NERVOUS SYSTEM- one of the smallest yet Functions:

complex system 1.) Sensory Functions- detects internal,

-Highly organized of billions of neurons external stimuli; Afferent/ Sensory; Neurons
(microscopic) carry sensory information
-2 kg/ 3% of total body weight Ex: Urge to defecate (internal)
Control communication system Cold temperature (External)
2.) Integrative Function- integrates sensory
Function: information by analyzing and making
1.) Send and receive messages from external decision for an appropriate response
and internal environment 3.) Motor Response- Responding to
2.) Controls our thoughts and movements integration; where action takes place

• Afferent-Conveying impulses towards CNS Structural classification of Nervous System

• Efferent- Conveying impulses away from 1.) Central Nervous System- Brain and Spinal
CNS Cord
-Acts as the integrating and command
TERMS: center of Nervous System
• Neuropeptide-specialized protein -Interprets incoming sensory information,
messengers; mental functions issued transactions based on past and
• Neuroglia- nourishes the nerve cells in brain current conditions
and spinal cord Ex. Specific Kind of pain
• Meninges- membrane that covers the brain 2.) Peripheral Nervous System –outside the
• Myelin Sheath- insulates, protects nerve Central Nervous System
cells which is composed of fats and proteins -Nerves- extend from brain and spinal cord
• Myelinated- Surrounded by Myelin Sheath a.) Spinal Nerves- Carries impulses to and
• Neuron- nerve cells; receiving, transmitting from spinal cord
impulses b.) Cranial Nerves- Carry impulse to and
• Nerve- bundle of neuron Fibers outside CNS from the brain; connect the brain to
structures of head, neck and trunk
• Instinct- aware of knowing something
without having to discover or perceived it;
Functional Classification of Nervous System
Immediate apprehension of the mind
without reasoning
Peripheral Nervous System
• Stimulus- agent that directly influence an
activity by exciting a sensory organ; evoking
1.) Sensory(Afferent)-Nerve fibers that convey
muscular contraction or glandular
impulses to CNS from sensory receptors
secretion; positive or negative; capable of
a.) Somatic(Wall of body cavity)
exciting functional activity; produces a
-Sensory Afferent Fibers-
response in an organ or part of an organ
Delivers impulses from skin, skeletal muscle and
• Impulse- wave excitation transmitted by
joints; “General Somatic Afferent Fibers”; Allows
nerve fibers and muscles
recognizing stimulus, pain, coldness and light touch
• Integration- Process which messages are
-Central Fissures of Parietal Lobe
analyzed, combined, compared and
Cross pathways- Left side detects information from
coordinated; expressed itself through
the right side and vice versa
muscles and glands
b.) Visceral(Any internal organs)
NERVOUS SYSTEM – expresses itself through
-Visceral Efferent Fibers
muscles and glands
Transmits impulses from organs and blood vessels;
“General Visceral Efferent Fibers”
 2.) Motor(Efferent)-Carries impulses from CNS Properties:
to effector organs (ex: heart): Muscle to Irritability- ability to respond to stimulus
glands and converts to nerve impulse
Types: Conductivity-ability to transmit the nerve
a.) Somatic NS- Voluntary NS impulse to other neurons, muscle and
-general somatic efferent fibers glands
-controls skeletal muscles (But not all)
b.) Autonomic NS- Involuntary NS Facts:
-Activity of Cardiac Muscle and Smooth 1.) Neurons no longer have the ability to
muscle of intestine and digestive system undergo Mitosis and proliferation
-regulates the events that are involuntary - Because of intaking illegal drugs,
-General Visceral Efferent Fibers alcohol, trauma and oxygen
• Visceral Organs(signals)--- CNS – Autonomic deprivation
nerves would respond by making
adjustment from the stimuli • Neurotransmitters- Chemicals that transmit
Ex: heart beating, blood pressure may be nerve impulses across the synapses acts as
adjusted post-synapse in neuron- “Neuropeptides”
-50 types
-Sympathetic 1.) Enkephalins, Endorphins
-involves in energy expenditure; - Occurring naturally in brain
-“Fight or flight” response; -blocks transmission perception of pain by
- Releases adrenaline and nonadrenaline hormones inhibiting Substance P
(from adrenal glands - medulla) 2.) Substance P
-arousing state -Aids in transmission of impulses from pain
-heart rate, blood pressure, blood flow increases receptor
except in digestive system (Inhibits functions) 3.) Acetylcholine
-Parasympathetic Stimulate skeletal muscle contraction
-Housekeeping System 4.) Norepinephrine
-Calming State -Creates sense of feeling good
-Maintains Homeostasis by seeing that normal -Low level leads to depression
digestion and elimination occur and that energy is
conserved • Synapse- Site of communication between 2
-Rest and Digestive Response neurons and neuron and effector
-Lowers heart rate, blood pressure and blood flow a. Presynaptic Neuron-Neuron sending
impulse
NERVOUS TISSUE-Over 100 billion nerve cell/ b. Post synaptic neuron- receives the
neuron structural and functional unit of NS impulse
• Supporting Cells-includes many types of
Part of Neuron: cells that generally support, insulates,
1.) Cell Body(Perikaryon) protects the neurons.
nucleus- metabolic center of the cell -Grouped together- “Neuroglia”- Nerve
2.) Dendrites(Little Trees) Glue
-neuron processes that conduct electric • Glia- Each type of neuroglia
currents toward the cell body -Special type of connective tissue with
3.) Axon(Axis)- Generate nerve impulses and different cells
conducts them away from the cell body
-may have hundreds of branching dendrites
but only one axon
 Types of Supporting Cells -Small part of brain stem (top)
-2 bulging fiber tracts
1.) Astrocytes
-star shaped a. Cerebral Peduncles
-1/2 of neural tissue - Conveys afferent or efferent which helps
-connects neurons to blood vessels control posture and movement
-forms structural support between Cerebral- Related to brain
-capillaries and neurons within CNS Peduncles- stem type that joins organs
2.) Microglia
-microglial cell b. Corpura Quadrigemina
-spider shaped - Reflex centers involved in vision and
-phagocytes and disposed debris hearing
3.) Ependymal Cells - -quadruplet bodies
-Line cavities of brain and spinal cord where
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is circulated o Pons
4.) Oligodendrocytes -Bridge(rounded) protruded from midbrain
-tubs the nerve fibers and produce myelin sheath -hind brain that sits directly above the medulla
-located around the axons and within the brain and oblongata
spinal cord -important nuclei- involved in breathing
- myelin sheath within CNS -serves as message
5.) Ganglionic Gliocytes -1 station from cortex and cerebellum
-Satellite cells -connect upper and lower part of brain
-Supports ganglia within CNS Plays a role in (REM) rapid eye movement when
6.) Neurolemmocytes sleeping
-“Schwann cells” o Medulla Oblongata
-Form myelin within PNS -Most inferior part of the brain stem
-contains center that controls heart rate, blood
DIVISIONS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM pressure, breathing, swallowing and vomiting

1.) Central 2.) Cerebellum

- Cauliflower
A. Brain - Separated from the medulla and pons
-control center of Nervous System - Inferior to the occipital lobes of cerebrum
-1.4 kg – 1.5 kg (33 lbs) - Projects dorsally from under occipital lobe
-more than 100 B of neurons of the cerebrum
-10-50 trillion of neuroglia - 2 hemispheres control the surface
-soft, spongy, mottled, pinkish gray Outer cortex- gray matter
-protected by the skull and meninges Inner region- white matter
- Provides precise timing for skeletal muscle
4 MAJOR DIVISIONS OF BRAIN activity
- Coordination, appropriate trajectory and
1. Brainstem point
-about size of the thumb - Maintenance of the posture, balance
-3 inches long structure movement
-regulates cardiac and respiratory function - Balance and equilibrium of the body
-Acts as vehicle for sensory information - Closing of the eyes
-between spinal column and cerebral hemisphere - ATAXIA- disorder; clumsy and
o Midbrain uncoordinated movement; inability to carry
-Between diencephalon and pons out smooth, stead and precise movement
 - Staggering gang -allows cerebral hemisphere to communicate
3.) Cerebrum(Cerebral Hemisphere) -major pathways
- 85% of brain tissue
- Telencephalon- largest, most developed Cerebral Hemisphere (2 differs in processing
part of the brain information)
- Covered by gray matter (cerebral cortex) 1.) Gyri- elevated ridges of tissue of the cortex of
- Connected by corpus callosum(2 the brain
hemispheres) 2.) Sulci- furrow groove, separating the gyri or
convolution of the brain; fissures
Left hemisphere- dominant in 90% of a.) Central Sulci
people – language, mathematical, logical, b.) Lateral Sulci
analytical, language processing - right c.) Pareito- occipital sulci; mark off the
handed boundaries of the occipital lobe
3.) Fissure- a deeper groove which separates large
Right Hemisphere- dominant in 10% of region of the brain
people – visual, spatial skills, intuition, a.) Longitudinal fissures- single, deep
emotion, art and music appreciation- left fissures that separates the cerebral
handed hemisphere
b.) Lateral fissures-Separates the frontal
Visual spatial skills- capacity to understand from temporal lobe
reason and remember the spatial relations c.) ______________- separates temporal
among objects or space from occipital lobe
1.) Perception- ability to form
mental images that are observed NERVE TISSUES
2.) Memory- visualizing objects 1.) Gray (Grey) Matter- nerve cell bodies,
based on verbal description dendrites, unmyelinated axon and neuroglia
3.) Logical Visual spatial thinking – -outer convoluted cerebral cortex
Visualizing objects as observed -nerve cells bodies and spinal cord
from the different point of view 2.) White Matter- aggregation of myelinated
4.) Creative Visual Spatial Thinking- axons
creating fantasy images -forms tracks of bundles of nerve fibers
-“Janusian Imagery”- holding 2 within CNS
mental images
-generally think in pictures MENINGES
1.) Dura Mater- outer layer, tough, fibrous
a.) Cerebral cortex membrane that merges with filum
-Surface of Cerebellum (gray matter) terminale
-has manifold (convolutions) -contains blood vessels and nerves
-speech memory, logical and emotional response -attached to the inside of cranial cavity
as well as consciousness, interpretation of 2.) Arachnoid Mater
sensation and voluntary movement -middle layer
b.) Basal Ganglia -runs caudally to sacral to 2 sacral vertebral
-white matter level it joins the filum terminal (gives
-large masses of gray matter longitudinal support to spinal cord_
-Controls cognition, movement, coordination, -spreads over the brain and the spinal cord
voluntary movement 3.) Pia Mater
c.) Corpus Callosum -innermost layer
-connects 2 cerebral Hemispheres -highly vascular
-bundle of nerve fibers -tightly attached to spinal cord and its roots
 -thin, contain blood vessels that nourishes 4.) Occipital Lobe Association
underlying cells of the brain and spinal cord -combine visual images and other sensory
experience
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID -“conscious seeing”- important to correctly
-clear watery ultrafiltrate solution formed primarily understand what your eyes are seeing (visual
from the blood in choroid plexus of the brain information)

Functions: Insula (not considered as lobe)

1.) Support and protects the brain and spinal -Memory integration of other cerebral activities
cord -deep within the lateral sulcus covered by frontal,
2.) Maintains uniform pressure around there parietal and temporal lobes
delicate structure
3.) Acts as cautions and shock absorber *Impaired: Visual confusion
between brain and cranial bones
4.) Keeps brain and spinal cord moist, • Broca’s area- Motor Speech area
interchange of the substances between CSF -Speaking language
and nerves such as nutrients and waste -base of the precentral gyrus
products -ability to speak
-coordinated contraction of the skeletal
LOBES OF THE BRAIN muscle of larynx and pharynx
1.) Frontal Lobe Association *Paul Broca- Surgeon (1861)
-Involved in higher intellectual reasoning -Broca’s area serves articulation
-concentration on planning, problem solving, Damage: Unable to speak properly
judging • Wernicke’s Area- Allows for comprehension
-Personality is formed of the emotional content of language
-motor area- generates impulses from voluntary -to understand what is being said
movement *Karl Wernickes- 18th century
-precise contraction of muscle APHROSODIA (lacking comprehension)
Left motor- controls movement on the right side -Contain motor neuron- comprehension of
Right motor- controls movement on the Left side speech
a.) Premotor areas- anterior to motor area WERNICKE’S APHASIA- Difficulty
-learned motor skills that requires understanding speech/ language
sequence of movement
Ex: Clapping, beating, tying shoes DIENCEPHALON (interbrain)
b.) Prefrontal(orbitofrontal) Cortex -Thalamus and Hypothalamus
-Emotional Response in appropriate -linked between the nervous system and endocrine
response to the situation system via pituitary gland
2.) Temporal Lobe Association -top of the brainstem enclosed by the cerebral
-remember visual scenes, music, complex pattern, hemisphere
complex memories
-sense of smell (olfactory) Major Structure:
-hearing (auditory)- comprehends meaning of 1.) Thalamus
speeches, sound, pitches - Consists of 2 symmetrical lobes
3.) Parietal Lobe Association -encloses the shallow third ventricle of the brain is
-Understand speech using words to express a relay station for sensory impulses passing upward
-process sensory information within seconds to sensory cortex
-taste, temperature and touch are processed -Sensory impulse from the whole body except
-receives impulses from the skin, feels and olfactory
interprets -function for sensation
-can suppress other sensation PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
-some sensation can be felt by thalamus and pain - Consist of nerves and scattered of neural
that cannot be localized cells bodies (ganglia)
*Cerebrum localizes the pain, other sensations
STRUCTURE OF NERVE
2.) Hypothalamus- makes up the floor of 1.) Neuron Fiber (Processes)-this is wrapped in
diencephalon protective connective tissue covering
-function for the pleasure or reward center, when 2.) Endoneurium- delicate connective tissue
activated releases Dopamine-a neurotransmitter sheath that surrounds a fiber
that creates pleasing, enjoyable sensation 3.) Perineurium- group of fibers that bounds a
coarse connective tissue wrapping to form
Roles in regulation of fiber bundles
1.) Body Temperature (sweating, shivering)
2.) Water and electrolyte balance CRANIAL NERVES
3.) Metabolism (hypothalamus) -12 pairs
4.) Endocrine Function- Production of -arise from the surface of the brain
hormones -primarily serves the head and neck
5.) Urine formation -only one pair extends to the thoracic and
6.) Gastrointestinal Activity abdominal cavities- Vagus Nerve
7.) Hunger -Numbered in order
8.) Acceleration and deceleration of heartbeat -Most cranial are mixed nerves (sensory and
9.) Sleeping and Wakefulness motor)
10.) Center of many Drives and Emotion -supplies the head, neck, and major organs
(Thirst, appetite, sex, pain and pleasure) -inferior to the brain

*respirations are controlled by medulla oblongata NERVE FIBER CLASSIFICATION

that acts with the pons 1.) Sensory Nerves-conduct impulses to the
CNS
LIMBIC SYSTEM 2.) Motor Nerves-conducts impulses to the
- Roughly donut shape neural loop inside the muscles and organs
brain 3.) Mixed-both sensory and motor nerve
- Include structure of hypothalamus, fibers; mostly are motor
amygdala (processes emotions; almond
shape) hippocampus (behaviors; sea horse), • General Somatic Efferent Fibers- carry
fornix (associated in memory loss; arch) motor impulses from the CNS to skeletal
- Involved in new memories, learning and muscles
emotions • General Visceral Efferent Fibers- carry
- Generates emotions and involved in short motor impulse away from CNS to smooth
term memory through the hippocampus muscle and glands
B. SPINAL CORD • General Somatic Afferent Fibers- carry
- 31 pairs of the spinal nerves sensory impulses to CNS sensory impulses
- 17 inches long to CNS from the skin and skeletal muscles
- continuation of the brain • General Visceral Afferent Fibers- carry
- communication link between the brain and the sensory impulses to the CNS from vessels
body and internal organs
- spinal reflex action whether somatic/visceral • Special Somatic Efferent Fibers- carry
motor impulses from brain to receptors
-site, hearing, equilibrium
 • Special Visceral Afferent Fibers- from -present in the brain stem
olfactory and taste receptors 8.) Vestibulocochlear
• Special Somatic Afferent Fibers- site, -sensory
hearing, equilibrium -sensory from equilibrium receptors of ear
-sensory from hearing receptors
12 CRANIAL NERVES 9.) Glossopharyngeal
-mixed
1.) Olfactory -sensory from pharynx, tonsils, tongue and
a. sensory carotid arteries
b. Fibers transmit impulses associated -glands and muscles of pharynx
with smell 10.) Vagus
2.) Optic -longest
a. Vision (sensory) -mixed
b. Supplies information to the retina of -somatic motor to muscle of speech and
the eyes in the form of ganglion swallowing
3.) Oculomotor-primarily motor -autonomic motor to viscera of thorax and
-papillary constrictions abdomen
-motor impulses to muscles that: -sensory from pharynx, larynx, esophagus
a. Raise eyelids and viscera of thorax and abdomen
b. Move the eyes
c. Focus lenses 11.) Accessory
d. Adjust light entering eye -Spinal nerves
4.) Trochlear -primary motor
–exits the posterior side of the brain stem -motor to muscle of soft palate, pharynx,
-primarily motor larynx, neck and back
-motor impulses to muscles that moves the 12.) Hypoglossal
eye laterally -primary motor
5.) Trigeminal -motor to muscle of the tongue
-largest cranial nerve (mixed)
Ophthalmic division Spinal nerve and nerve plexus are:
-sensory from surface of eye, tear glands,
scalp, forehead and upper eyelids Nerve plexus
Maxillary Division -branching network of nerves composed of
-sensory from the upper teeth, upper gum, afferent and efferent fiber that arise from merging
upper lip, palate and skin of face of anterior Rami of the spinal nerve and blood
Mandibular Division vessels
-sensory from scalp, skin of jaw, lower -31 pairs of human spinal nerves formed by the
teeth, lower hum and lower lip combination of ventral and dorsal roots of the
-motor to muscle of mastication and spinal cord
muscles of floor of mouth
6.) Abducens 5 ROOTS OF SPINAL NERVE
-primary motor 1.) Cervical Nerve- 8 pairs of nerve impulse
-motor impulses to muscles that move the that supplies the limbs, neck and diaphragm
eye laterally 2.) Thoracic Nerve-12 pairs; supplies the
7.) Facial muscle of the chest and back
-mixed 3.) Lumbar Nerve- 5 pairs; supplies the lower
-sensory from taste receptors abdomen and parts of lower limb
-motor muscles of facial expression, tear 4.) Sacral- 5 pairs
glands and salivary glands
 Supplies reproductive organs, bladder and
other parts of limbs
5.) Coccygeal- 1 pair
Supplies reproductive organs, bladder and
other parts of limbs

Types:
1.) Smaller Dorsal Rami- serves the skin and
muscle of the posterior body trunk
2.) Ventral Rami (spinal nerve T1 – T12)-serves
muscles between ribs, skin and muscles and
anterior lateral trunk
3.) Ventral Rami of all other SP- form complex
network of nerves called plexuses which
serves the motor or sensory nerves of the
limbs
Damage: Paralysis of the organ or body they serve