SCIENCE REVIEWER

LAYER OF THE ATMOSPHERE

1. Troposphere – lowest level of the atmosphere. It comes from the Greek term tropein, which
means “to turn or change.” A layer that is most accessible to human.

TROPOPAUSE – boundary of troposphere and stratosphere

2. Stratosphere – just above 11 km from Earth surface, the air normally stops decreasing with
height.

OZONE LAYER is found in this layer. Ozone layer protects us from the ultraviolet rays of the
sun. This layer is composed of three atoms of oxygen.

STRATOPAUSE – boundary between stratosphere and mesosphere

3. Mesosphere – third layer of the atmosphere. People will not survive long here.

MESOPAUSE – boundary between mesosphere and thermosphere

4. Thermosphere – hot layer above the mesosphere.

5. Exosphere – at the top of the thermosphere, about 500 km above Earth’s surface, many of the
lighter, faster – moving molecules shoot off into space

Ionosphere – region may not be considered as a layer of the atmosphere. It is described as an

ANION – negatively charged

CATION – has more protons than electrons.

Layers of the Atmosphere according to Composition

a. Homosphere – layer of atmosphere with uniform composition

b. Heterosphere – region from the base of the thermosphere to the top of the atmosphere.
WEATHER INSTRUMENT

1. Anemometer – wind speed

2. Barometer – air pressure

3. Compass – used for navigation and for telling directions

4. Hygrometer – humidity of the air

5. Radio Detection and Ranging (Radar) – helps in locating storms, telling their speeds, and
determine their extent.

6. Radiosonde – measure the vertical profile of air temperature, pressure and humidity in the
atmosphere up to an altitude of about.

7. Rain Gauge – measures the rain that has fallen over an area over a specific time frame

8. Thermometer – measures temperature; it can be made with a liquid in a glass thermometer

9. Weather Balloon – Brings instruments such barometers and thermometer high up in the
atmosphere to described their states.

10. Weather Map – shows the profile of the atmosphere during a disturbance

11. Weather satellite – surveys Earth and takes images of Earth’s atmosphere as it moves around
Earth

12. Wind Vane – tells wind direction

MONSOON – seasonal changes in atmospheric circulation accompanied by corresponding

TWO TYPES

1. NORTHEAST MONSOON (amihan) – come from the northeast experienced from November
to April or May. Less strong, cool, and dry breeze
2. SOUTHEAST MONSOON (habagat) – strong, south-wested directed that brings rainfall,
experienced during May to October.

TRADE WINDS – prevailing patterns of easterly surface winds that occur in the lower portion
of the atmosphere.

INTERTROPICAL CONVERGENCE ZONE (ITCZ) – a low pressure area zone characterized

PAGASA (Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration) –

Breezes – winds that are evident near bodies of water.

TWO LAYERS

1. Land breeze – breeze that appears to come from the land toward the sea

2. Sea breeze – breeze that appears to come from the sea toward the land

SEASONS AND ECLIPSES

• Rotation – earth’s turn on its own axis. One complete rotation is equivalent to 24 hours or 1 day

• Axis of rotation – imaginary line where the earth’s rotates

• Revolution – circular movement around the sun. One complete revolution is equivalent to I
year or 365 ¼ days.

• Orbit – path way that earth and other planets follow as they revolve around the sun

Earth spins, the sun appears to “rise” and “set”.

MIDNIGHT SUN – longer duration of sunlight

Eclipse – is a natural shading or darkening of one celestial body by another. It happens when the
moon and earth line up exactly in one lane.

Umbra – dark, slender cone part of the shadow where all sunlight is completely blocked out.

Penumbra – a lighter, funnel – shaped, outer part shadow from which the sunlight is partially
obscured.

Antumbra – region from which the occluding body appears entirely contained within the disc of
the light source.

TYPES OF ECLIPSE

1. Solar Eclipse (eclipse of the sun) – when the moon passes between Earth and the sun, and the
moon casts a shadow over Earth. It occurs when the moon is between the Sun and earth and
usually new moon

TYPES OF SOLAR ECLIPSE

a. Total eclipse – total darkness is experience

b. Annular solar eclipse – moon appears to pass across the middle of the sun but is too small to
cover the disk of the sun completely.

c. Hybrid eclipse – comparatively rare. In some areas on the surface of Earth it appears as a total
eclipse, whereas at other points it appears as an annular eclipse.

d. Partial eclipse – occurs when the sun and the moon are not exactly in line and the, moon only
partially obscures the sun.
2. Lunar Eclipse – It occurs when the Earth is between the Sun and the Moon. And it takes
usually during full moon

TYPES OF LUNA ECLIPSE

a. Total lunar eclipse – when Earth Umbra obscures the moon’s entire visible surface.

b. Partial lunar eclipse - observed when Earth moves between the sun and the moon but the three
celestial bodies do not form a perfectly straight line

c. Penumbral lunar eclipse – none on the moon is completely shaded by Earth’s umbra.

PHASES OF MOON

• New moon – first of the moon phases. Shadowed side of the moon is the only thing you can see

• Waxing crescent moon – moon is less than half-illuminated. Fist slice of the moon you can see.
The word WAXING means “growing.” It’s the right side that is illuminated.

• Quarter moon – moon id half-illuminated. Meaning, the sun and the moon make a 90 degree
angle with Earth.

• Waxing gibbous – moon is illuminated by more than half

• Full moon – brightest phase of the moon.

• Waning gibbous – moon is less than illuminated. WANING means “shrinking”

• Last quarter – moon has reached half illumination. It’s the left hand side that is illuminated.

• Waning crescent – illuminated moon that you can see before the moon goes into darkness
again.

TIDES – regular up and down change in the level of ocean water.

TYPES OF TIDES
a. High tide – water is pulled by the gravitational force toward the moon, resulting in a tidal
bulge

b. Low tide – moon’s pull is lesser

c. Spring tides – occur when the gravitational effects of the sun and the moon combine. The term
refers to the action of seas springing out and then springing back and not on the season spring. It
occurs during full moon and new moon.

d. Neap tides – tides occur during the quarter moon

Tractive force – gravitational force that causes tides

SUPERMOON – moon appears to be larger than usual in the night sky. It happened in
September 2014.