact, overweight people tend to have faster metabolic rates due to the increased energy
required by the larger body.[638]
Eating normal amounts of soy does not cause hormonal imbalance.[639]
Consuming comfort food does not significantly improve mood more than other foods.[640]

Alcoholic beverages [ edit ]

Alcoholic beverages do not make the entire body warmer.[641] Alcoholic drinks create the sensation of warmth because they cause blood vessels to dilate and stimulate
nerve endings near the surface of the skin with an influx of warm blood. This can actually result in making the core body temperature lower, as it allows for easier heat
exchange with a cold external environment.[642]
Alcohol does not necessarily kill brain cells.[643] Alcohol can, however, lead indirectly to the death of brain cells in two ways. First, in chronic, heavy alcohol users whose
brains have adapted to the effects of alcohol, abrupt ceasing following heavy use can cause excitotoxicity leading to cellular death in multiple areas of the brain.[644]
Second, in alcoholics who get most of their daily calories from alcohol, a deficiency of thiamine can produce Korsakoff's syndrome, which is associated with serious brain
damage.[645]
The order in which different types of alcoholic beverages are consumed ("Grape or grain but never the twain" and "Beer before liquor never sicker; liquor before beer in the
clear") does not affect intoxication or create adverse side effects.[646]

Skin and hair [ edit ]

Water-induced wrinkles are not caused by the skin absorbing water and swelling.[647] They are caused by the autonomic nervous system, which triggers localized
vasoconstriction in response to wet skin, yielding a wrinkled appearance.[648]
A person's hair and fingernails do not continue to grow after death. Rather, the skin dries and shrinks away from the bases of hairs and nails, giving the appearance of
growth.[649]
Shaving does not cause terminal hair to grow back thicker or darker. This belief is thought to be due to the fact that hair that has never been cut has a tapered end, so after
cutting, the base of the hair is blunt and appears thicker and feels coarser. That short hairs are less flexible than longer hairs contributes to this effect.[650]
Hair care products cannot actually "repair" split ends and damaged hair. They can prevent damage from occurring in the first place, and they can also smooth down the
cuticle in a glue-like fashion so that it appears repaired, and generally make hair appear in better condition.[651]
Pulling or cutting a grey hair will not cause two grey hairs to grow in its place. It will only cause the one hair to grow back because only one hair can grow from each
follicle.[652]
MC1R, the gene mostly responsible for red hair, is not becoming extinct, nor will the gene for blond hair do so, although both are recessive alleles. Redheads and blonds
may become rarer but will not die out unless everyone who carries those alleles dies without passing their hair color genes on to their children.[653]
Acne is mostly caused by genetics, and is not caused by a lack of hygiene or eating fatty foods, though certain medication or a carbohydrate-rich diet may worsen it.[654]
Dandruff is not caused by poor hygiene, though infrequent hair-washing can make it more obvious. The exact causes of dandruff are uncertain, but they are believed to be
mostly genetic and environmental factors.[655]

Inventions [ edit ]

James Watt did not invent the steam engine,[656] nor were his ideas on steam engine power inspired by a kettle lid pressured open by steam.[657] Watt improved upon the
already commercially successful Newcomen atmospheric engine (invented in 1712) in the 1760s and 1770s, making certain improvements critical to its future usage,
particularly the external condenser, increasing its efficiency, and later the mechanism for transforming reciprocating motion into rotary motion; his new steam engine later
gained huge fame as a result.[658]
Although the guillotine was named after the French physician Joseph-Ignace Guillotin, he neither invented nor was executed with this device. He died peacefully on his own
bed in 1814.[659]
Thomas Crapper did not invent the flush toilet.[660] A forerunner of the modern toilet was invented by the Elizabethan courtier Sir John Harington in the 16th century,[661]
and in 1775 the Scottish mechanic Alexander Cumming developed and patented a design for a toilet with an S-trap and flushing mechanism.[662] Crapper, however, did
much to increase the popularity of the flush toilet and introduced several innovations in the late 19th century, holding nine patents, including one for the floating
ballcock.[663] The word crap is also not derived from his name (see the Words, phrases and languages section above).[664]
Thomas Edison did not invent the light bulb.[665] He did, however, develop the first practical light bulb in 1880 (employing a carbonized bamboo filament), shortly prior to
Joseph Swan, who invented an even more efficient bulb in 1881 (which used a cellulose filament).
Henry Ford did not invent either the automobile or the assembly line. He did improve the assembly line process substantially, sometimes through his own engineering but
more often through sponsoring the work of his employees.[666] Karl Benz (co-founder of Mercedes-Benz) is credited with the invention of the first modern automobile,[667]
and the assembly line has existed throughout history.
Al Gore never said that he had "invented" the Internet. What Gore actually said was, "During my service in the United States Congress, I took the initiative in creating the
Internet", in reference to his political work towards developing the Internet for widespread public use.[668] Gore was the original drafter of the High Performance Computing
and Communication Act of 1991, which provided significant funding for supercomputing centers,[669] and this in turn led to upgrades of a major part of the already-existing
early 1990s Internet backbone, the NSFNet,[670] and development of NCSA Mosaic, the browser that popularized the World Wide Web.[669] (See also Al Gore and
information technology.)

Mathematics [ edit ]
See also: All horses are the same color and Mathematical fallacy

The Greek philosopher Pythagoras was not the first to discover the equation expressed in the Pythagorean theorem, as it was
known and used by the Babylonians and Indians centuries before him.[674][675][676][677] Pythagoras may have been the first to
introduce it to the Greeks,[678][676] and he may have been the first to mathematically prove it as a theorem, but the first record of it
being proven as a theorem is in Euclid's elements which was published some 200 years after Pythagoras.
In mathematics, the repeating decimal commonly written as 0.999... represents exactly the same quantity as the number one.
Despite having the appearance of representing a smaller number, 0.999... is a symbol for the number 1 in exactly the same way
that 0.333... is an equivalent notation for the number represented by the fraction 1⁄3.[679]
There is no evidence that the ancient Greeks deliberately designed the Parthenon to match the golden ratio.[680] The Parthenon
was completed in 438 BCE, more than a century before the first recorded mention of the ratio by Euclid. Similarly, Leonardo da
Vinci's Vitruvian Man makes no mention of the golden ratio in its text, although it describes many other proportions.[681]
The p-value is not the probability that the null hypothesis is true, or the probability that the alternative hypothesis is false; it is the
probability of obtaining results at least as extreme as the results actually observed under the assumption that the null hypothesis
was correct, which can indicate the incompatibility of results with the specific statistical model assumed in the null hypothesis.[682]
This misconception, and similar ones like it, contributes to the common misuse of p-values in education and research.[682][683]
Bust of Pythagoras in the Capitoline
Museums, Rome.[671] Classical
Physics [ edit ]
historians dispute whether he ever
The lift force is not generated by the air taking the same time to travel above and below an aircraft's wing.[684] This misconception, made any mathematical
discoveries.[672][673]
sometimes called the equal transit-time fallacy, is widespread among textbooks and non-technical reference books, and even
appears in pilot training materials. In fact, the air moving over the top of an aerofoil generating lift is always moving much
faster than the equal transit theory would imply,[684] as described in the incorrect and correct explanations of lift force.
Blowing over a curved piece of paper does not demonstrate Bernoulli's principle. Although a common classroom
experiment is often explained this way,[685] it is false to make a connection between the flow on the two sides of the paper
using Bernoulli's equation since the air above and below are different flow fields and Bernoulli's principle only applies
within a flow field.[686] The paper rises because the air follows the curve of the paper and a curved streamline will develop
An illustration of the (incorrect) equal-transit-
pressure differences perpendicular to the airflow.[687] Bernoulli's principle predicts that the decrease in pressure is time explanation of aerofoil lift
associated with an increase in speed, that is, that as the air passes over the paper it speeds up and moves faster than it
was moving when it left the demonstrator's mouth, but this is not apparent from the demonstration.[688]
The Coriolis effect does not cause water to consistently drain from basins in a clockwise/counter-clockwise direction depending on the hemisphere. The common myth often
refers to the draining action of flush toilets and bathtubs. Rotation is determined by whatever minor rotation is initially present at the time the water starts to drain. The
Coriolis force can impact the direction of the flow of water but only in rare circumstances. The water has to be so still that the effective rotation rate of the Earth is faster
than that of the water relative to its container and the externally applied torques (such as might be caused by flow over an uneven bottom surface) have to be very small.
Neither gyroscopic forces nor geometric trail are required for a rider to balance a bicycle or for it to demonstrate self-stability.[689][690] Although gyroscopic forces and trail
can be contributing factors, it has been demonstrated that those factors are neither required nor sufficient by themselves.[689]
A penny dropped from the Empire State Building would not kill a person or crack the sidewalk, though it could cause injury.[691][692]
Using a programmable thermostat's setback feature to limit heating or cooling in a temporarily unoccupied building does not waste as much energy as leaving the
temperature constant. Using setback saves energy (5-15%) because heat transfer across the surface of the building is roughly proportional to the temperature difference
between its inside and the outside.[693][694]
It is not possible for a person to completely drown in quicksand, as commonly depicted in fiction,[695] although sand entrapment in the nearshore of a body of water can be
a drowning hazard as the tide rises.[696]
Quantum nonlocality caused by quantum entanglement does not allow faster-than-light communication or imply instant action at a distance, despite its common
characterization as "spooky action at a distance". Rather, it means that certain experiments cannot be explained by local realism.[697][698]

Psychology and neuroscience [ edit ]

A small number of young children have eidetic memory, where they can recall an object with high precision for a few minutes after it is no longer present.[699] True
photographic memory (the ability to remember endless images, particularly pages or numbers, with such a high precision that the image mimics a photo) has never been
demonstrated to exist in any individual.[700] Many people have claimed to have a photographic memory, but those people have been shown to have high precision
memories as a result of mnemonic devices rather than a natural capacity for detailed memory encoding.[701] There are rare cases of individuals with exceptional memory,
but none of them have a memory that mimics that of a camera.
All humans learn in fundamentally similar ways.[702] In particular, there is no evidence that people have different learning styles,[702] or that catering teaching styles to
purported learning styles improves information retention.[703]
The phase of the moon does not influence fertility, cause a fluctuation in crime, or affect the stock market. There is no correlation between the lunar cycle and human
biology or behavior. However, the increased amount of illumination during the full moon may account for increased epileptic episodes, motorcycle accidents, or sleep
disorders.[704][705][706][707]

Mental disorders [ edit ]

Vaccines do not cause autism. There have been no successful attempts to reproduce the fraudulent research by British ex-doctor Andrew Wakefield. Wakefield's research
was ultimately shown to have been manipulated.[708]
Dyslexia is a neurodevelopmental disorder of people who have at least average intelligence and who have difficulty in reading and writing that is not otherwise explained by
low intelligence. Although some dyslexic people also have problems with letter or word reversal and mirror writing, letter reversal is common in children learning to read and
write. It is not a defining symptom and does not form the basis of a diagnosis of dyslexia.[709][710]
People who engage in self-harm are typically very self-conscious of their wounds and scars and feel guilty about their behavior, leading them to go to great lengths to
conceal it from others.[711] They may offer alternative explanations for their injuries, or conceal their scars with clothing.[712][713] Self-harm is not generally an attention-
seeking behavior.
There is no evidence that a chemical imbalance or neurotransmitter deficiency is the sole factor in depression and other mental disorders, rather, a combination of
biological, psychological, and social factors.[714][715]
Schizophrenia is characterized by continuous or relapsing episodes of psychosis. Major symptoms include hallucinations (typically hearing voices), delusions, paranoia,
and disorganized thinking. Other symptoms include social withdrawal, decreased emotional expression, and apathy.[716] The term was coined from the Greek roots schizein
and phrēn, "to split" and "mind", in reference to a "splitting of mental functions" seen in schizophrenia, not a splitting of the personality.[717] It does not involve split or
multiple personalities—a split or multiple personality is dissociative identity disorder.[718]

Brain [ edit ]
Although Phineas Gage's brain injuries, caused by a several-foot-long tamping rod driven completely through his skull, caused him to become temporarily disabled, fanciful
descriptions of his "immoral behavior" in later life are without factual basis.[719]
Mental abilities are not separated into the left and right cerebral hemispheres of the brain. Many abilities, such as motor control, memory, and general reasoning, are served
equally by the left and right cerebral hemispheres. If one hemisphere is damaged or removed at an early age, these functions can often be recovered in part, or even in full,
by the other hemisphere (see neuroplasticity). Some mental functions, particularly speech and language, tend to activate one hemisphere of the brain more than the other
(e.g. Broca's area and Wernicke's area) in some kinds of tasks.[720]
Humans do not generate all of the brain cells they will ever have by the age of two years. Although this belief was held by medical
experts until 1998, it is now understood that new neurons can be created after infancy in some parts of the brain into late
adulthood.[721]
People do not use only 10% of their brains.[722][723] While it is true that a small minority of neurons in the brain are actively firing at
any one time, a healthy human will normally use most of their brain over the course of a day, and the inactive neurons are important
as well. The idea that activating 100% of the brain would allow someone to achieve their maximum potential and/or gain various
psychic abilities is common in folklore and fiction,[723][724][725] but doing so in real life would likely result in a deadly seizure.[726][727]
This misconception was attributed to William James, who apparently used the expression only metaphorically.[724]
Golgi-stained neurons in human
Senses [ edit ] hippocampal tissue. It is commonly
believed that humans will not grow new
Infants can and do feel pain.[728][729]
brain cells, but research has shown
All different tastes can be detected on all parts of the tongue by taste buds,[730] with slightly increased sensitivities in different that some neurons can reform in
locations depending on the person; the tongue map showing the contrary is fallacious.[731] humans.

There are not four primary tastes, but five: in addition to bitter, sour, salty, and sweet, humans have taste receptors for umami,
which is a "savory" or "meaty" taste.[732][733][734] Fat does interact with specific receptors in taste bud cells, but whether it is a sixth primary
taste remains inconclusive.[735]
Humans have more than the commonly cited five senses. The number of senses in various categorizations ranges from five to more than
20. In addition to sight, smell, taste, touch, and hearing, which were the senses identified by Aristotle, humans can sense balance and
acceleration (equilibrioception), pain (nociception), body and limb position (proprioception or kinesthetic sense), and relative temperature
(thermoception).[736] Other senses sometimes identified are the sense of time, echolocation, itching, pressure, hunger, thirst, fullness of the
stomach, need to urinate, need to defecate, and blood carbon dioxide (CO2) levels.[737][738]

Transportation [ edit ]

The Bermuda Triangle does not have any more shipwrecks or mysterious disappearances than most other waterways.[739]
Toilet waste is never intentionally jettisoned from an aircraft. All waste is collected in tanks and emptied into toilet waste vehicles.[740] Blue
ice is caused by accidental leakage from the waste tank. Passenger train toilets, on the other hand, have indeed historically flushed onto
the tracks; modern trains in most developed countries usually have retention tanks on board and therefore do not dispose of waste in such
a manner.
An incorrect map of the
[741]
Automotive batteries stored on a concrete floor do not discharge any faster than they would on other surfaces, in spite of worry among tongue showing zones that
Americans that concrete harms batteries.[742] Early batteries with porous, leaky cases may have been susceptible to moisture from floors, taste bitter (1), sour (2), salty
(3) and sweet (4). Actually, all
but for many years lead–acid car batteries have had impermeable polypropylene cases.[743] While most modern automotive batteries are
zones can sense all tastes,
sealed, and do not leak battery acid when properly stored and maintained,[744] the sulfuric acid in them can leak out and stain, etch, or and there is also the taste of
corrode concrete floors if their cases crack or tip over or their vent-holes are breached by floods.[745] umami (not shown on
picture).

See also [ edit ]

List of cognitive biases List of urban legends The Straight Dope

List of fallacies Outline of public relations Urban legends about drugs
List of topics characterized as pseudoscience Pseudodoxia Epidemica
Superseded theories in science QI

References [ edit ]

1. ^ a. "Legal Tender Status" . Resource Center. U.S. Department of the Treasury. 4 376. ^ a. "Cool Pet Facts – North Shore Animal League America.htm" . Archived from the
January 2011. Archived from the original on 24 January 2017. Retrieved 27 January original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved May 22, 2011.
2017. b. "Dog noses – myths and facts about your dog's nose – weekly pet tips by Pets.ca" .
b. "Is it legal for a business in the United States to refuse cash as a form of payment?" . Retrieved May 22, 2011.
Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Federal Reserve System. June 17, c. Varasdi, J. Allen (1989). Myth Information . Ballantine Books. p. 267. ISBN 978-
2011. Archived from the original on January 21, 2017. Retrieved January 27, 2017. 0345359858. "Dogs do not sweat with their tongues as most people believe. They do
c. "What is A "Legal Tender Law"? And, is It a Problem?" . Forbes. Archived from the have some sweat glands, but the ones of most importance are on the pads, or soles, of
original on June 3, 2018. their feet."
2. ^ Mikkelson, David (November 21, 2000). "What Does Adidas Stand For?" . Snopes. d. Segaloff, Nat (2001). The Everything tall tales, legends & outrageous lies book .
Retrieved June 28, 2022. Adams Media Corp. p. 265. ISBN 978-1580625142. "Of course, dogs sweat. You would,
3. ^ VanHooker, Brian (October 27, 2020). "The True Story Behind Adidas' 'All Day I Dream too, if you had to wear a fur coat in hot weather. Dogs excrete moisture through the pads
About Sex' (And Other Bogus Brand Acronyms)" . MEL Magazine. Retrieved June 28, on their paws."
2022. e. Olien, Michael D. (1978). The human myth : an introduction to anthropology . New
4. ^ "Sports Legend Revealed: Did Adidas get its name from the acronym "All Day I Dream York: Harper & Row. p. 568. ISBN 978-0060449186. "It is another folk tale that dogs do
About Soccer"?" . Los Angeles Times. October 12, 2010. Archived from the original not sweat except through the tongue. This is an incorrect belief as dogs possess sweat
on June 28, 2022. Retrieved June 28, 2022. glands all over the body."
5. ^ a. "The Claus That Refreshes" . Snopes.com. Archived from the original on f. Aoki, T.; Wada, M. (August 2, 1951). "Functional Activity of the Sweat Glands in the
December 22, 2009. Retrieved January 7, 2008. Hairy Skin of the Dog". Science. 114 (2953): 123–24. Bibcode:1951Sci...114..123A .
b. "Did White Rock or The Coca-Cola Company create the modern Santa Claus doi:10.1126/science.114.2953.123 . PMID 14854926 .
Advertisement?" . The White Rock Collectors Association. whiterocking.org. 2001. g. Creighton, C (1882). "Three cases of Tumour arising from Skin-glands in the Dog,
Archived from the original on December 22, 2009. Retrieved January 19, 2007. showing the connection between disorder of the glandular structure and function, and
c. "Coca-Cola's Santa Claus: Not The Real Thing!" . White Rock Beverages. cancerous invasion of the connective tissue" . Medico-Chirurgical Transactions. 65: 53–

BevNET.com. December 18, 2006. Archived from the original on December 22, 2009. 70.3. doi:10.1177/095952878206500108 . PMC 2121351 . PMID 20896600 .
Retrieved January 19, 2007. h. "British Medical Journal 1899 April 15" . British Medical Journal. 1 (1998): 921–28.
d. Santa Claus on the 1902 cover of Puck magazine 1899. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.1998.921 . PMC 2462491 . "SOME time ago we received
e. Santa Claus on the 1904 cover of Puck magazine from a correspondent an inquiry as to whether the very prevalent belief that a dog
f. Santa Claus on the 1905 cover of Puck magazine perspires through the tongue was a vulgar error or well founded. ...whether the dog
g. Hoffman, Robert C. (2001). Postcards from Santa Claus: Sights and Sentiments from exudes fluid from the tongue of the some kind as that exuded from the human skin. To
the Last Century . Square One Publishers, Inc. ISBN 978-0757001055. this question the answer is, No. The skin of the dog is abundantly furnished with glands,
having the characteristic disposition and structure of those which in man produce sweat,
6. ^ Mikkelson, Barbara and David (March 19, 2011). "Don't Go Here" . Snopes.com.
Retrieved October 3, 2015. ... in other words, the dog does not sweat by the tongue."

7. ^ Rodriguez, Ashley (August 29, 2017). "Netflix was founded 20 years ago today 377. ^ "How Do Dogs Sweat" . Petplace.com. p. 1. Archived from the original on

because Reed Hastings was late returning a video" . Quartz. Retrieved June 28, 2022. December 14, 2013. Retrieved February 9, 2012.

"The real origin story wasn’t as clean or concise, according to co-founder and former 378. ^ a. Spadafori, Gina (1996). Dogs for Dummies. IDG Books. ISBN 1568848617
CEO Marc Randolph. He says Hastings began telling the tall Apollo 13 tale to give a b. Siegal, Mordecai (Ed.; 1995). UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine Book of the
sexy explanation for how Netflix worked. There was no late fee, no aha moment, just Dogs; Chapter 5, "Geriatrics", by Aldrich, Janet. Harper Collins. ISBN 0062701363.
long commutes in Silicon Valley that the pair spent plotting their next venture around the c. Wang, Tina; Ma, Jianzhu; Hogan, Andrew N.; Fong, Samson; Licon, Katherine; Tsui,
time that Hastings’s first business, Pure Software, merged with Atria, where Randolph Brian; Kreisberg, Jason F.; Adams, Peter D.; Carvunis, Anne-Ruxandra; Bannasch,
worked, and sold to another company." Danika L.; Ostrander, Elaine A. (July 2, 2020). "Quantitative Translation of Dog-to-
Human Aging by Conserved Remodeling of the DNA Methylome" . Cell Systems. 11
8. ^ Keating, Gina (September 24, 2013). "Prologue". Netflixed: The Epic Battle for
America's Eyeballs. Portfolio. pp. 3–4. ISBN 978-1591846598. (2): 176–185.e6. doi:10.1016/j.cels.2020.06.006 . ISSN 2405-4712 .
PMC 7484147 . PMID 32619550 .
9. ^ Carey, Alexis (January 18, 2020). "True story behind Netflix's rise – and the downfall of
Blockbuster" . The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved June 28, 2022. 379. ^ Busch, R. H. (2007). Wolf Almanac, New and Revised: A Celebration Of Wolves And
Their World (3 ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-59921-069-8., p. 59
10. ^ Castillo, Michelle (May 23, 2017). "Reed Hastings' story about the founding of Netflix
has changed several times" . CNBC. Retrieved July 1, 2022. 380. ^ Lopez, Barry H. (1978). Of Wolves and Men . J. M. Dent and Sons Limited.
ISBN 978-0-7432-4936-2., p. 38
11. ^ Musgrave, Paul (November 27, 2021). "The Doomed Voyage of Pepsi's Soviet
Navy" . Foreign Policy. Retrieved June 24, 2022. 381. ^ "Dominance and Dog Training" . Archived from the original on February 2, 2017.
Retrieved January 30, 2017.
12. ^ Clarke, Kaiyah (May 24, 2022). "Fact Check: NO Pepsi Navy -- U.S.-Soviet Deal Did
NOT Make Pepsi The '6th Most Powerful Military In The World' " . Lead Stories. 382. ^ Davis, Lauren. "Why everything you know about wolf packs is wrong" . io9. Retrieved

Retrieved June 24, 2022. October 13, 2017.

13. ^ a. "Does searing meat really seal in moisture?" . Cookthink.com. Archived from the 383. ^ a. Di Silvestro, Roger (February 1, 2003). "The Truth About Animal Clichés" .
National Wildlife Federation. Retrieved October 31, 2011.
original on December 14, 2013. Retrieved August 29, 2009.
b. "Blind as a Bat?" . Geneva, New York: Hobart and William Smith Colleges. June 12,
b. McGee, Harold (2004). On Food and Cooking (Revised ed.). Scribner. p. 161.
ISBN 978-0684800011. "The Searing Question". 2003. Archived from the original (Press release) on June 7, 2008. Retrieved April 7,
2009.
14. ^ Choi, Candace (July 15, 2013). "New Twinkies weigh less, have fewer calories" .
USA Today. Retrieved July 15, 2013. 384. ^ Kruszelnicki, Karl S. (November 2, 2006). "Ostrich head in sand" . Australian
Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on April 27, 2014. Retrieved
15. ^ Sagon, Candy (April 13, 2005). "Twinkies, 75 Years and Counting" . The Washington
October 7, 2011.
Post. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
385. ^ Smith, Rex (May 8, 2011). "Maybe ostriches are smarter" . Albany Times-Union.
16. ^ The myth implies that the "artificial" ingredients in Twinkies makes them immune to
Archived from the original on April 27, 2014. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
decay. a. Kelley, Tina (March 23, 2000). "Twinkie Strike Afflicts Fans With Snack
386. ^ "Alcatraz Escape: Does a Duck's Quack Echo?" . Archived from the original on
Famine" . New York Times. Retrieved February 10, 2012.
October 3, 2012. (Season 1, Episode 8). MythBusters. Discovery Channel. December
b. Greenfield-Boyce, Neil (October 15, 2020). "A disturbing Twinkie that has so far defied
science" . All Things Considered. Retrieved October 23, 2020. 12, 2003.

17. ^ Godoy, Maria (July 10, 2013). "The Science Of Twinkies: How Do They Last So 387. ^ "A Duck's Quack Doesn't Echo, and no-one knows the reason why?" .

Darned Long?" . NPR. Retrieved February 22, 2022. Acoustics.salford.ac.uk. University of Salford Acoustics. Archived from the original on
October 11, 2013. Retrieved January 13, 2010.
18. ^ Brunvand, Jan Harold (2012). Encyclopedia of Urban Legends . ABC-CLIO. p. 288.
ISBN 978-1598847208. 388. ^ "Next Time, What Say We Boil a Consultant" . Fast Company Issue 01. October
1995. Retrieved February 29, 2016.
19. ^ a. See "Expiration dates" . Consumer Affairs. Retrieved November 11, 2011.
b. "Food Product Dating" . Retrieved April 24, 2015. 389. ^ Hipsley, Anna (February 19, 2008). "Goldfish three-second memory myth busted –
ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)" . Australia: ABC. Archived from
20. ^ Gunders, Dana (November 11, 2011). " "Use-By" Dates: a Myth that Needs Busting" .
the original on June 25, 2011. Retrieved August 29, 2009.
NRDC. Retrieved February 22, 2022.
390. ^ "Sinking Titanic: Goldfish Memory" . Archived from the original on February 25,
21. ^ "New Mexico State University – College of Agriculture and Home Economics
2011.. 2004 season, Episode 12. MythBusters. Discovery.com. February 22, 2004.
(2005)" . Archived from the original on May 4, 2007.
391. ^ Ostrander, G. K.; Cheng, KC; Wolf, JC; Wolfe, MJ (2004). "Shark Cartilage, Cancer
22. ^ Rachel C. Vreeman, Aaron E. Carroll, "Medical Myths", The British Medical Journal
and the Growing Threat of Pseudoscience" . Cancer Research. 64 (23): 8485–91.
(now called The BMJ) 335:1288 (20 December 2007),
doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-2260 . PMID 15574750 .
doi:10.1136/bmj.39420.420370.25
392. ^ Jennifer Hile (January 23, 2004). "Great White Shark Attacks: Defanging the Myths" .
23. ^ "Against the Grain" . Snopes.com. Retrieved April 17, 2021.
nationalgeographic.com.
24. ^ "Does Wedding Rice Make Birds Explode?" . LiveScience. June 4, 2010. Retrieved
393. ^ Is it true that tomato sauce will get rid of the smell of a skunk? . Scienceline.
April 17, 2021.
Retrieved on April 5, 2012.
25. ^ Nicolia, Alessandro; Manzo, Alberto; Veronesi, Fabio; Rosellini, Daniele (2013). "An
394. ^ "De-skunking your dog" . The Humane Society of the United States.
overview of the last 10 years of genetically engineered crop safety research" (PDF).
Critical Reviews in Biotechnology. 34 (1): 77–88. doi:10.3109/07388551.2013.823595 . 395. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica: Or, A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Miscellaneous

PMID 24041244 . S2CID 9836802 . "We have reviewed the scientific literature on GE Literature, Enlarged and Improved . Archibald Constable. 1823. pp. 501–.

crop safety for the last 10 years that catches the scientific consensus matured since GE 396. ^ Shepard, Thomas Goodwin (1865). The natural history of secession . Derby & Miller.
plants became widely cultivated worldwide, and we can conclude that the scientific pp. 78–.
research conducted so far has not detected any significant hazard directly connected 397. ^ "Do mice really love cheese?" . HowStuffWorks. April 15, 2015. Retrieved
with the use of GM crops. February 27, 2020.
398. ^ Seladi-Schulman, Jill (May 23, 2019). "Is There Really a 'Penis Fish' That Swims up
The literature about Biodiversity and the GE food/feed consumption has sometimes the Urethra?" . Healthline.com. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
resulted in animated debate regarding the suitability of the experimental designs, the 399. ^ Jessica Robinson, "Bald Eagle: A Mighty Symbol, With A Not-So-Mighty Voice ";
choice of the statistical methods or the public accessibility of data. Such debate, even if NPR, July 2, 2012; accessed 2019.08.23.
positive and part of the natural process of review by the scientific community, has 400. ^ Ferguson-Lees, J.; Christie, D. (2001). Raptors of the World. London: Christopher
frequently been distorted by the media and often used politically and inappropriately in Helm. pp. 717–19. ISBN 978-0713680263.
anti-GE crops campaigns." 401. ^ "Killer Piranhas: Myth or Fact?" . Explorersweb. April 7, 2020. Retrieved June 26,
26. ^ "State of Food and Agriculture 2003–2004. Agricultural Biotechnology: Meeting the 2021.
Needs of the Poor. Health and environmental impacts of transgenic crops" . Food and 402. ^ a. "FACT CHECK: Is Hippopotamus Milk Pink?" . Snopes. January 6, 2016.
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved August 30, 2019. "Currently Retrieved February 16, 2022.
available transgenic crops and foods derived from them have been judged safe to eat b. "Extreme Animal Milks You Probably Don't Want To Drink" , YouTube, SciShow,
and the methods used to test their safety have been deemed appropriate. These March 17, 2016, retrieved February 20, 2022
conclusions represent the consensus of the scientific evidence surveyed by the ICSU c. "How to milk a hippo" , YouTube, WLWT, January 24, 2018, retrieved February 18,
(2003) and they are consistent with the views of the World Health Organization (WHO, 2022
2002). These foods have been assessed for increased risks to human health by several 403. ^ Gray, Melissa (August 16, 2013). "Warning over testicle-biting fish in Denmark? It's all
national regulatory authorities (inter alia, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, China, the United wet" . CNN. Retrieved September 8, 2013.
Kingdom and the United States) using their national food safety procedures (ICSU). To 404. ^ Than, Ker (August 13, 2013). "Fears of 'Testicle-Eating' Fish Overblown" . National
date no verifiable untoward toxic or nutritionally deleterious effects resulting from the Geographic. Retrieved June 13, 2022.
consumption of foods derived from genetically modified crops have been discovered 405. ^ Nash, Pat (February 2005). "The RRRRRRRRiveting Life of Tree Frogs" . WSU
anywhere in the world (GM Science Review Panel). Many millions of people have Beach Watchers. Archived from the original on March 9, 2012. Retrieved June 25,
consumed foods derived from GM plants - mainly maize, soybean and oilseed rape - 2022.
without any observed adverse effects (ICSU)." 406. ^ Brulliard, Karin (October 14, 2016). "Why French pigs say groin, Japanese bees say
27. ^ Ronald, Pamela (May 1, 2011). "Plant Genetics, Sustainable Agriculture and Global boon and American frogs say ribbit" . Washington Post. Archived from the original on
Food Security" . Genetics. 188 (1): 11–20. doi:10.1534/genetics.111.128553 . April 27, 2019. Retrieved June 25, 2022. "Only American frogs are said to go “ribbit,” and
PMC 3120150 . PMID 21546547 . "There is broad scientific consensus that that’s believed to be because early Hollywood producers used the ribbiting sound of the
genetically engineered crops currently on the market are safe to eat. After 14 years of Pacific tree frog during night scenes."
cultivation and a cumulative total of 2 billion acres planted, no adverse health or 407. ^ "Have You Heard the Calls from Cook County's 12 Frog and Toad Species?" . Forest
environmental effects have resulted from commercialization of genetically engineered Preserves of Cook County. May 25, 2022. Retrieved June 25, 2022. "Here’s a bonus
crops (Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources, Committee on Environmental fact: you might notice that none of these species says, “ribbit.” In fact, the “ribbit” call is
Impacts Associated with Commercialization of Transgenic Plants, National Research unique to the Pacific tree frog, which lives along the Pacific coast, and, notably, in
Council and Division on Earth and Life Studies 2002). Both the U.S. National Research
Hollywood, California, where the largest volume of early frog recordings took place."
Council and the Joint Research Centre (the European Union's scientific and technical
408. ^ Moment, Gairdner B. (1942). "Simultaneous anterior and posterior regeneration and
research laboratory and an integral part of the European Commission) have concluded
other growth phenomena in Maldanid polychaetes". Journal of Experimental Zoology.
that there is a comprehensive body of knowledge that adequately addresses the food
117: 1–13. doi:10.1002/jez.1401170102 .
safety issue of genetically engineered crops (Committee on Identifying and Assessing
409. ^ "Gardening with children – Worms" . BBC. Archived from the original on April 28,
Unintended Effects of Genetically Engineered Foods on Human Health and National
2014. Retrieved August 29, 2009.
Research Council 2004; European Commission Joint Research Centre 2008). These
410. ^ Reddien, Peter W.; Alvarado, Alejandro Sanchez (2004). "Fundamentals of planarian
and other recent reports conclude that the processes of genetic engineering and
regeneration". Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology. 20: 725–57.
conventional breeding are no different in terms of unintended consequences to human
doi:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.20.010403.095114 . PMID 15473858 .
health and the environment (European Commission Directorate-General for Research
411. ^ "The Housefly" . Forest Preserve District of Cook County (Illinois). April 15, 1972.
and Innovation 2010)."
Archived from the original on March 1, 2013. Retrieved January 16, 2011.
28. ^
412. ^ Sweeney, Bernard W.; Vannote, Robin L. (1982). "Population Synchrony in Mayflies: A
But see also: Predator Satiation Hypothesis". Evolution. 36 (4): 810–22. doi:10.2307/2407894 .
Domingo, José L.; Bordonaba, Jordi Giné (2011). "A literature review on the safety JSTOR 2407894 . PMID 28568232 .
assessment of genetically modified plants" (PDF). Environment International. 37 (4): 413. ^ "Buried in Concrete : Daddy Long Legs" . Archived from the original on February
734–742. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2011.01.003 . PMID 21296423 . "In spite of this, the 25, 2011.. (2004 Season, Episode 13). MythBusters. Discovery Channel. February 25,
number of studies specifically focused on safety assessment of GM plants is still limited. 2004.
However, it is important to remark that for the first time, a certain equilibrium in the 414. ^ "UCR Spider Site – Daddy Long Legs Myth" . University of California Riverside.
number of research groups suggesting, on the basis of their studies, that a number of Archived from the original on November 4, 2013. Retrieved September 18, 2008.
varieties of GM products (mainly maize and soybeans) are as safe and nutritious as the 415. ^ "Spider Myths – If it could only bite" . Burke Museum of Natural History & Culture,
respective conventional non-GM plant, and those raising still serious concerns, was University of Washington. 2003. Archived from the original on July 14, 2007. Retrieved
observed. Moreover, it is worth mentioning that most of the studies demonstrating that July 22, 2008.
GM foods are as nutritional and safe as those obtained by conventional breeding, have 416. ^ "Horseshoe Crabs, Limulus polyphemus" . MarineBio.org. May 18, 2017.
been performed by biotechnology companies or associates, which are also responsible 417. ^ Stine Vestbo; Matthias Obst; Francisco J. Quevedo Fernandez; Itsara Intanai; Peter
of commercializing these GM plants. Anyhow, this represents a notable advance in Funch (2018). "Present and Potential Future Distributions of Asian Horseshoe Crabs
comparison with the lack of studies published in recent years in scientific journals by Determine Areas for Conservation" . Frontiers in Marine Science. 5 (164): 1–16.
those companies." doi:10.3389/fmars.2018.00164 .
Krimsky, Sheldon (2015). "An Illusory Consensus behind GMO Health Assessment". 418. ^ "Myth: You unknowingly swallow an average of four live spiders in your sleep each
Science, Technology, & Human Values. 40 (6): 883–914. year" . Burke Museum. 2010. Retrieved February 5, 2020.
doi:10.1177/0162243915598381 . S2CID 40855100 . "I began this article with the 419. ^ Sneed, Annie (April 15, 2014). "Fact or Fiction? People Swallow 8 Spiders a Year
testimonials from respected scientists that there is literally no scientific controversy over While They Sleep" . Scientific American. Retrieved June 7, 2015.
the health effects of GMOs. My investigation into the scientific literature tells another 420. ^ a. Chatfield, Matthew (January 4, 2008). "Some scientist once proved that bees can't
story." fly...?" .. naturenet.net. The Ranger's Blog.
And contrast: b. Ivars Peterson (September 13, 2004). "Flight of the Bumblebee" . Ivars Peterson's
MathTrek. Mathematical Association of America. Retrieved November 18, 2011.
Panchin, Alexander Y.; Tuzhikov, Alexander I. (January 14, 2016). "Published GMO
c. Dickinson, Michael (June 2001). "Solving the Mystery of Insect Flight". Scientific
studies find no evidence of harm when corrected for multiple comparisons". Critical
American. 284 (6): 48–50, 53–57. Bibcode:2001SciAm.284f..48D .
Reviews in Biotechnology. 37 (2): 213–217. doi:10.3109/07388551.2015.1130684 .
doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0601-48 . JSTOR 26059248 . PMID 11396342 . "a
ISSN 0738-8551 . PMID 26767435 . S2CID 11786594 . "Here, we show that a
1934 book by entomologist Antoine Magnan... refers to a calculation by his assistant
number of articles some of which have strongly and negatively influenced the public
André Sainte-Laguë, who was an engineer. The conclusion was presumably based on
opinion on GM crops and even provoked political actions, such as GMO embargo, share
the fact that the maximum possible lift produced by aircraft wings as small as a
common flaws in the statistical evaluation of the data. Having accounted for these flaws,
bumblebee's wings and traveling as slowly as a bee in flight would be much less than the
we conclude that the data presented in these articles does not provide any substantial
weight of a bee."
evidence of GMO harm.
421. ^ Fisher, JR (1986). "Earwig in the ear" . Western Journal of Medicine. 145 (2): 245.
PMC 1306897 . PMID 3765607 .
The presented articles suggesting possible harm of GMOs received high public attention.
422. ^ Costa, J.T. (2006). The Other Insect Societies. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University
However, despite their claims, they actually weaken the evidence for the harm and lack
Press.
of substantial equivalency of studied GMOs. We emphasize that with over 1783
423. ^ "Dermaptera: earwigs" . Insects and their Allies. CSIRO. Retrieved November 16,
published articles on GMOs over the last 10 years it is expected that some of them
2015.
should have reported undesired differences between GMOs and conventional crops
even if no such differences exist in reality." 424. ^ a. Haltiwanger, John. "If All The Bees In The World Die, Humans Will Not Survive" .
Elite Daily.
and
b. A Devastating Look At Our World If Honeybees Disappeared : "A world without
Yang, Y.T.; Chen, B. (2016). "Governing GMOs in the USA: science, law and public honeybees would also mean a world without fruits, vegetables, nuts, and seeds."
health". Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 96 (4): 1851–1855. c. What Would Happen if All the Bees Went Extinct? ; "First, the easy part: "I've never
doi:10.1002/jsfa.7523 . PMID 26536836 . "It is therefore not surprising that efforts to seen anything definitively link the quote to Einstein," says Mark Dykes, the chief
require labeling and to ban GMOs have been a growing political issue in the USA (citing inspector for Texas Apiary Inspection Service. Quote checkers like this one, and this one
Domingo and Bordonaba, 2011). Overall, a broad scientific consensus holds that agree. But debunking its message? That's more complicated."
currently marketed GM food poses no greater risk than conventional food... Major d. Would a World Without Bees Be a World Without Us?
national and international science and medical associations have stated that no adverse 425. ^ Goldschein, Eric. "The 10 Most Important Crops In The World" . Business Insider.
human health effects related to GMO food have been reported or substantiated in peer- 426. ^ "What Are the World's Most Important Staple Foods?" . WorldAtlas. June 7, 2019.
reviewed literature to date. 427. ^ "Do Female Praying Mantises Always Eat the Males?" . EntomologyToday.
December 22, 2013.
Despite various concerns, today, the American Association for the Advancement of
428. ^ Roberts, Catherine. "4 Common Myths About Ticks Debunked" . Consumer Reports.
Science, the World Health Organization, and many independent international science
Retrieved June 7, 2021.
organizations agree that GMOs are just as safe as other foods. Compared with
429. ^ "Termite" . Merriam-Webster.com.
conventional breeding techniques, genetic engineering is far more precise and, in most
430. ^ Cleveland, L.R.; Hall, S.K.; Sanders, E.P.; Collier, J. (1934). "The Wood-Feeding
cases, less likely to create an unexpected outcome."
Roach Cryptocercus, its protozoa, and the symbiosis between protozoa and roach".
29. ^ Freedman, David H. (August 20, 2013). "are engineered foods evil?". Scientific
Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 17 (2): 185–382.
American. Springer Nature. 309 (3): 80–85. Bibcode:2013SciAm.309c..80F .
doi:10.1093/aesa/28.2.216 .
doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0913-80 . ISSN 0036-8733 . JSTOR 26017991 .
431. ^ McKittrick, F.A. (1965). "A contribution to the understanding of cockroach-termite
PMID 24003560 . S2CID 32994342 .
affinities". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 58 (1): 18–22.
30. ^ "Statement by the AAAS Board of Directors On Labeling of Genetically Modified
doi:10.1093/aesa/58.1.18 . PMID 5834489 .
Foods" (PDF). American Association for the Advancement of Science. October 20,
432. ^ Ware, J.L.; Litman, J.; Klass, K.-D.; Spearman, L.A. (2008). "Relationships among the
2012. Retrieved August 30, 2019. "The EU, for example, has invested more than €300
major lineages of Dictyoptera: the effect of outgroup selection on dictyopteran tree
million in research on the biosafety of GMOs. Its recent report states: "The main
topology". Systematic Entomology. 33 (3): 429–450. doi:10.1111/j.1365-
conclusion to be drawn from the efforts of more than 130 research projects, covering a
3113.2008.00424.x . S2CID 86777253 .
period of more than 25 years of research and involving more than 500 independent
433. ^ "Carnivorous Plants | Encyclopedia.com" . www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved
research groups, is that biotechnology, and in particular GMOs, are not per se more risky
May 25, 2021.
than e.g. conventional plant breeding technologies." The World Health Organization, the
434. ^ Bender, Steve, ed. (2004). "Euphorbia". The Southern Living Garden Book (2nd ed.).
American Medical Association, the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, the British Royal
Birmingham, AL: Oxmoor House. p. 306. ISBN 978-0376039101.
Society, and every other respected organization that has examined the evidence has
come to the same conclusion: consuming foods containing ingredients derived from GM 435. ^ a. "Are Poinsettia Plants Poisonous? Fact or Fiction?" . MedicineNet. Archived
from the original on May 9, 2013. Retrieved December 21, 2007.
crops is no riskier than consuming the same foods containing ingredients from crop
b. Krenzelok E.P.; Jacobsen T.D.; Aronis J. M. (November 1996). "Poinsettia exposures
plants modified by conventional plant improvement techniques."
have good outcomes...just as we thought". Am J Emerg Med. 14 (7): 671–74.
doi:10.1016/S0735-6757(96)90086-8 . PMID 8906768 .
Pinholster, Ginger (October 25, 2012). "AAAS Board of Directors: Legally Mandating GM
Food Labels Could "Mislead and Falsely Alarm Consumers" " (PDF). American
c. "Ask the Expert: Poison Control > Poinsettia" . ASPCA. Archived from the original

Association for the Advancement of Science. Retrieved August 30, 2019. on January 10, 2011.
436. ^ a. Gerard, John (1597). "Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes" . London: John
31. ^ European Commission. Directorate-General for Research (2010). A decade of EU-
Norton. pp. 612–14. Archived from the original on April 27, 2014. Retrieved January 7,
funded GMO research (2001–2010) (PDF). Directorate-General for Research and
2021. Popular botany book in 17th century England.
Innovation. Biotechnologies, Agriculture, Food. European Commission, European Union.
doi:10.2777/97784 . ISBN 978-92-79-16344-9. Retrieved August 30, 2019. b. Hangarter, Roger P. "Solar tracking: sunflower plants" . Plants-In-Motion website.
Indiana University. Archived from the original on October 19, 2013. Retrieved
32. ^ "ISAAA Summary of AMA Report on Genetically Modified Crops and Foods" . ISAAA.
August 22, 2012. "Many people are under the misconception that the flower heads of the
January 2001. Retrieved August 30, 2019. "A report issued by the scientific council of the
cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus) track the sun... Immature flower buds of the
American Medical Association (AMA) says that no long-term health effects have been
sunflower do exhibit solar tracking and on sunny days the buds will track the sun across
detected from the use of transgenic crops and genetically modified foods, and that these
the sky from east to west... However, as the flower bud matures and blossoms, the stem
foods are substantially equivalent to their conventional counterparts."
stiffens and the flower becomes fixed facing the eastward direction."
33. ^ "Featured CSA Report: Genetically Modified Crops and Foods (I-00) Full Text" .
c. Polikarpov, G.G. (1978). "Sunflower's blooming floscule is a compass" . Nature. 272
American Medical Association. Archived from the original on June 10, 2001. "Crops
(5649): 122. Bibcode:1978Natur.272..122P . doi:10.1038/272122c0 .
and foods produced using recombinant DNA techniques have been available for fewer
d. Lang, A.R.G.; Begg, J.E. (1979). "Movements of Helianthus annuus Leaves and
than 10 years and no long-term effects have been detected to date. These foods are
Heads" . Journal of Applied Ecology. 16 (1): 299–305. doi:10.2307/2402749 .
substantially equivalent to their conventional counterparts."
JSTOR 2402749 . Archived from the original on May 23, 2013. Retrieved
34. ^ "Report 2 of the Council on Science and Public Health (A-12): Labeling of
December 10, 2016. "Dinural E-W oscillations of the heads occurred initially but ceased
Bioengineered Foods" (PDF). American Medical Association. 2012. Archived from the
as the flowers opened and anthesis commenced, leaving the heads facing east"
original (PDF) on September 7, 2012. Retrieved August 30, 2019. ""Bioengineered
437. ^ "When the plant is in the bud stage, it tends to track the movement of the sun across
foods have been consumed for close to 20 years, and during that time, no overt
the horizon. Once the flower opens into the radiance of yellow petals, it faces east" .
consequences on human health have been reported and/or substantiated in the peer-
National Sunflower Association. Archived from the original on November 3, 2013.
reviewed literature"."
438. ^ "Evolutionary Science and Society: Educating a New Generation (TOC)" (PDF).
35. ^ "Restrictions on Genetically Modified Organisms: United States. Public and Scholarly
Revised Proceedings of the BSCS, AIBS Symposium. MSU.edu. November 2004.
Opinion" . Library of Congress. June 30, 2015. Retrieved August 30, 2019. "Several
pp. 11–12. Retrieved January 13, 2011.
scientific organizations in the US have issued studies or statements regarding the safety
439. ^ "It Is Not Just a Theory... It Is a Theory!" . Chandra Chronicles. Harvard-Smithsonian
of GMOs indicating that there is no evidence that GMOs present unique safety risks
Center for Astrophysics. July 7, 2008. Archived from the original on December 14,
compared to conventionally bred products. These include the National Research
2013. Retrieved April 8, 2009.
Council, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the American
Medical Association. Groups in the US opposed to GMOs include some environmental 440. ^ Kuhn, Thomas S. (1996). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Third ed.). Chicago:

organizations, organic farming organizations, and consumer organizations. A substantial University of Chicago Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0226458083.

number of legal academics have criticized the US's approach to regulating GMOs." 441. ^ "Misconceptions about the Nature of Science" . UMT.edu. University of Montana, Div.
Biological Sciences. Archived from the original on October 17, 2011. Retrieved April 8,
36. ^ National Academies Of Sciences, Engineering; Division on Earth Life Studies; Board
on Agriculture Natural Resources; Committee on Genetically Engineered Crops: Past 2009.

Experience Future Prospects (2016). Genetically Engineered Crops: Experiences and 442. ^ "Misconceptions about evolution" . Evolution.berkeley.edu. Archived from the
Prospects . The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (US). original on October 27, 2013. Retrieved February 9, 2012.

p. 149. doi:10.17226/23395 . ISBN 978-0-309-43738-7. PMID 28230933 . Retrieved 443. ^ "Five Major Misconceptions about Evolution" . TalkOrigins. October 1, 2003.
August 30, 2019. "Overall finding on purported adverse effects on human health of foods Archived from the original on October 3, 2013. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
derived from GE crops: On the basis of detailed examination of comparisons of currently 444. ^ "Evolution and Natural Selection" . University of Michigan. October 10, 2010.
commercialized GE with non-GE foods in compositional analysis, acute and chronic Retrieved November 9, 2016.
animal toxicity tests, long-term data on health of livestock fed GE foods, and human 445. ^ Moran, Nancy A. (2002). "Microbial MinimalismGenome Reduction in Bacterial
epidemiological data, the committee found no differences that implicate a higher risk to Pathogens" . Cell. 108 (5): 583–86. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00665-7 .
human health from GE foods than from their non-GE counterparts." PMID 11893328 . S2CID 18688744 .
37. ^ a b Lee, Jennifer (January 16, 2008). "Solving a Riddle Wrapped in a Mystery Inside a 446. ^ Brian K. Hall (1984), "Developmental mechanisms underlying the atavisms", Biological
Cookie" . The New York Times. Retrieved May 10, 2012. Reviews, 59 (1): 89–124, doi:10.1111/j.1469-185x.1984.tb00402.x , PMID 6367843 ,
38. ^ a b Mikkelson, Barbara. "Inscrutable Cookie" . Snopes.com. S2CID 29258934
39. ^ a b "Who Invented Peanut Butter?" . National Peanut Board. Archived from the 447. ^ "Darwin's precursors and influences: Glossary" . Retrieved January 18, 2010.
original on November 25, 2016. Retrieved June 24, 2022. 448. ^ "Is the human race evolving or devolving?" . Scientific American. July 20, 1998.
40. ^ a b Cannon, William (February 6, 2017). "A True Renaissance Man" . American Archived from the original on October 10, 2012. see also biological devolution.
Scientist. Retrieved June 24, 2022. 449. ^ "Misconceptions about natural selection and adaptation: Natural selection involves
41. ^ a b Krampner, Jon (2013). "The Birth of Peanut Butter". Creamy and Crunchy: An organisms 'trying' to adapt." . Misconceptions about evolution. University of California
Informal History of Peanut Butter, the All-American Food. Columbia University Press. Museum of Paleontology. Archived from the original on October 27, 2013.
p. 42. ISBN 978-0231162333. 450. ^ "Misconceptions about natural selection and adaptation: Natural selection gives
42. ^ Wheeling, Kate (January 2021). "A Brief History of Peanut Butter" . Smithsonian organisms what they 'need.' " . Misconceptions about evolution. University of California
Magazine. Retrieved June 24, 2022. "North Americans weren't the first to grind peanuts Museum of Paleontology. Archived from the original on October 27, 2013.
—the Inca beat us to it by a few hundred years—but peanut butter reappeared in the 451. ^ Hanke, David (2004). "Teleology: The explanation that bedevils biology" . In John
modern world because of an American, the doctor, nutritionist and cereal pioneer John Cornwell (ed.). Explanations: Styles of explanation in science. Oxford & New York:
Harvey Kellogg, who filed a patent for a proto-peanut butter in 1895." Oxford University Press. pp. 143–55. ISBN 978-0198607786.
43. ^ a b Mikkelson, David (April 21, 2013). "Potato Chip Origin" . Snopes. Retrieved 452. ^ Zelenitsky DK; Therrien F; Erickson GM; DeBuhr CL; Kobayashi Y; Eberth DA;
June 24, 2022. Hadfield F (October 25, 2012). "Scientist: "Dinosaurs may have evolved feathers for
44. ^ a b Fox, William S.; Banner, Mae G. (April 1983). "Social and Economic Contexts of courtship" " . Science. 338 (6106): 510–14. Bibcode:2012Sci...338..510Z .
Folklore Variants: The Case of Potato Chip Legends". Western Folklore. 42 (2): 114–126. doi:10.1126/science.1225376 . PMID 23112330 . S2CID 2057698 . Archived from
doi:10.2307/1499968 . JSTOR 1499968 . the original on December 14, 2013. Retrieved August 18, 2013.
45. ^ a b Tensley, Brandon (January 2022). "How the Potato Chip Took Over America" . 453. ^ "Study challenges evolutionary theory that DNA mutations are random" . U.C. Davis.
Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved June 23, 2022. Retrieved February 12, 2022.
46. ^ McElwain, Aoife (June 17, 2019). "Did Tayto really invent cheese and onion crisps?" . 454. ^ Monroe, J. Grey; Srikant, Thanvi; Carbonell-Bejerano, Pablo; Becker, Claude; Lensink,
Irish Times. Retrieved June 23, 2022. "One of the oldest known published recipes for Mariele; Exposito-Alonso, Moises; Klein, Marie; Hildebrandt, Julia; Neumann, Manuela;
crisps is by William Kitchiner, an optician who doubled up as a Georgian-era celebrity Kliebenstein, Daniel; Weng, Mao-Lun; Imbert, Eric; Ågren, Jon; Rutter, Matthew T.;
chef. His book, A Cook’s Oracle, published in 1817, was a big hit in the UK and a young Fenster, Charles B.; Weigel, Detlef (February 2022). "Mutation bias reflects natural
America. Kitchiner’s recipe – Potatoes fried in Slices or Shavings – calls for slivers of selection in Arabidopsis thaliana" . Nature. 602 (7895): 101–105.
potato fried in “lard or dripping” and “served with a very little salt sprinkled over them”." Bibcode:2022Natur.602..101M . doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04269-6 . ISSN 1476-
47. ^ a b Burhans, Dick (2008). "Creation Myths". Crunch!: A History of the Great American 4687 . PMC 8810380 . PMID 35022609 .
Potato Chip. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 17–20. ISBN 978-0299227708. 455. ^ Bundell, Shamini; Thompson, Benjamin (January 19, 2022). "Why mutation is not as
48. ^ a. Paul Freedman, "Food Histories of the Middle Ages", in Kyri W. Claflin, Peter random as we thought" . Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-022-00142-2 .
Scholliers, Writing Food History: A Global Perspective, ISBN 1847888097, p. 24 PMID 35046581 .
b. Dalby, Andrew (2000). Dangerous Tastes: The Story of Spices. p. 156. 456. ^ Padian K.; Chiappe L. M. (1997). "Bird Origins". In Currie PJ; Padian K (eds.).
ISBN 0520236742. Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 41–96.
c. Jotischky, Andrew (2011). A Hermit's Cookbook: Monks, Food and Fasting in the 457. ^ Lambert, David; the Diagram Group (1990). The Dinosaur Data Book . New York:
Middle Ages. p. 170. ISBN 978-1441159915. Avon Books. pp. 290–301 . ISBN 978-0-380-75896-8.
d. Krondl, Michael (2007). The Taste of Conquest: The Rise and Fall of the Three Great 458. ^ Lucas, Spencer G. (2000). "Dinosaurs in the public eye" . Dinosaurs: The Textbook
Cities of Spice. p. 6. ISBN 978-0345480835. (3rd ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill. pp. 247–260 . ISBN 978-0-07-303642-7.
49. ^ Smith, Craig S. (April 6, 2005). "The Raw Truth: Don't Blame the Mongols (or Their 459. ^ Caldwell, Michael W.; Carroll, Robert L.; Kaiser, Hinrich (September 14, 1995). "The
Horses)" . The New York Times. p. F2. pectoral girdle and forelimb of Carsosaurus marchesetti (Aigialosauridae), with a
50. ^ Sokolov, Raymond (2004). How to Cook Revised Edition: An Easy and Imaginative preliminary phylogenetic analysis of mosasauroids and varanoids" . Journal of
Guide for the Beginner . New York, NY (USA): Harper Collins. pp. 41–42. ISBN 978-0- Vertebrate Paleontology. 15 (3): 516–531. doi:10.1080/02724634.1995.10011245 .
06-008391-5. Retrieved June 3, 2012. ISSN 0272-4634 .
51. ^ Albert Jack, What Caesar Did for My Salad: Not to Mention the Earl's Sandwich, 460. ^ Neenan, J. M.; Klein, N.; Scheyer, T. M. (2013). "European origin of placodont marine
Pavlova's Meringue and Other Curious Stories Behind Our Favourite Food, 2010, reptiles and the evolution of crushing dentition in Placodontia" . Nature
ISBN 1-84614-254-7, p. 141 at Google Books Communications. 4: 1621. Bibcode:2013NatCo...4.1621N .
52. ^ a. Maryann Tebben, Sauces: A Global History, 2014, ISBN 1780234139, chapter 5 doi:10.1038/ncomms2633 . PMID 23535642 .
b. "Histoire de la Crème Chantilly" . Domaine de Chantilly. Archived from the original 461. ^ Angielczyk, K. D. (2009). "Dimetrodon is Not a Dinosaur: Using Tree Thinking to
on April 16, 2013. Understand the Ancient Relatives of Mammals and their Evolution" . Evolution:
53. ^ a. Barbara Ketcham Wheaton (2011). Savoring the Past: The French Kitchen and Education and Outreach. 2 (2): 257–271. doi:10.1007/s12052-009-0117-4 .
Table from 1300 to 1789 . Simon and Schuster. pp. 43–51. ISBN 978-1439143735. 462. ^ a b "Famous Prehistoric Animals That Weren't Actually Dinosaurs" . February 17,
b. Mennell, Stephen (1996). All Manners of Food: Eating and Taste in England and 2021.
France from the Middle Ages to the Present (2nd ed.). University of Illinois Press. 463. ^ Black, Riley. "The Dimetrodon in Your Family Tree" . Smithsonian Magazine.
pp. 65–66, 69–71. ISBN 978-0252064906. Retrieved December 5, 2021.
c. Campanini, Antonella (December 18, 2018). The New Gastronome: The Illusive Story 464. ^ Barras, Colin. "We've drawn iconic sail-wearing Dimetrodon wrong for 100 years" .
Of Catherine de' Medici: A Gastronomic Myth . Summarizing Campanini, Antonella; New Scientist. Retrieved December 8, 2021.
Bienassis, Loïc (2018). Quellier, Florent; Briost, Pascal (eds.). La Table de la 465. ^ Benton, Michael J. (2004). "Origin and relationships of Dinosauria". In Weishampel,
Renaissance: Le mythe italien. La reine à la fourchette et autres histoires. Ce que la David B.; Dodson, Peter; Osmólska, Halszka (eds.). The Dinosauria (2nd ed.).
table française emprunta à l'Italie: analyse critique d'un mythe. ISBN 978-2753574069. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 7 –19. ISBN 978-0-520-24209-8.
54. ^ Soltysiak, Michal; Celuch, Malgorzata; Erle, Ulrich (June 2011). "Measured and 466. ^ "American Adults Flunk Basic Science" . Science Daily. March 13, 2009. Archived
simulated frequency spectra of the household microwave oven". 2011 IEEE MTT-S from the original on April 2, 2014.
International Microwave Symposium: 1–4. doi:10.1109/MWSYM.2011.5972844 . 467. ^ "Why Did the Woolly Mammoth Die Out?" . National Geographic. March 26, 2011.
ISBN 978-1-61284-754-2. S2CID 41526758 . Retrieved August 2, 2016.
55. ^ Bloomfield, Louis. "Question 1456" . How Everything Works. Archived from the 468. ^ Strauss, Bob (August 15, 2019). "Does Oil Really Come From Dinosaurs?" .
original on October 17, 2013. Retrieved February 9, 2012. ThoughtCo. Retrieved September 4, 2019.
56. ^ Baird, Christopher S. (October 15, 2014). "Why are the microwaves in a microwave 469. ^ Strauss, Bob. "Does Oil Come From Dinosaurs?" ThoughtCo, Sep. 1, 2021,
oven tuned to water" . Science Questions with Surprising Answers. https://thoughtco.com/does-oil-come-from-dinosaurs-1092003 .
57. ^ Chaplin, Martin. "Water Absorption Spectrum" . 470. ^ "Coal Explained" . Energy Explained. US Energy Information Administration. April 21,
58. ^ a. "Microwave Technology Penetration Depths" . pueschner.com. Püschner GMBH + 2017. Archived from the original on December 8, 2017. Retrieved November 13, 2017.
CO KG MicrowavePowerSystems. Retrieved June 1, 2018. 471. ^ Cleal, C. J. & Thomas, B. A. (2005). "Palaeozoic tropical rainforests and their effect on
b. Health, Center for Devices and Radiological (December 12, 2017). "Resources for You global climates: is the past the key to the present?" Geobiology, 3, p. 13-31.
(Radiation-Emitting Products) – Microwave Oven Radiation" . fda.gov. U.S. Food and 472. ^ Romer, A. S. (1970) [1949]. The Vertebrate Body (4th ed.). W.B. Saunders.
Drug Administration. Retrieved June 1, 2018. 473. ^ Cowen, R. (2000). History of Life . Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science. p. 154. ISBN 978-
59. ^ a. Frei, MR; Jauchem, JR; Dusch, SJ; Merritt, JH; Berger, RE; Stedham, MA (1998). 0632044443.
"Chronic, low-level (1.0 W/kg) exposure of mice prone to mammary cancer to 2450 MHz 474. ^ "Those diverse diapsids" .
microwaves". Radiation Research. 150 (5): 568–76. Bibcode:1998RadR..150..568F .
475. ^ Jones, Marc EH; Anderson, Cajsa Lisa; Hipsley, Christy A; Müller, Johannes; Evans,
doi:10.2307/3579874 . JSTOR 3579874 . PMID 9806599 .
Susan E; Schoch, Rainer R (September 25, 2013). "Integration of molecules and new
b. Frei, MR; Berger, RE; Dusch, SJ; Guel, V; Jauchem, JR; Merritt, JH; Stedham, MA
fossils supports a Triassic origin for Lepidosauria (lizards, snakes, and tuatara)" . BMC
(1998). "Chronic exposure of cancer-prone mice to low-level 2450 MHz radiofrequency
Evolutionary Biology. 13: 208. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-13-208 . PMC 4016551 .
radiation". Bioelectromagnetics. 19 (1): 20–31. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-
PMID 24063680 .
186X(1998)19:1<20::AID-BEM2>3.0.CO;2-6 . PMID 9453703 .
476. ^ Richard J. Butler; Stephen L. Brusatte; Mike Reich; Sterling J. Nesbitt; Rainer R.
60. ^ "Ask the doctor: Microwave's impact on food" . harvard.edu. June 12, 2015.
Schoch; Jahn J. Hornung (2011). "The sail-backed reptile Ctenosauriscus from the latest
Retrieved December 5, 2021.
Early Triassic of Germany and the timing and biogeography of the early archosaur
61. ^ Harmetz, Aljean (1992). Round Up the Usual Suspects: The Making of Casablanca – radiation" . PLOS ONE. 6 (10): e25693. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...625693B .
Bogart, Bergman, and World War II . Hyperion. p. 72 . ISBN 978-1562827618. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025693 . PMC 3194824 . PMID 22022431 .
62. ^ a. Sklar, Robert (1992). City Boys: Cagney, Bogart, Garfield . New Jersey: Princeton 477. ^ Romer, A.S. & Parsons, T.S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. 5th ed. Saunders,
University Press. p. 135 . ISBN 978-0691047959. Philadelphia. (6th ed. 1985)
b. Mikkelson, Barbara and David P. (August 17, 2007). "The Blaine Truth" .
478. ^ a b Seiffert Erik R. (January 2006). "Revised age estimates for the later Paleogene
Snopes.com. Retrieved March 25, 2012.
mammal faunas of Egypt and Oman" . Proceedings of the National Academy of
63. ^ Mariani, Mike (October 28, 2015). "The Tragic, Forgotten History of Zombies" . The Sciences of the United States of America. 103 (13): 5000–5005.
Atlantic. Retrieved July 3, 2022. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103.5000S . doi:10.1073/pnas.0600689103 . PMC 1458784 .
64. ^ Di Placido, Dani (July 19, 2017). "The Evolution Of The Zombie" . Forbes. Retrieved PMID 16549773 .
July 3, 2022. "George A. Romero’s first zombie film Night of the Living Dead is credited 479. ^ a b AronRa (January 16, 2010), Turns out we DID come from monkeys! , retrieved
with popularizing the zombie, though it never actually uses that word. The “ghouls” in the November 12, 2018
film are mindless flesh-eaters that have little in common with the Haitian zombie other
480. ^ Perez, S.I.; Tejedor, M.F.; et al. (June 2013). "Divergence times and the evolutionary
than rising from the grave."
radiation of New World monkeys (Platyrrhini, Primates): an analysis of fossil and
65. ^ ab Eschner, Kart (October 31, 2017). "Zombie Movies Are Never Really About molecular data" . PLOS ONE. 8 (6): e68029. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...868029P .
Zombies" . Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved July 3, 2022. "In the 1960s and 70s, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068029 . PMC 3694915 . PMID 23826358 .
filmmaker George Romero brought the zombie film into the mainstream with Night of the
481. ^ Romer, A. S. (1970) [1949]. The Vertebrate Body (4th ed.). W.B. Saunders.
Living Dead and Dawn of the Dead. The first of these was technically about “ghouls.”
482. ^ Terry, M. W. (1977). "Use of common and scientific nomenclature to designate
Romero didn’t start calling them “zombies” until his second film. But his now-iconic films
laboratory primates". In Schrier, A. M. (ed.). Behavioral Primatology: Advances in
helped to erase enslaved people from zombie history."
Research and Theory. Vol. 1. Hillsdale, N.J., USA: Lawrence Erlbaum. pp. 3–4.
66. ^ Hinkelman, Jeff. "Legacy of the Dead: History of the Zombie" . Carnegie Mellon
483. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ape" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.).
University Library. Carnegie Mellon University. Retrieved July 3, 2022.
Cambridge University Press. p. 160.
67. ^ Collis, Clark (July 18, 2017). "George A. Romero thought Night of the Living Dead
484. ^ Li, Jing; Han, Kyudong; Xing, Jinchuan; Kim, Heui-Soo; Rogers, Jeffrey; Ryder, Oliver
would be a 'one-off' " . Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on
A.; Disotell, Todd; Yue, Bisong; Batzer, Mark A. (2009). "Phylogeny of the macaques
September 2, 2019. Retrieved July 3, 2022. "“I never thought of my guys as zombies,
(Cercopithecidae: Macaca) based on Alu elements" . Gene. 448 (2): 242–249.
when I made the first film,” he said. “To me, zombies were still those boys in the
doi:10.1016/j.gene.2009.05.013 . PMC 2783879 . PMID 19497354 .
Caribbean doing the wetwork for [Bela] Lugosi."
485. ^ Hodges, J. K.; Cortes, J. (2006). The Barbary macaque: biology, management and
68. ^ Kay, Glenn (2008). Zombie Movies: The Ultimate Guide. Chicago Review Press. p. 5.
conservation. Nottingham, UK: Nottingham University Press.
ISBN 978-1-55652-770-8.
486. ^ "Early Primate Evolution: The First Primates" . anthro.palomar.edu. Retrieved
69. ^ Maher, John (October 8, 2020). "10 Tragically, Irretrievably Lost Pieces of Animation
August 12, 2017.
History" . The Vulture. Retrieved June 22, 2022.
487. ^ Benton, Michael J. (2005). "Chapter 3: Primate evolution" . Vertebrate palaeontology.
70. ^ Witiw, John (March 27, 2021). "10 Things You Didn't Know About Disney's Snow White
Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 378–380. ISBN 978-0-632-05637-8. Retrieved July 10, 2011.
And The Seven Dwarfs" . CBR. Retrieved June 22, 2022.
488. ^ Osman Hill, W. C. (1953). Primates Comparative Anatomy and Taxonomy I—
71. ^ Sisterson, Dennis (March 28, 2017). "Magic Wilderness: El Apóstol & Peludópolis" .
Strepsirhini. Edinburgh Univ Pubs Science & Maths, No 3. Edinburgh University Press.
Skwigly. Retrieved June 22, 2022. "As we all know, Disney’s Snow White and the Seven
p. 53. OCLC 500576914 .
Dwarfs is usually cited as the first animated feature, but as most of us who read this site
489. ^ Martin, W. C. L. (1841). A General Introduction to the Natural History of Mammiferous
are no doubt aware, it wasn’t. It was preceded by Lotte Reiniger’s The Adventures of
Animals, With a Particular View of the Physical History of man, and the More Closely
Prince Achmed, Ladislas Starevitch’s The Tale of the Fox, and two features by the
Allied Genera of the Order Quadrumana, or Monkeys . London: Wright and Co.
Argentinian animator Quirino Cristiani – all films which could scracely [sic] be more
printers. pp. 340, 361.
different from the Disney mode."
490. ^ Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, M. É. (1812). "Tableau des quadrumanes, ou des animaux
72. ^ Chaffee, Keith (October 28, 2019). "A Week to Remember: International Animation
composant le premier ordre de la classe des Mammifères" . Annales du Muséum
Day" . Los Angeles Public Library. Retrieved June 22, 2022.
d'Histoire Naturelle. Paris. 19: 85–122.
73. ^ Bendazzi, Giannalberto (2017). "The First Feature Length Animated Film in History".
491. ^ Bugge, J. (1974). "Chapter 4". Cells Tissues Organs. 87 (Suppl. 62): 32–43.
Twice the First: Quirino Cristiani and the Animated Feature Film . CRC Press. p. 36.
doi:10.1159/000144209 . ISSN 1422-6405 .
ISBN 9781351371797. "On the other hand, the movie was not widely successful, and
492. ^ "Letter, Carl Linnaeus to Johann Georg Gmelin. Uppsala, Sweden, 25 February
appealed to a small portion of the population. It was strictly for a Buenos Aires audience:
1747" . Swedish Linnaean Society.
nobody in the provinces even saw it because it was not distributed there. And likewise,
493. ^ Johnson, N. A.; Smith, J. J.; Pobiner, B.; Schrein, C. (February 2012). "Why Are
given the subject, it was not possible to export the film to other nations, not even to a
Chimps Still Chimps?". The American Biology Teacher. 74 (2): 74–80.
close cousin similar to Uruguay."
doi:10.1525/abt.2012.74.2.3 . JSTOR 3738744 . S2CID 86832904 .
74. ^ "QI: Quite interesting facts about Spain" . Telegraph. May 5, 2011. Archived from
494. ^ De Waal, Frans B. M (2002). Tree of Origin: What Primate Behavior Can Tell Us About
the original on January 11, 2022. Retrieved March 29, 2017.
Human Social Evolution . pp. 124–26. ISBN 978-0674010048.
75. ^ a. Lewis, M. Paul; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2013). "Deaf sign
495. ^ William H. Calvin, 2002. "A Brain for All Seasons: Human Evolution and Abrupt
language". Ethnologue: Languages of the World (17th ed.). SIL International. Archived
Climate Change." University of Chicago Press. Chicago.
from the original on November 26, 2013. Retrieved December 3, 2013.
b. Supalla, Ted; Webb, Rebecca (2013). "The grammar of international sign: A new look 496. ^ "Evolution: Frequently Asked Questions" . PBS.org. Archived from the original on
December 14, 2013. Retrieved August 29, 2009.
at pidgin languages." . In Reilly, Judy Snitzer; Emmorey, Karen (eds.). Language,
Gesture, and Space. Psychology Press. pp. 333–52. ISBN 978-1134779666. 497. ^ "Thesaurus results for HUMAN" . www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved May 21,

c. Omar, Hasuria Che (2009). The Sustainability of the Translation Field . ITBM. p. 293. 2022.

ISBN 978-9834217969. 498. ^ "Misconceptions about evolution - Understanding Evolution" . September 19, 2021.
76. ^ a. Geoffrey K. Pullum's explanation in Language Log: The list of snow-referring roots Retrieved May 21, 2022.

to stick [suffixes] on isn't that long [in the Eskimoan language group]: qani- for a 499. ^ Curtin, Ciara (February 2007). "Fact or Fiction?: Glass Is a (Supercooled) Liquid" .
snowflake, apu- for snow considered as stuff lying on the ground and covering things up, Scientific American. Archived from the original on December 14, 2013. "Glass,
a root meaning "slush", a root meaning "blizzard", a root meaning "drift", and a few however, is actually neither a liquid—supercooled or otherwise—nor a solid. It is an
others—very roughly the same number of roots as in English. Nonetheless, the number amorphous solid—a state somewhere between those two states of matter. And yet
of distinct words you can derive from them is not 50, or 150, or 1500, or a million, but glass's liquidlike properties are not enough to explain the thicker-bottomed windows,
simply unbounded. Only stamina sets a limit. because glass atoms move too slowly for changes to be visible."
b. The seven most common English words for snow are snow, hail, sleet, ice, icicle, 500. ^ a b c Halem, Henry (May 30, 1998). "Does Glass Flow" . Glassnotes.com. Archived
slush, and snowflake. English also has the related word glacier and the four common from the original on October 22, 2013. Retrieved August 29, 2009.
skiing terms pack, powder, crud, and crust, so one can say that at least 12 distinct words 501. ^ a b c Chang, Kenneth (July 29, 2008). "The Nature of Glass Remains Anything but
for snow exist in English. Clear" . The New York Times. Retrieved April 4, 2010.
77. ^ Krupnik, Igor et al. (2010) "Franz Boas and Inuktitut terminology for ice and snow: from 502. ^ Zanotto, E.D. (May 1998). "Do cathedral glasses flow?". American Journal of Physics.
the emergence of the field to the 'Great Eskimo Vocabulary Hoax'". in Krupnik et al. 66 (5): 392. Bibcode:1998AmJPh..66..392Z . doi:10.1119/1.19026 .
(2010). SIKU: Knowing our Ice: Documenting Inuit Sea-Ice knowledge and Use. New 503. ^ a. King, Hobart (2012). "How do diamonds form? They don't form from coal!" .
York, NY: Springer. pp.385–410. geology.com. geology.com. Archived from the original on October 30, 2013. Retrieved
78. ^ David Robson, New Scientist 2896, December 18 2012, Are there really 50 Eskimo June 29, 2012.
words for snow? , "Yet Igor Krupnik, an anthropologist at the Smithsonian Arctic b. "10 common scientific misconceptions" Amelia Pak-Harvey CSMonitor October 31,
Studies Center in Washington DC believes that Boas was careful to include only words 2013 http://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2013/1031/10-common-scientific-
representing meaningful distinctions. Taking the same care with their own work, Krupnik misconceptions/Diamonds-form-from-pressurized-coal
and others have now charted the vocabulary of about 10 Inuit and Yupik dialects and 504. ^ M. Seal, "The abrasion of diamond", Proceedings of the Royal Society A 248:1254 (25
conclude that there are indeed many more words for snow than in English (SIKU: November 1958) doi:10.1098/rspa.1958.0250
Knowing Our Ice, 2010). Central Siberian Yupik has 40 such terms, whereas the Inuit 505. ^ Harold D. Weiler, "The wear and care of records and styli", 1954, condensed text
dialect spoken in Nunavik, Quebec, has at least 53, including matsaaruti, wet snow that 506. ^ Hertzberg, Ruth; Greene, Janet; Vaughan, Beatrice (2010). Putting Food By: Fifth
can be used to ice a sleigh's runners, and pukak, for the crystalline powder snow that Edition . Penguin. ISBN 978-1101539903. Archived from the original on February 6,
looks like salt. For many of these dialects, the vocabulary associated with sea ice is even 2018.
richer." 507. ^ a. Broersma, Matthew (June 24, 2004). "Mac OS X Security Myth Exposed" .
79. ^ Malotki, Ekkehart (1983). Hopi Time: A Linguistic Analysis of the Temporal Concepts in TechWorld. Archived from the original on May 26, 2011. Retrieved August 12, 2011.
the Hopi Language . Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs. Vol. 20. Berlin, b. Foresman, Chris (May 2, 2011). "Fake "MAC Defender" antivirus app scams users for
New York, Amsterdam: Mouton Publishers. ISBN 9027933499. money, CC numbers" . Ars Technica. Archived from the original on May 26, 2011.
80. ^ a. Zimmer, Benjamin (March 27, 2007). "Crisis = danger + opportunity: The plot c. "Myth Busting: Is Linux Immune to Viruses?" . Linux.com. Archived from the
thickens" . Language Log. Retrieved January 19, 2009. original on April 30, 2014.
b. "The Straight Dope: Is the Chinese word for "crisis" a combination of "danger" and 508. ^ a. Mookhey, K. K.; et al. (2005). Linux: Security, Audit and Control Features . ISACA.
"opportunity"?" p. 128. ISBN 978-1893209787. Archived from the original on December 1, 2016.
c. Mair, Victor H. (2005). "danger + opportunity ≠ crisis: How a misunderstanding about b. Toxen, Bob (2003). Real World Linux Security: Intrusion Prevention, Detection, and
Chinese characters has led many astray" . PinyinInfo.com. Retrieved January 15, Recovery . Prentice Hall Professional. p. 365. ISBN 978-0130464569. Archived from
2009. the original on December 1, 2016.
81. ^ Zimmer, Benjamin (March 27, 2007). "Crisis = danger + opportunity: The plot c. Noyes, Katherine (August 3, 2010). "Why Linux Is More Secure Than Windows" .
thickens" . Language Log. Retrieved January 19, 2009. PCWorld. Archived from the original on September 1, 2013.
82. ^ "Is 'Irregardless' a Real Word?" . 509. ^ Wallen, Jack (February 9, 2010). "Myth Busting: Is Linux Immune to Viruses?" .
83. ^ "Irregardless originated in dialectal American speech in the early 20th century... The Linux.com. Retrieved April 9, 2022.
most frequently repeated remark about it is that "there is no such word." There is such a 510. ^ "Do I need anti-virus software?" . help.ubuntu.com. Retrieved April 9, 2022.
word, however." Merriam Webster Dictionary "Definition of IRREGARDLESS" . 511. ^ Hoffman, Chris. "Why You Don't Need an Antivirus On Linux (Usually)" . How-To
Archived from the original on May 8, 2014. Retrieved October 27, 2011. Geek. Retrieved April 9, 2022.
84. ^ a. " "... "irregardless" is indeed a word. Anne Curzan, a professor of English at the 512. ^ Greenberg, Andy. "Hacker Lexicon: What Is the Dark Web?" . Wired. Condé Nast.
University of Michigan, confirms its legitimacy..." Michigan Radio That's What They 513. ^ "The Deep Web: Myths And Truths You Need To Know" . Panda Security. April 27,
Say" . October 13, 2012. Archived from the original on April 27, 2014. 2017.
85. ^ "There is No Such Word as '...' " . 514. ^ Grothaus, Michael (April 12, 2019). "Incognito mode won't keep your browsing private.
86. ^ Fogarty, Mignon (September 12, 2008). "Is "Funnest" a Word" . Retrieved Do this instead" . Fast Company. Retrieved August 14, 2019.
September 25, 2012. 515. ^ B, Anirudh. "Incognito mode while browsing – Myths Busted" . Archived from the
87. ^ funnest: [1] ; [2] ; [3] ; [4] ; [5] original on May 16, 2020. Retrieved September 6, 2019.
88. ^ a. Jackson, Janice Eurana (1998). Linguistic aspect in African-American English- 516. ^ Zelenko, Michael (September 14, 2015). "Putting your wet phone in rice probably won't
speaking children: An investigation of aspectual "be". Amherst, Massachusetts: save it. But do it anyway" . The Verge. Retrieved March 18, 2022.
University of Massachusetts Amherst. ISBN 978-0591960327. ProQuest 304446674 . 517. ^ Chugh, Ritesh. "Phone wet and won't turn on? Here's how to deal with water damage
b. "Do You Speak American. For Educators. Curriculum. High School. AAE" . PBS. (hint: soaking it in rice won't work)" . The Conversation. Retrieved March 18, 2022.
Retrieved May 23, 2012. 518. ^ Aguilar, Nelson (April 30, 2014). "Myth Debunked: Uncooked Rice Isn't the Best Way to
c. "Synergy – African-American English" . Umass.edu. Retrieved May 23, 2012. Save Your Water-Damaged Phone « Smartphones :: Gadget Hacks" .
89. ^ abc Mikkelson, Barbara (June 13, 2008). "420" . Snopes.com. Archived from the Smartphones.gadgethacks.com. Retrieved May 16, 2022.
original on October 19, 2009. Retrieved June 17, 2011. 519. ^ "Total population living in extreme poverty, by world region" . Our World in Data.
90. ^ "California Penal Code Section 420" . January 15, 2011. Archived from the original Retrieved March 7, 2020.
on April 27, 2014. Retrieved June 17, 2011. 520. ^ a. Roser, Max; Ortiz-Ospina, Esteban (May 25, 2013). "Global Extreme Poverty" .
91. ^ "Thomas Crapper" . Snopes.com. May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 17, 2011. Our World in Data.
92. ^ a. Harper, Douglas (2010). "Crap" . Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the b. Rosling, Hans; Rönnlund, Anna; Rosling, Ola (2018). Factfulness: Ten Reasons We're
original on April 27, 2014. Retrieved June 17, 2011. Wrong About the World – and Why Things Are Better Than You Think . Flatiron Books.
b. "Cropper" . Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press. 2003. p. 7. ISBN 978-1250123817.
Archived from the original on November 2, 2011. Retrieved June 17, 2011. c. "Global Poverty Decline Denialism" . January 31, 2019.
93. ^ "Crap" . American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Houghton Mifflin. 521. ^ Scudellari, Megan (December 1, 2015). "The science myths that will not die" .
2001. Archived from the original on January 21, 2013. Retrieved June 17, 2011. Nature. 528 (7582): 322–325. Bibcode:2015Natur.528..322S . doi:10.1038/528322a .
94. ^ a b c a. Mikkelson, Barbara (July 8, 2007). "What the Fuck?" . Snopes.com. ISSN 1476-4687 . PMID 26672537 . S2CID 1414926 .
Archived from the original on April 25, 2012. Retrieved June 17, 2011. 522. ^ "Human Overpopulation: Still an Issue of Concern?" . Scientific American. Retrieved
b. Mikkelson, Barbara (July 9, 2007). "Pluck Yew" . Snopes.com. Archived from the October 21, 2021.
original on April 25, 2012. Retrieved June 17, 2011. 523. ^ Piper, Kelsey (August 20, 2019). "We've worried about overpopulation for centuries.
95. ^ Sheidlower, Jesse (Autumn 1998). "Revising the F-Word". Verbatim: The Language And we've always been wrong" . Vox. Retrieved October 21, 2021.
Quarterly. 23 (4): 18–21. 524. ^ McConnell, Campbell R. Economics : principles, problems, and policies / Campbell R.
96. ^ Mikkelson, Barbara & David P. (April 13, 2011). "Gringo" . Snopes.com. Retrieved McConnell, Stanley L. Brue.– 17th ed. p. 431
June 17, 2011. 525. ^ a. "Economics A-Z terms beginning with L" . The Economist. Retrieved
97. ^ "Where does the word "Gringo" come from?" . The Yucatan Times. April 27, 2018. December 21, 2016.
Archived from the original on March 22, 2022. Retrieved June 11, 2022. b. Bishop, Matthew (2004). "Lump of labour fallacy" . Essential Economics: An A to Z
98. ^ Ramirez, Aida (August 7, 2013). "Who, Exactly, Is A Gringo?" . NPR. Archived Guide . Bloomberg Press. ISBN 978-1861975805. "One of the best-known fallacies in
from the original on December 22, 2021. Retrieved June 11, 2022. ECONOMICS is the notion that there is a fixed amount of work to be done – a lump of
99. ^ "Gringo" . American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 2001. Archived LABOUR – which can be shared out in different ways to create fewer or more jobs..."
from the original on May 14, 2013. Retrieved June 17, 2011. 526. ^ Garcia, Mireya (July 15, 2019). "Consumer Watch: Many Americans think income
100. ^ Henry Ansgar Kelly (September 1994). "Rule of Thumb and the Folklaw of the affects credit score" . KOKH.
Husband's Stick". Journal of Legal Education. 44 (3): 341–65. 527. ^ DiJulio, Bianca; Norton, Mira; Brodie, Mollyann (January 20, 2016). "Americans' Views
101. ^ Sommers, Christina Hoff (1995). Who Stole Feminism? How Women Have Betrayed on the U.S. Role in Global Health" . Kaiser Family Foundation. Retrieved January 12,
Women . Simon and Schuster. pp. 203–07, 296–97. ISBN 978-0684801568. 2021.
102. ^ Brians, Paul (2011). "Common Errors in English Usage – Ye" . Common Errors in 528. ^ "4 Common Misconceptions About Taxes, Debunked" . Inc. Magazine. March 25,
English Usage. Washington State University. Archived from the original on May 31, 2019.
2013. Retrieved June 24, 2011. 529. ^ "Addressing Benefits Cliffs" . National Conference of State Legislatures. August 20,
103. ^ Harper, Douglas (2001–2010). "Etymology Online" . Online Etymology Dictionary. 2019. Retrieved September 15, 2021.
Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on April 27, 2014. Retrieved 530. ^ Begley, Sharon (August 13, 2007). "The Truth About Denial" . Newsweek. Archived
June 24, 2011. from the original on October 21, 2007. (MSNBC single page version, archived 20
104. ^ a. "Ingenious Trifling" . Etymoline. Retrieved October 1, 2015. August 2007 ) "If you think those who have long challenged the mainstream scientific
b. O'Conner, Patricia T. (2009). Origins of the Specious: Myths and Misconceptions of findings about global warming recognize that the game is over, think again. ... outside
the English Language . New York: Random House. p. 145. ISBN 978-0812978100. Hollywood, Manhattan and other habitats of the chattering classes, the denial machine is
105. ^ "wop" . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). running at full throttle—and continuing to shape both government policy and public
HarperCollins. opinion. Since the late 1980s, this well-coordinated, well-funded campaign by contrarian
106. ^ "The usual suggestion is that 'Xmas' is ... an attempt by the ungodly to x-out Jesus and scientists, free-market think tanks and industry has created a paralyzing fog of doubt
banish religion from the holiday."O'Conner, Patricia T.; Kellerman, Stewart (2009). around climate change. Through advertisements, op-eds, lobbying and media attention,
Origins of the Specious: Myths and Misconceptions of the English Language. New York: greenhouse doubters (they hate being called deniers) argued first that the world is not
Random House. p. 77. ISBN 978-1400066605. warming; measurements indicating otherwise are flawed, they said. Then they claimed
107. ^ Bratcher, Dennis (December 3, 2007). "The Origin of "Xmas" " . CRI / Voice, Institute. that any warming is natural, not caused by human activities. Now they contend that the
Archived from the original on May 30, 2013. Retrieved June 10, 2011. looming warming will be minuscule and harmless. 'They patterned what they did after the

108. ^ Oxford English Dictionary, s.v. "X " (1921 edition) and "Xmas " (Third Edition, 2020) tobacco industry,' says former senator Tim Wirth."

109. ^ a. Sparks, Preston; Cox, Timothy (November 17, 2008). "Missing persons usually 531. ^ National Academies 2008, p. 2; Oreskes 2007, p. 68 ; Gleick, 7 January 2017
found" . Augusta Chronicle. Archived from the original on December 14, 2013. 532. ^ Powell, James (November 20, 2019). "Scientists Reach 100% Consensus on
Retrieved May 21, 2011. Anthropogenic Global Warming" . Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society. 37 (4):
b. "FAQs: Question: Do you need to wait 24 hours before reporting a person 183–184. doi:10.1177/0270467619886266 . S2CID 213454806 . Retrieved
missing?" . National Missing Persons Coordination Center, Australian Federal Police. November 15, 2020.
Archived from the original on September 23, 2008. Retrieved May 22, 2011. 533. ^ Lynas, Mark; Houlton, Benjamin Z; Perry, Simon (2021). "Greater than 99% consensus
c. Vongkiatkajorn, Kanyakrit. "NYPD: How The Police Handles Missing Persons on human caused climate change in the peer-reviewed scientific literature" .
Cases" . NYCity News Service. Retrieved June 25, 2022. Environmental Research Letters. 16 (11): 114005. Bibcode:2021ERL....16k4005L .
110. ^ "Report or find a missing person" . Gov.uk. June 3, 2013. Archived from the doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ac2966 . ISSN 1748-9326 . S2CID 239032360 .
original on January 22, 2014. Retrieved August 18, 2013. 534. ^ Neukom et al. 2019.
111. ^ "Why the first 72 hours in a missing persons investigation are the most critical, 535. ^ "Global Annual Mean Surface Air Temperature Change" . NASA. Retrieved
according to criminology experts" . ABC News. Retrieved June 11, 2022. February 23, 2020.
112. ^ Pogash, Carol (November 23, 2003). "Myth of the 'Twinkie defense' " . San Francisco 536. ^ Jacob, Daniel J. Introduction to Atmospheric Chemistry. pp. 177–87. Princeton:
Chronicle. p. D-1. Retrieved March 20, 2007. Princeton University Press, 1999.
113. ^ a. Powers, Rod (November 24, 2019). "Can a Judge Order Someone to Join the 537. ^ "Chlorofluorocarbons". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. NOAA.
Military or Go to Jail?" . The Balance. Retrieved December 30, 2017. <https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/monitoring-references/faq/greenhouse-gases.php?
b. Schogol, Jeff (February 3, 2006). "Judge said Army or jail, but military doesn't want section=cfc >
him" . Stars and Stripes. Retrieved December 30, 2017. 538. ^ "CFCS – What on Earth" .
114. ^ "Snopes on Entrapment" . Snopes.com. Retrieved August 29, 2009. 539. ^ "The enhanced greenhouse effect and global warming - Physical and human causes of
115. ^ Sloane (1990) 49 A Crim R 270. See also agent provocateur climate change - Higher Geography Revision" . BBC Bitesize. January 1, 1970.
116. ^ Gramlich, John. "What the data says (and doesn't say) about crime in the United Retrieved February 9, 2022.
States" . 540. ^ "Myth of cooling towers is symptomatic of global warming information shortage" .
117. ^ "Gun homicides steady after decline in '90s; suicide rate edges up" . Royal Society of Chemistry. February 15, 2007. Retrieved March 2, 2022.

118. ^ Willingham, AJ (September 6, 2018). "The First Amendment doesn't guarantee you the 541. ^ "What you need to know about nuclear cooling towers" . Duke Energy | Nuclear
rights you think it does" . CNN. Retrieved March 1, 2019. Information Center. July 24, 2017. Retrieved March 2, 2022.
119. ^ McGregor, Jena (August 8, 2017). "The Google memo is a reminder that we generally 542. ^ "spinoff 2005 – Lightning Often Strikes Twice" . Spinoff. Office of the Chief
don't have free speech at work" . The Washington Post. Retrieved March 1, 2019. Technologist, NASA. March 25, 2010. Archived from the original on March 25, 2012.

120. ^ Dunn, Christopher (April 28, 2009). "Column: Applying the Constitution to Private Retrieved June 23, 2010.

Actors (New York Law Journal)" . New York Civil Liberties Union. Retrieved January 27, 543. ^ Staff (May 17, 2010). "Full weather report story from WeatherBug.com" .
2017. Weather.weatherbug.com. Archived from the original on January 9, 2014. Retrieved
121. ^ Berman-Gorvine, Martin (May 19, 2014). "Employer Ability to Silence Employee June 23, 2010.
Speech Narrowing in Private Sector, Attorneys Say" . Bloomberg BNA. Archived from 544. ^ "What Is Heat Lightning?" . Weather.com.
the original on March 31, 2019. Retrieved March 1, 2019. 545. ^ "Five Things Most People Get Wrong About the Yellowstone Volcano (2015)" .
122. ^ Colleen Long (May 5, 2016). "Cops seek killer of man who washed ashore in 'cement Yellowstone Volcano Observatory (USGS). May 8, 2015. Retrieved April 2, 2022.
shoes' " . CBS 3 Philadelphia. Associated Press. Retrieved August 11, 2018. 546. ^ Katarina, Zimmer (August 28, 2019). "Why the Amazon doesn't really produce 20% of
123. ^ " 'Cement shoes' found on NYC corpse" . BBC News. May 5, 2016. Retrieved the world's oxygen" . National Geographic. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
August 5, 2021. 547. ^ "Why Do Koreans Think Electric Fans Will Kill Them?" . Esquire. January 22, 2009.
124. ^ "Après deux ans de polémique, l'État "enterre" le général Bigeard" . France 24 (in Retrieved August 2, 2016.
French). November 20, 2012. Retrieved June 25, 2022. 548. ^ a. Mersch, John. "Sleepwalking: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments" . MedicineNet,
125. ^ Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966) Inc. Archived from the original on October 26, 2013. Retrieved May 10, 2009.

126. ^ Imwinkelried and Blinka, Criminal Evidentiary Foundations, 2d ed. (Lexis 2007) b. "Sleepwalking" . National Sleep Foundation. Archived from the original on
ISBN 1422417417 at 620. December 29, 2013. Retrieved May 10, 2009.

127. ^ "Can a case be dismissed if a person is not read his/her Miranda rights?" . Patrick 549. ^ a b Vittone, Mario. "It Doesn't Look Like They're Drowning" (PDF). On Scene: The

Barone. September 10, 2021. Retrieved September 10, 2021. Journal of U.S. Coast Guard Search and Rescue: 14.

128. ^ Knowles, Elizabeth (October 26, 2006). What They Didn't Say: A Book of 550. ^ Pia, Frank (1999). "Chapter 14: Reflections on Lifeguard surveillance programs" . In
Misquotations . OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-150054-1. Fletemeyer, John R.; Freas, Samuel J. (eds.). Drowning: new perspectives on
intervention and prevention. Vol. 1998. p. 234. ISBN 978-1574442236.
129. ^ Evans, Bergen (1962). Comfortable Words . New York City: Random House. "All
dictionaries now recognize "a Frankenstein" as any monstrous creation that threatens to 551. ^ a. Kienle, Alwin; Lilge, Lothar; Vitkin, I.Alex; Patterson, Michael S.; Wilson, Brian C.;

destroy its creator." Hibst, Raimund; Steiner, Rudolf (March 1, 1996). "Why do veins appear blue? A new

130. ^ Garner, Bryan A. (1998). A dictionary of modern American usage . New York: Oxford look at an old question" (PDF). Applied Optics. 35 (7): 1151–60.

University Press. ISBN 978-0195078534. "Today this ubiquitous usage must be accepted Bibcode:1996ApOpt..35.1151K . doi:10.1364/AO.35.001151 . PMID 21085227 .
Archived from the original (PDF) on February 10, 2012. Retrieved April 30, 2012.
as standard"
b. "Students' Misconceptions in Science: The Color of Blood" . Michigan State
131. ^ Solomon 1995, p. 587
University. Retrieved April 30, 2012.
132. ^ "Was Mozart actually poisoned by Salieri?" . Classic fm. Retrieved April 12, 2021.
552. ^ a. "Ask an Astrophysicist" . NASA. Archived from the original on June 4, 2012. "If
133. ^ "Amadeus Movie Reviews, Pictures" . Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved October 18, 2019.
you don't try to hold your breath, exposure to space for half a minute or so is unlikely to
134. ^ a. Wolff, Christoph (2001). "Bach. III. 7. Johann Sebastian Bach. Works". In Sadie,
produce permanent injury. Holding your breath is likely to damage your lungs, ... but
Stanley; Tyrrell, John (eds.). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
theory predicts—and animal experiments confirm—that otherwise, exposure to vacuum
(2nd ed.). London: Macmillan.
causes no immediate injury. You do not explode. Your blood does not boil. You do not
b. Williams, Peter F. (2007). J.S. Bach: A Life in Music. Cambridge University Press.
freeze. You do not instantly lose consciousness"
p. 158.
b. "Exploding Body in Vacuum" . ABC Science. April 6, 2005. Archived from the
c. Schulenberg, David (2006). The Keyboard Music of J.S. Bach. p. 448.
original on June 4, 2012. "...will we humans explode in the full vacuum of space, as
d. Schulze, Hans-Joachim (1979). "Ein 'Dresdner Menuett' im zweiten Klavierbüchlein
urban legends claim? The answer is that we won't explode, and if the exposure is short
der Anna Magdalena Bach. Nebst Hinweisen zur Überlieferung einiger
enough, we can even survive."
Kammermusikwerke Bachs". Bach-Jahrbuch. 65: 45–64, 54–58, 64.
553. ^ Henschke, Nicholas; Lin, C. Christine (December 1, 2011). "Stretching before or after
doi:10.13141/bjb.v19791376 .
exercise does not reduce delayed-onset muscle soreness" . Br J Sports Med. 45 (15):
135. ^ Frédéric Chopin; Joseph Banowetz (2000). Piano works . Alfred Music Publishing.
1249–50. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2011-090599 . ISSN 0306-3674 . PMID 22006932 .
p. 6. ISBN 978-0769298542. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
S2CID 32498886 . Retrieved September 11, 2018.
136. ^ Maurice Hinson (2004). The Pianist's Dictionary . Indiana University Press. p. 114.
554. ^ a. Cheung, K; Hume, P; Maxwell, L (2003). "Delayed onset muscle soreness:
ISBN 978-0253216823. Retrieved October 2, 2010. "This piece bears an erroneous
treatment strategies and performance factors". Sports Medicine. 33 (2): 145–64.
nickname since the story long associated with this nickname presumes the pianist is
doi:10.2165/00007256-200333020-00005 . PMID 12617692 . S2CID 26525519 .
supposed to play the piece in one minute. The word "minute" means small or little waltz."
b.McHugh, Malachy P. (2003). "Recent advances in the understanding of the repeated
137. ^ November 7, 2006. "How Do You Solve a Problem Like Maria?" . Archived from the
bout effect: the protective effect against muscle damage from a single bout of eccentric
original on April 27, 2014. BBC.
exercise". Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 13 (2): 88–97.
138. ^ Vilain, Robert (2010). Words and Music . MHRA. pp. 24, 28. ISBN 978-1907322082.
doi:10.1034/j.1600-0838.2003.02477.x . ISSN 0905-7188 . PMID 12641640 .
139. ^ "Austria's far-right picks different flower for parliament's opening session" . DW. S2CID 6697478 .
September 11, 2017. Retrieved June 21, 2022. "Flowers worn traditionally in jacket
555. ^ a. University of Utah Poison Control Center (June 24, 2014). "Dos and Don'ts in Case
lapels at Austrian parliamentary openings got special attention Thursday when the
of Gasoline Poisoning" . University of Utah.
Freedom Party of Austria's (FPÖ) 51 deputies — enlarged from 38 — sported edelweiss,
b. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (October 21, 2014). "Medical
the national flower featured in the 1965 hit movie "The Sound of Music.""
Management Guidelines for Gasoline (Mixture) CAS# 86290-81-5 and 8006-61-9" .
140. ^ Everett, Walter (2009). The Foundations of Rock: From "Blue Suede Shoes" to "Suite: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Judy Blue Eyes" . US: Oxford University Press. p. 52. ISBN 978-0195310238.
556. ^ Engelhaupt, Erika (May 22, 2014). "Urine is not sterile, and neither is the rest of
141. ^ "In 1977 Mike Nesmith Fooled the World: When The Monkees Sold More Records you" . Science News. Archived from the original on June 22, 2018. Retrieved July 31,
Than The Beatles and Rolling Stones Combined" . Flashbak. September 18, 2017. 2020.
Archived from the original on June 20, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
557. ^ Tipton, M. J.; Collier, N.; Massey, H.; Corbett, J.; Harper, M. (November 1, 2017). "Cold
142. ^ a. Cruickshank, Douglas (January 14, 2002). "Sympathy for the Devil" . Salon.com. water immersion: kill or cure?: Cold water immersion: kill or cure?" . Experimental
Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved June 25, 2006. Physiology. 102 (11): 1335–55. doi:10.1113/EP086283 . PMID 28833689 .
b. Zentgraf, Nico. "The Complete Works of the Rolling Stones 1962–2008" . Archived
558. ^ In the Netherlands these are removed by either the undertaker or the hospital where
from the original on March 27, 2012. Retrieved February 23, 2008.
the person died.Green, Jennifer; Green, Michael (2006). Dealing With Death: Practices
143. ^ Burks, John (February 7, 1970). "Rock & Roll's Worst Day" . Rolling Stone. Archived and Procedures. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. p. 112. ISBN 1-84310-381-8.
from the original on April 22, 2009. Retrieved September 13, 2008.
559. ^ Prange, Henry D. (2003). "Laplace's Law and the Alveolus: A Misconception of
144. ^ Elicker, Martina (2001). "Concept Albums: Song Cycles in Popular Music" . Word and Anatomy and a Misapplication of Physics". Advances in Physiology Education. 27 (1):
Music Studies: Essays on the Song Cycle and on Defining the Field. Rodopi. pp. 231– 34–40. doi:10.1152/advan.00024.2002 . PMID 12594072 .
234. ISBN 90-420-1565-9.
560. ^ Sessler DI, Moayeri A, Støen R, Glosten B, Hynson J, McGuire J (1990).
145. ^ "Fact Check: In the Air Tonight" . Snopes.com. "Thermoregulatory vasoconstriction decreases cutaneous heat loss". Anesthesiology. 73
146. ^ Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (1995). The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia . Wm. (4): 656–60. doi:10.1097/00000542-199010000-00011 . PMID 2221434 .
B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978-0802837813. Retrieved May 18, 2011. 561. ^ a b Gammon, Katharine (February 1, 2013). "Do We Really Lose Half our Body Heat
147. ^ Dunn, James DG (2003). Jesus Remembered . Eerdmans Publishing. p. 324 . From our Heads?" . livescience.com. Retrieved January 18, 2022.
148. ^ "Matthew 2:1–2" . Bible Gateway. Retrieved June 2, 2021. 562. ^ Hammond, Claudia. "Do you lose most heat from your head?" . www.bbc.com.
149. ^ Schiller, G. (1971). Iconography of Christian Art (English translation from German). Retrieved January 18, 2022.
Vol. I. p. 96. ISBN 978-0853312703. 563. ^ a b "Scientists debunk myth that most heat is lost through head" . the Guardian.
150. ^ Schiller, Gertud, Iconography of Christian Art, Vol. I, p. 96, 1971 (English trans from December 18, 2008. Retrieved January 18, 2022.
German), Lund Humphries, London, ISBN 0853312702 564. ^ Adams J (April 7, 2020). "The truth about adrenochrome" . The Spinoff. Retrieved
151. ^ Calvin, John. Calvin's Commentaries, Vol. 31: Matthew, Mark and Luke, Part I, tr. by June 28, 2020.
John King . Retrieved May 15, 2010. Quote from Commentary on Matthew 2:1–6 565. ^ Friedberg, Brian. "The Dark Virality of a Hollywood Blood-Harvesting Conspiracy" .
152. ^ Longenecker, Dwight (2014). "We Three Kings" Who were the Magi? Catholic Wired. Retrieved February 21, 2021.
Education Resource Center. Retrieved November 16, 2021. 566. ^ Whelan, Corey (September 23, 2019). "Do Men and Women Have the Same Number
153. ^ Ashby, Chad. "Magi, Wise Men, or Kings? It's Complicated ." Christianity Today, of Ribs?" . Healthline. Retrieved June 5, 2022. "There’s a commonly held falsehood
December 16, 2016. that men have one less rib than women. This myth may have its roots in the Bible and
154. ^ a b Ehrman, Bart D. (2006). Peter, Paul, and Mary Magdalene: The Followers of Jesus the creation story about Eve being made from one of Adam’s ribs."
in History and Legend . Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp. 189–90. 567. ^ Dresden, Danielle (March 12, 2020). "How many ribs do humans have? Men, women,
ISBN 978-0195300130. and anatomy" . Medical News Today. Retrieved June 5, 2022. "Although many people
155. ^ a. Marrow, Stanley B. (1986). Paul: His Letters and His Theology : an Introduction to might think that males have fewer ribs than females — most likely sparked by the biblical
Paul's Epistles . Paulist Press. pp. 5, 7. ISBN 978-0809127443. story of Adam and Eve — there is no factual evidence."
b. "Why did God change Saul's name to Paul?" . Catholic Answers. Archived from the 568. ^ a. Sigelman, Carol K. (2012). "Age and Ethnic Differences in Cold Weather and
original on October 30, 2012. Retrieved August 31, 2014. Contagion Theories of Colds and Flu". Health Education & Behavior. 39 (1): 67–76.
156. ^ "Religion & Ethics – Beliefs: The Immaculate Conception" . BBC. 2009. Archived doi:10.1177/1090198111407187 . PMID 21586668 . S2CID 206684728 .
from the original on January 24, 2012. Retrieved January 5, 2011. b. Snow LF (1983). "Traditional health beliefs and practices among lower class black
157. ^ Hopko, Thomas. The Winter Pascha Chapter 9, Antiochian Orthodox Christian Americans" . West J Med. 139 (6): 820–28. PMC 1011011 . PMID 6364570 .
Archdiocese of North America c. Snow LF (1983). "Traditional health beliefs and practices among lower class black
158. ^ a. Rafe, Simon. "Infallibility versus Impeccability" . Saint Michael's Basic Training: Americans" . West J Med. 139 (6): 820–28. PMC 1011011 . PMID 6364570 .
Apologetics. Archived from the original on April 27, 2014. Retrieved June 17, 2011. d. Thomas, Merlin. "Monday's medical myth: you can catch a cold by getting cold" . The
b. MacDonald, David; Bonocore, Mark. "Is the Pope Sinless?" . The Pope, Bishop of Conversation.
Rome Catholic and Orthodox relations. CatholicBridge.com. Archived from the original e. "Feeling cold causing colds? – Scientific Scribbles" .
on June 15, 2011. Retrieved June 17, 2011. f. Parker-Pope, Tara (June 29, 2009). "11 Health Myths That May Surprise You" .
159. ^ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Beatification and Canonization" . Archived from the original on April 18, 2019.
www.newadvent.org. 569. ^ "Winter Illness Guide" . www.hopkinsmedicine.org. December 6, 2021. Retrieved
160. ^ a b c d Noreen (November 19, 2012). "St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican Is Not The Official June 21, 2022.
Church Of The Pope" . Today I Found Out. Retrieved February 14, 2019. 570. ^ Acharya, B.; Thapa, K. (January 2016). "Indoor Staying During Winter Season Makes
161. ^ a. "Utah Local News – Salt Lake City News, Sports, Archive" . The Salt Lake Tribune. People More Susceptible to Flu" . Journal of Nepal Health Research Council. 14 (32):
Retrieved October 1, 2014. 69–70. ISSN 1999-6217 . PMID 27426715 .
b. "Religions – Mormon: Polygamy" . BBC. Retrieved October 1, 2014. 571. ^ "Suffering from a cold?" . October 6, 2021.
c. "Mormon church explains polygamy in early days" . The Big Story. Archived from the 572. ^ "WARNING: Antibiotics don't work for viruses like colds and the flu" . FDA. November
original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved October 1, 2014. 3, 2018.
d. "Mormon Polygamy Misconceptions about Mormon Polygamy" . Mormon Polygamy. 573. ^ Arroll, B; Kenealy, T (October 21, 2002). "Antibiotics for the common cold and acute
Archived from the original on January 13, 2013. Retrieved October 1, 2014. purulent rhinitis". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (3): CD000247.
162. ^ a. "Polygamy lives on in LDS temples" . The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000247 . PMID 12137610 .
November 25, 2019. 574. ^ a. Eccles, Ronald; Weber, Olaf, eds. (2009). Common cold. Basel: Birkhäuser. p. 7.
163. ^ The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. "Do Mormons practice polygamy?" . ISBN 978-3764398941.
mormon.org. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved October 1, b. Rutter, Paul (2009). Community pharmacy : symptoms, diagnosis and treatment
2014. (2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. p. 7. ISBN 978-0702029950.
164. ^ a. "Current practice of polygamy in the Mormon movement" . Retrieved October 1, 575. ^ a. "Vitamin C for the Common Cold" . WebMD. Archived from the original on
2014. October 24, 2010. Retrieved September 27, 2013.
b. "Modern Polygamy: Arizona Mormon Fundamentalists Seek to Shed Stereotypes" . b. Harri Hemilä; Elizabeth Chalker (January 2013). "Vitamin C for preventing and treating
ABC News. March 14, 2014. Retrieved October 1, 2014. the common cold" . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 1 (1): CD000980.
165. ^ Poe, Harry Lee; Stanley Mattson, J. (2005). What God Knows: Time, Eternity, and doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000980.pub4 . PMC 1160577 . PMID 23440782 .
Divine Knowledge . ISBN 978-1932792126. 576. ^ a. "Warts: 10 Answers to Common Questions" .
166. ^ "St Augustine and the Beginning of Time" . Society of Catholic Scientists. b. "Putting an End to Warts" . Londondrugs.com. Archived from the original on June
167. ^ Vyver, James (August 17, 2017). "Explainer: Why do Muslim women wear a burka, 9, 2012. Retrieved August 29, 2009.
niqab or hijab?" . Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved February 1, 2020. 577. ^ a. Bosomworth NJ (September 2009). "Exercise and knee osteoarthritis: benefit or
"Some Muslim women wear niqabs, which are often confused with the burka." hazard?" . Can Fam Physician. 55 (9): 871–78. PMC 2743580 . PMID 19752252 .
168. ^ Quotah, Eman. "I'm Muslim but don't wear a headscarf. Stop using hijabs as a tool for b. Deweber, K; Olszewski, M; Ortolano, R (March–April 2011). "Knuckle cracking and
'solidarity.' " . USA Today. Retrieved December 3, 2021. hand osteoarthritis" . Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine. 24 (2): 169–
169. ^ a. Isbister, William H. (November 23, 2002). "A "good" fatwa" . British Medical 74. doi:10.3122/jabfm.2011.02.100156 . PMID 21383216 .
Journal. 325 (7374): 1227. doi:10.1136/bmj.325.7374.1227 . PMC 1124693 . 578. ^ a b c Marshall, IJ; Wolfe, CD; McKevitt, C (July 9, 2012). "Lay perspectives on
b. Vultee, Fred (October 2006). "Fatwa on the Bunny". Journal of Communication hypertension and drug adherence: systematic review of qualitative research" . BMJ
Inquiry. 30 (4): 319–36. doi:10.1177/0196859906290919 . S2CID 143612009 . (Clinical research ed.). 345: e3953. doi:10.1136/bmj.e3953 . PMC 3392078 .
170. ^ "In Depth: Islam, Fatwa FAQ" . CBC News Online. June 15, 2006. Archived from the PMID 22777025 .
original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved April 8, 2009. 579. ^ Dickinson, HO; Mason, JM; Nicolson, DJ; Campbell, F; Beyer, FR; Cook, JV; Williams,
171. ^ Khadduri, Majid (1955). War and Peace in the Law of Islam . Johns Hopkins Press. B; Ford, GA (February 2006). "Lifestyle interventions to reduce raised blood pressure: a
pp. 74–80. ISBN 978-1584776956. systematic review of randomized controlled trials". Journal of Hypertension. 24 (2): 215–
172. ^ a. Buckles, Luke (2004). The Complete Idiot's Guide to World Religions (3rd ed.). 33. doi:10.1097/01.hjh.0000199800.72563.26 . PMID 16508562 . S2CID 9125890 .
Alpha. p. 157. ISBN 978-1592572229. 580. ^ a. "Daily Skin Care Essential to Control Atopic Dermatitis" . American Academy of
b. "Western definition of "jihad" must be corrected – Italian expert" . Kuwait News Dermatology. Archived from the original on October 17, 2013. Retrieved March 24,
Agency (KUNA). March 29, 2007. Archived from the original on October 15, 2011. 2009.
173. ^ Safi, Louay M. (2003). Peace and the Limits of War: Transcending the Classical b. McAleer, MA; Flohr, C; Irvine, AD (July 23, 2012). "Management of difficult and severe
Conception of Jihad . International Institute of Islamic Thought. p. preface. ISBN 978- eczema in childhood" (PDF). British Medical Journal. 345: e4770.

1565644021. doi:10.1136/bmj.e4770 . hdl:2262/75991 . PMID 22826585 . S2CID 36038433 .

174. ^ al-Jalalayn. "Tafsir Ar-Rahman" . Tafsir al-Jalalayn. Retrieved April 30, 2020. 581. ^ Mikkelson, Barbara (March 24, 2012). "Keeping Tabs" . Snopes. Retrieved March 30,
175. ^ al-Jalalayn. "Tafsir Ar-Rahman" . Tafsir al-Jalalayn. Retrieved April 30, 2020. 2014.

176. ^ a b Warraq, Ibn (January 12, 2002). "Virgins? What virgins?" . The Guardian. London. 582. ^ "NKF Dispels Pull Tabs for Dialysis Time Rumor" . National Kidney Foundation. June

Archived from the original on June 22, 2013. 1, 1998. Archived from the original on April 7, 2014. Retrieved March 30, 2014.

177. ^ Anjali Nirmal (2009). Urban Terrorism: Myths and Realities . Pointer Publishers. 583. ^ Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh (November 7, 2019). "High-protein diet is bad for kidney
p. 33. ISBN 978-8171325986. health: unleashing the taboo" . Oxford Academic. Retrieved May 5, 2022.

178. ^ Salahuddin Yusuf, Riyadhus Salihin, commentary on Nawawi, Chapter 372, Dar-us- 584. ^ Kamal Patel (November 2, 2020). "Can eating too much protein be bad for you?" .

Salam Publications (1999), ISBN 978-1591440536 Examine.com. Retrieved May 5, 2022.

179. ^ a b Szpek, Heidi (2002). Voices from the University: The Legacy of the Hebrew Bible. 585. ^ Bensky, Dan; Clavey, Steven; Stoger, Erich and Gamble, Andrew (2004) Chinese
p. 92. ISBN 978-0595256198. Herbal Medicine: Materia Medica, 3rd Edition. Eastland Press. ISBN 0939616424

180. ^ a. Babylonian Talmud, Berakhot, 40a 586. ^ a b Solnit, Rebecca (June 12, 2013). "The Separating Sickness" . Harper's Magazine.

b. Adams, Cecil (November 24, 2006). "Was the forbidden fruit in the Garden of Eden an June 2013 – via Harpers.
apple?" . The Straight Dope. Archived from the original on April 1, 2014. Retrieved 587. ^ "Leprosy – Infections" . Merck Manuals Consumer Version.
February 9, 2012. 588. ^ a. Grzybowski, Andrzej; Nita, Małgorzata (2016). "Leprosy in the Bible". Clinics in
181. ^ Levine, Rabbi Menachem (October 7, 2018). "Judaism and Tattoos" . aish.com. Dermatology. 34 (1): 3–7. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2015.10.003 . ISSN 0738-081X .
Retrieved December 12, 2018. PMID 26773616 .
182. ^ Peterson, Christopher. "When Did the Buddha Become Fat?" . Psychology Today. b. HaTalmud V'Chachmas HaRefuah. Berlin. 1928. p. 323. Title at hebrewbooks.org, pp.
Retrieved November 1, 2018. 339-340.

183. ^ a b Mikkelson, Barbara (May 18, 2010). "Golf: Gentlemen Only, Ladies Forbidden?" . 589. ^ "Tetanus – Can a Rusty Nail Cause Tetanus?" . Environmental Safety and Health

Snopes. Retrieved June 23, 2022. Online. Retrieved November 9, 2015.

184. ^ a b Jerris, Rand. "FAQ - Golf History Questions" . United States Golf Association. 590. ^ Jacqueline Howard (April 17, 2019). "Doctors develop 'cure' for babies with 'bubble
Retrieved June 23, 2022. boy' disease" . CNN.

185. ^ a b Clemens, Warren (November 27, 2004). "Did 'Gentlemen Only, Ladies Forbidden?' 591. ^ Sylte, Alison (March 4, 2020). "The 1918 Spanish flu killed 8,000 people in Colorado,

give us golf?" . The Globe and Mail. Retrieved June 23, 2022. but Gunnison only had 2 cases. Here's why" . KUSA. Retrieved September 11, 2020.

186. ^ a. Cole, Diane (October 4, 1990). "Contrary to myth, baseball may have had no single 592. ^ Barnes, Sasha. "Rutgers study finds antibiotic overuse is caused by misconceptions,
inventor" . US News and World Report. Archived from the original on December 14, financial incentives" . The Daily Targum.

2013. Retrieved August 6, 2009. 593. ^ Blaser, Martin J.; Melby, Melissa K.; Lock, Margaret; Nichter, Mark (February 2021).
b. Fox, Butterfield (October 4, 1990). "Cooperstown? Hoboken? Try New York City" . "Accounting for variation in and overuse of antibiotics among humans". BioEssays. 43
The New York Times. Retrieved April 3, 2009. (2): 2000163. doi:10.1002/bies.202000163 . PMID 33410142 . S2CID 230811912 .
187. ^ 柔道帯の最⾼位は、何と紅!? "紅帯"所持者に投げられてきた! (in Japanese). R25.jp. 594. ^ Mühlbauer, Viktoria; Prinz, Roman; Mühlhauser, Ingrid; Wegwarth, Odette (September
May 15, 2008. Archived from the original on May 19, 2008. Retrieved November 11, 13, 2018). "Alternative package leaflets improve people's understanding of drug side
2008. effects – A randomized controlled exploratory survey" . PLOS ONE. 13 (9): e0203800.

188. ^ Corrigan, James (January 5, 2006). "FA Cup countdown: 1927 and all that" . The Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1303800M . doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0203800 . ISSN 1932-
Independent. Retrieved April 8, 2018. 6203 . PMC 6136776 . PMID 30212555 .

189. ^ Williams, Jack (February 17, 2017). "You Can Tell an F.A. Cup Champion by Its Corner 595. ^ "9 Pet Myths: Debunked!" . Ethos Veterinary Health.

Flags. Or Not" . The New York Times. Retrieved April 8, 2018. 596. ^ "Can Dogs Help Humans Heal? | Psychology Today Australia" .

190. ^ Adhikari, Somak (June 6, 2018). "No, India Did Not Withdraw From The 1950 FIFA www.psychologytoday.com.
World Cup Because They Did Not Want To Wear Shoes" . The Times of India. The 597. ^ "Live Science" . Live Science. June 23, 2017. Retrieved July 29, 2018.
Times Group. Retrieved December 2, 2019. 598. ^ Spellman, Frank R; Price-Bayer, Joni. (2010). In Defense of Science: Why Scientific
191. ^ a. Kapadia, Novy (July 2, 2013). "The 1950 FIFA World Cup: A missed opportunity for Literacy Matters. The Scarecrow Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-1-60590-735-2 "There is no
India" . SportsKeeda. Archived from the original on March 22, 2017. Retrieved scientific evidence that crystal healing has any effect. It has been called a
March 17, 2017. pseudoscience. Pleasant feelings or the apparent successes of crystal healing can be
192. ^ a. Lisi (2007), p. 49 attributed to the placebo effect or cognitive bias—a believer wanting it to be true."
b. "1950 FIFA World Cup Brazil – Overview" . FIFA. Archived from the original on 599. ^ Regal, Brian. (2009). Pseudoscience: A Critical Encyclopedia. Greenwood. p. 51.
March 18, 2012. ISBN 978-0-313-35507-3

193. ^ Kapadia, Novy (July 2, 2013). "The 1950 FIFA World Cup: A missed opportunity for 600. ^ Perlman, Sally E.; Nakajyma, Steven T.; Hertweck, S. Paige (2004). Clinical protocols
India" . SportsKeeda. Archived from the original on March 22, 2017. Retrieved in pediatric and adolescent gynecology . Parthenon. p. 131 . ISBN 1-84214-199-6.
March 17, 2017. 601. ^ Green, Hank (December 14, 2019). "The Hymen Doesn't Tell You Anything About a
194. ^ "Violent video games found not to be associated with adolescent aggression" . Person" . SciShow.
University of Oxford. February 13, 2019. Retrieved June 25, 2022. 602. ^ Perlman, Sally E.; Nakajyma, Steven T.; Hertweck, S. Paige (2004). Clinical protocols
195. ^ Etchells, Pete (April 6, 2019). "Five damaging myths about video games – let's shoot in pediatric and adolescent gynecology. Parthenon. p. 131. ISBN 978-1842141991.
'em up" . The Guardian. Retrieved December 23, 2020. 603. ^ "United Nations agencies call for ban on virginity testing" . World Health
196. ^ Henry, Jenkins. "Reality Bytes: Eight Myths About Video Games Debunked" . PBS. Organization. October 17, 2018. Retrieved October 22, 2018.
Retrieved December 23, 2020. 604. ^ A National Protocol for Sexual Assault Medical Forensic Examinations Archived
197. ^ "Misconceptions – Video Game Dissection" . Pennsylvania State University. 2011-07-08 at the Wayback Machine National Criminal Justice Reference Service
Retrieved December 23, 2020. (NCJRS). September 2004

198. ^ Markey, Patrick M.; Ferguson, Christopher J. (October 1, 2017). "Teaching Us to Fear: 605. ^ Mondaini, Nicola; Gontero, Paolo (2005). "Idiopathic short penis: Myth or reality?" .
The Violent Video Game Moral Panic and the Politics of Game Research" (PDF). BJU International. 95 (1): 8–9. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2005.05238.x .
American Journal of Play: 99–115. Retrieved December 23, 2020. PMID 15638885 .
199. ^ Plunkett, Luke (February 3, 2016). "Why Gandhi Is Such An Asshole In Civilization" . 606. ^ Christensen, Jen. "Trump: Do small hands equal small penis, or a myth?" . CNN.
Kotaku. Retrieved June 22, 2022. 607. ^ Shah, J.; Christopher, N. (2002). "Can shoe size predict penile length?" . BJU
200. ^ a b Meier, Sid (2020). "Funny Business". Sid Meier's Memoir!: A Life in Computer International. 90 (6): 586–587. doi:10.1046/j.1464-410X.2002.02974.x . ISSN 1464-
Games. W. W. Norton. pp. 261–266. ISBN 978-1-324-00587-2. 410X . PMID 12230622 . S2CID 20887458 . Retrieved January 28, 2022.
201. ^ Артемий Леонов (September 5, 2019). Почему история о баге с «ядерным Ганди» в 608. ^ II, Thomas H. Maugh (July 4, 2011). "Judging penis size by comparing index, ring
Civilization, скорее всего, выдумана [Why the story about the "Nuclear Gandhi" bug fingers" – via LA Times.
in Civilization is likely fictional]. DTF.ru [ru] (in Russian). Retrieved June 22, 2022. 609. ^ a b Kershaw, Sarah (November 26, 2009). "Shaking Off the Shame" . The New York
202. ^ Jackson, Gina (August 11, 2016). "Gandhi Is Still An Asshole In Civilization VI" . Times.
Kotaku. Retrieved June 22, 2022. 610. ^ a b Bennett, Robin L.; Motulsky, Arno G.; Bittles, Alan; Hudgins, Louanne; Uhrich,
203. ^ Kennedy, Sam (December 2, 2005). "Dragon Quest vs. America" . 1up. Archived Stefanie; Doyle, Debra Lochner; Silvey, Kerry; Scott, C. Ronald; Cheng, Edith;
from the original on July 28, 2012. Retrieved June 26, 2022. "Predating Xbox 360 McGillivray, Barbara; Steiner, Robert D.; Olson, Debra (2002). "Genetic Counseling and
hysteria by years, several fans were mugged on their way home with their new prize, and Screening of Consanguineous Couples and Their Offspring" . Journal of Genetic
the situation became so bad that it was brought before the Japanese Diet. Although tales Counseling. 11 (2): 97–119. doi:10.1023/A:1014593404915 . PMID 26141656 .
of a law requiring Dragon Quest games only be released on the mornings of weekends S2CID 23922750 .
or holidays are the stuff of urban legend, each new title is as highly anticipated as the 611. ^ a. Ober, C; Hyslop, T; Hauck, WW (January 1999). "Inbreeding effects on fertility in
launch of a new console." humans: evidence for reproductive compensation" . Am. J. Hum. Genet. 64 (1): 225–
204. ^ Joe, Skrebels (April 22, 2020). "How Dragon Quest Spawned an Urban Legend" . 31. doi:10.1086/302198 . PMC 1377721 . PMID 9915962 .
IGN. Archived from the original on April 14, 2022. Retrieved June 26, 2022. b. Robert, Alexandre; Toupance, Bruno; Tremblay, Marc; Heyer, Evelyne (2009). "Impact
205. ^ Gilbert, Henry (July 11, 2010). "Everything you need to know about Dragon Quest – of inbreeding on fertility in a pre-industrial population" . European Journal of Human

There is no Dragon Quest law" . GamesRadar. Archived from the original on July 26, Genetics. 17 (5): 673–81. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.237 . PMC 2986271 .

2013. Retrieved June 26, 2022. PMID 19092776 .

206. ^ Walker, Matt (August 19, 2012). "Dragon Quest X Online: Mezameshi Itsutsu no 612. ^ Ainsworth Claire (June 9, 2006). "Sex before the big game?" . Nature.
Shuzoku" . Nintendo World Report. Retrieved June 26, 2022. "Its Thursday release is doi:10.1038/news060605-16 . S2CID 179920555 . Archived from the original on
unheard of for a Dragon Quest game, which are generally released over the weekend so November 4, 2012. Retrieved January 16, 2011.

people don’t take work off in droves to play them." 613. ^ "Sex and Sports: Should Athletes Abstain Before Big Events?" . National

207. ^ a b Fox, Mark (2012). "Space Invaders targets coins" . World Coin News. Krause Geographic. February 22, 2006. Archived from the original on March 1, 2014.
Publications. 39 (2): 35–37. Retrieved June 26, 2022. Retrieved January 16, 2011.

208. ^ a b Paradis, Charles (March 2014). "Insert Coin to Play: Space Invaders and the 100- 614. ^ a. Balon, Richard; Segraves, Robert Taylor (2009). Clinical Manual of Sexual

Yen Myth" . The Numismatist. American Numismatic Association: 46–48. Retrieved Disorders . American Psychiatric Publishing. p. 258. ISBN 978-1585629053. Retrieved

June 26, 2022. January 24, 2014.

209. ^ Parkin, Simon (October 17, 2013). "The Space Invader" . The New Yorker. Retrieved b. Greenberg, Jerrold S.; Bruess, Clint E.; Oswalt, Sara B. (2014). Exploring the

June 26, 2022. Dimensions of Human Sexuality . Jones & Bartlett Publishers. pp. 102–04. ISBN 978-
1449648510. Retrieved October 30, 2014.
210. ^ Barton, Matt (May 8, 2019). "Space Invaders: The Japanese Invasion" . Vintage
c. Hines T (August 2001). "The G-Spot: A modern gynecologic myth". Am J Obstet
Games 2.0: An Insider Look at the Most Influential Games of All Time. CRC Press. p. 24.
Gynecol. 185 (2): 359–62. doi:10.1067/mob.2001.115995 . PMID 11518892 .
ISBN 978-1-000-00092-4.
S2CID 32381437 .
211. ^ Craig Glenday, ed. (March 11, 2008). "Record Breaking Games: Shooting Games
d. Kilchevsky, A; Vardi, Y; Lowenstein, L; Gruenwald, I (January 2012). "Is the Female G-
Roundup" . Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition 2008 . Guinness World
Spot Truly a Distinct Anatomic Entity?". The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 9 (3): 719–26.
Records. Guinness. p. 106 . ISBN 978-1-904994-21-3. "It is difficult to determine the
doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02623.x . PMID 22240236 .
most successful arcade shooting game, as it's hard to track the earning of each
individual cabinet. But Space Invaders must a serious contender: shortly after the game Lay summary in: "G-Spot Does Not Exist, 'Without A Doubt,' Say Researchers" .
was released in Japan, it is widely believed to have inspired a coin shortage, which Huffington Post. January 19, 2012.
required the supply of the 100-Yen coin to be increased." 615. ^ Adams, HE; Wright Jr, LW; Lohr, BA (1996). "Is homophobia associated with

212. ^ Stuart, Keith (July 12, 2011). "What does Hollywood want with old arcade games?" . homosexual arousal?" (PDF). Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 105 (3): 440–45.

The Guardian. Retrieved June 29, 2022. "Released in 1978 this early shooter pitted the doi:10.1037/0021-843X.105.3.440 . PMID 8772014 .

player against waves of iconic alien craft; it became the most successful arcade game of 616. ^ MacInnis, Cara C.; Hodson, Gordon (November 2013). "Is Homophobia Associated
the era and its huge popularity was widely credited with causing a coin shortage in with an Implicit Same-Sex Attraction?". Journal of Sex Research. 50 (8): 777–785.
Japan." doi:10.1080/00224499.2012.690111 . PMID 22989040 . S2CID 205442892 .

213. ^ Kent, Steven L. (September 6, 2001). "The Return of Bushnell" . The Ultimate History 617. ^ a. Ames, M. Ashley; Houston, David A. (August 1990). "Legal, social, and biological
of Video Games: From Pong to Pokemon--The Story Behind the Craze That Touched definitions of pedophilia". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 19 (4): 333–42.
Our Lives and Changed the World. Crown. p. 116. ISBN 0761536434. "By the end of its doi:10.1007/BF01541928 . PMID 2205170 . S2CID 16719658 .
arcade life, more than 100,000 units of Space Invaders blanketed Japan. So many b. Lanning, Kenneth V. (2010). "Child Molesters: A Behavioral Analysis" (PDF).

people were playing the game that it caused a national coin shortage. The Japanese National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (Fifth ed.). p. 79. Archived from the
mint had to triple the production of the 100-yen piece because so many coins were original (PDF) on December 24, 2010.

glutted in the arcades." c. Fagan PJ, Wise TN, Schmidt CW, Berlin FS (November 2002). "Pedophilia" . JAMA.

214. ^ a b a. Brinkmann, Vinzenz (2008). "The Polychromy of Ancient Greek Sculpture" . In 288 (19): 2458–65. doi:10.1001/jama.288.19.2458 . PMID 12435259 . Archived from

Panzanelli, Roberta; Schmidt, Eike D.; Lapatin, Kenneth (eds.). The Color of Life: the original on March 4, 2020. Retrieved December 23, 2020.
Polychromy in Sculpture from Antiquity to the Present. Los Angeles: The J. Paul Getty d. Hall RC, Hall RC (2007). "A profile of pedophilia: definition, characteristics of
Museum and the Getty Research Institute. pp. 18–39. ISBN 978-0892369188. offenders, recidivism, treatment outcomes, and forensic issues". Mayo Clinic
b. Gurewitsch, Matthew (July 2008). "True Colors: Archaeologist Vinzenz Brinkmann Proceedings. 82 (4): 457–71. doi:10.4065/82.4.457 . PMID 17418075 .
insists his eye-popping reproductions of ancient Greek sculptures are right on target" . 618. ^ Gosline, Anna (December 7, 2007). "Do Women Who Live Together Menstruate
Smithsonian.com. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved May 15, 2018. Together?" . Scientific American. Retrieved January 2, 2012.
c. Prisco, Jacopo (November 30, 2017). " 'Gods in Color' returns antiquities to their 619. ^ Harris, Amy L.; Vitzthum, Virginia J. (2013). "Darwin's Legacy: An Evolutionary View of
original, colorful grandeur" . CNN style. CNN. Cable News Network. Retrieved May 15, Women's Reproductive and Sexual Functioning". Journal of Sex Research. 50 (3–4):
2018. 207–46. doi:10.1080/00224499.2012.763085 . PMID 23480070 . S2CID 30229421 .
215. ^ Talbot, Margaret. "The Myth of Whiteness in Classical Sculpture" . The New Yorker. 620. ^ a b Compare: Zeratsky, Katherine (April 21, 2012). "Do detox diets offer any health
Retrieved May 12, 2020. benefits?" . Mayo Clinic. Archived from the original on December 16, 2019. Retrieved
216. ^ a. James Hamilton-Paterson, Carol Andrews, Mummies: Death and Life in Ancient May 9, 2015. "[...T]here's little evidence that detox diets actually remove toxins from the
Egypt, p. 190, Collins for British Museum Publications, 1978, ISBN 0001955322 body. Indeed, the kidneys and liver are generally quite effective at filtering and
b. Charlotte Booth, The Boy Behind the Mask, p. xvi, Oneword, 2007, ISBN 978- eliminating most ingested toxins."
1851685448 621. ^ a. Barrett, Stephen (June 8, 2011). " "Detoxification" schemes and scams" .
c. Richard Cavendish, "Tutankhamun's Curse?", History Today 64:3 (3 March 2014 ) Quackwatch. Retrieved June 18, 2014.
217. ^ Sparkes A.W. (1988). "Idiots, Ancient and Modern". Australian Journal of Political b. "Detox Diets: Cleansing the Body" . WebMD. Retrieved June 23, 2010.
Science. 23: 101–02. doi:10.1080/00323268808402051 . 622. ^ a. Pinnock, CB; Graham, NM; Mylvaganam, A; Douglas, RM (1990). "Relationship
218. ^ Winkler, Martin M. (2009). The Roman Salute: Cinema, History, Ideology. Columbus: between milk intake and mucus production in adult volunteers challenged with
Ohio State University Press. ISBN 978-0814208649. p. 55 The raised arm, first stretched rhinovirus-2". The American Review of Respiratory Disease. 141 (2): 352–56.
out as a symbol of righteous fervor-as the Horatii evince it-and later as a symbol of doi:10.1164/ajrccm/141.2.352 . PMID 2154152 .
political allegiance and religious-political unity between a people and its leader, becomes b. Patricia Queen Samour; Kathy King Helm (2005). Handbook of pediatric nutrition .
an important part of the iconography of new societies. In addition to its specific Jones & Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-0763783563.
contemporary use the gesture comes to express, in a fashion that appears timeless and 623. ^ a b a. Valtin, Heinz (2002). " "Drink at least eight glasses of water a day." Really? Is
even mystical, an appeal to a higher being and to a heroic ancient past that had served there scientific evidence for "8 × 8"?". American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory,
as a model for most of Western civilization for centuries, although often in ways not Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 283 (5): R993–R1004.
supported by historical fact. David's Oath of the Horatii provided the starting point for an doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00365.2002 . PMID 12376390 .
arresting gesture that progressed from oath-taking to what will become known as the b. "Über den Durst" (in German). Die Zeit. Retrieved April 7, 2012.
Roman salute. c. "Muss ich wirklich 3 Liter Wasser am Tag trinken" (in German). Retrieved April 7,
219. ^ Fass, Patrick (1994). Around the Roman Table . University of Chicago Press. pp. 66– 2012.
67. ISBN 978-0226233475. 624. ^ a. Sophie C. Killer; Andrew K. Blannin; Asker E. Jeukendrup (January 2014). "No
220. ^ McKeown, J.C. (2010). A Cabinet of Roman Curiosities: Strange Tales and Surprising Evidence of Dehydration with Moderate Daily Coffee Intake: A Counterbalanced Cross-
Facts from the World's Greatest Empire . Oxford University Press. pp. 153–54. Over Study in a Free-Living Population" . PLOS ONE. 9 (1): e84154.
ISBN 978-0195393750. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...984154K . doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0084154 .
221. ^ "...could not survive the trauma of a Caesarean" Oxford Classical Dictionary, Third PMC 3886980 . PMID 24416202 . S2CID 18643248 .

Edition, "Childbirth" b. Erickson, Alexa (May 11, 2017). Science Just Debunked a Coffee Myth That's Been
Around Since 1928 . Reader's Digest.
222. ^ Wanjek, Christopher (April 7, 2003). Bad Medicine: Misconceptions and Misuses
Revealed, from Distance Healing to Vitamin O . John Wiley & Sons. p. 5. ISBN 978-0- c. Maughan, Ronald J.; Watson, Phillip; Cordery, Philip A.A.; Walsh, Neil P.; Oliver,

471-46315-3. Samuel J.; Dolci, Alberto; Rodriguez-Sanchez, Nidia; Galloway, Stuart (December 23,
2015). "A randomized trial to assess the potential of different beverages to affect
223. ^ Harper, Douglas. "caesarian" . Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved January 22,
hydration status: development of a beverage hydration index" . The American Journal
2022.
of Clinical Nutrition. 103 (3): 717–23. doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.114769 . PMID 26702122 .
224. ^ a. Wessel, Susan (2004). Cyril of Alexandria and the Nestorian Controversy: The
S2CID 378245 .
Making of a Saint and of a Heretic . Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp. 36–
625. ^ a. Vreeman R. C.; Carroll A.E. (2008). "Festive medical myths". BMJ. 337: a2769.
38. ISBN 978-0199268467.
doi:10.1136/bmj.a2769 . PMID 19091758 . S2CID 29006871 .
b. Watts, Edward J. (2008). City and School in Late Antique Athens and Alexandria .
b. "Medical Myths" . University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences. Archived from the
Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press. pp. 195–200.
original on January 9, 2014. Retrieved February 10, 2011.
ISBN 978-0520258167.
626. ^ Fullerton-Smith, Jill (2007). The Truth About Food. Bloomsbury. pp. 115–17. ISBN 978-
225. ^ a b Theodore, Jonathan (2016). The Modern Cultural Myth of the Decline and Fall of
0747586852. "Most parents assume that children plus sugary foods equals raucous and
the Roman Empire . Manchester, England: Palgrave, Macmillan. ISBN 978-
uncontrollable behaviour. ... according to nutrition experts, the belief that children
1137569974.
experience a 'sugar high' is a myth."
226. ^ a. Ridley, R.T. (1986). "To Be Taken with a Pinch of Salt: The Destruction of Carthage".
627. ^ Mantantzis, Konstantinos; Schlaghecken, Friederike; Sünram-Lea, Sandra I.; Maylor,
Classical Philology. 81 (2): 140–46. doi:10.1086/366973 . JSTOR 269786 .
Elizabeth A. (June 1, 2019). "Sugar rush or sugar crash? A meta-analysis of
S2CID 161696751 .: "a tradition in Roman history well known to most students"
carbohydrate effects on mood" (PDF). Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 101:
b. Stevens, Susan T. (1988). "A Legend of the Destruction of Carthage". Classical
45–67. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.03.016 . PMID 30951762 . S2CID 92575160 .
Philology. 83 (1): 39–41. doi:10.1086/367078 . JSTOR 269635 .
628. ^ Atkins, William. "Diverticulitis isn't anti-nut any more" . Archived from the original on
S2CID 161764925 .
April 4, 2012. Retrieved July 1, 2011.
c. Visona, Paolo (1988). "Passing the Salt: On the Destruction of Carthage Again".
Classical Philology. 83 (1): 41–42. doi:10.1086/367079 . JSTOR 269636 . 629. ^ Weisberger, L; Jamieson, B (July 2009). "Clinical inquiries: How can you help prevent a
S2CID 162289604 .: "this story... had already gained widespread currency" recurrence of diverticulitis?". The Journal of Family Practice. 58 (7): 381–82.
d. Warmington, B.H. (1988). "The Destruction of Carthage: A Retractatio". Classical PMID 19607778 .
Philology. 83 (4): 308–10. doi:10.1086/367123 . JSTOR 269510 . 630. ^ O'Connor, Anahad (June 28, 2005). "The Claim: Never Swim After Eating" . The New
S2CID 162850949 .: "the frequently repeated story" York Times. Retrieved January 16, 2011.; "Hour Missed Brooks" . Snopes. January 3,

227. ^ a. Lindberg, David C. (2003). Lindberg, David C.; Numbers, Ronald L. (eds.). The 2005. Retrieved January 16, 2011.
Medieval Church Encounters the Classical Tradition: Saint Augustine, Roger Bacon, and 631. ^ a b a. Webb, Densie (September 2010). "Defending Vegan Diets – RDs Aim to Clear
the Handmaiden Metaphor. When Science & Christianity Meet. Chicago: University of Up Common Misconceptions About Vegan Diets" . Today's Dietician: 20. Archived
Chicago Press. p. 8. from the original on December 14, 2013. Retrieved March 9, 2011.
b. Grant, Edward (2001). God and Reason in the Middle Ages. Cambridge. p. 9. b. Matthews, Jessica (November 4, 2009). "Are vegetarian diets safe?" . Ask the
c. Peters, Ted (2005). "Science and Religion". In Jones, Lindsay (ed.). Encyclopedia of Expert. American Council on Exercise. Archived from the original on January 6, 2013.
Religion (2nd ed.). Thomson Gale. p. 8182. Retrieved March 9, 2011.
d. Snyder, Christopher A. (1998). An Age of Tyrants: Britain and the Britons A.D. 400– 632. ^ Messina, Virginia; Reed Mangles; Mark Messina (2004). The dietitian's guide to
600. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. pp. xiii–xiv. vegetarian diets. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. ISBN 978-0763732417.
ISBN 0271017805. 633. ^ a. Matson, John (October 11, 2007). "Fact or Fiction?: Chewing Gum Takes Seven
228. ^ Hawks, John (2009). Human lifespans have not been constant for the last 2000 Years to Digest" . Scientific American. Archived from the original on January 9, 2014.
years . Retrieved February 4, 2011.
229. ^ a b Wanjek, Christopher (2002). Bad Medicine: Misconceptions and Misuses Revealed, b. Claim: Chewing gum takes seven years to pass through the digestive system;
from Distance Healing to Vitamin O . Wiley. pp. 70–71. ISBN 047143499X. FALSE

230. ^ " "Expectations of Life" by H.O. Lancaster as per" . Archived from the original on 634. ^ a. Tarasoff, L. (December 1993). "Monosodium L-glutamate: A double-blind study and
September 4, 2012. review". Food and Chemical Toxicology. 31 (12): 1019–35. doi:10.1016/0278-
231. ^ Kahn, Charles (2005). World History: Societies of the Past . Portage & Main Press. 6915(93)90012-N . PMID 8282275 .
p. 9. ISBN 978-1553790457. b. Freeman, M. (October 2006). "Reconsidering the effects of monosodium glutamate: A
literature review". Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners. 18 (10): 482–
232. ^ Frank, F. (2000). The Invention of the Viking Horned Helmet . International
86. doi:10.1111/j.1745-7599.2006.00160.x . PMID 16999713 . S2CID 21084909 ."Is
Scandinavian and Medieval Studies in Memory of Gerd Wolfgang Weber. Archived
MSG (Monosodium Glutamate) bad for your health?" . Examine.com. February 23,
from the original on April 13, 2014.
2022.
233. ^ E. W. Gordon, Introduction to Old Norse (2nd edition, Oxford 1962) pp. lxix–lxx.
635. ^ Raphael Rubin; David S. Strayer; Emanuel Rubin; Gonzalo Aponte, eds. (2012).
234. ^ Evans, Andrew (June 2016). "Is Iceland Really Green and Greenland Really Icy?" .
Rubin's pathology : clinicopathologic foundations of medicine (Sixth ed.). Philadelphia,
National Geographic.
PA: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 623. ISBN 978-1605479682.
235. ^ a. Eirik the Red's Saga . Gutenberg.org. March 8, 2006. Archived from the original
636. ^ "Fact sheet for health professionals: Vitamin A" . Office of Dietary Supplements,
on May 11, 2011. Retrieved September 6, 2010.
National Institutes of Health. June 3, 2013. Archived from the original on May 17,
b. "How Greenland Got Its Name" . The Ancient Standard. December 17, 2010.
2008. Retrieved December 29, 2016.
Archived from the original on March 19, 2012. Retrieved January 24, 2020..
637. ^ Maron DF (June 23, 2014). "Fact or Fiction?: Carrots Improve Your Vision" . Scientific
c. Grove, Jonathan (2009). "The place of Greenland in medieval Icelandic saga
American. Retrieved December 29, 2016.
narrative" . Journal of the North Atlantic. 2: 30–51. doi:10.3721/037.002.s206 .
S2CID 163032041 . Archived from the original on April 11, 2012. 638. ^ a. "Does metabolism vary between two people?" . Examine.com. January 28, 2013.

236. ^ "Is King Canute misunderstood?" . BBC. May 26, 2011. Archived from the original b. Hall, Kevin D.; Heymsfield, Steven B.; Kemnitz, Joseph W.; Klein, Samuel; Schoeller,
Dale A.; Speakman, John R. (April 1, 2012). "Energy balance and its components:
on April 20, 2014.
implications for body weight regulation" . The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 95
237. ^ Schild, Wolfgang (2000). Die eiserne Jungfrau. Dichtung und Wahrheit (Schriftenreihe
(4): 989–94. doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.036350 . ISSN 1938-3207 . PMC 3302369 .
des Mittelalterlichen Kriminalmuseums Rothenburg o. d. Tauber Nr. 3). Rothenburg ob
PMID 22434603 .
der Tauber.
c. "The truth about slow metabolism" . Mayo Clinic.
238. ^ a b Guy, Neil (2011–2012). "The Rise of the Anticlockwise Newel Stair" (PDF). The
d. Crowe, Tim. "Monday's medical myth: 'my slow metabolism makes me fat' " . The
Castle Studies Group Journal. 25: 114, 163.
Conversation.
239. ^ Wright, James (October 9, 2019). Guest Post: Busting Mediaeval Building Myths: Part
e. Wang, Catharine; Coups, Elliot J. (March 3, 2010). "Causal beliefs about obesity and
One . History... the interesting bits!. Retrieved February 24, 2020.
associated health behaviors: results from a population-based survey" . International
240. ^ Ryder, Charles (2011). The spiral stair or vice: its origins, role and meaning in medieval
Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 7: 19. doi:10.1186/1479-5868-7-
stone castles (PhD). University of Liverpool. pp. 293–94.
19 . ISSN 1479-5868 . PMC 2842229 . PMID 20199677 .
241. ^ Breiding, Dirk. "Department of Arms and Armor, The Metropolitan Museum of Art" .
f. Barry, Colleen L.; Brescoll, Victoria L.; Brownell, Kelly D.; Schlesinger, Mark (2009).
metmuseum.org. Archived from the original on April 26, 2014. Retrieved February 23,
"Obesity Metaphors: How Beliefs about the Causes of Obesity Affect Support for Public
2012.
Policy" . The Milbank Quarterly. 87 (1): 7–47. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.175.4460 .
242. ^ "Cranes hoisting armored knights" . Archived from the original on October 29, doi:10.1111/j.1468-0009.2009.00546.x . PMC 2879183 . PMID 19298414 .
2013. Retrieved October 23, 2013. g. Oliver, J. Eric; Lee, Taeku (October 1, 2005). "Public Opinion and the Politics of
243. ^ Keyser, Linda Migl (2008). "The Medieval Chastity Belt Unbuckled". In Harris, Stephen Obesity in America". Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law. 30 (5): 923–54.
J.; Grigsby, Bryon L. (eds.). Misconceptions About the Middle Ages. Routledge. doi:10.1215/03616878-30-5-923 . ISSN 0361-6878 . PMID 16477792 .
244. ^ ab "Busting a myth about Columbus and a flat Earth" . Washington Post. Retrieved h. Hankey, C. R.; Eley, S.; Leslie, W. S.; Hunter, C. M.; Lean, M. E. J. (2004). "Eating
September 29, 2018. habits, beliefs, attitudes and knowledge among health professionals regarding the links
245. ^ "Science Versus Christianity?" . www.patheos.com. Retrieved September 29, 2018. between obesity, nutrition and health" . Public Health Nutrition. 7 (2): 337–43.
246. ^ "Here be Dragons" . National Geographic. Retrieved June 24, 2022. doi:10.1079/PHN2003526 . ISSN 1368-9800 . PMID 15003142 .
247. ^ Meyer, Robinson (December 12, 2013). "No Old Maps Actually Say 'Here Be i. "How can I speed up my metabolism?" . nhs.uk. April 26, 2018. Retrieved August 16,
Dragons' " . The Atlantic. Retrieved June 24, 2022. 2019.
248. ^ Van Duzer, Chet (June 4, 2014). "Bring on the Monsters and Marvels: Non-Ptolemaic 639. ^ a. Oliveira, Rosane (June 9, 2015). "The Startling Truth About Soy" .
Legends on Manuscript Maps of Ptolemy's Geography". Viator. 45 (2): 303–334. b. "The truth about what soya does to men's bodies" . The Independent. June 12,
doi:10.1484/J.VIATOR.1.103923 . ISSN 0083-5897 . 2018.
249. ^ Kim, Meeri (August 19, 2013). "Oldest globe to depict the New World may have been c. Stanczyk, Frank Z.; Bhavnani, Bhagu R. (March 1, 2012). "Misconception and
discovered" . The Washington Post. Retrieved July 2, 2022. "The only other map or Concerns about Bioidentical Hormones Used for Custom-Compounded Hormone
globe on which this specific phrase appears is what can arguably be called the egg’s Therapy" . The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 97 (3): 756–59.
twin: the copper Hunt-Lenox Globe, dated around 1510 and housed by the Rare Book doi:10.1210/jc.2011-2492 . PMID 22205711 .
Division of the New York Public Library." d. "Soy" (PDF). www.huhs.edu.
250. ^ Louise M. Bishop (2010). "The Myth of the Flat Earth" . In Stephen Harris; Bryon L. e. Bowles, Nellie (July 25, 2018). "The Dawning of Sperm Awareness" – via
Grigsby (eds.). Misconceptions about the Middle Ages. Routledge. ISBN 978- NYTimes.com.
1135986667. Retrieved January 26, 2014. 640. ^ Wagner, Heather Scherschel; Ahlstrom, Britt; Redden, Joseph P.; Vickers, Zata; Mann,
251. ^ "Columbus's Geographical Miscalculations" . IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Traci (December 2014). "The myth of comfort food" . Health Psychology. 33 (12):
Engineering, and Science News. October 9, 2012. Archived from the original on 1552–1557. doi:10.1037/hea0000068 . ISSN 1930-7810 . PMID 25133833 .
October 3, 2018. Retrieved October 3, 2018. 641. ^ a. Brandstadt, William G. (December 19, 1967). "Popular Misconceptions Regarding
252. ^ "Washington Irving's Columbus and the Flat Earth – Darin Hayton" . Intoxication" . Middlesboro Daily News. Retrieved January 13, 2011.
dhayton.haverford.edu. Retrieved September 29, 2018. b. Pierson, Rebecca (December 9, 2004). "Hypothermia main outdoors threat" .
253. ^ a. Eviatar Zerubavel (2003). Terra cognita: the mental discovery of America . Elizabethton Star. Retrieved January 13, 2011.
Transaction Publishers. pp. 90–91. ISBN 978-0765809872. c. Seixas, Judy (April 15, 1977). "Writer Tells Of Alcohol Dangers, Misconceptions" .
b. Sale, Kirkpatrick (1991). The Conquest of Paradise: Christopher Columbus and the The Virgin Islands Daily News. Retrieved January 13, 2011.
Columbian Legacy . pp. 204–09. ISBN 978-1845111540 – via Google Books. 642. ^ "Alcohol for Warmth" . Archived from the original on April 13, 2014.
254. ^ Wills, Matthew (January 17, 2020). The Mexica Didn't Believe the Conquistadors Were 643. ^ "Study finds alcohol doesn't kill off brain cells | News.com.au" . News Limited. July
Gods . JSTOR. Retrieved January 19, 2020. 10, 2007. Archived from the original on November 29, 2016. Retrieved March 10,
255. ^ "National Pasta Association" . Archived from the original on March 20, 2012. article 2019.
FAQs section "Who "invented" pasta?"; "The story that it was Marco Polo who imported 644. ^ Lovinger, D. M. (1993). "Excitotoxicity and Alcohol-Related Brain Damage".
noodles to Italy and thereby gave birth to the country's pasta culture is the most Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 17 (1): 19–27. doi:10.1111/j.1530-
pervasive myth in the history of Italian food." (Dickie 2008, p. 48). 0277.1993.tb00720.x . PMID 8383925 .
256. ^ S. Serventi, F. Sabban La pasta. Storia e cultura di un cibo universale, VII. Economica 645. ^ Kopelman M. D.; Thomson A.D.; Guerrini I.; Marshall E.J. (2009). "The Korsakoff
Laterza 2004 syndrome: clinical aspects, psychology and treatment" . Alcohol and Alcoholism. 44
257. ^ "Plymouth Colony Clothing" . Web.ccsd.k12.wy.us. Archived from the original on (2): 148–54. doi:10.1093/alcalc/agn118 . PMID 19151162 .
October 22, 2013. Retrieved February 9, 2012. 646. ^ Köchling, Jöran; Geis, Berit; Wirth, Stefan; Hensel, Kai O. (February 1, 2019). "Grape
258. ^ a. Schenone, Laura (2004). A Thousand Years Over A Hot Stove: A History Of or grain but never the twain? A randomized controlled multiarm matched-triplet crossover
American Women Told Through Food, Recipes, And Remembrances. New York: W. W. trial of beer and wine" . The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 109 (2): 345–52.
Norton & Company. p. 118. ISBN 978-0393326277. doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqy309 . PMC 6410559 . PMID 30753321 .
b. Wilson, Susan (2000). Literary Trail of Greater Boston . Boston: Houghton Mifflin 647. ^ Botcharova, Maria (January 10, 2013). "A gripping tale: scientists claim to have
Company. p. 23. ISBN 978-0618050130 – via Google Books. discovered why skin wrinkles in water" . The Guardian. Retrieved January 28, 2013.
259. ^ Brooks, Rebecca Beatrice (July 22, 2018). "What Did the Pilgrims Wear?" . History of 648. ^ a. Changizi, Mark; Weber, Romann; Kotecha, Ritesh; Palazzo, Joseph (2011). "Are
Massachusetts Blog. Rebecca Beatrice Brooks. Retrieved November 10, 2019. Wet-Induced Wrinkled Fingers Primate Rain Treads?" . Brain Behav. Evol. 77 (4): 286–
260. ^ "Did Galileo Really Say: "And Yet It Moves"?" . History Rundown. March 7, 2020. 90. doi:10.1159/000328223 . PMID 21701145 .
261. ^ "Newton's apple: The real story" . New Scientist. January 18, 2010. Archived from the b. Kareklas, Kyriacos; Nettle, Daniel; Smulders, Tom V. (April 23, 2013). "Water-induced

original on January 21, 2010. Retrieved May 10, 2010. finger wrinkles improve handling of wet objects" . Biol. Lett. 9 (2): 20120999.

262. ^ a. Rosenthal, Bernard (1995). Salem Story: Reading the Witch Trials of 1692 . doi:10.1098/rsbl.2012.0999 . PMC 3639753 . PMID 23302867 .

Cambridge University Press. p. 209. ISBN 978-0521558204. 649. ^ Graham-Brown, Robin; Tony Burns (2007). Lecture Notes on Dermatology. Blackwell.
b. Adams, Gretchen (2010). The Specter of Salem: Remembering the Witch Trials in p. 6. ISBN 978-1405139779.
Nineteenth-Century America . ReadHowYouWant.com. p. xxii. ISBN 978-1459605824 650. ^ a. "Shaved Hair Grows Darker" . Snopes. Archived from the original on January 1,
– via Google Books. 2014. Retrieved August 29, 2009.
263. ^ Keener, Candace (September 2, 2008). "HowStuffWorks "Let Them Eat Cake" " . b. "Does shaving make hair grow back thicker?" . Mayo Clinic. October 26, 2011.
History.howstuffworks.com. Archived from the original on September 4, 2012. Archived from the original on January 1, 2014. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
Retrieved June 23, 2010. c. "Shaving Tips for Teen Girls" . WebMD. Archived from the original on January 1,
2014. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
264. ^ "Washington's False Teeth Not Wooden" . NBC News. January 27, 2005. Retrieved
August 29, 2009. 651. ^ a. About.com Beauty.about.com Archived November 2, 2010, at the Wayback

265. ^ Thompson, Mary V. "The Private Life of George Washington's Slaves" . PBS. Machine

Retrieved June 16, 2014. b. "disabled-world.com" . Archived from the original on January 13, 2011. Retrieved
April 13, 2009.
266. ^ "Declaration of Independence – A History" . archives.gov. U.S. National Archives and
c. "Question: What is up with colour-enhancing shampoos? Do they work?" . Canada:
Records Administration. Archived from the original on January 26, 2010. Retrieved
CBC News. Archived from the original on January 13, 2011. Retrieved January 13,
April 4, 2011.
2010.
267. ^ Crabtree, Steve (July 6, 1999). "New Poll Gauges Americans' General Knowledge
652. ^ "Myth, busted: Does plucking gray hairs make more grow back?" . TODAY.com.
Levels" . Gallup News Service. Archived from the original on March 27, 2014.
653. ^ Silverman, Jacob (September 9, 2007). "Are redheads going extinct?" .
Retrieved January 13, 2011. "Fifty-five percent say it commemorates the signing of the
HowStuffWorks. Archived from the original on December 3, 2012. Retrieved July 15,
Declaration of Independence (this is a common misconception, and close to being
2011.
accurate; July 4th is actually the date in 1776 when the Continental Congress approved
the Declaration, which was officially signed on August 2nd.) Another 32 percent give a 654. ^ "Acne" . Mayo Clinic. Retrieved August 20, 2021.
more general answer, saying that July 4th celebrates Independence Day." 655. ^ a. "How to treat dandruff" . American Academy of Dermatology. Retrieved July 2,

268. ^ a. Lund, Nicholas (November 21, 2013). "Did Benjamin Franklin Really Say the 2022. "Many people believe that dandruff is caused by poor hygiene, but this is not true."

National Symbol Should Be the Turkey?" . Slate. Archived from the original on April b. Rosenblum, Katie (September 25, 2019). "Dandruff: What It Is and What to Do About
27, 2014. Retrieved November 22, 2013. It" . Cedars-Sinai. Retrieved July 2, 2022. "It’s often associated with poor hygiene, but
b. McMillan, Joseph (May 18, 2007). "The Arms of the United States: Benjamin Franklin that’s a misconception—no one’s really sure what causes it."
and the Turkey" . American Heraldry Society. Archived from the original on April 27, c. "Dandruff" . NHS. October 18, 2017. Retrieved July 2, 2022. "Dandruff is not caused
2014. Retrieved November 24, 2013. by poor hygiene, although it may be more obvious if you do not wash your hair regularly."

269. ^ a. Sick, Bastian (2004). Der Dativ ist dem Genetiv sein Tod . Kieperheuer & Witsch. 656. ^ a. Rolt, L. T. C. (1962). James Watt . Batsford. p. 10. ISBN 978-1163470527.

ISBN 978-3-462-03448-6. b. Carroll, John Millar (1991). Designing interaction: psychology at the human-computer
b. "Willi Paul Adams: The German Americans. Chapter 7: German or English" . interface . Cambridge University Press. p. 76. ISBN 978-0521400565.
Archived from the original on June 24, 2010. c. Green, Joey (2005). Contrary to Popular Belief: More Than 250 False Facts
c. "The German Vote" . Snopes.com. July 9, 2007. Revealed . Broadway Books. p. 20. ISBN 978-0767919920.
d. "Invention – Myth and Reality" . Physics World. 1990.
270. ^ a. Owen Connelly (2006). Blundering to Glory: Napoleon's Military Campaigns .
Rowman & Littlefield. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-7425-5318-7. 657. ^ Miller, David Philip (2004). "True Myths: James Watt's Kettle, His Condenser, and His
b. Evans, Rod L. (2010). Sorry, Wrong Answer: Trivia Questions That Even Know-It-Alls Chemistry". History of Science. 42 (3): 333–60. Bibcode:2004HisSc..42..333M .
Get Wrong . Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0399535864. Retrieved December 31, 2011. doi:10.1177/007327530404200304 . S2CID 161722497 .
c. "Forget Napoleon – Height Rules" . CBS News. February 11, 2009. Archived from 658. ^ "An Evolutionary Framework for Experimental Innovation" (PDF). Australian

the original on July 2, 2013. Retrieved December 31, 2011. Government Department of Defence Defence Science and Technology Organisation.

271. ^ a. "Fondation Napoléon" . Napoleon.org. Archived from the original on April 17, Archived from the original (PDF) on August 15, 2011. Retrieved May 1, 2011.

2014. Retrieved August 29, 2009. 659. ^ "Origins of the Guillotine" . Snopes.com. Retrieved June 5, 2020.
b. "La taille de Napoléon" (in French). Archived from the original on September 12, 660. ^ "Thomas Crapper" . Snopes. February 22, 2007. Retrieved December 13, 2008.
2009. Retrieved July 22, 2010. 661. ^ Kinghorn, Jonathan (1986). "A Privvie in Perfection: Sir John Harrington's Water
272. ^ "Napoleon's Imperial Guard" . Archived from the original on April 27, 2014. Closet". Bath History. 1: 173–88. ISBN 978-0-86299-294-1
273. ^ a. Lovgren, Stefan (May 5, 2006). "Cinco de Mayo, From Mexican Fiesta to Popular 662. ^ "From Charles Mackintosh's waterproof to Dolly the sheep: 43 innovations Scotland
U.S. Holiday" . National Geographic News. Archived from the original on July 9, has given the world" . The independent. December 30, 2016.
2007. 663. ^ "Thomas Crapper: Myth & Reality" . Plumbing & Mechanical Magazine. BNP Media.
b. Lauren Effron (May 5, 2010). "Cinco de Mayo: NOT Mexico's Independence Day" . June 1, 1993.
Discovery Channel. Archived from the original on March 21, 2012. Retrieved May 5, 664. ^ Harper, Douglas. "Crap" . Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original
2011. on April 27, 2014. Retrieved May 21, 2013.
274. ^ a. "Hysteria" . Welcome Collection. Retrieved September 25, 2018. 665. ^ Robert, Friedel; Paul Israel (1987). Edison's Electric Light: Biography of an
b. King, Helen (2011). "Galen and the widow. Towards a history of therapeutic Invention . New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. pp. 115–17 . ISBN 978-
masturbation in ancient gynaecology". Eugesta, Journal of Gender Studies in Antiquity: 0813511184.
227–31. 666. ^ a. Hounshell, David A. (1984), From the American System to Mass Production, 1800–
c. "Victorian-Era Orgasms and the Crisis of Peer Review" . The Atlantic. September 6, 1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States, Baltimore,
2018. Retrieved September 25, 2018. Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 978-0-8018-2975-8,
d. "Why the Movie "Hysteria" Gets Its Vibrator History Wrong" . Dildographer. May 4, LCCN 83016269 , OCLC 1104810110 , pp. 15–47.
2012. Archived from the original on April 15, 2019. Retrieved September 25, 2018. b. Sorensen, Charles E.; Williamson, Samuel T. (1956). My Forty Years with Ford .
e. King, Helen (2011). "Galen and the widow. Towards a history of therapeutic New York: Norton. p. 128. ISBN 978-0814332795. LCCN 56010854 .
masturbation in ancient gynaecology". Eugesta, Journal of Gender Studies in Antiquity: 667. ^ Stein, Ralph (1967). The Automobile Book. Paul Hamlyn Ltd.
206–08. 668. ^ a. "Al Gore on the invention of the internet" . Snopes. Retrieved August 29, 2009.
f. "Buzzkill: Vibrators and the Victorians (NSFW)" . The Whores of Yore. Retrieved b. O'Carroll, Eoin (March 9, 2009). "Al Gore joins call for new .ECO Internet domain" .
September 25, 2018. Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on December 14, 2013.
g. Riddell, Fern (November 10, 2014). "No, no, no! Victorians didn't invent the Retrieved February 9, 2012.
vibrator" . The Guardian. Retrieved September 25, 2018. 669. ^ a b Kessler, Glenn (November 4, 2013). "A cautionary tale for politicians: Al Gore and
275. ^ a. López-Ortiz, Alex (February 20, 1998). "Why is there no Nobel in mathematics?" . the 'invention' of the Internet". Washington Post.
University of Waterloo. Retrieved June 28, 2022. 670. ^ "The Mother of Gore's Invention" . Wired. October 17, 2000.
b. Mikkelson, David (October 4, 2013). "No Nobel Prize for Math" . Snopes. Retrieved 671. ^ Joost-Gaugier, Christiane L. (2006), Measuring Heaven: Pythagoras and his Influence
June 28, 2022. on Thought and Art in Antiquity and the Middle Ages , Ithaca, New York: Cornell
c. Firaque, Kabir (October 16, 2019). "Explained: Why is there no mathematics Nobel? University Press, p. 143, ISBN 978-0-8014-7409-5
The theories, the facts, the myths" . The Indian Express. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
672. ^ Burkert, Walter (June 1, 1972), Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism ,
276. ^ Cathcart, Brian (April 3, 1994). "Rear Window: Making Italy work: Did Mussolini really
Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, pp. 428–33, ISBN 978-0-674-
get the trains running on time" . The Independent. London. Archived from the original 53918-1
on January 24, 2012. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
673. ^ Kahn 2001, pp. 2–3.
277. ^ a. Ankerstjerne, Christian. "The myth of Polish cavalry charges" . Panzerworld.
674. ^ Burkert 1972, pp. 429, 462.
Archived from the original on August 4, 2012. Retrieved April 5, 2011.
675. ^ Riedweg, Christoph (2005) [2002], Pythagoras: His Life, Teachings, and Influence ,
b. "The Mythical Polish Cavalry Charge" . Polish American Journal. Polamjournal.com.
Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, p. 27, ISBN 978-0-8014-7452-1
July 2008. Archived from the original on September 24, 2012. Retrieved February 9,
676. ^ a b Kahn 2001, p. 32.
2012.
677. ^ Ferguson, Kitty (2008), The Music of Pythagoras: How an Ancient Brotherhood
278. ^ a. Vilhjálmur Örn Vilhjálmsson. "The King and the Star – Myths created during the
Cracked the Code of the Universe and Lit the Path from Antiquity to Outer Space , New
Occupation of Denmark" (PDF). Danish institute for international studies. Archived
York City, New York: Walker & Company, pp. 6–7, ISBN 978-0-8027-1631-6
from the original (PDF) on July 16, 2011. Retrieved April 5, 2011.
678. ^ Burkert 1972, p. 429.
b. "Some Essential Definitions & Myths Associated with the Holocaust" . Center for
679. ^ a. Stillwell, John (1994). Elements of algebra: geometry, numbers, equations. Springer.
Holocaust and Genocide Studies – University of Minnesota. Archived from the original
p. 42.
on May 15, 2011. Retrieved April 5, 2011.
b. Bunch, Bryan H. (1982). Mathematical fallacies and paradoxes. Van Nostrand
c. "King Christian and the Star of David" . The National Museum of Denmark. Archived
Reinhold. p. 119. ISBN 0442249055.
from the original on September 28, 2011. Retrieved February 21, 2017.
c. Tall, David; Schwarzenberger, R. L. E. (1978). "Conflicts in the Learning of Real
279. ^ a. Isaacson, Walter (April 5, 2007). "Making the Grade" . Time. Archived from the
Numbers and Limits" (PDF). Mathematics Teaching. 82: 6, 44–49. Archived from the
original on March 29, 2014. Retrieved December 31, 2013.
original (PDF) on May 30, 2009. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
b. Jones, Andrew Zimmerman. "Physics Myth Month – Einstein Failed Mathematics?" .
680. ^ a. Jesse Galef (August 29, 2011). "Lies and Debunked Legends about the Golden
Archived from the original on April 12, 2014. Retrieved May 4, 2011.
Ratio" . Archived from the original on April 27, 2014. Retrieved April 10, 2013.
280. ^ Kruszelnicki, Karl (June 22, 2004). "Einstein Failed School" . Australian Broadcasting
b. "Two other beliefs about [the golden ratio] are often mentioned in magazines and
Corporation. Archived from the original on April 27, 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2012.
books: that the ancient Greeks believed it was the proportion of the rectangle the eye
281. ^ a. Daum, Andreas W. (2007). Kennedy in Berlin . Cambridge University Press.
finds most pleasing and that they accordingly incorporated the rectangle in many of their
pp. 148–49. ISBN 978-3506719911.
buildings, including the famous Parthenon. These two equally persistent beliefs are
b. "Gebrauch des unbestimmten Artikels (German, "Use of the indefinite article")" .
likewise assuredly false and, in any case, are completely without any evidence." Devlin,
Canoo Engineering AG. Archived from the original on March 28, 2014. Retrieved
Keith (2008). The Unfinished Game: Pascal, Fermat, and the Seventeenth-Century
July 5, 2010.
Letter that Made the World Modern. Basic Books. p. 35.
282. ^ a. Ryan, Halford Ross (1995). U.S. presidents as orators: a bio-critical sourcebook .
681. ^ a. Donald E. Simanek. "Fibonacci Flim-Flam" . Archived from the original on
Greenwood. pp. 219–20. ISBN 978-0313290596.
February 1, 2010. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
b. "Ich bin ein Pfannkuchen. Oder ein Berliner?" [I am a jelly doughnut. Or a Berliner?]
b. Devlin, Keith (May 2007). "The Myth That Will Not Go Away" . Archived from the
(in German). Stadtkind. Archived from the original on June 19, 2008. Retrieved
original on July 1, 2013. Retrieved April 10, 2013. "Part of the process of becoming a
June 26, 2013.
mathematics writer is, it appears, learning that you cannot refer to the golden ratio
283. ^ "Essen und Sprechen Geben Sie mir ein Semmelbrötchen!" . March 5, 2019.
without following the first mention by a phrase that goes something like 'which the
284. ^ Paul E. Richardson, "The hot line (is a Hollywood myth)", in: Russian Life,
ancient Greeks and others believed to have divine and mystical properties.' Almost as
September/October issue 2009, pp. 50–59.
compulsive is the urge to add a second factoid along the lines of 'Leonardo Da Vinci
285. ^ Clavin, Tom (June 18, 2013). "There Never Was Such a Thing as a Red Phone in the believed that the human form displays the golden ratio.' There is not a shred of evidence
White House" . Smithsonian. Retrieved September 21, 2014. to back up either claim, and every reason to assume they are both false. Yet both claims,
286. ^ Craig, Laura; Young, Kevin (2008). "Beyond White Pride: Identity, Meaning and along with various others in a similar vein, live on."
Contradiction in the Canadian Skinhead Subculture*" . Canadian Review of 682. ^ a b Wasserstein RL, Lazar NA (2016). "The ASA's statement on p-values: context,
Sociology/Revue Canadienne de Sociologie. 34 (2): 175–206. doi:10.1111/j.1755-
process, and purpose" (PDF). The American Statistician. 70 (2): 129–33.
618x.1997.tb00206.x . Retrieved July 2, 2022. doi:10.1080/00031305.2016.1154108 . S2CID 124084622 .
287. ^ Borgeson, Kevin; Valeri, Robin (Fall 2005). "Examining Differences in Skinhead 683. ^ Sterne JA, Davey Smith G (January 2001). "Sifting the evidence-what's wrong with
Idealogy and Culture Through an Analysis of Skinhead Websites" . Michigan significance tests?" . BMJ. 322 (7280): 226–31. doi:10.1136/bmj.322.7280.226 .
Sociological Review. 19: 45–62. JSTOR 40969104 . Retrieved July 2, 2022. PMC 1119478 . PMID 11159626 .
288. ^ abcd Brown, Timothy S. (January 1, 2004). "Subcultures, Pop Music and Politics: 684. ^ a b "Incorrect Lift Theory" . grc.nasa.gov. NASA Glenn Research Center. July 28,
Skinheads and "Nazi Rock" in England and Germany". Journal of Social History. 38 (1): 2008. Archived from the original on April 27, 2014. Retrieved January 13, 2011. (Java
157–178. doi:10.1353/jsh.2004.0079 . JSTOR 3790031 . S2CID 42029805 . applet).
289. ^ Lambert, Chris (November 12, 2017). " 'Black Skinhead': The politics of New Kanye" . 685. ^ a. "This occurs because of Bernoulli's principle – fast-moving air has lower pressure
Daily Dot. Retrieved July 2, 2022. "“Skinhead” was a term originally used to describe a
than non-moving air" . Make Magazine. Archived from the original on January 3,
1960s British working-class subculture that revolved around fashion and music and that 2013. Retrieved September 5, 2012.
would heavily inspire the punk rock scene. While it has harmless roots, the skinhead b. "Paper Lift" . Physics Force. University of Minnesota. Archived from the original on
movement fell into polemic politics. Nowadays, it’s popularly associated with neo-Nazis, November 12, 2020. Retrieved January 7, 2021. "... When the demonstrator holds the
despite having split demographics of far-right, far-left, and apolitical." paper in front of his mouth and blows across the top, he is creating an area of faster-
290. ^ Cotter, John M. (1999). "Sounds of hate: White power rock and roll and the neo‐nazi moving air. The slower-moving air under the paper now has higher pressure, thus
skinhead subculture". Terrorism and Political Violence. 11 (2): 111–140. pushing the paper up, towards the area of lower pressure.".
doi:10.1080/09546559908427509 . ISSN 0954-6553 . c. "Educational Packet" (PDF). Tall Ships Festival: Channel Islands Harbor. Archived
291. ^ Shaffer, Ryan (2013). "The soundtrack of neo-fascism: youth and music in the National from the original (PDF) on December 3, 2013. Retrieved June 25, 2012. "Bernoulli's
Front". Patterns of Prejudice. 47 (4–5): 458–482. doi:10.1080/0031322X.2013.842289 . Principle states that faster moving air has lower pressure... You can demonstrate
ISSN 0031-322X . S2CID 144461518 . Bernoulli's Principle by blowing over a piece of paper held horizontally across your lips.""
292. ^ a. День России [Russia Day] (in Russian). June 9, 2012. Retrieved November 4, 686. ^ a. Craig, Gale M. "Physical Principles of Winged Flight" (PDF). "If the lift in figure A
2014. were caused by "Bernoulli principle," then the paper in figure B should droop further
b. "Russia's 'Independence Day': How June 12 became a national holiday" . TASS. when air is blown beneath it. However, as shown, it raises when the upward pressure
June 11, 2019. Retrieved December 17, 2020. gradient in downward-curving flow adds to atmospheric pressure at the paper lower
293. ^ a. Haycox, Stephen (1990). "Haycox, Stephen. "Truth and Expectation: Myth in Alaska surface."
History" . Northern Review. 6. Retrieved August 31, 2015. b. Babinsky, Holger (2003). "How Do Wings Work" . Physics Education. 38 (6): 497–
b. Welch, Richard E., Jr. (1958). "American Public Opinion and the Purchase of Russian 503. Bibcode:2003PhyEd..38..497B . doi:10.1088/0031-9120/38/6/001 .
America". American Slavic and East European Review. 17 (4): 481–94. S2CID 1657792 . Retrieved January 7, 2021. "In fact, the pressure in the air blown out
doi:10.2307/3001132 . JSTOR 3001132 . of the lungs is equal to that of the surrounding air... Blowing over a piece of paper does
c. Howard I. Kushner, "'Seward's Folly'?: American Commerce in Russian America and not demonstrate Bernoulli's equation. While it is true that a curved paper lifts when flow
the Alaska Purchase". California Historical Quarterly (1975): 4–26. JSTOR 25157541 . is applied on one side, this is not because air is moving at different speeds on the two
d. "Biographer calls Seward's Folly a myth" . The Seward Phoenix LOG. April 3, 2014. sides... It is false to make a connection between the flow on the two sides of the paper
Archived from the original on June 22, 2017. Retrieved August 31, 2015. using Bernoulli's equation."
e. Professor Preston Jones (Featured Speaker) (July 9, 2015). Founding of Anchorage, c. Eastwell, Peter (2007). "Bernoulli? Perhaps, but What About Viscosity?" (PDF). The
Alaska (Adobe Flash). CSPAN. Retrieved December 22, 2017. Science Education Review. 6 (1). "...air does not have a reduced lateral pressure (or
294. ^ "The Hat That Won the West" . Retrieved February 10, 2010. static pressure...) simply because it is caused to move, the static pressure of free air
295. ^ Snyder, Jeffrey B. (1997) Stetson Hats and the John B. Stetson Company 1865–1970. does not decrease as the speed of the air increases, it misunderstanding Bernoulli's
p. 50 ISBN 0764302116 principle to suggest that this is what it tells us, and the behavior of the curved paper is
296. ^ "The O'Leary Legend" . Chicago History Museum. Archived from the original on explained by other reasoning than Bernoulli's principle. ... An explanation based on
January 10, 2011. Retrieved March 18, 2007. Bernoulli's principle is not applicable to this situation, because this principle has nothing
297. ^ a. Campbell, W. Joseph (2010). Getting it Wrong: Ten of the Greatest Misreported to say about the interaction of air masses having different speeds... Also, while
Stories in American Journalism . Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 9 –25. Bernoulli's principle allows us to compare fluid speeds and pressures along a single
ISBN 978-0520262096 – via Internet Archive. streamline and... along two different streamlines that originate under identical fluid
b. Campbell, W. Joseph (2003). Yellow Journalism: Puncturing the Myths, Defining the conditions, using Bernoulli's principle to compare the air above and below the curved
Legacies . Praeger. p. 72. ISBN 978-0275981136. paper in Figure 1 is nonsensical; in this case, there aren't any streamlines at all below
298. ^ "Why Your Family Name Was Not Changed at Ellis Island (and One That Was)" . the paper!"
Archived from the original on December 8, 2015. d. Raskin, Jef. "Coanda Effect: Understanding Why Wings Work" . "Make a strip of
299. ^ Klein, Christopher. "1929 Stock Market Crash: Did Panicked Investors Really Jump writing paper about 5 cm X 25 cm. Hold it in front of your lips so that it hangs out and
From Windows?" . HISTORY. A&E Television Networks, LLC. Retrieved November 7, down making a convex upward surface. When you blow across the top of the paper, it

2021. rises. Many books attribute this to the lowering of the air pressure on top solely to the

300. ^ a. Pooley, Jefferson; Socolow, Michael (October 28, 2013). "The Myth of the War of the Bernoulli effect. Now use your fingers to form the paper into a curve that it is slightly

Worlds Panic" . Slate. Archived from the original on May 9, 2014. Retrieved concave upward along its whole length and again blow along the top of this strip. The

November 24, 2013. paper now bends downward...an often-cited experiment which is usually taken as

b. Campbell, W. Joseph (2010). Getting it wrong : ten of the greatest misreported stories demonstrating the common explanation of lift does not do so..."
e. Auerbach, David (2000). "Why Aircraft Fly" . European Journal of Physics. 21 (4):
in American Journalism . Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 26–44.
289. Bibcode:2000EJPh...21..289A . doi:10.1088/0143-0807/21/4/302 . "The well-
ISBN 978-0520262096 – via Google Books.
known demonstration of the phenomenon of lift by means of lifting a page cantilevered in
301. ^ a b Garber, Megan (June 15, 2014). "The Man Who Introduced the World to Flying
one's hand by blowing horizontally along it is probably more a demonstration of the
Saucers" . The Atlantic. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
forces inherent in the Coanda effect than a demonstration of Bernoulli's law; for, here, an
302. ^ a b Patton, Phil (June 15, 1997). "Indeed They Have Invaded. Look Around" . The
air jet issues from the mouth and attaches to a curved (and, in this case pliable) surface.
New York Times. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
The upper edge is a complicated vortex-laden mixing layer and the distant flow is
303. ^ Lacitis, Eric (June 24, 2017). " 'Flying saucers' became a thing 70 years ago Saturday
quiescent, so that Bernoulli's law is hardly applicable."
with sighting near Mount Rainier" . The Seattle Times. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
f. Smith, Norman F. (November 1972). "Bernoulli and Newton in Fluid Mechanics". The
304. ^ Berger, Eric (June 21, 2011). "The curious tale of a journalist who helped spawn the
Physics Teacher. 10 (8): 451–455. Bibcode:1972PhTea..10..451S .
UFO industry" . Houston Chronicle. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
doi:10.1119/1.2352317 . "Millions of children in science classes are being asked to
305. ^ a. "Florida: Anything Goes" . Time. April 17, 1950. Archived from the original on
blow over curved pieces of paper and observe that the paper "lifts"... They are then
June 24, 2013. Retrieved May 3, 2010.
asked to believe that Bernoulli's theorem is responsible... Unfortunately, the "dynamic lift"
b. Nohlgren, Stephen (November 29, 2003). "A born winner, if not a native Floridian" .
involved...is not properly explained by Bernoulli's theorem."
St. Petersburg Times. Archived from the original on October 5, 2012. Retrieved
687. ^ a. Babinsky, Holger (2003). "How Do Wings Work" . Physics Education. 38 (6): 497–
October 8, 2011.
503. Bibcode:2003PhyEd..38..497B . doi:10.1088/0031-9120/38/6/001 .
306. ^ a b Bass, Amy (2009). Those about Him Remained Silent: The Battle Over W.E.B. Du
S2CID 1657792 . Retrieved January 7, 2021. "...if a streamline is curved, there must be
Bois . University of Minnesota Press. p. 155. ISBN 978-0816644957.
a pressure gradient across the streamline, with the pressure increasing in the direction
307. ^ a. "Renouncing citizenship is usually all about the Benjamins, say experts" . Fox away from the centre of curvature."
News. May 11, 2012. Retrieved May 18, 2015. b. Smith, Norman F. (April 1973). "Bernoulli, Newton, and Dynamic Lift Part II*: Bernoulli
b. "Celebrities Who Renounced Their Citizenship" . Huffington Post. February 1, 2012. or Newton?". School Science and Mathematics. 73 (4): 327–335. doi:10.1111/j.1949-
Retrieved May 18, 2015. 8594.1973.tb09040.x . "The curved paper turns the stream of air downward, and this
c. Aberjhani, Sandra L. West (2003). Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance . action produces the lift reaction that lifts the paper."
Infobase Publishing. p. 89. ISBN 978-1438130170.
c. "AERONAUTICS: An Educator's Guide with Activities in Science, Mathematics, and
308. ^ Lewis, David (2009). W.E.B. Du Bois: A Biography . MacMillan. p. 841. ISBN 978- Technology Education" (PDF). NASA. p. 26. Retrieved January 7, 2021. "The curved
0805088052. surface of the tongue creates unequal air pressure and a lifting action. ... Lift is caused
309. ^ Gansberg, Martin (March 27, 1964). "37 Who Saw Murder Didn't Call the Police" by air moving over a curved surface."
(PDF). New York Times. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 7, 2015. 688. ^ a. Anderson, David F.; Eberhardt, Scott (2000). Understanding Flight . p. 229.
310. ^ Bregman, Rutger (2020). "9" . Humankind: A Hopeful History. Bloomsbury ISBN 978-0071386661 – via Google Books. "Demonstrations" of Bernoulli's principle are
Publishing. ISBN 978-1408898963. often given as demonstrations of the physics of lift. They are truly demonstrations of lift,
311. ^ Rasenberger, Jim (October 2006). "Nightmare on Austin Street" . American Heritage. but certainly not of Bernoulli's principle."
Retrieved May 18, 2015. b. Feil, Max. The Aeronautics File. "As an example, take the misleading experiment most
312. ^ Cendón, Sara Fernández (February 3, 2012). "Pruitt-Igoe 40 Years Later" . American often used to "demonstrate" Bernoulli's principle. Hold a piece of paper so that it curves
Institute of Architects. Archived from the original on March 14, 2014. Retrieved over your finger, then blow across the top. The paper will rise. However most people do
December 31, 2014. "For example, Pruitt-Igoe is often cited as an AIA-award recipient, not realize that the paper would NOT rise if it was flat, even though you are blowing air
but the project never won any architectural awards." across the top of it at a furious rate. Bernoulli's principle does not apply directly in this
313. ^ Bristol, Katharine (May 1991). "The Pruitt–Igoe Myth" (PDF). Journal of Architectural case. This is because the air on the two sides of the paper did not start out from the
Education. 44 (3): 168. doi:10.1111/j.1531-314X.2010.01093.x . ISSN 1531-314X . same source. The air on the bottom is ambient air from the room, but the air on the top
S2CID 219542179 . Archived from the original (PDF) on September 24, 2015. came from your mouth where you actually increased its speed without decreasing its
Retrieved December 31, 2014. "Though it is commonly accorded the epithet 'award- pressure by forcing it out of your mouth. As a result the air on both sides of the flat paper
winning,"' Pruitt-Igoe never won any kind of architectural prize. An earlier St. Louis actually has the same pressure, even though the air on the top is moving faster. The
housing project by the same team of architects, the John Cochran Garden Apartments, reason that a curved piece of paper does rise is that the air from your mouth speeds up
did win two architectural awards. At some point this prize seems to have been incorrectly even more as it follows the curve of the paper, which in turn lowers the pressure
attributed to Pruitt-Igoe" according to Bernoulli."
314. ^ Jerry Lembcke, The Spitting Image: Myth, Memory and the Legacy of Vietnam, 1998, 689. ^ a b J. D. G. Kooijman; J. P. Meijaard; J. M. Papadopoulos; A. Ruina & A. L. Schwab
ISBN 978-0814751473 (April 15, 2011). "A bicycle can be self-stable without gyrosocpic or caster effects"
315. ^ Greene, Bob (1989). Homecoming: When the Soldier Returned from Vietnam. G. P. (PDF). Science. 332 (6027): 339–42. Bibcode:2011Sci...332..339K .
Putnam's Sons. ISBN 978-0399133862. doi:10.1126/science.1201959 . PMID 21493856 . S2CID 12296078 . Retrieved
316. ^ Vlieg, Heather (September 2019). "Were They Spat On? Understanding The January 22, 2013.
Homecoming Experience of Vietnam Veterans" . The Grand Valley Journal of History. 7 690. ^ a. Whitt, Frank R.; Wilson, David G. (1982). Bicycling Science (Second ed.).
(1). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. pp. 198–233. ISBN 978-0262231114.
317. ^ "100 Women: The truth behind the 'bra-burning' feminists" . BBC News. September b. Klein, Richard E.; et al. "Bicycle Science" . LoseTheTrainingWheels.org. Archived
6, 2018. from the original on October 10, 2006. Retrieved August 4, 2006.
318. ^ "Kool Aid/Flavor Aid: Inaccuracies vs. Facts Part 7" . Alternative Considerations of c. Jones, David E. H. (1970). "The Stability of the Bicycle" (PDF). Physics Today. 23
Jonestown & Peoples Temple. Archived from the original on July 13, 2020. Retrieved (4): 34–40. Bibcode:1970PhT....23d..34J . doi:10.1063/1.3022064 .
June 20, 2022. 691. ^ "Could a Penny Dropped off a Skyscraper Actually Kill You?" . Scientific American.
319. ^ Chiu, David (May 26, 2020). "Jonestown: 13 Things You Should Know About Cult 692. ^ "What would happen if you were hit by a penny falling from a skyscraper?" . USA
Massacre" . Rolling Stone. Retrieved June 20, 2022. Today.
320. ^ a b c d Higgins, Chris (November 8, 2012). "Stop Saying 'Drink the Kool-Aid' " . The 693. ^ "Thermostats" . Energy.gov.
Atlantic. Retrieved June 20, 2022. 694. ^ "Programmable thermostat myths: Know the facts and boost your profits" .
321. ^ Zorn, Eric (November 18, 2008). "Change of Subject: Have you drunk the 'Kool-Aid' www.achrnews.com.
Kool-Aid?" . Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on September 28, 2011. 695. ^ Thursday, 29 September 2005 Patricia ReaneyReuters (September 29, 2005).
Retrieved June 20, 2022. "Quicksand myth exposed" . www.abc.net.au. Retrieved April 8, 2020.
322. ^ Krause, Charles A. (December 17, 1978). "Jonestown Is an Eerie Ghost Town Now" . 696. ^ Hammond, Claudia. "Can quicksand really suck you to your death?" . www.bbc.com.
Washington Post. Retrieved June 20, 2022. "A pair of woman's eyelasses, a towel, a pair Retrieved April 8, 2020.
of shorts, packets of unopened Flavor-Aid lie scattered about waiting for the final cleanup 697. ^ Aspect, Alain; Dalibard, Jean; Roger, Gérard \date =December 1982 (1982).
that may one day return Jonestown to the tidy, if overcrowded, little community it once "Experimental Test of Bell's Inequalities Using Time- Varying Analyzers" . Physical
was." Review Letters. 49 (25): 1804–07. Bibcode:1982PhRvL..49.1804A .
323. ^ Woods, Nora. "Jonestown As a Reflection of American Society" . Alternative doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.49.1804 .
Considerations of Jonestown & Peoples Temple. Archived from the original on October 698. ^ Bohr, N. (October 13, 1935). "Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical
31, 2021. Retrieved June 20, 2022. Reality be Considered Complete?" (PDF). Physical Review. 48 (8): 696–702.
324. ^ Kihn, Martin (March 2005). "Don't Drink the Grape-Flavored Sugar Water..." Fast Bibcode:1935PhRv...48..696B . doi:10.1103/PhysRev.48.696 .
Company. Archived from the original on April 7, 2005. Retrieved June 20, 2022. 699. ^ Anthony Simola (2015). The Roving Mind: A Modern Approach to Cognitive
325. ^ Krause, Charles A. (November 21, 1978). "Survivor: 'They Started with the Babies' " . Enhancement . ST Press. p. 117. ISBN 978-0692409053. Retrieved May 10, 2016.
Washington Post. Retrieved June 20, 2022. ""They started with the babies," 700. ^ "Photographic Memory" . indianapublicmedia.org. Archived from the original on
administering a potion of Kool-aid mixed with cyanide, Odell Rhodes recalled yesterday April 27, 2014.
when I revisited Jonestown to view the horrifying sight of 405 bodies - men, women and 701. ^ Foer, Joshua (April 27, 2006). "Kaavya Syndrome: The accused Harvard plagiarist
children, most of them grouped around the altar where Jones himself lay dead." doesn't have a photographic memory. No one does" . Slate. Archived from the
326. ^ Edwards, Phil (May 23, 2015). "The cult that inspired "drink the Kool-Aid" didn't actually original on September 24, 2011. Retrieved January 20, 2013.
drink Kool-Aid" . Vox. Retrieved June 20, 2022. 702. ^ a b Howard-Jones, Paul A. (December 1, 2014). "Neuroscience and education: myths
327. ^ a. "Will abortion become illegal in June?" . Archdiocese of San Francisco. April 28, and messages". Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 15 (12): 817–24.
2022. Archived from the original on June 27, 2022. Retrieved June 27, 2022. b. doi:10.1038/nrn3817 . ISSN 1471-003X . PMID 25315391 . S2CID 3346477 .
"Would overturning Roe v. Wade have any effect on abortion in Maryland?" . 703. ^ Coffield, Frank; et al. (2004). Learning styles and pedagogy in post-16 learning: a
MarylandReporter.com. July 26, 2021. Archived from the original on March 2, 2022. systematic and critical review . London: Learning and Skills Research Centre. pp. 119–
Retrieved June 27, 2022. c. "Human Life Protection Act" . Ohio Right to Life. 33. ISBN 978-1853389184. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
Archived from the original on May 15, 2022. Retrieved June 27, 2022. d. "Sen. Jim 704. ^ Martens, R.; Kelly, I. W.; Saklofske, D. H. (December 1988). "Lunar Phase and
McCune Commentary: What the Supreme Court Draft Opinion on Abortion Means for Birthrate: A 50-Year Critical Review". Psychological Reports. 63 (3): 923–934.
Washington State" . The Daily Chronicle. Archived from the original on June 18, doi:10.2466/pr0.1988.63.3.923 . PMID 3070616 . S2CID 34184527 .
2022. Retrieved June 27, 2022. 705. ^ Rotton, James; Kelly, I. W. (1985). "Much ado about the full moon: A meta-analysis of
328. ^ Vogt, Adrienne; Sangal, Aditi; Hammond, Elise; Wagner, Meg; Rocha, Veronica (June lunar-lunacy research". Psychological Bulletin. 97 (2): 286–306. doi:10.1037/0033-
24, 2022). "Louisiana attorney general says trigger law banning abortion in state is in 2909.97.2.286 . PMID 3885282 .
effect" . CNN. Archived from the original on June 24, 2022. Retrieved June 24, 2022. 706. ^ Kelly, Ivan; Rotton, James; Culver, Roger (1986), "The Moon Was Full and Nothing
329. ^ Vogt, Adrienne; Sangal, Aditi; Hammond, Elise; Wagner, Meg; Rocha, Veronica (June Happened: A Review of Studies on the Moon and Human Behavior", Skeptical Inquirer,
24, 2022). "Texas attorney general says abortion now illegal in state and declares June 10 (2): 129–43. Reprinted in The Hundredth Monkey – and other paradigms of the
24 a holiday for his office" . CNN. Archived from the original on June 24, 2022. paranormal, edited by Kendrick Frazier, Prometheus Books. Revised and updated in The
Retrieved June 24, 2022. Outer Edge: Classic Investigations of the Paranormal, edited by Joe Nickell, Barry Karr,
330. ^ Ting, Eric (June 24, 2022). "Roe v. Wade is officially overturned. Here's what it means and Tom Genoni, 1996, CSICOP.
for California" . SFGate. Archived from the original on June 24, 2022. Retrieved 707. ^ Foster, Russell G.; Roenneberg, Till (2008). "Human Responses to the Geophysical
June 24, 2022. Daily, Annual and Lunar Cycles" . Current Biology. 18 (17): R784–R794.
331. ^ Office of Governor Gavin Newsom (June 24, 2022). "West Coast States Launch New doi:10.1016/j.cub.2008.07.003 . PMID 18786384 . S2CID 15429616 .
Multi-State Commitment to Reproductive Freedom, Standing United on Protecting 708. ^ Godlee, F.; Smith, J.; Marcovitch, H. (2011). "British Medical Journal: Wakefield's
Abortion Access" . YubaNet. Archived from the original on June 24, 2022. Retrieved article linking MMR vaccine and autism was fraudulent" . BMJ. 342: c7452.
June 24, 2022. doi:10.1136/bmj.c7452 . PMID 21209060 . S2CID 43640126 . Archived from the
332. ^ Jeffrey Bennett; Megan Donohue; Nicholas Schneider; Mark Voit (2007). The cosmic original on November 11, 2013. Retrieved January 5, 2011.
perspective (4th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Pearson/Addison-Wesley. pp. 82–84 . 709. ^ Lilienfeld, Scott O.; Lynn, Steven Jay; Ruscio, John; Beyerstein, Barry L. (2011). 50
ISBN 978-0-8053-9283-8. Great Myths of Popular Psychology: Shattering Widespread Misconceptions about
333. ^ Carlson, Shawn (1985). "A double-blind test of astrology" (PDF). Nature. 318 Human Behavior . John Wiley & Sons. pp. 88–89. ISBN 978-1444360745.
(6045): 419–425. Bibcode:1985Natur.318..419C . doi:10.1038/318419a0 . 710. ^ Dinelli, Beth. "Common Misconceptions about Dyslexia" . Commonwealth Learning
S2CID 5135208 . Center. Retrieved August 2, 2019.
334. ^ Zarka, Philippe (2011). "Astronomy and astrology" . Proceedings of the International 711. ^ Truth Hurts Report . Mental Health Foundation. 2006. ISBN 978-1903645819.
Astronomical Union. 5 (S260): 420–425. Bibcode:2011IAUS..260..420Z . Retrieved June 11, 2008.
doi:10.1017/S1743921311002602 . 712. ^ Helen Spandler (1996). Who's Hurting Who? Young people, self-harm and suicide.
335. ^ "Space Station Astrophotography" . NASA. March 24, 2003. Archived from the Manchester: 42nd Street. ISBN 978-1900782005.
original on April 4, 2014. Retrieved January 13, 2011. 713. ^ Pembroke, L. R., ed. (1994). Self-harm – Perspectives from personal experience .
336. ^ Oberg, James (May 1993). "Space myths and misconceptions" . Omni. 15 (7). Chipmunka/Survivors Speak Out. ISBN 978-1904697046.
Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved May 2, 2007. 714. ^ Stahl, S. M. (2021). Stahl's essential psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific basis and
337. ^ "The G's in the Machine" , NASA, see "Editor's note #2" practical applications (5th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 264.
338. ^ Sangmo Tony Sohn; Jay Anderson; Roeland van der Marel (July 1, 2012). "The M31 ISBN 9781108985857.
velocity vector. I. Hubble Space Telescope proper-motion measurements". The 715. ^ "The Myth of the Chemical Imbalance | Ronald Pies" . Return. March 17, 2022.
Astrophysical Journal. 753 (1): 7. arXiv:1205.6863 . Bibcode:2012ApJ...753....7S . Retrieved June 1, 2022.
doi:10.1088/0004-637X/753/1/7 . S2CID 53071357 . 716. ^ Diagnostic and Statistical Manual 5th edition.
339. ^ Cowen, Ron (May 31, 2012). "Andromeda on collision course with the Milky Way" . 717. ^ Baucum, Don (2006). Psychology (2nd ed.). Hauppauge, NY: Barron's. p. 182.
Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2012.10765 . S2CID 124815138 . ISBN 978-0764134210.
340. ^ Karthikeyan KC (September 27, 2015). "What Are Zero Gravity and Microgravity, and 718. ^ a. "Schizophrenia" . National Alliance on Mental Illness. Archived from the original
What Are the Sources of Microgravity?" . Geekswipe. Retrieved April 17, 2019. on May 4, 2012.
341. ^ Chandler, David (May 1991). "Weightlessness and Microgravity" (PDF). The b. "10 Myths About Mental Illness" . Mental Health Association. Archived from the
Physics Teacher. 29 (5): 312–13. Bibcode:1991PhTea..29..312C . original on May 19, 2011.
doi:10.1119/1.2343327 . 719. ^ Barker, F. G. II (1995). "Phineas among the phrenologists: the American crowbar case
342. ^ Sigurdsson, Steinn (June 9, 2014). "The Dark Side of the Moon: a Short History" . and nineteenth-century theories of cerebral localization" (PDF). Journal of
Retrieved September 16, 2017. Neurosurgery. 82 (4): 672–82. doi:10.3171/jns.1995.82.4.0672 . PMID 7897537 .
343. ^ O'Conner, Patricia T.; Kellerman, Stewart (September 6, 2011). "The Dark Side of the Archived from the original (PDF) on October 6, 2014.
Moon" . Retrieved September 16, 2017. 720. ^ Goswami, U (2006). "Neuroscience and education: from research to practice?". Nature
344. ^ Messer, A'ndrea Elyse (June 9, 2014). "55-year-old dark side of the moon mystery Reviews. Neuroscience. 7 (5): 406–11. doi:10.1038/nrn1907 . PMID 16607400 .
solved" . Penn State News. Retrieved September 16, 2017. S2CID 3113512 .
345. ^ Falin, Lee (January 5, 2015). "What's on the Dark Side of the Moon?" . Retrieved 721. ^ Gross C. G. (2000). "Neurogenesis in the adult brain: death of a dogma". Nat Rev
September 16, 2017. Neurosci. 1 (1): 67–73. doi:10.1038/35036235 . PMID 11252770 . S2CID 2347812 .
346. ^ "The Dark Side of the Moon" . January 18, 2013. 722. ^ "Snopes on brains" . Snopes.com. Retrieved August 29, 2009.
347. ^ Wolfson, Richard (2002). Simply Einstein: relativity demystified . W.W. Norton & Co. 723. ^ a b Radford, Benjamin (March–April 1999). "The Ten-Percent Myth" . Skeptical
p. 261. ISBN 978-0393051544. Inquirer. ISSN 0194-6730 . Archived from the original on October 30, 2013.
348. ^ "Frontiers And Controversies In Astrophysics Lecture 9" . Yale University. Retrieved Retrieved April 15, 2009. "It's the old myth heard time and again about how people use
April 26, 2011. only ten percent of their brains"
349. ^ Phillips, Tony (July 4, 2003). "The Distant Sun" . NASA. Retrieved April 21, 2021. 724. ^ a b Beyerstein, Barry L. (1999). "Whence Cometh the Myth that We Only Use 10% of
350. ^ "Sun-Earth Connection" . Adler Planetarium. Archived from the original on our Brains?". In Sergio Della Sala (ed.). Mind Myths: Exploring Popular Assumptions
December 16, 2007. Retrieved May 8, 2009. About the Mind and Brain. Wiley. pp. 3–24. ISBN 978-0471983033.
351. ^ "Ten Things You Thought You Knew about Sun-Earth Science" . NASA. Archived 725. ^ Bahn, Christopher. " 'Limitless' brainpower plot isn't all that crazy" . Archived from
from the original on February 21, 2013. Retrieved May 8, 2009. the original on March 13, 2011. Retrieved March 31, 2011.
352. ^ "NASA – Spacecraft Design" . Archived from the original on July 9, 2009. 726. ^ Fisher RS, Acevedo C, Arzimanoglou A, Bogacz A, Cross JH, Elger CE, et al. (April
Retrieved January 7, 2013. 2014). "ILAE official report: a practical clinical definition of epilepsy" . Epilepsia. 55 (4):
353. ^ "More booming fireballs" . March 30, 2009. Archived from the original on 475–482. doi:10.1111/epi.12550 . PMID 24730690 . S2CID 35958237 .
December 15, 2013. Retrieved January 7, 2013. 727. ^ "The Life and Times of the 10% Neuromyth - Knowing Neurons" . Knowing Neurons.
354. ^ Phil Plait (December 14, 2008). "Meteor propter hoc" . Bad Astronomy. Discover. February 13, 2018. Archived from the original on March 15, 2018. Retrieved
Archived from the original on February 3, 2014. Retrieved January 19, 2014. February 24, 2018.
355. ^ "Infernal Egguinox" . Snopes.com. March 6, 2012. Retrieved January 29, 2014. 728. ^ Twycross, Alison (2014). Managing pain in children : a clinical guide for nurses and
356. ^ Schmid, Randolph (September 20, 1987). "Equinox Returns and Eggs Keep healthcare professionals. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Blackwell. p. 7. ISBN 978-0470670545.
Balancing" . Associated Press. Archived from the original on April 27, 2014. 729. ^ Health, Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family; Task Force on Pain
Retrieved January 29, 2014. in Infants, Children (September 1, 2001). "The Assessment and Management of Acute
357. ^ "Fisher Space Pen – Our story" Retrieved on February 4, 2019 Pain in Infants, Children, and Adolescents" . Pediatrics. 108 (3): 793–97.
358. ^ "NASA – The Fisher Space Pen" Retrieved on February 4, 2019 doi:10.1542/peds.108.3.793 . PMID 11533354 – via pediatrics.aappublications.org.

359. ^ Curtin, Ciara. "Fact or Fiction?: NASA Spent Millions to Develop a Pen that Would 730. ^ Huang AL, Chen X, Hoon MA, et al. (August 2006). "The cells and logic for mammalian
Write in Space, whereas the Soviet Cosmonauts Used a Pencil" . Scientific American. sour taste detection" . Nature. 442 (7105): 934–38. Bibcode:2006Natur.442..934H .

Retrieved May 18, 2022. doi:10.1038/nature05084 . PMC 1571047 . PMID 16929298 .

360. ^ "Spinoff Frequently Asked Questions" . NASA.gov. Retrieved February 28, 2021. 731. ^ "Beyond the Tongue Map" . Asha.org. October 22, 2002. Archived from the original

361. ^ a b Scherrer, Deborah; et al. "What Color do YOU think the Sun is?" . Stanford on December 14, 2013. Retrieved August 29, 2009.

SOLAR Center. Retrieved June 1, 2021. 732. ^ Campbell-Platt, Geoffrey (2009). Food Science and Technology . Wiley. p. 31.

362. ^ "Brief Answers to Cosmic Questions" . Universe Forum. Cambridge, MA: Harvard– ISBN 978-0632064212.

Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. Archived from the original on April 13, 2016. 733. ^ "Senses Notes" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 20, 2011.

Retrieved December 18, 2019. Archival site: "The Universe Forum's role as part of Retrieved January 13, 2011.
NASA's Education Support Network concluded in September, 2009." 734. ^ Krulwich, Robert (November 5, 2007). "Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter ... and Umami" .
363. ^ Woese CR, Fox GE (November 1977). "Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic Krulwich Wonders, an NPR Science Blog. NPR. Retrieved January 13, 2011.
domain: the primary kingdoms" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of 735. ^ Besnard, P (December 2015). "Taste of Fat: A Sixth Taste Modality?" . Physiological
the United States of America. 74 (11): 5088–90. Bibcode:1977PNAS...74.5088W . Reviews. 96 (1): 151–76. doi:10.1152/physrev.00002.2015 . PMID 26631596 .
doi:10.1073/pnas.74.11.5088 . PMC 432104 . PMID 270744 . 736. ^ Cerretani, Jessica (Spring 2010). "Extra Sensory Perceptions" . Harvard Medicine.
364. ^ a b Woese CR, Kandler O, Wheelis ML (June 1990). "Towards a natural system of Harvard College. Archived from the original on February 11, 2012. Retrieved
organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya" . Proceedings of January 13, 2011.
the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 87 (12): 4576–9. 737. ^ "How many senses does a human being have?" . Discovery Health. Discovery
Bibcode:1990PNAS...87.4576W . doi:10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576 . PMC 54159 . Communications Inc. April 2000. Archived from the original on November 6, 2011.
PMID 2112744 . Retrieved January 13, 2011.
365. ^ Scamardella, Joseph M. (1999). "Not plants or animals: a brief history of the origin of 738. ^ "Biology: Human Senses" . CliffNotes. Wiley Publishing, Inc. Archived from the
Kingdoms Protozoa, Protista and Protoctista". International Microbiology. 2 (4): 207–16. original on April 29, 2013. Retrieved January 13, 2011.
PMID 10943416 . 739. ^ a. "Study finds shipwrecks threaten precious seas" . BBC News/science. June 7,
366. ^ Sapp, J. (2005). "The Prokaryote-Eukaryote Dichotomy: Meanings and Mythology" . 2013. Retrieved June 7, 2013.
Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 69 (2): 292–305. b. "Bermuda Triangle doesn't make the cut on list of world's most dangerous oceans" .
doi:10.1128/MMBR.69.2.292-305.2005 . PMC 1197417 . PMID 15944457 . The Christian Science Monitor. June 10, 2013. Retrieved March 22, 2016.
367. ^ Case, Emily (October 1, 2008). "Teaching Taxonomy: How Many Kingdoms?" . c. Kusche, Lawrence David (1975). The Bermuda Triangle Mystery Solved. Buffalo, NY:
American Biology Teacher. 70 (8): 472–477. doi:10.2307/30163328 . Prometheus Books. ISBN 0879759712.
JSTOR 30163328 . Retrieved July 28, 2020. 740. ^ Philips, Matt (November 19, 2008). "On World Toilet Day, Let Us Praise the Airline
368. ^ Balch, W.E.; Magrum, L.J.; Fox, G.E.; Wolfe, C.R. & Woese, C.R. (August 1977). "An Lav" . The Middle Seat Terminal (Wall Street Journal). Archived from the original on
ancient divergence among the bacteria". J. Mol. Evol. 9 (4): 305–11. December 14, 2013. Retrieved April 2, 2009.
Bibcode:1977JMolE...9..305B . doi:10.1007/BF01796092 . PMID 408502 . 741. ^ "Battery Parked" . Snopes.com. February 8, 2011. Retrieved June 2, 2013.
S2CID 27788891 . 742. ^ Examples of car battery on concrete misconception in the US from 1983–2011:
369. ^ Cavalier-Smith, T. (1998). "A revised six-kingdom system of life" . Biological Reviews. a. Shulz, Mort (December 1983). "Car Clinic" . Popular Mechanics. p. 37.
73 (3): 203–66. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x . PMID 9809012 . b. Brownell, Tom (1993). How to Restore Your Ford Pick-Up . MotorBooks
S2CID 6557779 . International. p. 215. ISBN 978-1610590297.
370. ^ Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (March 26, 1987). "Eucaryotes with no mitochondria" . c. Popular Mechanics Complete Car Care Manual; Popular Mechanics Series . Hearst
Nature. 326 (6111): 332–333. Bibcode:1987Natur.326..332C . Books. 2005. p. 289. ISBN 978-1588164391.
doi:10.1038/326332a0 . PMID 3561476 . d. Sessler, Nilda (2006). Ford Mustang Buyer's and Restoration Guide, 1964 1/2-2007 .
371. ^ Simpson, Alastair G.B.; Roger, Andrew J. (2004). "The real 'kingdoms' of Indy Tech Publishing. ISBN 978-0790613260.
eukaryotes" . Current Biology. 14 (17): R693–R696. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2004.08.038 . e. Balfour, John; Shaw, Michael; Bremer Nash, Nicole (2011). Advanced photovoltaic
PMID 15341755 . S2CID 207051421 . installations . Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p. 30. ISBN 978-1449624712. Retrieved

372. ^ Spanney, Laura (January 28, 1995). "Not Many People Know That" . New Scientist. June 2, 2013.

Archived from the original on April 27, 2014. Retrieved November 11, 2011. 743. ^ Magliozzi, Tom; Magliozzi, Ray (November 4, 1999). "No End to Battery Storage

373. ^ a. Smith II, Larry (2007). "Longhorn_Information – handling" . International Texas Debate" . The Vindicator. p. 37.

Longhorn Association. Archived from the original on May 11, 2010. Retrieved June 23, 744. ^ a. Magliozzi, Tom; Magliozzi, Ray (2008). Ask Click and Clack: Answers from Car
2010. Talk . Chronicle Books. pp. 68–69. ISBN 978-0811864770. Retrieved June 2, 2013.
b. Dario, A. (September 12, 2003). "Cattle – Basic Care" (PDF). IACUC, University of b. Car Care Auto Clinic . Popular Mechanics. Vol. 177. Hearst Magazines. November
Tennessee. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 25, 2008. Retrieved June 23, 2000. p. 136. ISSN 0032-4558 . Retrieved June 2, 2013.

2010. 745. ^ a. "Use care in cleaning battery-acid stain" . The Seattle Times. October 4, 2008.
c. Grandin, Temple (2007). "Behavioral Principles of Handling Cattle and Other Grazing Retrieved May 9, 2018.
Animals under Extensive Conditions" . In Moberg, Gary; Mench, Joy A. (eds.). The b. "Managing Used Lead-Acid Batteries" (PDF). Georgia Environmental Compliance

Biology of Animal Stress. CABI. p. 45. ISBN 978-1845932190. Assistance Program. Georgia Tech Research Institute. July 2002. Retrieved May 9,
374. ^ Mikkelson, Barbara and David P. (August 19, 2007). "White Wilderness Lemmings 2018.

Suicide" . Snopes. Retrieved August 29, 2009.

375. ^ Scott, W. (November 1891). "The Monthly chronicle of North-country lore and legend:
v. 1–5; Mar. 1887–Dec. 1891" . The Monthly Chronicle of North-country Lore and
Legend. 5: 523.
Cite error: A list-defined reference named "stereogum.com" is not used in the content (see the help page).

Further reading [ edit ]

Diefendorf, David (2007). Amazing... But False!: Hundreds of "Facts" You Thought Were True, But Aren't . Sterling. ISBN 978-1402737916.
Green, Joey (2005). Contrary to Popular Belief: More than 250 False Facts Revealed. Broadway. ISBN 978-0767919920.
Johnsen, Ferris (1994). The Encyclopedia of Popular Misconceptions: The Ultimate Debunker's Guide to Widely Accepted Fallacies . Carol Publishing Group. ISBN 978-
0806515564.
Kahn, Charles H. (2001), Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans: A Brief History , Indianapolis, Indiana and Cambridge, England: Hackett Publishing Company, ISBN 978-
0872205758
Kruszelnicki, Karl; Adam Yazxhi (2006). Great Mythconceptions: The Science Behind the Myths. Andrews McMeel Publishing. ISBN 978-0740753640.
Lloyd, John; John Mitchinson (2006). The Book of General Ignorance . Harmony Books. ISBN 978-0307394910.
Lloyd, John; John Mitchinson (2010). The Second Book Of General Ignorance. Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-26965-5.
O'Conner, Patricia T.; Kellerman, Stewart (2009). Origins of the Specious: Myths and Misconceptions of the English Language. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-
1400066605.
Scudellari, Megan (December 17, 2015). "The science myths that will not die" . Nature. 528 (7582): 322–25. Bibcode:2015Natur.528..322S . doi:10.1038/528322a .
PMID 26672537 .
Solomon, Maynard (1995). Mozart: A Life (1st ed.). New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0060190460. OCLC 31435799 .
Tuleja, Tad (1999). Fabulous Fallacies: More Than 300 Popular Beliefs That Are Not True. Galahad Books. ISBN 978-1578660650.
Varasdi, J. Allen (1996). Myth Information: More Than 590 Popular Misconceptions, Fallacies, and Misbeliefs Explained!. Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0345410498.

External links [ edit ]

List of children's misconceptions about science

Misconceptions taught by science textbooks
Bad Science
Bad Chemistry
Snopes – Urban Legend Reference

Portals: History of science Science Society Technology

Categories: Lists of common misconceptions Society-related lists Misconceptions

This page was last edited on 3 July 2022, at 21:04 (UTC).

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered
trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Mobile view Developers Statistics Cookie statement