PSYCHROMETRICS

Psychrometrics
Level 1: Introduction
 Technical Development Programs (TDP) are modules of technical training on HVAC theory,
system design, equipment selection and application topics. They are targeted at engineers and
designers who wish to develop their knowledge in this field to effectively design, specify, sell or
apply HVAC equipment in commercial applications.
Although TDP topics have been developed as stand-alone modules, there are logical group-
ings of topics. The modules within each group begin at an introductory level and progress to
advanced levels. The breadth of this offering allows for customization into a complete HVAC
curriculum – from a complete HVAC design course at an introductory-level or to an advanced-
level design course. Advanced-level modules assume prerequisite knowledge and do not review
basic concepts.

Psychrometrics is the study of the air and water vapor mixture. Proficiency in the use of the
psychrometric chart is an important tool for designers of air conditioning systems. Psychromet-
rics is required to properly calculate heating and cooling loads, select equipment, and design air
distribution systems. While the topic is not complicated, it involves a number of formulas and
their application; the psychrometric chart is useful in simplifying the calculations. This module is
the first of four on the topic of psychrometrics. This module introduces the air-vapor mixture and
how the psychrometric chart can be used to determine the mixture’s properties. This module also
explains how to plot the eight basic air conditioning processes on the chart. Other modules build
on the information from this module to explain the psychrometrics of various air conditioning
systems, analysis of part load and control methods, computerized psychrometrics, and the theory
used to develop the chart.

© 2005 Carrier Corporation. All rights reserved.

The information in this manual is offered as a general guide for the use of industry and consulting engineers in designing systems.
Judgment is required for application of this information to specific installations and design applications. Carrier is not responsible for
any uses made of this information and assumes no responsibility for the performance or desirability of any resulting system design.
The information in this publication is subject to change without notice. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in
any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, for any purpose, without the express written permission of Carrier Corporation.

Printed in Syracuse, NY
CARRIER CORPORATION
Carrier Parkway
Syracuse, NY 13221, U.S.A.
 Table of Contents
Introduction...................................................................................................................................... 1
What is Psychrometrics?.............................................................................................................. 2
Properties of Air and Vapor............................................................................................................. 2
How Air and Water Vapor are Measured .................................................................................... 3
Humidity and Its Sources............................................................................................................. 4
How the Air-Vapor Mixture Reacts............................................................................................. 4
Temperature and Pressure............................................................................................................ 5
Building the Psychrometric Chart.................................................................................................... 7
Dry Bulb Temperature Scale ....................................................................................................... 7
Specific Humidity Scale .............................................................................................................. 7
Dew Point and the Saturation Line .............................................................................................. 8
Relative Humidity Lines .............................................................................................................. 9
Wet Bulb Temperature Lines..................................................................................................... 10
Specific Volume Lines............................................................................................................... 12
Enthalpy Scale (Total Heat Content) ......................................................................................... 12
State Point ...................................................................................................................................... 13
Using the Psychrometric Chart .................................................................................................. 14
Examples Using State Points ................................................................................................. 15
Air Conditioning Processes............................................................................................................ 17
Eight Basic Process Types ......................................................................................................... 17
Sensible and Latent Heat Changes............................................................................................. 18
Sensible Heat Factor .................................................................................................................. 20
Sensible Heat Factor Scale......................................................................................................... 21
Sensible Heating and Cooling.................................................................................................... 22
Humidification and Dehumidification ....................................................................................... 23
Air Mixing ................................................................................................................................. 24
Finding Room Airflow............................................................................................................... 24
Evaporative Cooling .................................................................................................................. 25
Cooling with Dehumidification ................................................................................................. 26
Cooling Coils and the Bypass Factor......................................................................................... 27
Evaporative Cooling and Humidity Control .............................................................................. 30
Heating and Humidification....................................................................................................... 32
Heating and Dehumidification................................................................................................... 32
Process Chart ................................................................................................................................. 33
Summary........................................................................................................................................ 36
Work Session 1 .............................................................................................................................. 37
Work Session 2 .............................................................................................................................. 38
Appendix........................................................................................................................................ 40
List of Symbols and Abbreviations............................................................................................ 40
Thermodynamic Properties of Water At Saturation: U.S. Units................................................ 42
Thermodynamic Properties of Moist Air: U.S. Units ................................................................ 50
Psychrometric Chart, Normal Temperature, Sea Level ............................................................. 56
Work Session 1 Answers ........................................................................................................... 57
Work Session 2 Answers ........................................................................................................... 60
Glossary ..................................................................................................................................... 65
 PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1: INTRODUCTION

Introduction
Why does an air-conditioning design course begin with psychrometrics? In the computer-
aided design world of today, is psychrometrics a necessary and practical topic to understand? The
answer is that the principles of psychrometrics provide the key to understanding why the air con-
ditioning industry exists and will help explain many of the processes and steps used in system
design. It is so important, we have four TDP modules devoted to psychrometrics. This first mod-
ule has four sections: properties of air and vapor, building the psychrometric chart, state points,
and air conditioning processes. Other modules describe using psychrometrics to analyze proc-
esses and determine loads or airflows, using psychrometrics to evaluate performance of
compound systems with the psychrometric chart or computer tools, and psychrometric formula
and the theory used to construct the chart.
Many of the terms and concepts are used in daily conversation, yet we may not recognize
them as psychrometrics. What does relative humidity really mean? How does a cooling coil re-
move water vapor? What causes air conditioning ducts to sweat? The answers to questions such
as these depend upon the properties of air and water vapor and how they act together. Being able
to analyze air conditioning systems with an understanding of these properties means better oper-
ating systems and lower costs.
The history of psychrometrics started on a foggy evening in 1902 on a train platform in Pitts-
burgh. A young engineer for Buffalo Forge Company was working on an air conditioning design
problem involving a Brooklyn printer who was having a problem with color registration between
printing press runs. Color printing
was done at that time by running
the paper through the presses for
each primary color. The concen-
tration of the various color dots
gave the pictures their color.
Since paper changes dimension-
ally with changes in the humidity,
on some days, the colors were not
lining up, leading to poor quality
and wasted materials. On this
foggy night, the young engineer
observed the fog condensing on
cold surfaces and determined that
there was a relationship between
temperature and humidity. As
temperature dropped, the air
could hold less moisture. It fol- Figure 1
lowed that a temperature could be
reached where the air could hold Dr. Carrier and the Brooklyn Printing Plant
no more moisture and a concept called dew point control was born. This understanding of dew
point allowed him to solve the printer’s problem. The young engineer, Willis Carrier, went on to
mathematically describe the phenomena he observed that night and the science of psychrometrics
was born.

Psychrometrics
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PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1: INTRODUCTION

The formulas that were developed were plotted on a chart that is the psychrometric chart.
This chart is one of the most useful tools a system designer has to describe air conditioning proc-
esses.

What is Psychrometrics?

Psychrometrics is the study of the thermo-

Five uses for psychrometrics:
dynamic properties of moist air. In other words,
if the air is to be conditioned, how can the Determine the temperature at which
amount of heat that must be added or removed condensation will occur in walls or on a
and the amount of moisture that must be added duct.
or removed be determined? This is what we can Find all the properties of moist air by
learn from our study of psychrometrics. knowing any two conditions.
Calculate the required airflow to the space
and the equipment to satisfy the loads.
Determine the sensible and total cooling
load the unit needs to provide
Determine the coil depth and temperature
to meet the design load conditions.

Properties of Air and Vapor

We will start at the beginning with air itself. Atmospheric air is a mixture of a number of
gases. The two primary gases are nitrogen and oxygen. Nitrogen accounts for 77 percent of air’s
weight by volume and oxygen ac-
counts 21 percent. The remaining 1
percent is trace amounts of other
gases, but these do not appear in vol-
umes significant enough to be a factor
in psychrometric calculations.

Figure 2
Composition of Dry Atmospheric Air

Psychrometrics
2
 PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1: INTRODUCTION

Atmospheric air has one other

element in this mixture of gases
commonly called air: water vapor.
Water vapor is not present in large
quantities in the atmosphere; how-
ever, it is a significant factor to those
concerned with the field of psy-
chrometrics and air conditioning.

Figure 3
Atmospheric air is a mixture of dry air and water vapor.

How Air and Water Vapor are Measured

Air conditioning is the simultaneous control of temperature, humidity, cleanliness, and distri-
bution. So, the first order of business in order to control temperature and humidity, is how they
can be measured. Once temperature
and humidity are determined, then the
amount of each to be removed or
added can be calculated.
Convention for the industry is to
base calculations of air properties on
pounds. Since air is a mixture, and not
a compound, the amount of moisture
in the mixture can change. Therefore,
to have a common measuring point,
moisture content is defined by com-
paring the moisture content at any
point to dry air. Figure 4

The amount of actual water vapor Psychrometric calculations are based on a pound of dry air.
present in a quantity of air is so small
that it is measured in grains. It takes 7000 grains to make up one pound. Since one pound of air at
100º F, with all the water it can hold, contains 302.45 grains (about ½ ounce), this water does not
have much bearing on the actual weight of the air. The actual final weight of a volume of air will
be the sum of the air’s dry weight and the
The unit of measurement weight of the water vapor it contains.
for moisture content is pounds of
moisture per pound of dry air (lb / lbda).
Note: to convert from pounds of moisture
per pound of dry air to grains is:
lb / lbda ∗ 7000 = Grains

Psychrometrics
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PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1: INTRODUCTION

Humidity and Its Sources

The common term for the water vapor that is in the air is humidity. Humidity has many
sources. Evaporation from oceans, lakes, and rivers puts water into the air and forms clouds. In-
side buildings, cooking, showers,
people, open sources of water, and
process work can add water vapor.

How can the exact amount of

evaporated moisture be measured?
Formulas are available that allow us
to calculate the amount. However, the
psychrometric chart makes it easy and
provides a good way to visualize the
process.

Figure 5
Water vapor in the air comes from many sources.

How the Air-Vapor Mixture Reacts

Two basic laws apply to the air and vapor mixture that make our calculations possible. First,
within the range of comfort air conditioning, the mixture follows the ideal gas laws. Put simply, if
two properties of either pressure, tem-
perature, or volume, are known, the
other one may be calculated. Second,
the gases follow Dalton’s law of par-
tial pressures. This means that air and
the water vapor in the air occupy the
same volume and are at the same
pressure as if one alone were in the
space, and the total pressure is the
sum of the air and vapor pressures.

Figure 6
The ideal gas law and Dalton’s Law control psychrometric
calculations.

Psychrometrics
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 PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1: INTRODUCTION

Temperature and Pressure

Our first air property, air tempera-

ture, can be easily determined with a 100
standard thermometer. What about the
second, pressure? What is air pres- 70
sure?
Air pressure is often called baro- 32
metric pressure.

Air Temperature Air (Barometric) Pressure

Figure 7
Air Temperature and Pressure

The daily weather report gives

the barometric pressure. Air has
weight, even though we may not rec-
ognize it as such. The barometer is a
measure of the weight of the column
of atmospheric air. Barometric pres-
sure is usually measured in inches of
mercury, (in. Hg). Notice that the
weight is dependent on the elevation,
the higher above sea level the lower
the air pressure.
Figure 8
The weight of atmospheric air varies with elevation.

The air in a space where condi-

tions are being calculated is Absolute Pressure Scales Compared
dependent on barometric pressure. To
account for the weight of atmospheric psia 4--+--..__. in. Hg Abs
air, calculations use the absolute pres-
sure. This is referred to as pressure in 14.696 psia - - - - + ---+-- - -- 29.921 (sea level)
12.23 psia 24.9 in.
pounds per square inch absolute, writ- (5000 ft above sea level)
ten psia. At sea level, this is 29.921
in. Hg and converts to 14.696 psia; in
Denver at 5000 feet elevation the 0 in.
O psia
pressure is 12.23 psia. Since the two (no atmosphere)
laws depend on pressure, the charts
also depend on pressure. To account
for this, psychrometric charts are pub-
Figure 9
lished for different elevations, sea
Absolute pressure is used in psychrometric calculations.

Psychrometrics
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_PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1: INTRODUCTION

level, 2,500 feet, 5,000 feet, 7,500 feet, and 10,000 feet are common. Charts can be used for plus
or minus 1,000 ft of chart elevation without correction.
Pressure measurements used in HVAC are sometimes in pounds per square inch gauge, psig
or psi; these measurements are the difference above the atmospheric. For psychrometric calcula-
tions, all pressures are in psia.
Recall that in the daily weather
reports the barometer changes from Dry Air Wet Air
day to day for the same location. This
is because air pressure is also de-
pendent on the moisture in the air.
Therefore, determining air pressure is
dependent on elevation and moisture
content.
Dalton's law said that the total
pressure was the sum of the air pres-
sure and water vapor pressure; so,
which weighs more, dry air or moist
Figure 10
air?
Which weighs more, d1y air or wet air?

Again, think about what happens in

Dry Air is Denser the weather report. When they say it
will be a beautiful clear sunny day,
DRY AIR there is a high-pressure front with a
rising barometer. Conversely, a hurri-
cane has a very low pressure.
Therefore, the answer is that dry air
weighs more. This is true because in a
DENSITY pound of atmospheric air the water va-

~~OIST AIR
por occupies a greater percentage of the
volume and weighs less. This means
the dry air is denser than the moist air.
Since calculations of air properties
Figure 11 are dependent on the altitude, tempera-
Dry air is denser than moist air. ture, and moisture content, the industry
has agreed on a set of conditions for the
air called standard air. This is the point of reference we will use for our calculations. Standard air
is defined as sea level, 59° F, and a barometer of 29.921 in. Hg, or 14.696 psia. The amount of
moisture will be measured based on dry air.
Conditions of Standard Air

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 PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1: INTRODUCTION

Building the Psychrometric Chart

A psychrometric chart is a convenient way to determine properties of air and describe air
conditioning processes. To create the chart, it is necessary to base the calculations on elevation;
sea level is used for this discussion.
Since the behavior of temperature and humidity are predictable at atmospheric pressure and
temperatures, different characteristic properties can be plotted on a graph. To start the chart it is
necessary to define our vertical and
horizontal axis.
85 90

Dry Bulb Temperature

Scale
Our horizontal axis on the chart
will represent an ordinary temperature
scale called dry bulb temperature.
These lines can then be extended ver-
tically so any point on the line is equal wbdp °F,'?P

to that dry bulb temperature. The lines

could cover any temperature range, db °F• 30 40 '
so 60 70 80 90 120

but here we will use a range common iS"

for normal comfort calculations, 30° F Figure 12
to 120° F.
The horizontal scale is dry bulb temperature.

Specific Humidity Scale

Next, the vertical scale is made according to the amount of water vapor mixed with each
pound of dry air. Since the amount of water vapor is small, the scale is plotted in grains of water
vapor per pound of dry air at standard
85 90
atmospheric pressure. Some charts !JO

plot water vapor in pounds of water 160

per pound of dry air rather than

grains. The vertical axis is called the
120
specific humidity scale.
100

40

20

0
db QF• 30 40 so 60 70 80 90 100 110 120

GM i3>

Figure 13
The vertical scale is specific humidity, a measure of the amount of

Psychrometrics
water vapor in the air.

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_P SYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1: INTRODUCTION

Now it is easy to locate many 85 90

180
air and water vapor mixtures by
160
using the chart. For example, air
at 75° F dry bulb temperature is 140

anywhere on the vertical line 120

Ul

~
above 75° F, regardless of the 100
~
I

humidity. Air with 60 grains of §

.p 80 9-
-<
water vapor per pound of dry air '!l
Q

lS anywhere on the horizontal O' 60 gr

line at 60 grains. The air at 75° F •ll 40 f
and 60 grains is the point where wbdp ' F- -,O
20

these two lines meet. 0

db ' F• 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 11 0 120

75°

Figure 14
Locate a dry bulb and specific humidity p oint_

Dew Point and the Saturation Line

Suppose this air is then cooled - what happens? Observe the dew on the grass on a summer
morning. The night air was cooled and water vapor in the air from the day before condensed on
the grass. As the temperature dropped, the air could hold no more water vapor and so water con-
densed out of the air. This highlights the fact that the amount of water vapor that the air can hold
is related to the air temperature.
As the air at 75° F and 60 grains has the temperature reduced, no water vapor is removed until
the air reaches its point of maximum humidity. For this example, when the temperature is 53° F,
any further cooling will now cause some water vapor to condense, because at 53° F the air can
hold only 60 grains per pound of air. The temperature at which the moisture content or relative
humidity has reached l 00 percent is called the dew point. If the temperature drops below the dew
point, say to 48° F, only 50 8s 90
180
grains of water vapor remain in
the air. Therefore, 10 grains of 160

water vapor condenses. If the MO

temperature drops still further

to about 42° F, another 10
grains is condensed as only 40
Saturation
grains remain in the air at this
Line
temperature.

db °F• 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

42 ° 53° 75°
48°
Figure 15
Saturation Line

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 PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1: INTRODUCTION

A line that connects these and other 100 percent saturation points is known as the saturation
line, which is the same as the 100 percent relative humidity line. This line gives the dew point
temperatures and is called the saturation curve or saturation line. The dew point temperature for
air depends upon the amount of water vapor present and is found on the psychrometric chart by
moving horizontally over to the saturation curve and reading the temperature there.
To illustrate the use of dew point, we will check to see whether sweating occurs on a 55° F
uninsulated supply air duct that runs through an unconditioned space. At a space temperature of
95° F dry bulb and 100 grains of water vapor, the dew point is 67° F. That means the 55° F duct
cools the surrounding uncondi- as 90
tioned air below the 67° F dew
point, therefore, water vapor
condenses. Moisture condenses
not only on the duct, but also on "'
~
any surface with a temperature ~
o..,,,_.,.__-+--+--o'---+----+6€--~1oogr
below the dew point of the air. 3
a:
~'
If water dripping is likely to
"' 0
cause damage, the duct should
be wrapped with insulation then
with a vapor barrier. Enough 20 .
insulation should be used to
0
prevent the outside surface db oF• 30 40 so 60 70 so 90 100 110 120

temperature from dropping be- 55° 67° 95°

low the dew point of the
surrounding air. Figure 16
Determine dew point with conditions of a duct in an unconditioned space.

Relative Humidity Lines

The saturation curve indicates the 100 percent relative humidity line. Lines for partly satu-
rated air look very much like the saturation line on the chart. These lines nonnally appear in
increments of 10 percent and indicate the degree of saturation.
Relative humidity is defined 95 90
180 - ·-
as the amount of moisture in the Relative
air compared to the maximum 60
Humidity =- = 45%
amount that could be present at 132 140
Approx. 132 gr
the same temperature. For ex- 120 g"'
~
ample, air at 75° F dry bulb with I
§
60 grains shows a relative hu- ao a:
~
midity between the 40 and 50 "
0
60 gr
percent lines on the chart. ~
40 f
Check this by following the 20
75° F dry bulb temperature line
db °F• 30 40 50 60 70 BO 90 100 110 0 120
up to the saturation line could be
used to check thi s. Here, air has 75°
132 grains of water vapor. The
Figure 17
relative humidity is approxi-
mately equal to 60 divided by Relative humidity lines resemble the saturation curve.
132, or 45 percent.

Psychrometrics
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PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1: INTRODUCTION

One use for relative humidity 85 90

1eo

lines is to determine the maximum 160

allowable relative humidity permitted
inside a house in winter without hav- Window 140

Temperature
~"'
120
ing moisture condense on the
windows. If the window surface tem- 35° F 100
~
2'
3
perature is 35° F and the room 80
9,

temperature is 7 5° F, the maximum €0

"'
<g
g

relative humidity can be found by ~

starting at 35° F at the saturation line

40 r
and moving across until the 7 5° F dry 20

bulb temperature line is intersected. db oF• 30 : 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 11 0

0
120
This point falls between 20 and 30 I

~ 75°
percent and is estimated at 23 percent Room Temperature
relative humidity. Therefore, the
Figure 18
maximum winter relative humidity is
23 percent and controls should be Relative humidity lines can be used to determine maximum winter
used to maintai n this level. humidity levels.

Wet Bulb Temperature Lines

Another term that is often used in air conditioning is wet bulb temperature. To see how it is
obtained, start with the same pound of air at 75° F dry bulb temperature and 60 grains of water
vapor. Pass this air through a series of water sprays that use the same water repeatedly, except for
the small amount that may evaporate.
This device is called a saturator. As
the air goes through the water spray,
the temperature of the air drops be- 75° F db
cause heat is absorbed to evaporate 60 gr 61 .5° F db, wb
45% rh
the atomized water. If the sprays are 82 gr
well designed, the air temperature 100% rh
drops, in this case, down to almost
61.5° F. At this temperature, it is satu-
rated with almost 82 grains of water
vapor. The temperature of the satu-
rated air, after passing through the
sprays is called the wet bulb tempera-
ture. In this case, 61.5° F is the wet
bulb temperature of air at 75° F dry
Figure 19
bulb temperature and 60 grains of wa-
ter vapor. Water saturates the air when passed through a water spray saturator.

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Psychrometrics
10
 PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1: INTRODUCTION

This experiment would be difficult to perform eve1y time the wet bulb temperature was
needed. Instead, a device called a sling psychrometer can be used more conveniently and gives
quite accurate results. The sling psychrometer consists of two thermometers mounted in a frame
and attached to a handle by means of a swivel. One thermometer has a wetted cotton wick
wrapped around its mercury bulb.
When the apparatus is whirled
around, air is moved across the wick
and some of the water is evaporated.
This evaporation absorbs heat and
causes the thermometer to register
the wet bulb temperature. A dry bulb
thermometer is usually mounted on
the sling psychrometer so that a wet • Avoid adverse conditions that can affect reading
bulb/dry bulb comparison can be in-
• Moisten wick before procedure
stantly taken. This piece of
• Rotate device at least 2 minutes
equipment provides a convenient
• Read device immediately after rotation
way of determining the humidity
condition in the air, since measuring Figure 20
the specific humidity or dew point Wet bulb temperature is determined with a sling psychrometer.
directly is difficult to do.
This wet bulb process is also shown on the psychrometric chart. The initial unsaturated air
started at 75° F with 60 grains and ended up saturated at 61.5° F with 82 grains. If these two
points are connected, they form the
BS 90
61.5° F wet bulb temperature line. In
a similar manner, the wet bulb lines
run diagonally from the lower right
up to the saturation curve. All wet
bulb temperatures are read at the
saturation line.
/O'!:fZ-,...--,,~...,......,,..-"-;--6"--~~~ 60gr

0
db °F• 30 40 50 SO 70 80 90 100 120

61 .5° 75°

Figure 21
Wet bulb temperature lines run diagonally, intersecting the
saturation curve at the wet bulb temperature.

To rotmd out our understanding of the information we can get from a psychrometric chart,
two other properties of the air need to be explained.

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PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1: INTRODUCTION

Specific Volume Lines

65 90

The first property is specific

volume. Specific volume is defined
as the number of cubic feet occupied
by one pound of air at any given
temperature and pressure. For ex-
ample, one pound of air at 75° F dry 1~

bulb displaces a volume of 13Yz cu- A>-r---ir-~r---T-~w--~~ :;,-- 6Qgr

bic feet at sea level. If the air is r

heated to 95° F, it expands and takes
up 14 cubic feet. Air, being a gas,
will decrease in density as its tem-
perature rises. If the air is cooled to 55° 75 ° 95°
55° F, it occupies only 13 cubic feet,
because the air is denser at lower Figure 22
temperatures. The lines for these Specific Volume Lines
specific volumes are shown on the psychrometric chart as almost vertical lines, which slant to the
left. Specific volume is used primarily for checking fan performance and determining fan motor
sizes for low and high temperature applications.

Enthalpy Scale (Total Heat Content)

Another property used in the air conditioning field is enthalpy, or the total heat content of the
air and water vapor mixture. Enthalpy is very useful in determining the amount of heat that is
added to or removed from air in a given process.

,// 85 90
gr lb llb. . Specific Humidity
~ / ·.
180
~~!
h. =Enthalpy at saturatio~.j' .f?·.

h5 = 27.5 Btu/lb ...

,,.//
.;,/ ....
<:)
'.r/
"'
v·~'
.
~
~1 . /• . .
'/ ...
1-;<;
.1 .
,
:; ':.~
-I',

~ 40 70 90 ~ 100
o. 0.
c:. ~

Figure 23
The enthalpy scale is an extension of the wet bulb lines.

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Psychrometrics
12
 PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1: INTRODUCTION

It is found on the psychrometric chart by following along a wet bulb temperature line, past
the saturation line, and out to the enthalpy scale. For example, air at 75° F dry bulb temperature
and 60 grains of water vapor has an enthalpy of 27 .50 Btu per pound of air. The enthalpy scale is
shown at the extension of the wet bulb temperature lines and is read directly where the extended
wet bulb line intersects the scale.
The enthalpy actually changes as the air becomes less saturated. This is shown on some
charts with a deviation correction and by sloped enthalpy lines on other charts. For most comfort
air conditioning calculations, the saturated enthalpy can be used without correction.

State Point
If all the lines that have been
discussed are combined in one
chart, it will look like the dia-
gram. The chart now shows dry
bulb temperature, specific hu-
midity, dew point temperature,
relative humidity, wet bulb tem-
perature, specific volume and,
enthalpy. When any two of these
values are known, the exact con-
dition of the air can be located
on the chart and all other proper-
ties can be found from this one
point. Such a point is sometimes
referred to as a state point.

gr lb /lbd• Specific Humidity

BS 90
180,.

I. Enthalpy I·~ Specific

,;'Volume

~"/ ~<:;
IWet Bulb Temperature I
~--~' - - - " i. . :;_~r
Dew Point ~.......~~"4~-JL~.Ft---+;,;L--'13"'--',......_. Specific
Temperature Humidity
i

Figure 24
Seven properties can be found on the psychrometric chart.

Psychrometrics
- - -- - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - --
13
- --
..)
- - - - - - - - - Turn totheE>.-pertS:
PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1: INTRODUCTION

Using the Psychrometric Chart

All the properties pertinent to most air conditioning calculations have now been defined using
the psychrometric chart. The state point, or locating the properties using the two properties, now
gives us a useful tool to evaluate conditions of the air at any point in the air conditioning process.
Let's find the properties at four points common in an air conditioning system; room air, outdoor
air, mixed return and outdoor air, and air leaving a cooling coil.

gr lb/ lb., Specific Humidity

180 ; _,
/

..

%40 ~
db °F• 30
~
70
"'~-
80 90
..,,.
'*'0 , 100

Figure 25
Complete Sea Level, Normal Temperature P>ychrometric Chart

<tfiiitt».i Psychrometrics
Turn totheExpertS. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- ----
14
 PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1: INTRODUCTION

Examples Using State Points

First, room air conditions are normally given as a dry bulb temperature and a percent relative
humidity, typically 75° F and 50 percent. To find the state point on the chart, we locate 75° F and
follow the line vertically until it intersects the 50 percent relative humidity line. The other five air
properties can then be read from this state point: wet bulb of 62.5° F, dew point of 55° F, specific
humidity of 65 gr, air volume of 13 .7 ft3, and enthalpy of 28.1 Btu/lb.

gr lb / lbd• Specific Humidity

85 90
180

Room Air and 39.4 Btu/lb

76° F wb
Outdoor Air
·120
28.1 Btu/lb
62.5° F wb 100 - - ~~J 105 grl
--:f'1

..
,b

' 0
~ 40 70 90 ~0. 100 110 1:;,_ 120
0,
<;! ~ -;.
75 ° 95 °
Figure 26
State Point Examp les for Room Air and Outdoor Air

In a similar way, we can determine the other air properties at the outdoor condition, which is
normally given as a dry bulb temperature and wet bulb temperature. For this example assume the
state point conditions are 95° F dry bulb and 76° F wet bulb, the other properties are: relative hu-
midity of 42 percent, dew point of 68 .5° F, specific humidity of 105gr, air volume of 14.3 ft3 , and
enthalpy of 39.4 Btu/lb.

<tMd»
Psychrometrics •
- - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Turnto theExpertS.
15
PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1: INTRODUCTION

Common air conditioning practice is to return air from the space to the unit and to mix that
air with a portion of outdoor air. Using the last two examples, if 10 percent of the air is outdoor
air and 90 percent of the room air are mixed the resulting mixed air state point conditions will be
78° F dry bulb and 64.7° F wet bulb. We explain how this is calculated in the next section of this
module. Again, the properties can be determined by finding the state point and reading the other
properties, which in this instance are: relative humidity of 50 percent, dew point of 57° F, specific

gr lb / lb., Specific Humidity

85 90
180 ,,
Mixed Air and ii

Coil Leaving Air

23 .8 Btu/lb - . ) 1
- - ·'t
56° F wb - ~' « \
80 .
- - - -":':' ~ 71 gr l
su -- ...;:~""'" ~

40

58 ° 78 °
Figure 27
State point examples for mixed and coil leaving air

humidity of 71gr, air volume of 13.8 ft3, and enthalpy of 29.7 Btu/lb.
Finally, the typical air conditions leaving the cooling coil can be found. Typical conditions
are 58° F dry bulb and 56° F wet bulb. Finding this state point on the psychrometric chart, the
other properties can be read: relative humidity of 90 percent, dew point of 54.5° F, specific hu-
midity of 63 gr., air volume of 13.2 ft 3 , and enthalpy of 23 .8 Btu/lb.
We have now developed the psychrometric chart and learned how we can determine air prop-
erties using it. This is a good time to practice using the chart, Work Session 1 in the back of the
book covers the skills covered so far.

... •
)

'fo m tothe Expert.i -------------------------------

16
Psychrometrics
 PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1: INTRODUCTION

Air Conditioning Processes

Air conditioning design is the application of a number of different psychrometric processes.
For our purposes, a process could be defined as moving from one state point to another. To do
this heat and moisture must be added or removed. In this section, we will discuss the eight basic
air conditioning processes and how the chart is used to determine the heat and moisture added or
removed.

Eight Basic Process Types

Starting at a condi-
tion on the chart, 1. Sensible Heating 85 90
18{)
directional arrows 2. Sensible Cooling
show a change m a 3. Humidification 160
given direction. These 4. Dehumidification
represent the basic 5. Cooling and Humidification
processes. Notice that (Evaporative Cooling) 120
as the condition 6. Cooling and
changes either the dry Dehumidification 100

bulb temperature, spe- 7. Heating and

cific humidity, or both Humidification
change. If the begin- 8. Heating and
Dehumidification
ning and ending point
are known, the chart
can be used to deter-
mme how much heat
0
and moisture change. 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
Air m1xmg is also a
typical air conditioning Figure 28
process and is included The Eight Basic Air Conditioning Processes
in this section as well.
Each of the eight processes is familiar though we may not always recognize them by the
process definition. The eight processes and a typical example are:
Sensible Heating - Residential gas furnace
Sensible Cooling - Cooling coil above the air dew point
Humidification - Steam humidifier in an air handler
Dehumidification - Dehumidifier
Evaporative Cooling or Cooling and Humidification - Swamp cooler
Cooling and Dehumidification - Cooling coil below the air dew point
Heating with Humidification - Winter heating with humidifier
Heating with Dehumidification - Chemical dehumidification wheels
Pure humidification and dehumidification are rare as some heating or cooling normally oc-
curs in the process as well.

Psych rometrics
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Turn totheExpe1~s.
17
PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1: INTRODUCTION

Sensible and Latent Heat Changes

The change in dry bulb temperature and specific humidity are referred to in air conditioning
processes as sensible and
latent heat changes.
85 90
Sensible heat changes
result in a change in tem-
Iq5 = 1.10 * cfm * Lit I
perature and are indicated
by a horizontal line on the db - Changes
psychrometric chart. Proc- wb - Changes
esses that increase dry bulb dp - Constant
temperature are heating and gr - Constant """'
those that decrease dry bulb
temperature are cooling. As 52 gr
the dry bulb changes with-
out a change in the specific '1

humidity, notice that the

wet bulb changes, but the
dew point and specific hu-
midity remains the same.
Once we know the Figure 29
change in dry bulb tempera- Sensible Heating or Cooling Processes
ture, we can determine the
sensible heat added or removed. Most air condi-
tioning calculations are done using the volume
flow rate, or cfm. With these two pieces of infor-
mation, a simple formula may be used to determine
the amount of sensible heating or cooling (q5).
A latent heat change occurs when water is evaporated or condensed and the dry bulb tempera-
ture does not change. This shows up as a vertical line on the chart. Processes that increase
specific humidity are hu-
85 90
midification and those that j j
decrease specific humidity q I = 0.69 * cfm * Li grains ~
are dehumidification. As
the specific humidity wb - Changes
changes without a change in dp - Changes
the dry bulb temperature, gr - Changes
notice that the wet bulb, db - Constant ~
specific humidity and dew
point change but the dry
bulb remains the same.

Latent Heat Formula db °F• 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

75°

Figure 30

...
.___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _........., Latent Heating and Cooling Processes

)
• Psychrometrics
Turn totheExpertS. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
18
 PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1: INTRODUCTION

Many air conditioning processes are a combination of both sensible and latent heat changes.
The total heat is the sum of 85 90
180 ..... .
the sensible heat and the la-
tent heat. 160

140
Enthalpy can be used to
detennine the total heat re- 120 1l"'
I ~
moved from a volume of air. 100 I

Reading the scale between the - --- ~-89 gr

50
two wet bulb lines does this. ! Latent
60 ~ Heat
For example, air at 75° F dty ~ Change
bulb and 61.5° F wet bulb has AO t
- - - - - - - 30 gr
an enthalpy of 27.5 Btu/lb. If 20
this air is cooled and dehu- 0
db °F• 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
midified to 55° F dry bulb and 11 0 120

51° F wet bulb, the enthalpy 75° 95°

leaving the cooling coil is Sensible Heat Change
found to be 20.8 Btu/lb, Figure 31
Therefore, a total of 6. 7 Btu is
Total heat is sensible plus latent heat
removed from each pound of
atr.

If a triangle is drawn as
gr lb / lb4, Spedfte Hum idity
shown, the vertical distance 85 90
100

represents the amount of

moisture removed - that is, 140
latent heat. The horizontal
120
distance represents the sensi-
ble cooling of the air. The "'. ~· ,'ii· ·,

- - ·'::.-

enthalpy at the intersection of 80

the vertical and horizontal 60

lines is 25.8 Btu per pound.

Therefore, the amount of la- '°
20
tent heat removed is the \
110 ~'!- 120
0
difference between 27.5 and db "'F • 30

25 .8 or 1.7 Btu per pound. 55° 75°

The sensible heat removed is
the difference between 25.8 Figure 32
and 20.8, which equals 5 Btu Enthalpy can be used to determine the total heat removed.,
per pound.
When the enthalpy difference is used, we can use one additional formula to calculate the total
capacity. The total capacity, sometimes called grand total heat is found by multiplying the airflow
by a constant, 4.5, and the enthalpy difference.
By this using a simple formula:
GTH = 4.5 * cfm * ~h
The difference in enthalpy (~h) between the time it enters and leaves a space or a coil can be
used to determine the grand total heat (GTH) gained or lost, in Btuh.

Psychrometrics
<
dfl!Mt>
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19
PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1: INTRODUCTION

For our example, the difference in enthalpy is 6. 7 Btu/lb. If 1000 cfin of air is circulated over
the coil, which removes this heat, then 30,150 Btuh is removed,
as follows:
GTH = 4.5 * cfm * 6-h
= 4.5 * 1000 * 6.7
= 30,150 Btuh
In other words, the coil provides 30,150 Btuh of total cooling capacity.

Sensible Heat Factor

If cooling is combined with dehumidification and a line is drawn showing the process, the air
comes down the sloping line marked TOTAL HEAT. The amount of sensible heat and the
amount of latent heat involved determines whether the line has a gentle slope or a steep slope.
This combination of sensible and latent cooling occurs so frequently in air conditioning that the
slope of this line has been named the sensible heat factor.
The mathematical definition of the sensible heat factor (SHF) is shown in Figure 33. If no la-
tent heat change occurs, then the sensible heat factor is 1.0 and the line is horizontal - a pure
sensible heat change process. If the sensible heat factor is 0.8, the line starts to slope. This means
that 80 percent of the total heat change is sensible and 20 percent is latent. That is approximately
the condition that exists in a department store air conditioning system. If the sensible heat factor
is 0.7, the line is still steeper. This indicates more latent heat, or more water vapor change com-
pared to sensible heat or temperature change. A system with this sensible heat factor would be
used for a theater, church, or restaurant.
If the above process were reversed, it would be a heating and humidifying process. A heating
coil to add sensible heat and a water spray to add humidity or latent heat could accomplish this.
•i·
// 85 90
"/
SENSIBLE HEAT FACTOR= _ _ _S_E_N_S_IB_L_E_H_EA_T_ __
SENSIBLE HEAT+ LATENT HEAT

- - Pr.-
ti> <; ~ - :CL
--"'•
'i-f' I' ~;!!. ~ I
l-1')3'
i:.x,i:lr

70 ~. 80 90 '"'100 110
<; ;
Figure 33
Sensible Heat Factor

<m+.~ Psychrometrics
Tum to the Experts. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - --
20
 PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1: INTRODUCTION

gr lb / lb,,. Specific Hum1dtty

For example, us- 85 90
100,
mg the enthalpy
calculated before, the
total heat change is 140
~-'"

6.7 Btu/lb, the sensi- 120

ble difference is 5
Btu/lb, and the latent
80
difference is 1.7 ~- ..
Btu/lb. The SHF is 60

then calculated by 40
dividing the sensible
20
heat difference by the
total heat difference,
which, in this exam-
55° 75°
ple, is 0.75.
Figure 34
Example of Sensible Heat Factor Calculation

Sensible Heat Factor Scale

A convenient method for finding sensible heat can be found on the psychrometric chart. It is
called the sensible heat factor scale. A small white circle printed on the chart at the 80° F dry bulb
and the 50 percent relative humidity lines locates the pivot point of the scale.
To show the 0.90 sensible heat factor line for air at 75° F dry bulb and 60 grains of water va-
por, take the following steps. First, get the slope of the 0.90 line by connecting 0.90 on the scale
to the white circle.
Draw a line parallel to
this one passing
through the air at 75° Apparatus
F and 60 grams.
When the air is to be Dew Point
cooled and dehumidi-
fied, the apparatus
dew point is found at
the intersection of the
sensible heat factor
line and the saturation
curve. In this case, it
is 51 ° F. If the sensi-
90 %.100 11 0
ble heat factor is 0.80, ~

the apparatus dew 75°

point, found by the Figure 35
same procedure, is
Use the sensible heat factor scale to find apparatus dew point.
48° F.
The sensible heat factor is a very useful tool when making equipment selections. In combina-
tion with the psychrometric chart, it tells you the temperature at which the cooling coil must
operate to handle the sensible and latent heat removal.

<.rt@j»
Psychrometrics •
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21
PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1: INTRODUCTION

Sensible Heating and Cooling

A process that changes the sensible or dry bulb temperature without a change in the moisture
content of the air is a sensible heating or cooling process.

....
To illustrate a sensible
® Airflow 1000 cfm ® 85 90
heating process, follow the 180
................
100db
example shown in the psy- ./
chrometric chart in the 70db
................. ........ . . . . 1d0
figure. Air is heated by .•~.~..~~.... ••. •••••• !?!1.X-:9. •.• 120 "'
passing it over a heating ~
~
100
coil. If the air starts out at E'
3
70° F dry bulb and 54° F 80 ~
wet bulb, its dew point is Heating Coil 60 "'~ 0

40° F as obtained from the 40 r

chart. After sensible heat-
20
ing to 100° F dry bulb, the
0
dew point remains the db °F• .30 40 so 60 BO 90 100 110 120

same, because no water 70° 100°

vapor has been added or Figure 36
condensed. The wet bulb
temperature, however, has Sensible Heating Process
increased to 65° F. Also, notice that the relative humidity has decreased. This explains why rela-
tive humidity is high during early morning hours but decreases as the day gets warmer.
If the process airflow is 1000 cfm, the sensible heat equation can be used to detennine the
amount of heat that needs to be added to heat the air from 70° F to I 00° F. In this example 33 ,000
Btuh of heat energy are required.
A hot water, steam
® Airflow 1000 cfm @ as 90
heating, or electric heating 100db
coils are typical examples
of this process.
.... . . . . .... . . .
.... .. ...... ... ....... ?Odb q5 =1 .10*1,000cfm * (70 - 100)= - 33,000 Btuh

140
65wb ....
···············• ....
If the process is re- ·····.o. .!1:4.»'.9. ..,. 120. "'
versed and the l 00° F dry ..~o..d.P....... .•.....•.. .~°. -~fl 100 '"*R'
:t
c
bulb and 40° F dew point 80
3
g;
.:;;
air is cooled back to 70° F, ~

Q
Cooling Coil 60
we have a sensible cooling ~

process. The wet bulb 40 r

drops and the dew point 20

remains the same. Notice 0

60 70 80 90 100 110 120
that the heat energy added 70° 100°
in the heating process and
the heat energy subtracted Figure 37
cooling process are the Sensible Cooling Process
same.
The sensible cooling process often occurs when the surface temperature of a cooling coil is
above the dew point.

... . )
Turn to the ExpertS:
22
Psychrometrics
 PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1: INTRODUCTION

Humidification and Dehumidification

85 90
180

..... .....
80 db

70wb
··············· .........
80 db
...............

.. ..•
- -~-~ ~?.
65 dp
................. ·· ..... .~9 . ~ P. ... ...

Dehumidifier

db ' F• 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

Figure 38
Dehumidification Process

This process is typical of what occurs with a dehumidifier some people use in a damp base-
ment, during the summer. Removal of moisture only is not a common occunence since most
removal processes also tend to cool or heat the air as well.
If this process is reversed it is a humidification process. Sprays atomize water into the air-
stream to add moisture without affecting the dry bulb temperature. The latent heat equation can
be used to determine how
much heat energy must be
® Airflow 1000 cfm ® 85 90
180

added to convert the liquid

water into water vapor
without changing the tem-
perature.
The humidification
process is a typical air
conditioning process,
however, it is difficult to
humidify without either
cooling or heating the air
50 60 70 80 90
as well. 100 110

Figure 39
Humidification Process

Psychrometrics .
<< d@>
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ Turn to the ExpertS.
23
PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1: INTRODUCTION
·------------------~

Air Mixing

What happens when air at two different conditions is mixed? When recirculated room air is
mixed with outdoor air, the mixture condition depends upon the conditions of the airstreams as
they start out and the amount of each. 85 90
180
The mixture's psychrometric coordi- Mixed Air conditions
nates fall on a straight line drawn to are found by ratio 25%
connect the state points of the airflows of airflows
being mixed. If 1000 cfm of return air Example:
is mixed with 1000 cfm of outside air, 1000 cfm of OA
3000 cfm of RA
the mixture is equally spaced between
the two. If the outside dry bulb is 100°
F, and the recirculated air temperature
is 80° F, the mixture temperature is
90° F, 50 percent of the difference.
db oF• 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Assume the following situation:
3000 cfm of this recirculated air is 85°
mixed with 1000 cfm of outdoor air. Figure 40
The mixture point ends up closer to
the recirculated air's point because of Mixing Return and Outdoor Air
the greater amount of recirculated air.
Since, for all practical purposes the outdoor air represents 1/4 of the total volume of air, the mix-
ture ends up at 1/4 the linear distance from the recirculated air's state point to the outdoor air's
state point. The final temperature works out to be 85° F. Relative humidity, wet bulb temperature,
grains of water vapor, and the mixture's dew point all can be found at the state point where 85° F
meets the line connecting the return air and the outside air state points.

Finding Room Airflow

Air mixing has an important application: to determine the required quantity of cool, dehu-
midified supply air that must be delivered to a space to absorb the sensible and latent cooling load
components. The supply air mixes Load Estimate as •o
with the room air in sufficient quan- Iqs = 36,000 I
180

35
tity to absorb the sensible and latent q = 8,000 cfm = ,000 = 1,925cfm
1.10 * (75 - 58)
load. When the space heating and % = 44,000
cooling load is calculated, rearranging Airflow is calculated 120
based on sensible load
the sensible heat formula and solving and supply air qt 100

for airflow can be used to determine temperature

the required supply airflow. Load cal- 60
culation programs yield three
'0
numbers: the sensible, latent, and total
20
load requirements. The sensible load
is used for determining the required db "F• 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 °120
room airflow. As long as the dew 58° 75°
point is low enough the latent re-
quirements will be met using the Figure 41
sensible load airflow. Calculating Room Airflow

<...•) Psychrometrics
1\irn to the Expert•'- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
24
 PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1: INTRODUCTION

An assumption needs to be made as to what the dry bulb temperature of the supply air will be
in order to determine the supply airflow. In the example, a 58° F supply air temperature is as-
sumed, which results in a required airflow of 1925 cfm.

Evaporative Cooling

Another process that is used in the air conditioning field is evaporative cooling. This is essen-
tially the same as the wet bulb process. When the air goes through the spray, it loses sensible heat
and picks up latent heat, thereby de-
creasing in dry bulb temperature and Outdoor Air IAdiabatic Process I
increasing in specific humidity. When
no heat is added to or removed from Spray Section \
the recirculated water, an adiabatic 70° F db
process is established, which is one 100° F db 84 gr
where no heat enters or leaves the 65° F wb
system. Therefore, the air condition 40° F dp Supply Air
moves up the wet bulb line at a con- 36 gr
stant enthalpy. Filters_/
An example of evaporative cool-
ing is the swamp cooler. It provides a Figure 42
crude but low-cost and simple means Evaporative Cooling with the Adiabatic Saturation Process
of using evaporative cooling to condi-
tion a space. The swamp cooler works best for arid climates, where substantial moisture can be
added to the indoor air without creating excessive inside relative humidity. In addition, some ap-
plications require cooling with high humidity, such as the production areas of a textile mill.
Overall, the swamp cooler has had limited success in residences because of the high humidity it
produces, with the accompanying odor and building damage caused by mildew and mold growth.
The example shown follows the adiabatic saturation process. The entering air exchanges sen-
sible heat for an equal amount of latent heat as it evaporates water sprayed into the airstream. As
a result, the dry bulb of the
® Airflow 1000 cfm @ air drops substantially, from

::;·t,. 7~
85 90
180
100° F to 70° F, as sensible
heat is removed. However,
the latent heat added to the
air increases the moisture
..~5..~~...... . ··•.... ·:·: :: ··•
content substantially, from
40 d.P..... . .. ....... ''.. .. .
about 3 7 to 84 grains per
84 gr
pound of dry air. The dis-
tance the swamp cooler takes
the entering air up the wet
bulb line depends on the
saturation efficiency of the
40 so 60 70 80 90 100 110
spray section. In the example
70° 100° shown, it is 85.7 percent
Figure 43 [(100° F - 70° F) I (100° F -
65° F)]. The greater the satu-
Evaporative Cooling Process
ration efficiency, the lower

Psychrometrics
<fMllt>
Turn to the R~pc11S.
25
PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1: INTRODUCTION

the leaving air dry bulb temperature, increasing sensible cooling capacity. Greater saturation effi-
ciency also raises the leaving air specific humidity, increasing the latent cooling load added to the
space. Since no heat is added or subtracted in the total process, the sensible heat loss is equal to
the latent heat gain.

Cooling with Dehumidification

The sensible cooling process combined with the dehumidification is the process normally as-
sociated with air conditioning. This process is represented by diagonal movement on the chart,
down and to the left. Both sensible heat and latent heat decrease. Dry bulb, wet bulb, dew point,
specific humidity and
® Al.rflow 1000 cfm @ 6$ 90

....
enthalpy all decrease.
80 db
In this example, air .................. ......... 55 db
..............
at 80° F and 67° F en-
67 wb
ters a coil, which has a
"-····· ................
51 wb
surface temperature 60 dp

below 47° F. As the air ................. .. _..... .~?. . ~P. ...,.

passes through the coil,
the cold surface de-
Cooling
creases the dry bulb Coil
temperature to 55° F.
As the air reaches I 00
percent saturation, the
water vapor in the air
condenses. The leaving 55° 80°
air is at 51° F wet bulb Figure 44
and at 4 7° F dew point.
Cooling and Dehumidification Process
Both sensible and
latent heat energy need to be removed. The sensible and latent heat fommlas can be used to com-
pute the total heat removal necessary. In this example, it required 47,220 Btuh of heat removal by
the cooling coil for this cooling process, about a 4-ton unit.
An example of this would be an air conditioning coil, which reduces both the temperature and
the moisture of the air passing through it.

... )
'lhrn to the ExpertS.
26
Psychrometrics
 PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1: INTRODUCTION

Cooling Coils and the Bypass Factor

In order to understand the process of cooling and dehumidification it is necessary to under-

stand cooling coils. Air cooling coils are multiple rows of copper tubes passing through either
aluminum or copper fins. Performance is dependent on characteristics of the coil and the air pass-
ing through it. One important charac-
teristic is the face area, which is the
finned area length multiplied by height
Height
through which air flows . The coil face
velocity is then the airflow through the
coil divided by the face area. The other Velocity
•-·~·
characteristics of the coil that influence
performance are the number of rows of
tubes in the airflow direction, the num-
cfm I face area
•
ber of fins (fins/in.), and the
temperature of the cooling fluid in the
coil.
The mixing idea can be used to
show how a cooling coil works. The Figure 45
figure illustrates one type of coil used Characteristics of Cooling Coils
for cooling and dehumidifying. Some
of the air hits the tubes and some of it goes right through without hitting anything. The part that
goes through freely is referred to as the bypass air, the remainder is the contact air. Let us assume
that air enters the coil at 80° F dry bulb and 67° F wet bulb and that the coil surface temperature is
50° F. The air that hits the surface of the coil ends up saturated at a temperature of 50° F. The by-
passed air is the same as when it started. After passing through the first row of tubes, the
airstream is a mixture of bypassed and saturated conditions. If the bypass factor is 2/3 from this
one-row coil, then the mixture is at 70° F, which is 2/3 the distance from the 50° F point to the 80°
F point. If another row of cooling tubes is added, then less air bypasses the coil tubes. The bypass
factor for the two-row coil might be close to 112. Air leaving the coil in this situation will be
about 65° F. If a condition closer to saturation is required, more rows of tubes can be added. The
name used for the coil' s final average surface temperature is apparatus dew point. In the above
case, the apparatus dew point is 50° F.

Psychrometrics
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27
PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1: INTRODUCTION

It is apparent that • 50° F Refrigerant Temp

the number of rows
• 45° F Refrigerant Temp
and the temperature of
the coil will change • 40° F Refrigerant Temp
the coil performance
by allowing the air to
contact more surface
area or a colder sur-
face. The figure
illustrates perform-
ance of a coil with
constant air velocity
and multiple rows
ranging from 2 to 6
rows deep. It also has 40 50 60 70 80 90
refrigerant tempera-
tures of 40° F, 45° F, Figure 47
and 50° F. The more Cooling coil performance, varying rows and refrigerant temperature
rows there are, the
gr lb / lb"• Specific Humidity
closer the coil comes 90
,.. ' 180 ) ,,
;/
to the saturation line, .--------------,----~-~~~~__,_,

and the colder the

refrigerant tempera-
ture the closer to
saturation and with a
lower leaving dew
point temperature.
The overall by- ..
~
I

pass factor for the

complete cooling coil
can be determined
from the entering air 70 ~. 80 90 ~ 1 00
conditions, leaving air <(l 'l-
50° 56° 80°
conditions and the
average surface tern- Figure 46
perature. In the The bypass/actor indicates coil performance.
example shown in the
figure, the leaving air has a dry bulb temperature of 56°
F. The overall bypass factor works out to be 0.20. The
BYPASS
bypass factor for any coil depends upon the coil con- ROWS
FACTOR
struction: that is, the number of tubes, size (face area),
number of fins, and the tube and fin spacing. 2 O.q1
One particular type of cooling coil shows the by- 3 0.1.8
pass values tabulated. Notice that each row added 4 0.10
makes a smaller and smaller change in the bypass fac- .5 .0.06
tor. Economically, it means that the sixth row of tubes 6 . 0.03
in the coil is not as valuable as the second, third, or
even fifth row. Figure 48
Rows of Tubes and Bypass Factor

...14> Psychrometrics
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28
 PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1: INTRODUCTION

AIR BYPASS
VE LOCITY FACTOR
300 fpm 0.11
Another condition, affecting the bypass factor is the '"400 'fprn
velocity of the air through the coil. This is shown in the 500 fpm. · 1 0.18
table by some typical bypass factors for various velocities. 1 lllf/; 11 /'fr 'u; 11 'fqlf//I •
fl/t 'f/IU.tr t//tl11!'//iit11 il!ffl 11
1

It can be seen that if smaller quantities of air are used with 600 fpm · 0..20
any one coil, the velocity and consequently the bypass fac-
Figure 49
tor is reduced. So, for a given airflow (cfm), the larger the
coil, the lower the bypass factor. Air Velocity and Bypass Factor

The final characteristic of coil construction that influences bypass factor is the number of
fins. Fin surface on a tube act to increase the effective area of the tube, increasing the heat trans-
fer effectiveness. In comfort cooling
coils typical fin spacing ranges from 8 FINS PER BYPASS
to 14 fins per inch of tube. As shown INCH FACTOR
in the table the greater the fins per
inch, the lower the bypass factor.
Since cooling coils are a wetted sur-
face, water is condensing on and
running over the fin surface, ·the coil LOWER BYPASS FACTORS RESULT FROM:
fin spacing above 14 fins results in
poor water drainage and possible wa- • Larger number of rows
ter blowing off the fin surface and • Lower air velocity
into the ductwork.
• More fins
Figure 50
Fin Spacing and Bypass Factor

Different types of equipment have • Packaged Units to 20 Tons

- Rows 2 to 4
different bypass factors. In some
- BF 0.18 to 0.07
equipment the system designer has
• Packaged Units over 20 Tons
choices as to the rows, fins, or face - Rows 3to 6
area and in others, the designer of the - BF 0.32 to 0.03
equipment has made the decision. If • Packaged Air Handlers
the rows, fins and face area are locked - Rows 3 or4
- BF 0.12to0.03
in for a piece of equipment the only
options left for the system designer • Air Handlers
- Rows 3to 10
are to change the refrigerant tempera- - BF 0.12 to 0.002
ture or the velocity (airflow). The
figure illustrates typical ranges of by-
pass factor (BF) for typical air Figure 51

,..
conditioning products. Typical Equipment Bypass Factors

Psychrometrics
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29
PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1: INTRODUCTION

How important is the bypass factor? Should it be high or low? There is no easy answer. Re-
member that a low coil bypass factor means a low air temperature leaving the coil.
The figure shows the impact of lower temperature supply air going to the room to pick up
heat and water vapor, very much as a conveyor belt would do. For a 75° F room temperature,
compare the heat absorbing capacity of the supply air at 55° F with air at 50° F.
The sensible heat pick
up depends on the tempera-
ture difference, so the 50° F
air with a 25° F difference 55° F ~ 1000 cfm
can do a greater job than the 50° F ~
55° F air with only a 20° F
difference. This is actually
25 percent greater, which
means that it would take
about 25 percent less air at
50° F to do the same job. Of
course, this lower tempera- ..,
ture obtained with a lower 50 ~ 60
bypass factor would be de- 50° F ;
55° F 75° F
sirable, for it would mean
the possibility of smaller Figure 52
ducts to cany the air and a Example ofLower Supply Temperatures
smaller fan and fan motor.
Each would reduce the cost. However, there are some disadvantages too. To obtain the lower
supply conditions may require the use of a larger cooling coil that would increase the initial cost.
In addition, it may not be feasible to supply air at 50° F into a small room or office without caus-
ing discomfort. The limit of supply conditions depends upon how the air is brought in and the
proximity of people to the outlets. For the most common applications of comfort air conditioning,
on packaged products, cooling coils are three or four-row coils with bypass factors of 0.12 to
0.07.

Evaporative Cooling and Humidity Control

85 90
Evaporative cooling, as
discussed previously, uses
recirculating water sprays to
saturate the air. We will
VJ
elaborate on this principle
~-?i'
in light of the knowledge :r
c
we have acquired so far. 3
0:
-~~~~~ ~·
~
'-...,,..~-___,.,.~~ Q
~
r

db ' F• 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

Figure 53
Evaporative Cooling Process
<•@Jt»• Psychrometrics
Turn totheE:q>ertS: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
30
 Assume that the temperature of the spray water and the leaving air is the same as the wet bulb
temperature of the entering air. The air is cooled and humidified and becomes saturated at a tem-
perature equal to the entering wet bulb. Figure 53 shows the way evaporative cooling appears on
the psychrometric chart. The process takes place along the wet bulb line of the entering air and
approaches the saturation line. The sensible heat given up is exactly equal to the latent heat re-
quired to saturate the air with moisture. If a continuous supply of spray water is available at a
temperature below the dew point of the entering air, the air is cooled and dehumidified by the
spray water. One way the spray water might be cooled below the dew point is by using a water
chiller in a refrigeration system. Another method uses a cooling coil with recirculating water
sprays. The water sprays improve the performance of the cooling coil during summer operation
and provide close control of humidity as well as temperature. This process can be reversed in
winter when it is desirable to heat and humidify the air. ln this case, heat is added to the spray
water to keep the wet bulb temperature of the leaving air above that of the entering air. The
heated spray water is cooled, releasing heat and humidifying simultaneously.
A cooling tower acts as an evapo-
rative cooler when the compression
equipment is cycled off and there is
no heat added to the condenser water
loop by the condenser. Then the con- 85° F
denser water temperature entering and
leaving the cooling tower will equal- • Chiller Off
ize, as shown here at 85° F. The tower • Condenser Pump On

will cool and saturate the air flowing

through it just like the swamp cooler.
In fact, under these zero-load condi-
tions, with the condenser pump
running, the psychrometric plot looks Figure 54
just the same as the swamp cooler. Cooling Tower - No Load

When operating with the compression equipment running, the cooling tower functions similar
to an evaporative cooler with heat added to the spray water. The heat is added by the mechanical
refrigeration system via the condenser. For example, when the outside air temperature is 100° F
db and 65°F wb and the condenser
water enters the tower at 95° F, area- ii Evaporative Cooling Process
(includes Condenser Water Heat Gain)
sonable leaving air condition is 89° F
db and 85° F wb. To accomplish this,
the air passing through the tower has
95° F
been greatly humidified, increasing
in absolute humidity from 36 to 178
• Chiller On
grains per pound of dry air. The out- • Condenser Pump On
door air has also been slightly
cooled, from 100° F to 89° F. At less
than peak cooling conditions, as out-
side air dry bulb temperature drops,
the outdoor air may increase some- Figure 55
what in temperature rather than
Cooling Tower - Peak Load
decreasing.

Psychrometrics
31
- - -- -
'*"*)
Turn to the ExpertS.
PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1: INTRODUCTION

Heating and Humidification

The heating and humidification process is represented on the psychrometric chart as a diago-
nal line, moving up and to the right. Both the sensible heat and latent heat are increased. Dry
bulb, wet bulb, dew point, specific humidity, and enthalpy all increase. Relative humidity may
hold steady, decrease, or increase, depending on the amount of humidity added.
Heating and ® Airflow 1000 cfm @
humidification IS q 5 = 1.10 * 1,000 cfm * (100 - 70) = 33,000 Btuh
100 db
commonly practiced 70 db ....... ·· ..................... q 1= 0.69*1,000 cfm * (51.5-36 .7) = 10,281 Btuh
in comfort applica- 68wb

tions located in cold

54wb ....·····
55 dp
winter climates, par- ...
.··" '"''" ' "' ' ''
40 dp ..··
ticularly where
outdoor ventilation
air is introduced. At
Heating Coil
the air handling unit,
a heat exchanger is
combined with a
pad, steam, or atom-
izing humidifier to db °F• 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 110

achieve the desired

level of humidifica- Figure 56
ti on. Heating and Humidification Process

A heating and humidification process is possible by use of hot water spray alone, if the water
is hot enough. However, with substantial heating load this usually proves impractical.

Heating and Dehumidification

Heating and dehumidification, or sorbent dehumidification, is represented by diagonal move-
ment on the chart, down and to the right. Latent heat is removed in exchange for a sensible heat
addition. Theoreti-
cally, the process is ® Airflow 1000 cfm @
100 db
adiabatic (constant .····· ····················• ~---~~~~~~-~--~--~
enthalpy) but, in
actual practice, the
... ~~.~~ ...... ···
--+ _.. q 1 = 0 .69 * 1,000 cfm * (80 .5 - 97) = -11,385 Btuh

enthalpy climbs 72wb

.................. ···•···· . ~2 .\\1.b.......... ...
slightly. 66.2 dp
................ 61 dp
......... ......................
Sorbent dehu-
midifiers are
Absorbent
installed in the cen- Dehumidifier
tral air handling . <;)

unit, and contain

either a liquid ab-
sorbent, or a solid 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

adsorbent, which is Figure 57

Heating and Dehumidification Process

••.~
ii
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Psychrometrics
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32
 PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1: INTRODUCTION

exposed to the airstream. As the sorption process proceeds, the moisture in the air combines with
the absorbent or adsorbent, condensing water from the air. As water is condensed, the latent heat
of condensation is liberated, increasing the temperature of the airstream and the sorbent material.
The principles and processes discussed in the preceding two sections have identified how to
find the properties of air and how the heat and moisture content change during air conditioning
processes . These processes are all applied in products and applications regularly used in comfort
air conditioning.
The principles ofpsychrometrics can be applied in another way. Temperature differences can
be used when deciding whether to insulate ducts or whether to use more supply air. If 1000 cubic
feet of air per minute at 55° F dry bulb temperature is needed to keep a room at 75° F, how much
air is needed if the air temperature goes up to 57° F in an uninsulated duct before reaching the
room?
The air has lost 2° F of the original 20° F temperature difference required to handle the sensi-
ble heat. This would indicate that 10 percent more air is needed and the decision is whether to use
1100 cfm or to insulate the duct.

Process Chart
Until now, processes have been dealt with as if each process happened independently. This
concept is useful in evaluating the requirements of each piece of equipment. However, in an ac-
tual air conditioning application, the processes are part of a system and several processes are
combined. In fact, the entire air conditioning process within a room from the heat Absorbed from
the space, to the air deliv- as 90
ered to the room, returned
to the air conditioner, and Evaporative
then supplied back to the Cooling
space is a system process.
It may be helpful to
think of the process chart
as following a molecule of
air on its journey through
the system. The process
chart tracks the changes in
state point conditions that
occur in the air molecule
as it undergoes each of the
db '
processes in the air condi-
tioning system.
Figure 58
Process lines represent typical types of equipment.

(Citt#t>>
Psychrometrics •
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33
PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1: INTRODUCTION

It is advantageous
to visualize this entire System plots can be
system of processes used to understand and
with a schematic dia- analyze performance
gram of the system 85 90
Specdic Humidity
!Jf lb / lb..
180
and a system plot on
a psychrometric
chart. This diagram is RA Return Air
140

sometimes referred to DEA Direct Exhaust Air

120

as an "H" diagram. OA Outside Air

This diagram, in con- EA Exhaust Air
00

junction with a SA Supply Air

. 6()

system plot on the "'

psychrometric chart,
will be used in the 11 0
0
~- 120
~
next two modules to
evaluate system per- Figure 59
formance. Visualize systems with an "H " diagram and a psychometric chart.

To see how processes work as a system, let's evaluate the basic room conditioning process.
The air cycle of most commercial air conditioning systems has fi ve process steps .
Starting in the room, a room control condition is generally assumed - normally something
like 75° F, 50 percent rh. Start by plotting this state point from the diagram, " 1," on the psy-
chrometric chart. The required airflow is calculated as described, from the load estimate and the
assumed supplied air temperature. The supply air absorbs the space sensible and latent heat loads
in a heating and humidification process.
Air is then returned from the room to the air handler. As the air passes through the ductwork,
it may pick up some heat as it passes through areas where the temperature is above return air
temperature. Notice this is all-sensible
gain and the specific humidity is un-
changed. In this example, we increase
it by 1° F. In some cases, a return air
fan may be used and the heat from the
fan will increase the return air tem-
perature as well. This is state point
1. Air absorbs room load
"2" on the diagram and the point is
2. Remainder returns to AHU
plotted on the psychrometric chart OA/RA mix in AHU
3.
and a process line, sensible heating, 4. AHU produces cool air
connects point "l" to point "2." 5. Cool air passes through supply duct and air terminal
or diffuser and mixes with room air
DEA Some air exhausted directly (locally), some air exfiltrates
EA Some RA exhausted at/near AHU
OA Outdoor air brought in for ventilation

Figure 60
The complete air cycle is shown on an H diagram.

·•11:•.~
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Psychrometrics
34
 PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1: INTRODUCTION

Outdoor air is required for ventilation of the space and it is common practice in air condition-
ing systems to mix the return air and outdoor air as they enter the air handler. A portion of the
return air is exhausted so that the return air and ventilation air equal 100 percent of the required
airflow. In this case, we have 20 percent of the airflow that must be outdoor air to provide ventila-
tion. The outdoor air condition can be plotted, state point "OA."
For this example, the outside air condition is 95° F dry bulb and 76° F wet bulb. Using the
mixing equations, we can determine the condition of the mixed air, state point "3." This process
results in heating and humidification of the return airstream.
Next, a cooling coil cools the air. If the ADP and bypass factor of the equipment are assumed
the condition of the air leaving the coiling coil is determined. This is the cooling and dehumidifi-
cation process. This occurs at state point "4" on our system plot.
Air then passes through a fan, at state point "5," and the heat from the fan increases the tem-
perature, once again, this is a sensible heating process.
The air is again supplied to the space and it absorbs the heat and moisture that are added to
the air by people, lights, process, and solar and transmission gains.
The resulting conditions are back at the room condition state point " l."

EA

--% .to
db-T "" :1U
.,
Ory Bulb Airflow
Ory Bulb Wet Bulb Rel. Humidity Humidity Ratio Enthalpy Dew Point
(oF) (oF) (oF) (%) (gr/lb) (Btu/lb) (oF)
Outdoor Air 600 90.4 72.8 43.3 93.35 36.38 65.1
Room Air 2658 75.0 62.5 50.0 64.92 28.15 55.1
Return Air 2058 78.3 63.7 44.8 64.92 28.95 55.1
Mixed Air 2658 81.0 65.9 45.0 71.34 30.63 57.7
Coil 2658 57.3 56.1 93.0 65.37 23.90 55.3
Supply 2658 58.0 56.4 90.7 65.37 24.07 55.3
Room 2658 75.0 62.5 50.0 64.92 28.15 55.1

Figure 61
Complete System Plot

This combination of an H diagram and a psychrometric chart system plot can be a powerful
tool to evaluate system performance. As is evident from this discussion many assumptions about
conditions at state points in the system are made based on the system configuration and capabil-
ity. In the next modules, we use this approach to describe how changes in these characteristics
will influence the system operation and conditions.

Psychrometrics
<§'D.> •
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1
35
PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1: INTRODUCTION
- - - - - - -- --------

Summary
This module explained how atmospheric air is a mixture of gases, most importantly a com-
pound mixture of dry air and water vapor, and how a graph, the psychrometric chart, can be used
to determine the properties of the mixture. The module also described how psychrometrics is used
to determine the air properties, load, and flow requirements of eight basic air conditioning proc-
esses. This information is a good start to understanding psychrometric calculations used in load
estimating and equipment selection.
The next module develops further how to apply processes together into systems. If you wish
to delve deeper into the development of the formula and the psychrometric chart, refer to the
fourth module, Psychometrics, Level 4: Theory.
The principles discussed in this TDP module have many practical applications in the air con-
ditioning industry. Review the five practical applications of psychrometrics presented previously,
you should now be able to apply psychrometrics to all these situations. The second work session
that follows is a good test of your grasp of the introductory concepts of psychrometrics. Psy-
chrometrics is the backbone of air conditioning, and a thorough knowledge of the psychrometric
chart is useful for efficient and economical air conditioning design.

<rilttt
TumtotheExpertS. - -- -- - - - - -- -- -- - - -- - - - --
Psychrometrics
-------
36
 PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1: INTRODUCTION

Work Session 1

1. Using your psychrometric chart, find the proper values needed to fill in the blank spaces.

db wb %rh dp w
A 75 65
B 75 40
c 75 80
D 65 55
E 65 30
F 30 55
W = specific humidity, lb/lb of dry air

2. An air duct having a surface temperature of 60° F passes through a space at 90° F db and 7 5
wb.

a. Will the duct sweat? Yes No

b. How do you explain this? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _

3. Air at 95° F db and 104 grains of moisture enters a saturator as shown on page 10 in the
Building and Psychrometric Chart Section. The saturator is 100% effective. At what dry bulb
and wet bulb temperature will the air leave the saturator? What will be its relative humidity?

4. If a house is maintained at 70° F db and 30 percent rh when the outdoor air temperature is
+25° F, is there any need for a vapor barrier in the wall?

5. On a summer day at 7 a.m. the conditions outside are 70° F db and 80 percent rh. In mid-
aftemoon the outdoor temperature is 90° F db. If there has been no rain, what is the relative
humidity when the db is 90° F? - - -- - -

6. The statement is made that the amount of water vapor needed to saturate a pound of air in-
creases with the temperature of the air. How could you demonstrate this with the
psychrometric chart?

7. The vapor in an air vapor mixture is saturated and there is 78 grains of moisture present.

What is the db temperature? - -- - op

...
What is the wb temperature? _ _ __ 0 P
What is the dp temperature? - -- - op

)
Psychrometrics •
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37
PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1: INTRODUCTION

Work Session 2

1. Air at 30° F db and go percent rh is sensibly heated to 75° F db by passing it over a heating
coil. Show the process on a psychrometric chart and fill in the blank spaces below:

db wb %rh dp
Air at 30 80
Heated to 75

2. Air at 95° F db and 75° F wb is sensibly cooled to go° F db by passing it over a cooling coil.
Show the process on a psychrometric chart and fill in the blank spaces in the table below:

db wb %rh dp
Air at 95 75
Cooled to 80

3. Air at goo F db and 50 percent rh is cooled and dehumidified to 50° F and 100 percent rh.
How much sensible heat and latent heat is removed from 1000 cfm of this air?

Sensible Heat Removed =1.10 *cfm *temperature change

Latent Heat Removed =0.69 * cfi:n * grains of moisture removed

4. If 500 cfm of outdoor air at 96° F db and 7 6° F wb is mixed with 1500 cfm of return air at
goo F db and 50 percent rh, find the following properties of the mixture:

a. Dry bulb _ _ _ _ ° F
b. Wet bulb ----
°F
c. Dew point _ ____ ° F
d. Specific humidity _ _ __ grains/lb.

5. Should the humidifier for a warm air furnace be located in the return air duct or in the warm
air plenum or supply duct?

Return Duct_ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

Supply Duct_ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

Explain why.

<ril•
-
.~ Psychrometrics
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38
 PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1: INTRODUCTION

6. Air at 80° F db and 50 percent rh passes through a coil that has a bypass factor of 0.25 and is
operating at 56° F apparatus dew point temperature. What will be the db and wb temperature
of the air leaving the coil?

db = - - - -- -
°F wb= - - - - -- °F

7. What is the volume of one pound of dry air plus water vapor if its conditions are 95° F db and
75° F wb?

v = _ _ _ __ _ __ _ ft 3/lb dry air

8. Find the enthalpy of air whose dry bulb temperature is 76° F with 60 grains of moisture.
_ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ Btu/lb dry air

9. A room is maintained at 75° F db and 50 percent rh by air supplied from a cooling and dehu-
midifying coil whose leaving air temperature is 55° F db and 53° F wb. Find the sensible heat
factor line along which the supply air is warming up. What percentage of the room load is
sensible heat and what percentage is latent heat?

SHF
% Sensible Heat
% Latent Heat

4 ' 0>
Psychrometrics •
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39
PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1: INTRODUCTION

Appendix
List of Symbols and Abbreviations
I
Symbols Pg partial pressure of water vapor cor-
3
cfmba cfm of bypassed air, ft /m
responding to the dew point
3
cfmcta cfm of dehumidified air, ft Im temperature, t' , psia
3
cf111o. cfm of outdoor air, ft Im fl

Pg partial pressure of water vapor cor-

3
cfmra cfm of return air, ft Im
3
responding to the wet bulb
cfmsa cfm of supply air, ft Im temperature, t" , psia
cp specific heat at constant pressure,
heat added or removed, Btuh
Btu/lb* 0 P
latent heat added or removed, Btuh
Cpa specific heat at constant pressure, air
sensible heat added or removed,
Btu/lb * 0 P
Btuh
specific heat at constant pressure,
total heat added or removed, Btuh
water Btu/lb * 0 P
universal gas constant, 1545.32
enthalpy deviation, Btu/lb 2 3
(lbi/ft ) * ft /(lbmole * R)
0

density, lb/ft 3
Ra gas constant for dry air
enthalpy of air, Btu/lb
e relative humidity, %
enthalpy at ADP, Btu/lb
gas constant for water vapor
entering air enthalpy, Btu/lb
entropy, Btu/lbcta * 0 P
enthalpy at effective surface tem-
T absolute temperature 0 R (t + 460° P)
perature, Btu/lb
t dry bulb temperature, op
enthalpy of saturated liquid, Btu/lb
t' wet bulb temperature, op
enthalpy of evaporation or conden-
sation, Btu/lb t" dew point temperature, 0 P
enthalpy of saturated water vapor, t ADP temperature ADP, 0 P
Btu/lb tedb temperature entering dry bulb, 0 P
leaving air enthalpy, Btu/lb tes temperature effective surface, op
mixed air enthalpy, Btu/lb t ew temperature entering water, op
outdoor air enthalpy, Btu/lb tewb temperature entering wet bulb, 0 P
room air enthalpy, Btu/lb t1db temperature leaving dry bulb, 0 P
enthalpy of saturated air at dry bulb t1w temperature leaving water, °F
temperature, t", Btu/lb
t1wb temperature leaving wet bulb, 0 P
h's enthalpy of saturated air at wet bulb tma temperature mixed outdoor and 're-
temperature, t' , Btu/lb tum air dry bulb, op
supply air enthalpy, Btu/lb temperature outdoor air dry bulb, °F
p barometric pressure, psia, psfa, in. temperature room air dry bulb, 0 P
Hg temperature supply air, 0 P
Pa pressure of dry air, and partial pres- specific volume of air ft 3/lb
sure of dry air, psia specific volume of air, water vapor,
partial pressure of water vapor cor- 3
ft /lb
responding to the dry bulb
specific volume of water, ft3 /lb
temperature, t, psia

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Psychrometrics
40
 PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1: INTRODUCJIQ_N

w specific humidity, moisture content, ma mixed air conditions

lb/lbda or gr oa outdoor air conditions
w weight (mass), lb p constant pressure
room conditions
WADP specific humidity at ADP, moisture
ra return air conditions
content, lb/lbcta or gr
saturated (used with h, p, t, W
Wea specific humidity of entering air, sensible heat (used with q)
moisture content, lb/lbcta or gr supply air conditions
sa
Wes specific humidity at effective sur- total heat (used with q)
face temperature, moisture content,
lb/lbcta or gr Units
Btu British thermal units
W1a specific humidity of leaving air,
Btuh British thermal units per hour
moisture content, lb/lbcta or gr
cfh cubic feet per hour
Wma specific humidity of mixed air, cfm cubic feet per minute
moisture content, lb/lbcta or gr fpm feet per minute
Woa specific humidity of outdoor air, gpm gallons per minute
moisture content, lb/lbcta or gr gr grains of moisture per pound of dry
Wrm specific humidity ofroom air, mois- air
ture content, lb/lbcta or gr in. Hg inches of mercury
moisture content saturated at the wet lb pounds
Ws
bulb temperature, t, lb/lbcta or gr lb/lbda pounds of moisture per pound of dry
air
w's moisture content saturated at the dry psfa pounds per square foot absolute
bulb temperature, t' , lb/lbcta or gr psi a pounds per square inch absolute
Wsa specific humidity of supply air,
moisture content, lb/lbcta or gr Abbreviations
ADP apparatus dewpoint
~gr moisture content difference, gr
BF bypass factor
~h enthalpy difference, Btu/lb CF contact factor
~t temperature difference, °F db dry bulb
dp dew point
Superscripts ERLH effective room latent heat, includes
( )' values corresponding to the wet bypassed air latent
bulb temperature, t' ERSH effective room sensible heat, in-
( )" values corresponding to the dew eludes bypassed air sensible
point temperature, t" ERTH effective room total heat, included
bypassed air sensible and latent
Subscripts ESHF effective room sensible heat factor
dry air F Fahrenheit degrees
ba bypassed air conditions R Rankine degrees
da dehumidified air conditions rh relative humidity
ea entering air conditions RLH room latent heat
es effective surface RSH room sensible heat
liquid water RSHF room sensible heat factor
fg vaporization RTH room total heat
g saturated water Sat. Eff. saturation efficiency
I latent heat (used with q) SHF sensible heat factor
la leaving air conditions wb wet bulb

Psychrometrics
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41
PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1: INTRODUCTION

Thermodynamic Properties of Water At Saturation: U.S. Units

ABSO LUTE PRESSURE SPECIFIC VOLUME (ft 3/l bl ENTHALPY (Btu/lb) ENTROPY 1Btu/lba/°Fl
Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat.
TEM P Liquid Evap. Vapor Liq uid Eva p. Va por Liq ui d Evap . Vapo r TE MP
OF psi in. Hg Vt V19 Vg ht htg hg St S tg Sg OF

-80 0.000116 0.000236 0.01732 1953234 1953234 -193.50 1219.19 1025.69 -0.4067 3.2 112 2.8045 -80
-79 0.000125 0.000254 0.01732 1814052 1814052 -193.11 1219.24 1026.13 -0.4056 3.2028 2.7972 -79
-78 0.000135 0.000275 0.01732 1685445 1685445 -192.71 1219.28 1026.57 -0.4046 3.1946 2.7900 -78
-77 0.000145 0.000296 0.01732 1566663 1566663 -192 .31 1219.33 1027.02 -0.4036 3.1864 2.7828 -77
-76 0.000157 0.000319 0.01732 1456752 1456752 -191 .92 1219.38 1027.46 -0.4025 3.1782 2.7757 -76

-75 0.000169 0.000344 0.01733 1355059 1355059 -191.52 1219.42 1027.90 -0.4015 3.1700 2.7685 -75
-74 0.000182 0.000371 0.01733 1260977 1260977 - 191.12 1219.46 1028.34 -0.4005 3.1620 2.7615 -74
-73 0.000196 0.000399 0.01733 11 73848 1173848 -190.72 1219.51 1028.79 -0.3994 3.1538 2.7544 -73
-72 0.000211 0.000430 0.01733 1093149 1093149 -190.32 1219.55 1029.23 -0.3984 3.1 459 2.7475 -72
-71 0.000227 0.000463 0.01733 1018381 1018381 -189.92 1219.59 1029.67 -0.3974 3. 1379 2.7405 -71

-70 0.000245 0.000498 0.01733 949067 949067 -189.52 1219.63 1030. 11 -0.3963 3.1299 2.7336 -70
-69 0.000263 0.000536 0.01733 884803 884803 -189.11 1219.66 1030.55 -0.3953 3. 1220 2.7267 -69
-68 0.000283 0.000576 0.01733 825187 825187 -188.71 1219.71 1031.00 -0.3943 3.1 142 2.7199 -68
-67 0.000304 0.000619 0.01734 769864 769864 -188 .30 1219.74 1031.44 -0.3932 3. 1063 2.7131 -67
-66 0.000326 0.000664 0.01734 718508 718508 -187. 90 1219.78 1031 .88 -0.3922 3.0985 2.7063 -66

-65 0.000350 0.000714 0. 01734 670800 670800 -187.49 1219.81 1032.32 -0.3912 3.0908 2.6996 -65
-64 0.000376 0.000766 0.01734 626503 626503 -187 .08 1219.85 1032.77 -0.3901 3.0830 2.6929 -64
-63 0.000404 0.000822 0.01734 5853 16 585316 -186 .67 1219.88 1033.21 -0.3891 3.0753 2.6862 -63
-62 0.000433 0.000882 0.01734 547041 547041 -186.26 1219.91 1033.65 -0.3881 3.0677 2.6796 -62
-61 0.000464 0.000945 0.01734 511446 511446 -185.85 1219.94 1034.09 -0.3870 3.0600 2.6730 -61

-60 0.000498 0.001013 0.01734 478317 478317 -185.44 1219.98 1034.54 -0.3860 3.0525 2.6665 -60
-59 0.000533 0.001086 0.01735 447495 447495 -185.03 1220.01 1034 .98 -0.3850 3.0450 2.6600 -59
-58 0.000571 0.001163 0.01735 418803 418803 -184.61 1220.03 1035.42 -0 .3839 3.0374 2.6535 -58
-57 0.000612 0.001246 0.01735 392068 392068 -184 .20 1220.06 1035.86 -0.3829 3.0299 2.6470 -57
-56 0.000655 0.001333 0.01735 367172 367172 -183 .78 1220.08 1036.30 -0.3819 3.0225 2.6406 -56

-55 0.000701 0.001427 0.0 1735 343970 343970 -183 .37 1220.12 1036.75 -0.3808 3.0150 2.6342 -55
-54 0.000750 0.001526 0.0 1735 322336 322336 -182 .95 1220.14 1037.19 -0 .3798 3.0077 2.6279 -54
-53 0.000802 0.001632 0.0 1735 302157 302157 -1 82.53 1220.16 1037.63 -0.3788 3.0004 2.62 16 -53
-52 0.000857 0.001745 0.01735 283335 283335 -182 .11 1220.18 1038.07 -0.3778 2.9931 2.6153 -52
-51 0.000916 0.001865 0.01736 265773 265773 -181.69 1220.21 1038.52 -0.3767 2.9858 2.6091 -51

-50 0.000979 0.001992 0.01736 249381 249381 -181 .27 1220.23 1038.96 -0.3757 2.9786 2.6029 -50
-49 0.00 1045 0.002128 0.01736 234067 234067 -180 .85 1220 .25 1039.40 -0.3747 2.9714 2.5967 -49
-48 0.001116 0.002272 0.01736 219766 219766 -180.42 1220.26 1039.84 -0.3736 2.9642 2.5906 -48
-47 0.001191 0.002425 0.01736 206398 206398 -180.00 1220.28 1040.28 -0.3726 2.9570 2.5844 -47
-46 0.001271 0.002587 0.01736 193909 193909 -179.57 1220.30 1040.73 -0.3716 2.9500 2.5784 -46

-45 0.001355 0.002760 0.01736 182231 182231 -179 .14 1220.31 1041.17 -0.3705 2.9428 2.5723 -45
-44 0.001445 0.002943 0.01736 171304 171304 -178.72 1220.33 1041.61 -0.3695 2.9358 2.5663 -44
-43 0.001541 0.003137 0.01737 161084 161084 -178.29 1220.34 1042.05 -0.3685 2.9288 2.5603 -43
-42 0.001642 0.003343 0.01737 151518 151518 -177.86 1220.36 1042.50 -0.3675 2.9219 2.5544 -42
-41 0.001749 0.003562 0.01737 142566 142566 -177.43 1220.37 1042.94 -0.3664 2.9149 2.5485 -41

-40 0.001863 0.003793 0.01737 134176 134176 -177.00 1220.38 1043.38 -0.3654 2.9080 2.5426 -40
-39 0.001984 0.004039 0.01737 126322 126322 -176.57 1220.39 1043.82 -0.3644 2.901 1 2.5367 -39
-38 0.002111 0.004299 0.01737 118959 11 8959 -176.1 3 1220.40 1044.27 -0.3633 2.8942 2.5309 -38
-37 0.002247 0.004575 0.01737 112058 112058 -175.70 1220.41 1044.71 -0 .3623 2.8874 2.5251 -37
-36 0.002390 0.004866 0.01738 105592 105592 -175.26 1220.41 1045.15 -0.36 13 2.8806 2. 5193 -36

.•. •
)

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42
Psychrometrics
 PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1: INTRODUCTION

Thermodynamic Properties of Water At Saturation: U.S. Units

3
ABSOLUTE PRESSURE SPECIFIC VOLUME lft /lbl ENTHALPY IBtu/lbl ENTROPY IBtu/lba/'F)
Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat . Sat. Sat.
TEMP Liquid Evap. Vapor Liquid Evap. Vapor Liquid Evap. Vapor TEMP
'F psi in. Hg Vt Ytg Vg ht htg hg St Stg Sg 'F
-35 0.002542 0.005175 0.01738 99522 99522 -174.83 1220.42 1045.59 -0.3603 2.8739 2.5136 -35
-34 0.002702 0.005502 0.01738 93828 93828 -174.39 1220.42 1046.03 -0.3592 2.8670 2.5078 -34
-33 0.002872 0.005848 0.01738 88489 88489 -173 .95 1220.43 1046.48 -0.3582 2.8604 2.5022 -33
-32 0.003052 0.006213 0.01738 83474 83474 -173 .51 1220.43 1046.92 -0.3572 2.8537 2.4965 -32
-31 0.003242 0.006600 0.01738 78763 78763 -173.07 1220.43 1047.36 -0.3561 2.8470 2.4909 -31

-30 0.003443 0.007009 0.01738 74341 74341 -172.63 1220.43 1047.80 -0.3551 2.8404 2.4853 -30
-29 0.003655 0.007441 0.01738 70187 70187 -172.19 1220.44 1048.25 -0.3541 2.8338 2.4797 -29
-28 0.003879 0.007898 0.01739 66282 66282 -171.74 1220.43 1048.69 -0.3531 2.8273 2.4742 -28
-27 0.004116 0.008380 0.01739 62613 62613 -171.30 1220.43 1049.13 -0.3520 2.8207 2.4687 -27
-26 0.004366 0.008890 0.01739 59161 59161 -170.86 1220.43 1049.57 -0.3510 2.8142 2.4632 -26

-25 0.004630 0.009428 0.01739 55915 55915 -170.41 1220.42 1050.01 -0.3500 2.8077 2.4577 -25
-24 0.004909 0.009995 0.01739 52861 52861 -169.96 1220.42 1050.46 -0.3489 2.8012 2.4523 -24
-23 0.005203 0.010594 0.01739 49986 49986 -169.51 1220.41 1050.90 -0.3479 2.7948 2.4469 -23
-22 0.005514 0.01 1226 0.01739 47281 4728 1 -169.07 1220.41 1051.34 -0.3469 2.7884 2.44 15 -22
-21 0.005841 0.011892 0.01740 44733 44733 -168.62 1220.40 1051 .78 -0.3459 2.7821 2.4362 -21

-20 0.006186 0.012595 0.01740 42333 42333 -168.16 1220.38 1052.22 -0.3448 2.7757 2.4309 -20
-19 0.006550 0.013336 0.01740 40073 40073 -167.71 1220.38 1052.67 -0. 3438 2.7694 2.4256 -19
-18 0.006933 0.014117 0.01740 37943 37943 -1 67.26 1220.37 1053.11 -0 .3428 2.7631 2.4203 -18
-17 0.007337 0.014939 0.01740 35934 35934 -166 .81 1220.36 1053.55 -0.3418 2.7569 2.4151 -17
-16 0.007763 0.015806 0.01740 34041 3404 1 -166 .35 1220.34 1053.99 -0.3407 2.7505 2.4098 -1 6

-15 0.008211 0.016718 0.01740 32256 32256 -165.90 1220 .33 1054.43 -0.3397 2.7443 2.4046 -15
-14 0.008683 0.017678 0.01741 30572 30572 -165.44 1220.31 1054.87 -0.3387 2.7382 2.3995 -14
-13 0.009179 0.018689 0.01741 28983 28983 -164.98 1220.30 1055.32 -0.3377 2.7320 2.3943 -13
-12 0.009702 0.019753 0.01741 27483 27483 -164 .52 1220.28 1055.76 -0.3366 2.7258 2.3892 -12
-11 0.010252 0.020873 0.0174 1 26067 26067 -164 .06 1220.26 1056.20 -0.3356 2.7197 2.3841 -11

-10 0.010830 0.022050 0.0 1741 24730 24730 -163.60 1220.24 1056.64 -0.3346 2.7137 2.3791 -10
-9 0.011438 0.023288 0.01741 23467 23467 -163.14 1220.22 1057.08 -0.3335 2.7075 2.3740 -9
-8 0.012077 0.024590 0.01741 22274 22274 -162.68 1220 .21 1057.53 -0.3325 2.7015 2.3690 -8
-7 0.012750 0.025958 0.01742 21147 21147 -162.21 1220.18 1057.97 -0.3315 2.6955 2.3640 -7
-6 0.013456 0.027396 0.01742 20081 20081 -161.75 1220.16 1058.41 -0.3305 2.6896 2.3591 -6

-5 0.014197 0.028906 0.01742 19074 19074 -161 .28 1220.13 1058.85 -0.3294 2.6835 2.3541 -5
-4 0.014977 0.030493 0.01742 18121 18121 -1 60.82 1220.11 1059.29 -0 .3284 2.6776 2.3492 -4
-3 0.015795 0.032159 0.01742 17220 17220 -160.35 1220.08 1059.73 -0.3274 2.6717 2.3443 -3
-2 0.016654 0.033908 0.01742 16367 16367 -1 59.88 1220.05 1060.17 -0.3264 2.6658 2.3394 -2
-1 0.017556 0.035744 0.01742 15561 15561 -159.41 1220.03 1060.62 -0.3253 2.6599 2.3346 -1

0 0.018502 0.037671 0.0 1743 14797 14797 -158.94 1220.00 1061 .06 -0.3243 2.6541 2.3298 0
1 0.019495 0.039693 0.01743 14073 14073 -1 58.47 1219.97 1061.50 -0.3233 2.6482 2.3249 1
2 0.020537 0.041813 0.01743 13388 13388 -157.99 1219.93 1061.94 -0.3223 2.6425 2.3202 2
3 0.021629 0.044037 0.01743 12740 12740 -157.52 1219 .90 1062.38 -0.3212 2.6366 2.3154 3
4 0.022774 0.046369 0.01743 12125 12125 -157.05 1219.87 1062.82 -0.3202 2.6309 2.3107 4

5 0.023975 0.048813 0.01743 11543 11543 -156.57 1219.83 1063.26 -0.3192 2.6252 2.3060 5
6 0.025233 0.051375 0.01743 10991 10991 -156.09 1219.79 1063.70 -0.3182 2.6195 2.3013 6
7 0.026552 0.054059 0.01744 10468 10468 -155.62 1219.76 1064.14 -0.3171 2.6137 2.2966 7
8 0.027933 0.056872 0.01744 9971 9971 -155.14 1219.72 1064.58 -0.3161 2.6081 2.2920 8
9 0.029379 0.059817 0.01744 9500 9500 -154.66 1219.69 1065.03 -0.3151 2.6024 2.2873 9

10 0.030894 0.062901 0.01744 9054 9054 -154 .18 1219.65 1065.47 -0.3141 2.5968 2.2827 10
11 0.032480 0.066131 0.01744 8630 8630 -153.70 1219.61 1065.91 -0.3130 2.5912 2.2782 11
12 0.034140 0.069511 0.01744 8228 8228 -1 53.21 1219.56 1066.35 -0.3120 2.5856 2.2736 12
13 0.035878 0.073047 0.01745 7846 7846 -152.73 1219.52 1066.79 -0.3110 2.5801 2.2691 13
14 0.037696 0.076748 0.01745 7483 7483 -152.24 1219.47 1067.23 -0.3100 2.5745 2.2645 14

<«@@)
Psychrometrics •
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43
PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1: INTRODUCTION

Thermodynamic Properties of Water At Saturation: U.S. Units

ABSOLUTE PRESSURE SPECIFIC VOLUME (ft'!lbl ENTHALPY (Btu/lb) ENTROPY (Btu/lba/°F)
Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat.
TEMP Liquid Evap. Vapor Liquid Evap. Vapor Liquid Evap. Vapor TEMP
OF psi in. Hg Vt Ytg Vg h1 h tg hg St S tg Sg OF

15 0.039597 0.080621 0.01745 7139 7139 -1 51.76 1219.43 1067.67 -0. 3089 2.5689 2.2600 15
16 0.041587 0.084671 0.01745 6811 6811 -1 51.27 1219.38 1068.11 -0.3079 2.5635 2.2556 16
17 0.043666 0.088905 0.01745 6501 6501 -150 .78 1219.33 1068.55 -0.3069 2.5580 2.2511 17
18 0.045841 0.093332 0.01745 6205 6205 -150.30 1219.29 1068.99 -0.3059 2.5526 2.2467 18
19 0.048113 0.097960 0.01745 5924 5924 -149.81 1219.24 1069.43 -0.3049 2.5472 2.2423 19

20 0.050489 0.102796 0.01746 5657 5657 -149.32 1219.19 1069.87 -0.3038 2.5417 2.2379 20
21 0.052970 0.107849 0.01746 5404 5404 -148.82 1219.13 1070.31 -0. 3028 2.5363 2.2335 21
22 0.055563 0.113128 0.01746 5162 5162 -148.33 1219.08 1070.75 -0. 3018 2.5310 2.2292 22
23 0.058271 0.118641 0.01746 4932 4932 -1 47.84 1219.03 1071.19 -0.3008 2.5256 2.2248 23
24 0.061099 0.124398 0.01746 4714 4714 -1 47.34 1218.97 1071 .63 -0.2997 2.5202 2.2205 24

25 0.064051 0.130408 0.01746 4506 4506 -146.85 1218.92 1072.07 -0.2987 2.5149 2.2162 25
26 0.067133 0.136684 0.01747 4308 4308 -146.35 1218.85 1072.50 -0.2977 2.5096 2.2119 26
27 0.070349 0.143233 0.01747 4119 4119 -145. 85 1218.79 1072.94 -0.2967 2.5044 2.2077 27
28 0.073706 0.150066 0.01747 3940 3940 -145.35 1218.73 1073.38 -0.2956 2.4991 2.2035 28
29 0.077207 0.157195 0.01747 3769 3769 -144.85 1218.67 1073.82 -0.2946 2.4938 2.1992 29

30 0.080860 0.164632 0.01747 3606 3606 -144.35 1218.61 1074.26 -0.2936 2.4887 2.1951 30
31 0.084669 0.172387 0.01747 3450 3450 -143.85 121 8.55 1074.70 -0.2926 2.4835 2.1909 31
32 0.088640 0.180474 0.01747 3302 3302 -143.35 1218.49 1075.14 -0.2915 2.4782 2.1867 32
32 0.08865 0.18049 0.01602 3302.07 3302.09 -0.02 1075.16 1075.14 0.0000 2.1867 2.1867 32
33 0.09229 0.18791 0.01602 3178.14 3178.16 0.99 1074.59 1075.58 0.0020 2.1812 2.1832 33
34 0.09607 0.19559 0.01602 3059.47 3059.49 2.00 1074.01 1076.01 0.0041 2.1755 2.1 796 34

35 0.09998 0.20355 0.01602 2945.66 2945.68 3.00 1073.45 1076.45 0.0061 2.1700 2.1761 35
36 0.10403 0.211 80 0.01602 2836.59 2836.61 4.01 1072.88 1076.89 0.0081 2. 1645 2.1726 36
37 0.10822 0.22035 0.01602 2732.13 2732. 15 5.02 1072.31 1077.33 0.0102 2.1590 2.1692 37
38 0.11257 0.22919 0.01602 2631.87 2631 .89 6.02 1071 .75 1077.77 0.0122 2.1535 2.1657 38
39 0.11707 0.23835 0.01602 2535.86 2535.88 7.03 1071 .18 1078.21 0.0142 2.1481 2.1623 39

40 0.12172 0.24783 0.01602 2443.67 2443.69 8.03 1070.62 1078.65 0.0162 2.1427 2.1589 40
41 0.12654 0.25765 0.01602 2355.22 2355.24 9.04 1070.05 1079.09 0.0182 2.1372 2.1554 41
42 0.13153 0.26780 0.01602 2270.41 2270.43 10.04 1069.48 1079.52 0.0202 2.1319 2.1521 42
43 0.13669 0.27831 0.01602 2189.02 2189.04 11.04 1068.92 1079.96 0.0222 2.1265 2.1487 43
44 0.14203 0.28918 0.01602 2110.92 2110.94 12.05 1068.35 1080.40 0.0242 2.1212 2.1454 44

45 0.14755 0.30042 0.01602 2035.90 2035.92 13.05 1067.79 1080.84 0.0262 2.0978 2.1240 45
46 0.15326 0.31205 0.01602 1963.85 1963.87 14.05 1067.23 1081.28 0.0282 2.1105 2.1387 46
47 0.15917 0.32407 0.01602 1894.71 1894.73 15.06 1066.65 1081.71 0.0302 2.1052 2.1354 47
48 0.16527 0.33650 0.01602 1828.28 1828.30 16.06 1066.09 1082.15 0.0321 2.1000 2.1321 48
49 0.17158 0.34935 0.01602 1764.44 1764.46 17.06 1065.53 1082.59 0.0341 2.0947 2.1288 49

50 0.17811 0.36263 0.01602 1703.18 1703.20 18.06 1064.97 1083.03 0.0361 2.0895 2.1256 50
51 0.18484 0.37635 0.01602 1644.24 1644.26 19.06 1064.40 1083.46 0.0381 2.0843 2.1224 51
52 0.19181 0.39053 0.01603 1587.63 1587.65 20.07 1063.83 1083.90 0.0400 2.0791 2.1191 52
53 0.19900 0.40516 0.01603 1533.22 1533.24 21 .07 1063.27 1084.34 0.0420 2.0739 2.1159 53
54 0.20643 0.42029 0.01603 1480.89 1480.91 22.07 1062.70 1084.77 0.0439 2.0689 2 .11 28 54

55 0.21410 0.43591 0.01603 1430.60 1430.62 23.07 1062.14 1085.21 0.0459 2.0637 2.1096 55
56 0.22202 0.45204 0.01603 1382.19 1382.21 24.07 1061.58 1085.65 0.0478 2.0586 2.1064 56
57 0.23020 0.46869 0.01603 1335.65 1335.67 25.07 1061 .01 1086.08 0.0497 2.0536 2.1033 57
58 0.23864 0.48588 0.01603 1290.85 1290.87 26.07 1060.45 1086.52 0.0517 2.0485 2.1002 58
59 0.24735 0.50362 0.01603 1247.76 1247.78 27.07 1059.89 1086.96 0.0536 2.0435 2.0971 59

60 0.25635 0.52192 0.01604 1206.30 1206.32 28.07 1059.32 1087.39 0.0555 2.0385 2.0940 60
61 0.26562 0.54081 0.01604 1166.38 1166.40 29.07 1058.76 1087.83 0.0575 2.0334 2.0909 61
62 0.27519 0.56029 0.01604 11 27.93 1127.95 30.07 1058.20 1088.27 0.0594 2.0284 2.0878 62
63 0.28506 0.58039 0.01604 1090.94 1090.96 31 .07 1057.63 1088.70 0.0613 2.0235 2.0848 63
64 0.29524 0.60112 0.01604 1055.31 1055.33 32.07 1057.07 1089.14 0.0632 2.0186 2.0818 64

•Mi». Psychrometrics
Turn to the Experts.
44
 PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1: INTRODUCTION

Thermodynamic Properties of Water At Saturation: U.S. Units

ABSOLUTE PRESSURE SPECIFIC VOLUME (ft3/lbl ENTHALPY (Btu/lbl ENTROPY (Btu/lba/°Fl
Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat.
TEMP Liquid Evap. Vapor Liquid Evap. Vapor Liquid Evap. Vapor TEMP
OF psi in. Hg Vt Vtg Vg h1 h19 hg St Stg Sg OF
65 0.30574 0.62249 0.01604 1020.98 1021.00 33.07 1056.50 1089.57 0.0651 2.0136 2.0787 65
66 0.31656 0.64452 0.01604 987.95 987.97 34.07 1055.94 1090.01 0.0670 2.0088 2.0758 66
67 0.32772 0.66724 0.01605 956.10 956.12 35.07 1055.37 1090.44 0.0689 2.0039 2.0728 67
68 0.33921 0.69065 0.01605 925.43 925.45 36.07 1054.81 1090.88 0.0708 1.9990 2.0698 68
69 0.35107 0.71478 0.01605 895.85 895.87 37.07 1054.24 1091 .31 0.0727 1.9941 2.0668 69

70 0.36328 0.73964 0.01605 867.34 867.36 38.07 1053.68 1091 .75 0.0746 1.9893 2.0639 70
71 0.37586 0.76526 0.01605 839.86 839.88 39.07 1053.11 1092.18 0.0765 1.9845 2.0610 71
72 0.38882 0.79164 0.01606 813.37 813.39 40.07 1052.54 1092.61 0.0783 1.9797 2.0580 72
73 0.40217 0.81883 0.01606 787.85 787.87 41.07 1051 .98 1093.05 0.0802 1.9750 2.0552 73
74 0.41592 0.84682 0.01606 763.19 763.21 42.06 1051.42 1093.48 0.0821 1.9702 2.0523 74

75 0.43008 0.87564 0.01606 739.42 739.44 43.06 1050.86 1093.92 0.0840 1.9654 2.0494 75
76 0.44465 0.90532 0.01606 716.51 716.53 44.06 1050.29 1094.35 0.0858 1.9607 2.0465 76
77 0.45966 0.93587 0.01607 694.38 694.40 45.06 1049.72 1094.78 0.0877 1.9560 2.0437 77
78 0.47510 0.96732 0.01607 673.04 673.06 46.06 1049.16 1095.22 0.0896 1.9513 2.0409 78
79 0.49100 0.99968 0.01607 652.44 652.46 47.06 1048.59 1095.65 0.0914 1.9466 2.0380 79

80 0.50736 1.03298 0.01607 632.54 632.56 48.06 1048.02 1096.08 0.0933 1.9419 2.0352 80
81 0.52419 1.06725 0.01608 613.35 613.37 49.06 1047.45 1096.51 0.0951 1.9373 2.0324 81
82 0.54150 1.10250 0.01608 594.82 594.84 50.05 1019.90 1069.95 0.0970 1.9327 2.0297 82
83 0.55931 1.13877 0.01608 576.90 576.92 51.05 1046.33 1097.38 0.0988 1.9281 2.0269 83
84 0.57763 1.17606 0.01608 559.63 559.65 52.05 1045.76 1097.81 0.1006 1.9236 2.0242 84

85 0.59647 1.21442 0.01609 542.92 542.94 53.05 1045.19 1098.24 0.1025 1.9189 2.0214 85
86 0.61584 1.25385 0.01609 526.79 526.81 54.05 1044.62 1098.67 0.1043 1.9144 2.0187 86
87 0.63575 1.29440 0.01609 511.20 511.22 55.05 1044.06 1099.11 0.1061 1.9099 2.0160 87
88 0.65622 1.33608 0.01609 496.13 496.15 56.05 1043.49 1099.54 0.1080 1.9053 2.0133 88
89 0.67726 1.37892 0.01610 481.59 481.61 57.04 1042.93 1099.97 0.1098 1.9008 2.0106 89

90 0.69889 1.42295 0.01610 467.51 467.53 58.04 1042.36 1100.40 0.1116 1.8963 2.0079 90
91 0.72111 1.46820 0.01610 453.91 453.93 59.04 1041 .79 1100.83 0.1134 1.8919 2.0053 91
92 0.74394 1.51468 0.01611 440.76 440.78 60.04 1041.22 1101.26 0.1152 1.8874 2.0026 92
93 0.76740 1.56244 0.01611 428.04 428.06 61.04 1040.65 1101.69 0.1170 1.8830 2.0000 93
94 0.79150 1.61151 0.01611 415.74 415.76 62.04 1040.08 1102.12 0.1188 1.8785 1.9973 94

95 0.81625 1.66189 0.01612 403.84 403 .86 63.03 1039.52 1102.55 0.1206 1.8741 1.9947 95
96 0.84166 1.71364 0.01612 392.32 392.34 64.03 1038.95 1102.98 0.1224 1.8697 1.9921 96
97 0.86776 1.76678 0.01612 381.19 381.21 65.03 1038.38 1103.41 0.1242 1.8653 1.9895 97
98 0.89456 1.82134 0.01612 370.42 370.44 66.03 1037.81 1103.84 0.1260 1.8610 1.9870 98
99 0.92207 1.87736 0.01613 359.99 360.01 67.03 1037.23 1104.26 0.1278 1.8566 1.9844 99

100 0.95031 1.93485 0.01613 349.90 349.92 68.03 1036.66 1104.69 0.1296 1.8523 1.9819 100
101 0.97930 1.99387 0.01613 340.13 340.15 69.02 1036.10 1105.12 0.1314 1.8479 1.9793 101
102 1.00904 2.05443 0.01614 330.69 330.71 70.02 1035.53 1105.55 0.1332 1.8436 1.9768 102
103 1.03956 2.11667 0.01614 321 .53 321.55 71 .02 1034.96 1105.98 0.1349 1.8394 1.9743 103
104 1.07088 2.18034 0.01614 312.67 312.69 72.02 1034.38 1106.40 0.1367 1.8351 1.9718 104

105 1.10301 2.24575 0.01615 304.08 304.10 73.02 1033.81 1106.83 0.1385 1.8308 1.9693 105
106 1.13597 2.31285 0.01615 295.75 295.77 74.02 1033.24 1107.26 0.1402 1.8266 1.9668 106
107 1.16977 2.38168 0.01616 287.71 287.73 75.01 1032.67 1107.68 0.1420 1.8223 1.9643 107
108 1.20444 2.45226 0.01616 279.90 279.92 76.01 1032.10 1108.11 0.1438 1.8181 1.9619 108
109 1.23999 2.52464 0.01616 272.34 272.36 77.01 1031.53 1108.54 0.1455 1.8139 1.9594 109

110 1.27644 2.59885 0.01617 265.01 265.03 78.01 1030.95 1108.96 0.1473 1.8097 1.9570 110
111 1.31381 2.67494 0.01617 257.91 257.93 79.01 1030.38 1109.39 0.1490 1.8056 1.9546 111
112 1.35212 2.75293 0.01617 251.02 251.04 80.01 1029.80 1109.81 0.1508 1.8013 1.9521 112
113 1.39138 2.83288 0.01618 244.36 244.38 81.01 1029.23 1110.24 0.1525 1.7972 1.9497 113
114 1.43162 2.91481 0.01618 237.88 237.90 82.00 1028.66 1110.66 0.1543 1.7931 1.9474 114

Psychrometrics
<@@.>
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45
PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1: INTRODUCTION

Thermodynamic Properties of Water At Saturation : U.S. Units

A BSOLUTE PRESSURE SPECIFIC VOLUME lft3/lbl ENTHALPY IBtu/lbl ENTROPY 1Btu/lba/°Fl
Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat.
TEMP Liquid Evap. Vapor Liquid Evap. Vapor Liquid Evap. Vapor TEMP
"F psi in. Hg Vt Vtg Vg h1 h1g hg St S1g Sg "F
115 1.47286 2.99878 0.01619 231.61 231.63 83.00 1028.09 11 11.09 0.1560 1.7890 1.9450 11 5
116 1.51512 3.08481 0.01619 225.53 225.55 84.00 1027.51 111 1.51 0.1577 1.7849 1.9426 116
117 1.55842 3.17296 0.0 1619 2 19.63 219.65 85.00 1026.93 11 11.93 0.1595 1.7807 1.9402 117
11 8 1.60277 3.26327 0.01620 213.91 213.93 86.00 1026.36 11 12.36 0.1612 1.7767 1.9379 118
11 9 1.64820 3.35577 0.01620 208.35 208.37 87.00 1025.78 1112.78 0.1629 1.7727 1.9356 119

120 1.69474 3.45052 0.01620 202.97 202.99 88.00 1025.20 11 13.20 0.1647 1.7685 1.9332 120
121 1.74240 3.54755 0.0 1621 197.74 197.76 89.00 1024.62 11 13.62 0.1664 1.7645 1.9309 121
122 1.79117 3.64691 0.01621 192.67 192.69 90.00 1024.05 1114.05 0.1681 1.7605 1.9286 122
123 1.84117 3.74863 0.01622 187.76 187.78 90.99 1023.48 11 14 .47 0.1698 1.7565 1.9263 123
124 1.89233 3.85282 0.01622 182.97 182.99 91 .99 1022.90 1114.89 0.1715 1.7525 1.9240 124

125 1.94470 3.95945 0.01623 178.34 178.36 92.99 1022.32 1115.31 0.1732 1.7485 1.9217 125
126 1.99831 4.06860 0.01623 173.84 173.86 93.99 1021.74 111 5.73 0. 1749 1.7446 1.9195 126
127 2.05318 4 .18032 0.01623 169.47 169.49 94.99 1021 .16 1116.15 0.1766 1.7406 1.9172 127
128 2.10934 4.29465 0.01624 165.23 165.25 95.99 1020.58 11 16.57 0.1783 1.7367 1.9150 128
129 2.16680 4.41165 0.01624 161 .10 161.1 2 96.99 1020.00 1116.99 0.1800 1.7327 1.9127 129

130 2.22560 4.53136 0.01625 157.10 157.12 97.99 1019.42 1117.41 0.1817 1.7288 1.9105 130
131 2.28576 4.65384 0.01625 153.21 153.23 98.99 1018.84 11 17.83 0.1834 1.7249 1.9083 131
132 2.34730 4.77914 0.01626 149.44 149.46 99.99 1018.26 1118.25 0.1851 1.7210 1.9061 132
133 2.41025 4.90730 0.01626 145.76 145.78 100.99 1017.68 1118.67 0. 1868 1.7171 1.9039 133
134 2.47463 5.03839 0.01627 142.21 142.23 101.99 1017.09 1119.08 0.1885 1.7132 1.9017 134

135 2.54048 5.17246 0.01627 138.74 138.76 102.99 1016.51 1119.50 0.1902 1.7093 1.8995 135
136 2.60782 5.30956 0.01627 135.37 135.39 103.98 1015.94 1119.92 0.1919 1.7055 1.8974 136
137 2.67667 5.44975 0.01628 132.10 132.12 104.98 1015.36 1120.34 0.1935 1.7017 1.8952 137
138 2.74707 5.59308 0.01628 128.92 128.94 105.98 1014.77 1120.75 0.1952 1.6978 1.8930 138
139 2.81903 5.73961 0.01629 125.83 125.85 106.98 1014.19 112 1.17 0.1969 1.6940 1.8909 139

140 2.89260 5.88939 0.01629 122.82 122.84 107.98 1013.60 1121.58 0.1985 1.6903 1.8888 140
141 2.96780 6.04250 0.01630 119.90 119.92 108.98 1013.02 1122.00 0.2002 1.6865 1.8867 141
142 3.04465 6.19897 0.01630 117.05 117.07 109.98 1012.43 1122.41 0.2019 1.6826 1.8845 142
143 3.12320 6.35888 0.01631 114.29 114.31 110.98 1011 .85 1122.83 0.2035 1.6789 1.8824 143
144 3.20345 6.52229 0.01631 111.60 111.62 11 1.98 101 1.26 1123.24 0.2052 1.6751 1.8803 144

145 3.28546 6.68926 0.01632 108.98 109.00 112.98 1010.68 1123.66 0.2068 1.6715 1.8783 145
146 3.36924 6.85984 0.01632 106.43 106.45 113.98 1010.09 1124.07 0.2085 1.6677 1.8762 146
147 3.45483 7.034 10 0.01633 103.96 103.98 114 .98 1009.50 1124.48 0.2101 1.6640 1.8741 147
148 3.54226 7.21211 0.01633 101.55 101.57 115.98 1008.91 1124.89 0.2 11 8 1.6603 1.8721 148
149 3.63156 7.39393 0.01634 99.20 99.22 116.98 1008.33 1125.31 0.2134 1.6566 1.8700 149

150 3.72277 7.57962 0.01634 96.92 96.94 117.98 1007.74 1125.72 0.2151 1.6529 ·1.8680 150
151 3.81591 7.76925 0.01635 94.70 94.72 118.99 1007.14 1126.13 0.2167 1.6492 1.8659 151
152 3.911 01 7.96289 0.01635 92.54 92.56 119.99 1006.55 1126.54 0.2184 1.6455 1.8639 152
153 4.00812 8.16061 0.01636 90.44 90.46 120.99 1005.96 1126.95 0.2200 1.6419 1.8619 153
154 4. 10727 8.36247 0.01 636 88.39 88.41 121.99 1005.37 1127.36 0.2216 1.6383 1.8599 154

155 4 .20848 8.56854 0.01637 86.39 86.41 122.99 1004.78 1127.77 0.2233 1.6346 1.8579 155
156 4.31180 8.77890 0.01637 84.45 84.47 123.99 1004.19 1128.18 0.2249 1.6310 1.8559 156
157 4.41725 8.99360 0.01638 82.56 82.58 124.99 1003.60 1128.59 0.2265 1.6274 1.8539 157
158 4.52488 9.21274 0.01638 80.71 80.73 125.99 1003.00 1128.99 0.2281 1.6238 1.8519 158
159 4 .63472 9.43637 0.01639 78.92 78.94 126.99 1002.41 1129.40 0.2297 1.6203 1.8500 159

160 4.74680 9.66460 0.01639 77. 176 77.192 127.99 1001 .82 1129.81 0.2314 1.6166 1.8480 160
161 4 .86120 9.89740 0.01640 75.472 75.488 128.99 1001 .23 1130.22 0.2330 1.6131 1.8461 161
162 4 .97780 10.13500 0.01640 73.813 73.829 130.00 1000.62 1130.62 0.2346 1.6095 1.8441 162
163 5.09690 10.37740 0.01641 72.197 72.213 131.00 1000.03 1131.03 0.2362 1.6060 1.8422 163
164 5.21830 10.62460 0.01642 70.620 70.636 132.00 999.43 1131.43 0.2378 1.6025 1.8403 164

<M>
Turn to the Experti - - - - - - - -- -- - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --
Psychrometrics
46
 PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1: INTRODUCTION

Thermodynamic Properties of Water At Saturation: U.S. Units

ABSOLUTE PRESSURE SPECIFIC VOLUME (ft3/lb) ENTHALPY (Btu/lb) ENTROPY (Btu/lba/°F)
Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat.
TEMP Liquid Evap. Vapor Liquid Evap. Vapor Liquid Evap. Vapor TEMP
OF psi in. Hg Vt Vtg Vg h, htg hg St Stg Sg OF
165 5.34220 10.87680 0.01642 69.085 69.101 133.00 998.84 1131.84 0.2394 1.5989 1.8383 165
166 5.46850 11.1 3400 0.01 643 67.588 67.604 134.00 998.24 1132.24 0.2410 1.5954 1.8364 166
167 5.59740 11 .39630 0.01643 66.130 66.146 135.00 997.64 1132.64 0.2426 1.59 19 1.8345 167
168 5.72870 11 .66380 0.01644 64 .707 64.723 136.01 997.04 1133.05 0.2442 1.5884 1.8326 168
169 5.86270 11.93660 0.01644 63.320 63.336 137.01 996.44 1133.45 0.2458 1.5850 1.8308 169

170 5.99930 12.21480 0.01645 61 .970 61.986 138.01 995.84 1133.85 0.2474 1.5815 1.8289 170
171 6.13860 12.49830 0.01646 60.650 60.666 139.01 995.24 1134.25 0.2490 1.5780 1.8270 171
172 6.28060 12.78740 0.01646 59.364 59.380 140.01 994.65 1134.66 0.2506 1.5745 1.8251 172
173 6.42530 13 .08210 0.01647 58.112 58.128 141 .02 994.04 1135.06 0.2521 1.5712 1.8233 173
174 6.57290 13.38250 0.01647 56.888 56.904 142 .02 993.44 11 35.46 0.2537 1.5677 1.8214 174

175 6.72320 13.68860 0.01648 55.695 55.711 143.02 992.84 1135.86 0.2553 1.5643 1.8196 175
176 6.87650 14.00060 0.01648 54.533 54.549 144.02 992.24 1136.26 0.2569 1.5609 1.8178 176
177 7.03270 14.31860 0.01649 53.398 53.414 145.03 991.62 1136.65 0.2585 1.5574 1.8159 177
178 7.19180 14.64260 0.01650 52.291 52.307 146.03 991.02 1137.05 0.2600 1.5541 1.8141 178
179 7.35390 14.97270 0.01650 51.210 51.226 147.03 990.42 1137.45 0.2616 1.5507 1.8123 179

180 7.51910 15.30910 0.01651 50.154 50 .171 148.04 989.81 1137.85 0.2632 1.5473 1.8105 180
181 7.68740 15.65180 0.01651 49 .126 49.143 149.04 989.20 1138.24 0.2647 1.5440 1.8087 181
182 7.85890 16.00080 0.01652 48.121 48.138 150.04 988.60 1138.64 0.2663 1.5406 1.8069 182
183 8.03350 16.35640 0.01653 47.141 47.158 151 .05 987.98 1139.03 0.2679 1.5372 1.8051 183
184 8.21140 16.71850 0.01653 46.185 46 .202 152.05 987.38 1139.43 0.2694 1.5340 1.8034 184

185 8.39260 17.08740 0.01654 45.250 45 .267 153.05 986.77 1139.82 0.2710 1.5306 1.8016 185
186 8.57700 17.46300 0.01654 44.339 44 .356 154.06 986.16 1140.22 0.2725 1.5273 1.7998 186
187 8.76490 17.84550 0.01655 43.448 43.465 155.06 985.55 1140.61 0.2741 1.5240 1.7981 187
188 8.95620 18.23500 0.01656 42 .578 42 .595 156.07 984.93 1141.00 0.2756 1.5207 1.7963 188
189 9.15100 18.63160 0.01656 41 .729 41 .746 157.07 984.32 1141.39 0.2772 1.5174 1.7946 189

190 9.34930 19.03530 0.01657 40.901 40.918 158.07 983.71 1141.78 0.2787 1.5142 1.7929 190
191 9.55120 19.44640 0.01658 40.091 40.108 159.08 983.10 1142.18 0.2803 1.5108 1.7911 191
192 9.75670 19.86480 0.01658 39.300 39.317 160.08 982.49 1142.57 0.2818 1.5076 1.7894 192
193 9.96590 20.29070 0.01659 38.527 38.544 161.09 981.86 1142.95 0.2834 1.5043 1.7877 193
194 10.17880 20.72420 0.01659 37.773 37.790 162.09 981.25 1143.34 0.2849 1.5011 1.7860 194

195 10.39550 21.16530 0.01660 37.035 37.052 163.10 980.63 1143.73 0.2864 1.4979 1.7843 195
196 10.61600 21.61430 0.01661 36.314 36.331 164.10 980.02 1144.12 0.2880 1.4946 1.7826 196
197 10.84040 22.07120 0.01661 35.611 35.628 165.11 979.40 1144.51 0.2895 1.4914 1.7809 197
198 11 .06870 22.53610 0.01662 34.923 34.940 166.11 978.78 1144.89 0.2910 1.4882 1.7792 198
199 11 .30100 23.00910 0.01663 34.251 34.268 167.12 978.16 1145.28 0.2926 1.4850 1.7776 199

200 11.53740 23.49040 0.01663 33.593 33.610 168.13 977.53 1145.66 0.2941 1.4818 1.7759 200
201 11 .77790 23.98000 0.01664 32.951 32.968 169.13 976.92 1146.05 0.2956 1.4786 1.7742 201
202 12.02250 24.47800 0.01665 32.323 32.340 170.14 976.29 1146.43 0.2971 1.4755 1.7726 202
203 12.27130 24.98470 0.01665 31.709 31 .726 171.14 975.67 1146.81 0.2986 1.4723 1.7709 203
204 12.52440 25.50000 0.01666 31.110 31.127 172.15 975.05 1147.20 0.3002 1.4691 1.7693 204

205 12.78190 26.02410 0.01667 30.523 30.540 173.16 974.42 1147.58 0.3017 1.4660 1.7677 205
206 13.04360 26.55710 0.01667 29.948 29.965 174.16 973.80 1147.96 0.3032 1.4628 1.7660 206
207 13.30990 27.09910 0.01668 29.387 29.404 175.17 973.17 1148.34 0.3047 1.4597 1.7644 207
208 13.58060 27.65030 0.01669 28.839 28.856 176.18 972.54 1148.72 0.3062 1.4566 1.7628 208
209 13.85580 28.21080 0.01669 28.302 28.319 177.18 971.92 1149.10 0.3077 1.4535 1.7612 209

210 14.13570 28.78060 0.01670 27.778 27.795 178.19 971.29 1149.48 0.3092 1.4504 1.7596 210
211 14.42265 29.36475 0.01671 27.271 27.288 179.20 970.66 1149.86 0.3107 1.4473 1.7580 211
212 14.70960 29.94890 0.01671 26.763 26.780 180.20 970.03 1150.23 0.3122 1.4442 1.7564 212
213 15.00605 30.55260 0.01672 26.277 26.294 181 .21 969.40 1150.61 0.3137 1.4411 1.7548 213
214 15.30250 31.15630 0.01673 25.790 25.807 182.22 968.76 1150.98 0.3152 1.4380 1.7532 214

_Psychrometrics •
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47
PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1: INTRODUCTION

Thermodynamic Properties of Water At Saturation: U.S. Units

ABSOLUTE PRESSURE SPECIFIC VOLUME (ft3/lbl ENTHALPY IBtu/lbl ENTROPY IBtu/lba/°Fl
Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat.
TEMP Liquid Evap. Vapor Liquid Evap. Vapor Liquid Evap. Vapor TEMP
OF psi in. Hg Vt Ytg Yg ht htg hg St Stg Sg 'F
215 15.60885 31.77995 0.01674 25.326 25.343 183.23 968. 13 1151.36 0.3167 1.4350 1.7517 215
216 15.91520 32.40360 0.01674 24.861 24.878 184.24 967.49 1151 .73 0.3182 1.4319 1.7501 216
217 16.23155 33.04775 0.01675 24.416 24.433 185.25 966.86 1152.11 0.3197 1.4288 1.7485 217
218 16.54790 33.69190 0.01676 23.970 23.987 186.25 966.23 1152.48 0.3212 1.4257 1.7469 218
219 16.87460 34.35685 0.01677 23.544 23.561 187.26 965.59 1152.85 0.3227 1.4227 1.7454 219

220 17.20130 35.02180 0.01677 23.117 23.134 188.27 964.95 1153.22 0.3241 1.4197 1.7438 220
221 17.53860 35.70870 0.01678 22.708 22.725 189.28 964.31 1153.59 0.3256 1.4167 1.7423 221
222 17.87590 36.39560 0.01679 22.299 22.316 190.29 963.67 1153.96 0.3271 1.4136 1.7407 222
223 18.22400 37.10435 0.01680 21.908 21.925 191 .30 963.03 1154.33 0.3286 1.4106 1.7392 223
224 18.57210 37.81310 0.01680 21.51 6 21.533 192 .31 962.39 1154.70 0.3301 1.4076 1.7377 224

225 18.93130 38.54445 0.01681 21.141 21.158 193.32 961.75 1155.07 0.3316 1.4031 1.7362 225
226 19.29050 39.27580 0.01682 20.765 20.782 194.33 961.10 1155.43 0.3330 1.3986 1.7347 226
227 19.66105 40.03030 0.01683 20.405 20.422 195.34 960.46 1155.80 0.3345 1.3972 1.7332 227
228 20.03160 40.78480 0.01683 20.045 20.062 196.35 959.81 1156.16 0.3359 1.3957 1.7316 228
229 20.41385 41.56300 0.01684 19.700 19.717 197.36 959.17 1156.53 0.3374 1.3913 1.7302 229

230 20.79610 42.34120 0.0 1684 19.355 19.372 198.37 958.52 1156.89 0.3389 1.3868 1.7287 230
231 21. 19020 43. 14365 0.01685 19.024 19.041 199.38 957.88 1157.26 0.3404 1.3839 1.7272 231
232 21.58430 43.94610 0.01686 18.692 18.709 200.39 957.23 1157.62 0.3418 1.3809 1.7257 232
233 21.99065 44.77335 0.01687 18.374 18.391 201.40 956.58 1157.98 0.3433 1.3780 1.7242 233
234 22.39700 45.60060 0.01688 18.056 18.073 202.41 955.93 1158.34 0.3447 1.3751 1.7227 234

235 22.81575 46.45330 0.01689 17.751 17.768 203.43 955.28 11 58.70 0. 3462 1.3722 1.7213 235
236 23.23450 47.30600 0.01689 17.446 17.463 204.44 954 .62 1159.06 0.3476 1.3693 1.7198 236
237 23.66610 48.18465 0.01690 17.153 17.170 205.45 953.97 11 59.42 0.3491 1.3679 1.7184 237
238 24.09770 49.06330 0.01691 16.860 16.877 206.46 953.31 1159.77 0.3505 1.3664 1.7169 238
239 24.54230 49.96855 0.01692 16.579 16.596 207.48 952.65 1160.13 0.3520 1.3621 1.7155 239

240 24.98690 50.87380 0.01692 16.297 16.314 208.49 951.99 11 60.48 0.3534 1.3577 1.7140 240
241 25.44485 51 .80620 0.01693 16.027 16.044 209.50 951.34 1160.84 0.3549 1.3549 1.7126 241
242 25.90280 52 .73860 0.01694 15.757 15.774 210.51 950.68 1161 .19 0.3563 1.3520 1.7111 242
243 26.37445 53.69885 0.01695 15.498 15.515 211.53 950.02 11 61.55 0.3578 1.3492 1.7097 243
244 26.84610 54.65910 0.01695 15.238 15.255 212. 54 949.36 11 61.90 0.3592 1.3463 1.7083 244

245 27.33165 55.64775 0.01696 14.989 15.006 213.56 948.70 11 62.25 0.3607 1.3434 1.7069 245
246 27.81720 56 .63640 0.01697 14.739 14.756 214.57 948.03 1162.60 0.3621 1.3405 1.7055 246
247 28.31705 57.65405 0.01698 14.499 14.516 215.59 947.36 11 62.95 0.3635 1.3391 1.7041 247
248 28.81690 58.67170 0.01698 14.259 14.276 216.60 946.69 1163.29 0.3649 1.3377 1.7026 248
249 29.33130 59 .71905 0.01699 14.029 14.046 217.62 946.03 1163.64 0.3664 1.3335 1.7012 249

250 29.84570 60.76640 0.01700 13.798 13.815 218.63 945.36 1163.99 0.3678 1.3293 1.6998 250
251 30.37500 61 .84410 0.01701 13.576 13.594 219.65 944.69 11 64.34 0.3692 1.3265 1.6985 251
252 30.90430 62.92180 0.01702 13.355 13.372 220.66 944.02 1164.68 0.3706 1.3237 1.6971 252
253 31.44885 64.03045 0.01 703 13.141 13.159 221.68 943.35 11 65 .03 0.3721 1.3209 1.6957 253
254 31 .99340 65.13910 0.01703 12.928 12.945 222.69 942.68 11 65.37 0.3735 1.3181 1.6943 254

255 32.55345 66 .27940 0.01704 12.714 12.732 223.71 942.01 11 65.71 0.3749 1.3154 1.6930 255
256 33. 11 350 67.4 1970 0.01705 12.501 12.51 8 224.72 941.33 11 66.05 0.3763 1.3126 1.6916 256
257 33.68940 68.59230 0.01706 12.312 12.329 225.74 940.65 1166.39 0.3778 1.3112 1.6903 257
258 34.26530 69.76490 0.01707 12.123 12.140 226.76 939.97 1166.73 0.3792 1.3097 1.6889 258
259 34.35745 70 .97045 0.01708 11 .932 11.950 227.78 939.29 11 67.07 0.3806 1.3056 1.6876 259

260 34.44960 72.17600 0.01708 11.742 11 .759 228.79 938.61 1167.40 0.3820 1.3015 1.6862 260
261 35.55825 73.41525 0.01709 11 .559 11.576 229.8 1 937.93 11 67 .74 0.3834 1.2988 1.6849 261
262 36.66690 74.65450 0.01710 11.376 11.393 230.83 937.25 1168.08 0.3848 1.2960 1.6835 262
263 37.29245 75.92810 0.017 11 11.200 11.217 231.85 936.56 11 68.41 0.3862 1.2933 1.6822 263
264 37.91800 77 .20170 0.01712 11 .024 11 .041 232.87 935.87 1168.74 0.3876 1.2905 1.6808 264

<(@Ol• Psychrometrics
Turn to the Experts. - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - -- ----------------
48
 PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1: INTRODUCTION

Thermodynamic Properties of Water At Saturation: U.S. Units

ABSOLUTE PRESSURE SPECIFIC VOLUME (ft'!lb) ENTHALPY (Btu/lb) ENTROPY (Btu/lba/°F)
Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat.
TEMP Liquid Evap. Vapor Liquid Evap. Vapor Liqu id Evap. Vapor TEMP
OF psi in . Hg Vt Vtg Vg ht htg hg St Stg Sg OF
265 38.56075 78 .51035 0.01713 10.854 10.871 233.89 935.19 1169.08 0.3890 1.2878 1.6795 265
266 39.20350 79.81900 0.01714 10.684 10.701 234.90 934.51 1169.41 0.3904 1.2851 1.6781 266
267 39.86380 81.16340 0.01715 10.520 10.538 235.92 933.82 1169.74 0.3918 1.2837 1.6768 267
268 40.52410 82.50780 0.01715 10.357 10.374 236.94 933.13 1170.07 0.3932 1.2823 1.6755 268
269 41.20235 83.88875 0.01716 10.199 10.217 237.96 932.44 1170.40 0.3946 1.2783 1.6742 269

270 41.88060 85.26970 0.01717 10.042 10.059 238.98 931.74 1170.72 0.3960 1.2743 1.6729 270
271 42.57710 86.68780 0.01718 9.890 9.907 240.01 931.05 1171 .05 0.3974 1.2716 1.6716 271
272 43.27360 88.10590 0.01719 9.738 9.755 241.03 930.35 1171 .38 0.3988 1.2689 1.6703 272
273 43.98880 89 .56200 0.01720 9.591 9.609 242.05 929.65 1171.70 0.4002 1.2662 1.6690 273
274 44.70400 91.01810 0.01721 9.445 9.462 243.07 928 .95 1172.02 0.4016 1.2635 1.6677 274

275 45.43815 92.51285 0.01722 9.303 9.321 244.09 928.26 1172.35 0.4030 1.2609 1.6664 275
276 46.17230 94.00760 0.01722 9.162 9.179 245.11 927.56 1172.67 0.4044 1.2582 1.6651 276
277 46.92585 95.54185 0.01723 9.026 9.043 246.14 926.86 1172.99 0.4058 1.2569 1.6639 277
278 47.67940 97.07610 0.01724 8.890 8.907 247.16 926.15 1173.31 0.4071 1.2555 1.6626 278
279 48.45270 98.65055 0.01725 8.758 8.776 248.18 925.45 1173.63 0.4085 1.2516 1.6613 279

280 49.22600 100.22500 0.01726 8.627 8.644 249.20 924.74 1173.94 0.4099 1.2476 1.6600 280
281 50.01940 101.84040 0.01727 8.500 8.517 250.23 924.03 1174.26 0.4113 1.2450 1.6588 281
282 50 .81280 103.45580 0.01728 8.373 8.390 251.25 923.32 1174.57 0.4127 1.2423 1.6575 282
283 51.62670 105.11295 0.01729 8.251 8.268 252.28 922.61 1174.89 0.4141 1.2397 1.6563 283
284 52.44060 106.77010 0.01730 8.129 8.146 253.30 921.90 1175.20 0.4154 1.2371 1.6550 284

285 53.27545 108.46980 0.01731 8.011 8.028 254.33 921.19 1175.51 0.4168 1.2345 1.6538 285
286 54.11030 110.16950 0.01731 7.893 7.910 255.35 920.47 1175.82 0.4182 1.2318 1.6525 286
287 54.96640 111.91255 0.01732 7.778 7.796 256.38 919.76 1176.13 0.4196 1.2305 1.6513 287
288 55.82250 113.65560 0.01733 7.664 7.681 257.40 919.04 1176.44 0.4209 1.2291 1.6500 288
289 56.70025 115.44275 0.01734 7.554 7.571 258.43 918.32 1176.75 0.4223 1.2253 1.6488 289

290 57.57800 117.22990 0.01735 7.444 7.461 259.45 917.60 1177.05 0.4236 1.2215 1.6476 290
291 58.47785 119.06200 0.01736 7.337 7.355 260.48 916.88 1177.36 0.4250 1.2189 1.6464 291
292 59.37770 120.89410 0.01737 7.231 7.248 261 .51 916 .15 1177.66 0.4264 1.2163 1.6451 292
293 60.30005 122.77195 0.01738 7.128 7.146 262.54 915.43 1177.96 0.4278 1.2137 1.6439 293
294 61.22240 124.64980 0.01739 7.026 7.043 263.56 914.70 1178.26 0.4291 1.2111 1.6427 294

295 62 .16760 126.57425 0.01740 6.926 6.944 264.59 913.97 1178.56 0.4305 1.2086 1.6415 295
296 63.11280 128.49870 0.01741 6.827 6.844 265.62 913.24 1178.86 0.4318 1.2060 1.6402 296
297 64.08130 130.47060 0.01742 6.731 6.748 266.65 912 .51 1179.16 0.4332 1.2035 1.6390 297
298 65.04980 132.44250 0.01743 6.635 6.652 267.68 911.77 1179.45 0.4345 1.2009 1.6378 298
299 66.04195 134.46260 0.01744 6.542 6.560 268.71 911.04 1179.75 0.4359 1.1996 1.6366 299
300 67.03410 136.48270 0.01745 6.450 6.467 269.74 910 .30 1180.04 0.4372 1.1982 1.6354 300

Psychrometrics
<ttfiD.>
- - ' - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - Turn to theExpertS:
49
PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1: INTRODUCTION

Thermodynamic Properties of Moist Air: U.S. Units

(STANDARD ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE, 29.921 in. Hg)
CONDENSED VAPOR
VOLUME (ft 3/lb) ENTHALPY (Btu/lb) ENTROPY (Btu/lb,,/°F) WATER PRESS.
Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat.
TEMP Ws Liquid Evap. Vapor Liquid Evap. Sat. Vapor Liquid Evap. Vapor HW Sw Ps TEMP
'F lbw/Iba Va Vas Vs ha has hs Sa Sas Ss Btu/lb Btu/lb/°F in. Ha 'F
-80 0.0000049 9.553 0.000 9.553 -19.221 0.006 -19.215 -0.04594 0.00002 -0. 04592 -193.45 -0.4067 0.000236 -80
-79 0.0000053 9.579 0.000 9.579 -18.980 0.005 -18.975 -0 04531 0.00002 -0.04529 -193.06 -0.4056 0.000255 -79
-78 0.0000057 9.604 0.000 9.604 -18. 740 0.006 -18.734 -0.04468 0.00002 -0.04466 -192.66 -0.4046 0.000275 -78
-77 0.0000062 9.629 0.000 9.629 -1 8.500 0.007 -18.493 -0.04405 0.00002 -0.04403 -192.27 -0.4036 0.000296 -77
-76 0.0000067 9.655 0.000 9.655 -1 8.259 0.007 -18.252 -0.04342 0.00002 -0 .04340 -191.87 -0.4025 0.000319 -76

-75 0.0000072 9.680 0.000 9.680 -18 .019 0.008 -18.0 11 -0.04279 0.00002 -0.04277 -191.47 -0.4015 0.000344 -75
-74 0.0000078 9.705 0.000 9.705 -1 7.778 0.008 -17.770 -0.04217 0.00002 -0 .04215 -191 .07 -0.4005 0.000371 -74
-73 0.0000084 9.731 0.000 9.731 -1 7.538 0.009 -17.529 -0.04155 0.00003 -0.04152 -190.68 -0.3994 0.000400 -73
-72 0.0000090 9.756 0.000 9.756 -1 7.298 0.010 -17.288 -0.04093 0.00003 -0.04090 -190.27 -0.3984 0.000430 -72
-71 0.0000097 9.781 0.001 9.782 -17.057 0.010 -17.047 -0 04031 0.00003 -0.04028 -189.87 -0.3974 0.000463 -71

-70 0.0000104 9.807 0.000 9.807 -1 6.817 0.0 11 -16.806 -0.03969 0.00003 -0. 03966 -189.47 -0. 3963 0.000498 -70
-69 0.0000112 9.832 0.000 9.832 -16 .577 0.012 -16.565 -0. 03907 0.00003 -0.03904 -189.07 -0.3953 0.000536 -69
-68 0.0000120 9.857 0.001 9.858 -16.336 0.012 -16.324 -0 .03846 0.00003 -0.03843 -188.66 -0.3943 0.000576 -68
-67 0.0000129 9.883 0.000 9.883 -1 6.096 0.013 -1 6.083 -0.03785 0.00004 -0.03781 -188.26 -0.3932 0.000619 -67
-66 0.0000139 9.908 0.000 9.908 -15.856 0.015 -15.841 -0.03724 0.00004 -0.03720 -187.85 -0.3922 0.000665 -66

-65 0.0000149 9.933 0.001 9.934 -15.6 16 0.016 -15.600 -0.03663 0.00004 -0.03659 -187.44 -0.3912 0.000714 -65
-64 0.0000160 9.959 0.000 9.959 -15.375 0.016 -15 .359 -0.03602 0.00005 -0.03597 -187.04 -0.3901 0.000766 -64
-63 0.0000172 9.984 0.000 9.984 -15.135 0.018 -15.117 -0.03541 0.00005 -0 03536 -1 86.63 -0.3891 0.000822 -63
-62 0.0000184 10.009 0.001 10.010 -14.895 0.019 -1 4.876 -0.03481 0.00005 -0.03476 -1 86 .22 -0.3881 0.000882 -62
-61 0.0000198 10.035 0.000 10.035 -14.654 0.020 -14.634 -0.03420 0.00005 -0.03415 -1 85 .81 -0.3870 0.000945 -61

-60 0.00002 12 10.060 0.000 10.060 -14.414 0.022 -14.392 -0.03360 0.00006 -0.03354 -185.39 -0 .3860 0.001013 -60
-59 0.0000227 10.085 0.001 10.086 -1 4.174 0.024 -14.150 -0.03300 0.00006 -0.03294 -184.98 -0.3850 0.001086 -59
-58 0.0000243 10.111 0.000 10.111 -1 3.933 0.025 -13 .908 -0.03240 0.00007 -0.03233 -184.57 -0. 3839 0.001163 -58
-57 0.0000260 10.136 0.001 10.137 -13 .693 0.027 -13 .666 -0 .03 180 0.00007 -0.03173 -184.15 -0 .3829 0.001246 -57
-56 0.0000279 10.161 0.001 10.162 -13.453 0.029 -13.424 -0.03121 0.00008 -0.03113 -183.74 -0.3819 0.001333 -56

-55 0.0000298 10.187 0.000 10.187 -13.213 0.031 -13 .182 -0.03061 0.00008 -0.03053 -183.32 -0.3808 0.001427 -55
-54 0.0000319 10.212 0.001 10.213 -12.972 0.033 -12.939 -0.03002 0.00009 -0.02993 - 182.90 -0 .3798 0.001526 -54
-53 0.0000341 10.237 0.001 10.238 -12.732 0.035 -12.697 -0.02943 0.00009 -0.02934 -182.48 -0.3788 0.001632 -53
-52 0.0000365 10.263 0.000 10.263 -1 2.492 0.038 -12.454 -0.02884 0.00010 -0.02874 -182.06 -0.3778 0.001745 -52
-51 0.0000390 10.288 0.001 10.289 -12.251 0.040 -12.211 -0.02825 0.00011 -0.02814 -181.64 -0.3767 0.001865 -51

-50 0.0000416 10.313 0.001 10.314 -12 .011 0.043 -11.968 -0.02766 0.00011 -0.02755 -181.22 -0.3757 0.001992 -50
-49 0.0000445 10.339 0.001 10.340 -11 .771 0.046 -11.725 -0.02708 0.00012 -0.02696 -180.80 -0. 3747 0.002128 -49
-48 0.0000475 10.364 0.001 10.365 -11.531 0.050 -11 .481 -0.02649 0.00013 -0.02636 -180 .37 -0. 3736 0.002272 -48
-47 0.0000507 10.389 0.001 10.390 -11 .290 0.053 -11.237 -0.02591 0.00014 -0. 02577 -179.95 -0.3726 0.002425 -47
-46 0.0000541 10.415 0.001 10.416 -1 1.050 0.056 -10 .994 -0.02533 0.00015 -0.02518 -179.52 -0.3716 0.002587 -46

-45 0.0000577 10.440 0.001 10.441 -10.810 0.060 -10.750 -0.02475 0.00016 -0.02459 -179.10 -0.3705 0.002760 -45
-44 0.00006 15 10.465 0.001 10.466 -1 0.570 0.065 -10.505 -0 .02417 0.00017 -0 .02400 -1 78.67 -0 .3695 0.002943 -44
-43 0.0000656 10.491 0.001 10.492 - 10.329 0.068 -10 .261 -0.02359 0.00017 -0.02342 -178.24 -0.3685 0.003137 -43
-42 0.0000699 10.516 0.001 10.517 - 10.089 0.073 -10.016 -0.02302 0.00019 -0.02283 -1 77.8 1 -0.3675 0.003343 -42
-41 0.0000744 10.541 0.002 10.543 -9.849 0.078 -9.771 -0 .02244 0.00020 -0.02224 -177.38 -0.3664 0.003562 -41

-40 0.0000793 10.567 0.001 10.568 -9.609 0.083 -9.526 -0.02187 0.00021 -0.02166 -176. 95 -0.3654 0.003793 -40
-39 0.0000844 10.592 0.001 10.593 -9.368 0.088 -9.280 -0.02130 0.00023 -0.02107 -176.52 -0.3644 0.004039 -39
-38 0.0000898 10.617 0.002 10.6 19 -9.128 0.094 -9.034 -0 .02073 0.00024 -0.02049 -176.08 -0.3633 0.004299 -38
-37 0.0000956 10.643 0.001 10.644 -8 .888 0.100 -8.788 -0 .02016 0.00025 -0 .01991 -175. 65 -0.3623 0.004575 -37
-36 0.0001017 10.668 0.002 10.670 -8.648 0.107 -8.541 -0.01 959 0.00027 -0.01932 -175.21 -0.3613 0.004866 -36

-35 0.0001081 10.693 0.002 10.695 -8.407 0.1 13 -8.294 -0.01902 0.00028 -0.01874 -174.78 -0.3603 0.005175 -35
-34 0.0001150 10.719 0.002 10.721 -8 .1 67 0.120 -8.047 -0 .01846 0.00030 -0.01816 -174.34 -0.3592 0.005502 -34
-33 0.0001222 10.744 0.002 10.746 -7 .927 0.128 -7.799 -0.01790 0.00032 -0.01758 -173.90 -0 .3582 0.005848 -33
-32 0.0001298 10.769 0.003 10.772 -7.687 0.136 -7.551 -0 .01733 0.00034 -0 .01699 -173.46 -0.3572 0.006214 -32
-31 0.0001379 10.795 0.002 10.797 -7 .447 0.145 -7.302 -0 .01677 0.00036 -0 .01641 -173.02 -0.3561 0.006601 -31

c«fiMt>
1urn to the ExpertS'.
Psychrometrics
50
 PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1: INTRODUCTION
----
Thermodynamic Properties of Moist Air: U.S. Units
(STANDARD ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE, 29 921 in. Hg)
CONDENSED VAPOR
VOLUME (ft3/lbl ENTHALPY (Btu/lbl ENTROPY (Btu/lb,,/°Fl WATER PRESS.
Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat.
TEMP w, Liquid Evap. Vapor Liquid Evap. Sat. Vapor Liquid Evap. Vapor HW Sw Ps TEMP
OF lbw/Iba Va Vas Vs ha has h, Sa Sas Ss Btu/lb Btu/lb/°F in. Ha OF
-30 0.0001465 10.820 0.002 10.822 -7.206 0.153 -7.053 -0.01621 0.00038 -0 .01583 -1 72.58 -0 .3551 0.007009 -30
-29 0.0001555 10.845 0.003 10.848 -6 .966 0.163 -6 .803 -0 .01565 0.00040 -0.01525 -172.14 -0. 3541 0.007442 -29
-28 0.0001650 10.871 0.002 10.873 -6.726 0.173 -6.553 -0 .01510 0.00043 -0.01467 -171 .70 -0 .3531 0.007898 -28
-27 0.0001751 10.896 0.003 10.899 -6.486 0.184 -6 .302 -0.01454 0.00045 -0.01409 -171 .25 -0 .3520 0.008381 -27
-26 0.0001858 10.921 0.003 10.924 -6.245 0.194 -6.051 -0.01399 0.00048 -0 .01351 -170 .81 -0.3510 0.008890 -26

-25 0.0001970 10.947 0.003 10.950 -6.005 0.207 -5.798 -0.01343 0.00050 -0.01293 -170.36 -0.3500 0.009428 -25
-24 0.0002088 10.972 0.004 10.976 -5.765 0.220 -5.545 -0.01288 0.00053 -0 .01235 -169.92 -0.3489 0.009995 -24
-23 0.0002214 10.997 0.004 11 .001 -5.525 0.233 -5.292 -0.01233 0.00057 -0.01176 -169.47 -0.3479 0.010594 -23
-22 0.0002346 11 .022 0.005 11 .027 -5.284 0.246 -5.038 -0.01178 0.00060 -0.01118 -1 69.02 -0.3469 0.011226 -22
-21 0.0002485 11.048 0.004 11.052 -5.044 0.261 -4.783 -0.01123 0.00063 -0.01060 -1 68 .57 -0.3459 0.011893 -21

-20 0.0002632 11 .073 0.005 11.078 -4.804 0.277 -4.527 -0.01069 0.00067 -0.01002 -168.12 -0.3448 0.012595 -20
-19 0.0002786 11.098 0.005 11.103 -4.564 0.293 -4.271 -0.01014 0.00071 -0.00943 -167.67 -0. 3438 0.013336 -19
-18 0.0002950 11.124 0.005 11 .129 -4.324 0.311 -4.013 -0 .00960 0.00075 -0.00885 -167.21 -0 .3428 0.014117 -18
-17 0.0003121 11 .149 0.006 11 .155 -4.084 0.330 -3.754 -0.00905 0.00079 -0 .00826 -166 .76 -0. 3418 0.014939 -17
-16 0.0003303 11.174 0.006 11 .180 -3.843 0.348 -3.495 -0.00851 0.00083 -0.00768 -1 66.30 -0.3407 0.015806 -16

-15 0.0003493 11.200 0.006 11.206 -3.603 0.368 -3.235 -0.00797 0.00088 -0 00709 -165 .85 -0.3397 0.016718 -15
-14 0.0003694 11 .225 0.007 11.232 -3.363 0.390 -2.973 -0.00743 0.00093 -0.00650 -165.39 -0.3387 0.017679 -14
-13 0.0003905 11.250 0.007 11 .257 -3.123 0.413 -2.710 -0.00689 0.00098 -0.00591 -164 .93 -0.3377 0.018690 -13
-12 0.0004128 11.276 0.007 11.283 -2.882 0.435 -2.447 -0 .00635 0.00103 -0.00532 -164.47 -0.3366 0.019754 -12
-11 0.0004362 11.301 0.008 11 .309 -2.642 0.460 -2.182 -0.00582 0.00 109 -0.00473 -1 64.01 -0.3356 0.020873 -1 1

-10 0.0004608 11.326 0.009 11.335 -2.402 0.487 -1.91 5 -0 .00528 0.00114 -0.00414 -163.55 -0.3346 0.022050 -10
-9 0.0004867 11.351 0.009 11.360 -2.162 0.515 -1.647 -0.00475 0.00121 -0.00354 -163.09 -0.3335 0.023289 -9
-8 0.0005139 11.377 0.009 11 .386 -1.922 0.544 -1.378 -0 .00422 0.00128 -0.00294 -162.63 -0.3325 0.024591 -8
-7 0.0005425 11.402 0.010 11.412 -1.681 0.573 -1.108 -0.00369 0.00135 -0 .00234 -162.17 -0.3315 0.025959 -7
-6 0.0005726 11.427 0.011 11.438 -1.441 0.606 -0.835 -0.00316 0.00142 -0.00174 -161.70 -0.3305 0.027397 -6

-5 0.0006041 11.453 0.011 11.464 -1 .201 0.640 -0.561 -0.00263 0.00149 -0.00114 -1 61.23 -0.3294 0.028907 -5
-4 0.0006373 11.478 0.012 11.490 -0.961 0.675 -0.286 -0.00210 0.00157 -0.00053 -160.77 -0.3284 0.030494 -4
-3 0.0006722 11.503 0.013 11 .516 -0.721 0.713 -0.008 -0.00157 0.00165 0.00008 -160.30 -0.3274 0.032160 -3
-2 0.0007088 11.529 0.013 11 .542 -0.480 0.751 0.271 -0 .00105 0.00174 0.00069 -159.83 -0.3264 0.033909 -2
-1 0.0007472 11.554 0.014 11 .568 -0.240 0.792 0.552 -0.00052 0.00182 0.00130 -159 .36 -0.3253 0.035744 -1

0 0.0007875 11.579 0.015 11 .594 0.000 0.835 0.835 0.00000 0.00192 0.00192 -158.89 -0.3243 0.037671 0
1 0.0008298 11.604 0.016 11 .620 0.240 0.881 1.121 0.00052 0.00202 0.00254 -158.42 -0.3233 0.039694 1
2 0.0008742 11.630 0.016 11 .646 0.480 0.928 1.408 0.00104 0.00213 0.00317 -157 .95 -0.3223 0.041814 2
3 0.0009207 11.655 0.017 11 .672 0.721 0.978 1.699 0.00156 0.00224 0.00380 -157.47 -0.3212 0.044037 3
4 0.0009695 11.680 0.01911.699 0.961 1.030 1.991 0.00208 0.00235 0.00443 -157.00 -0.3202 0.046370 4

5 0.0010207 11.706 0.019 11 .725 1.201 1.085 2.286 0.00260 0.00246 0.00506 -156.52 -0.3192 0.048814 5
6 0.0010743 11.731 0.020 11 .751 1.441 1.143 2.584 0.00311 0.00259 0.00570 -156.05 -0.3182 0.051375 6
7 0.0011306 11.756 0.022 11 .778 1.681 1.203 2.884 0.00363 0.00272 0.00635 -155 .57 -0.3171 0.054060 7
8 0.0011895 11.782 0.022 11.804 1.922 1.266 3.1 88 0.00414 0.00286 0.00700 -155.09 -0.3161 0.056872 8
9 0.0012512 11.807 0.024 11.831 2. 162 1.332 3.494 0.00466 0.00300 0.00766 -154.61 -0 .3151 0.059819 9

10 0.0013158 11.832 0.025 11.857 2.402 1.402 3.804 0.00517 0.00315 0.00832 -154.1 3 -0.3141 0.062901 10
11 0.0013835 11.857 0.027 11 .884 2.642 1.475 4.117 0.00568 0.00330 0.00898 -153.65 -0 .3130 0.066131 11
12 0.0014544 11.883 0.027 11.910 2.882 1.551 4.433 0.00619 0.00347 0.00966 -153.17 -0.3120 0.069511 12
13 0.0015286 11 .908 0.029 11 .937 3.123 1.630 4.753 0.00670 0.00363 0.01033 -152.68 -0 .3110 0.073049 13
14 0.0016062 11 .933 0.031 11 .964 3.363 1.714 5.077 0.00721 0.00381 0.01102 -152.20 -0.3100 0.076751 14

Psychrometrics
--=------------------------------------ Tum~ilie Expeni.
51
•••
PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1: INTRODUCTION

Thermodynamic Properties of Moist Air: U.S. Units

(STANDARD ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE, 29.921 in. Hg)
CONDENSED VAPOR
VOLUME (ft3/lbl ENTHALPY (Btu/lb) ENTROPY (Btu/lb,,/°Fl WATER PRESS.
Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat.
TEMP Ws Liquid Evap. Vapor Liquid Evap. Sat. Vapor Liquid Evap. Vapor HW Sw Ps TEMP
OF lbw/Iba Va Vas Vs ha has h, Sa Sas Ss Btu/lb Btu/lb/°F in. Ha OF
15 0.0016874 11.959 0.032 11.991 3.603 1.801 5.404 0.00771 0.00400 0.0117 1 -151.71 -0.3089 0.080623 15
16 0.0017724 11.984 0.034 12.01 8 3.843 1.893 5.736 0.00822 0.00419 0.01241 -151.22 -0 .3079 0.084673 16
17 0.0018613 12.009 0.036 12.045 4.084 1.988 6.072 0.00872 0.00440 0.01312 -1 50 .74 -0.3069 0.088907 17
18 0.0019543 12.035 0.037 12.072 4.324 2.088 6.412 0.00923 0.00460 0.01383 -150 .25 -0.3059 0.093334 18
19 0.0020515 12.060 0.039 12.099 4.564 2.193 6.757 0.00973 0.00482 0.01455 -149.76 -0.3049 0.097962 19

20 0.0021531 12.085 0.042 12.127 4.804 2.303 7.107 0.01023 0.00505 0.01528 -149.27 -0.3038 0.102798 20
21 0.0022592 12.110 0.044 12.154 5.044 2.418 7.462 0.01073 0.00529 0.01602 -148.78 -0.3028 0.107849 21
22 0.0023703 12.136 0.046 12.182 5.285 2.537 7.822 0.01123 0.00554 0.01677 -148 .28 -0.3018 0.11 3130 22
23 0.0024863 12.161 0.048 12.209 5.525 2.662 8.187 0.01173 0.00580 0.01753 -147.79 -0.3008 0.118645 23
24 0.0026073 12.186 0.051 12.237 5.765 2.793 8.558 0.01223 0.00607 0.01830 -147. 30 -0 .2997 0.124396 24

25 0.0027339 12.212 0.053 12.265 6.005 2.930 8.935 0.01272 0.00636 0.01908 -146.80 -0.2987 0.130413 25
26 0.0028660 12.237 0.056 12.293 6.246 3.072 9.318 0.01 322 0.00665 0.01987 -146.30 -0.2977 0.136684 26
27 0.0030039 12.262 0.059 12.321 6.486 3.222 9.708 0.01371 0.00696 0.02067 -145.81 -0.2967 0.143233 27
28 0.0031480 12.287 0.062 12.349 6.726 3.378 10.104 0.01420 0.00728 0.02148 -145.31 -0.2956 0.150066 28
29 0.0032984 12.313 0.065 12.378 6.966 3.541 10.507 0.01470 0.00761 0.02231 -144.81 -0.2946 0.157198 29

30 0.0034552 12.338 0.068 12.406 7.206 3.711 10.917 0.01519 0.00796 0.02315 -144.31 -0.2936 0.164631 30
31 0.0036190 12.363 0.072 12.435 7.447 3.888 11 .335 0.015680.00832 0.02400 -143.80 -0.2926 0.172390 31
32 0.0037895 12.389 0.075 12.464 7.687 4.073 11.760 0.01617 0.00870 0.02487 -1 43.30 -0.2915 0.1 80479 32
32* 0.003790 12.389 0.075 12.464 7.687 4.073 11.760 0.01617 0.00870 0.02487 0.02 0.0000 0.18050 32
33 0.003947 12.414 0.078 12.492 7.927 4.243 12.170 0.01665 0.00905 0.02570 1.03 0.0020 0.18791 33
34 0.004109 12.439 0.082 12.521 8.167 4.420 12.587 0.01714 0.00941 0.02655 2.04 0.0041 0.19559 34

35 0.004277 12.464 0.086 12.550 8.408 4.602 13.010 0.01763 0.00977 0.02740 3.05 0.0061 0.20356 35
36 0.004452 12.490 0.089 12.579 8.648 4.793 13.441 0.018 11 0.01016 0.02827 4.05 0.0081 0.21181 36
37 0.004633 12.515 0.093 12.608 8.888 4.990 13.878 0.01860 0.01055 0.02915 5.06 0.0102 0.22035 37
38 0.004820 12.540 0.097 12.637 9.128 5.194 14.322 0.01908 0.01096 0.03004 6.06 0.0122 0.22920 38
39 0.005014 12.566 0.101 12.667 9.369 5.404 14.773 0.01956 0.01139 0.03095 7.07 0.0142 0.23835 39

40 0.005216 12.591 0. 105 12.696 9.609 5.624 15.233 0.02004 0.01183 0.03187 8.07 0.0162 0.24784 40
41 0.005424 12.616 0.110 12.726 9.849 5.851 15.700 0.02052 0.01229 0.03281 9.08 0.0182 0.25765 41
42 0.005640 12.641 0.115 12.756 10.089 6.086 16.175 0.02100 0.01275 0.03375 10.08 0.0202 0.26781 42
43 0.005863 12.667 0. 11 9 12.786 10.330 6.330 16.660 0.02148 0.01324 0.03472 11.09 0.0222 0.27831 43
44 0.006094 12.692 0.124 12.816 10.570 6.582 17.152 0.02196 0.01374 0.03570 12.09 0.0242 0.28918 44

45 0.006334 12.717 0.129 12.846 10.810 6.843 17.653 0.02244 0.01425 0.03669 13.09 0.0262 0.30042 45
46 0.006581 12.743 0.134 12.877 11 .050 7.114 18. 164 0.0229 1 0.01479 0.03770 14.10 0.0282 0.31206 46
47 0.006838 12.768 0.140 12.908 11 .291 7.394 18.685 0.02339 0.01534 0.03873 15.10 0.0302 0.32408 47
48 0.007103 12.793 0.146 12.939 11 .531 7.684 19.215 0.02386 0.01592 0.03978 16.10 0.0321 0.33651 48
49 0.007378 12.818 0.152 12.970 11 .771 7.985 19.756 0.02433 0.01651 0.04084 17.10 0.0341 0.34937 49

50 0.007661 12.844 0.157 13.001 12.012 8.294 20.306 0.02480 0.01712 0.04192 18.11 0.0361 0.36264 50
51 0.007955 12.869 0.1 64 13.033 12.252 8.616 20.868 0.02528 0.01774 0.04302 19.11 0.0381 0.37636 51
52 0.008259 12.894 0.171 13.065 12.492 8.949 21.441 0.02575 0.01840 0.04415 20.11 0.0400 0.39054 52
53 0.008573 12.920 0.177 13.097 12.732 9.293 22.025 0.02622 0.01907 0.04529 21.11 0.0420 0.40518 53
54 0.008897 12.945 0.184 13.129 12.973 9.648 22.621 0.02668 0.0 1977 0.04645 22.11 0.0439 0.42030 54

55 0.009233 12.970 0.192 13. 162 13.213 10.016 23.229 0.02715 0.02048 0.04763 23.11 0.0459 0.43592 55
56 0.009580 12.995 0.200 13.195 13.453 10.397 23.850 0.02762 0.02122 0.04884 24.11 0.0478 0.45205 56
57 0.009938 13.021 0.207 13.228 13.694 10.790 24.484 0.02808 0.02198 0.05006 25.11 0.0497 0.46870 57
58 0.010309 13.046 0.216 13.262 13.934 11.197 25. 131 0.02855 0.02277 0.05132 26.11 0.0517 0.48589 58
59 0.010692 13.071 0.224 13.295 14.174 11.618 25.792 0.02901 0.02358 0.05259 27.11 0.0536 0.50363 59

<tW•>
• Psychrometrics
Turn to the Experts. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- ----
52
 PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1: INTRODUCTION

Thermodynamic Properties of Moist Air: U.S. Units

(STANDARD ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE, 29.921 in. Hg)
CONDENSED VAPOR
VOLUME (ft3/lb) ENTHALPY (Btu/lb) ENTROPY (Btu/lb,,/°F) WATER PRESS.
Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat.
TEMP w, Liquid Evap. Vapor Liquid Evap. Sat. Vapor Liquid Evap. Vapor HW Sw P• TEMP
OF lbw/Iba Va Vas Vs ha has hs Sa Sas Ss Btu/lb Btu/lb/°F in. Ha OF
60 0.011087 13.096 0.233 13.329 14.415 12.052 26.467 0.02947 0.02442 0.05389 28.11 0.0555 0.52 193 60
61 0.01 1496 13.122 0.242 13.364 14.655 12.502 27.157 0.02994 0.02528 0.05522 29 .1 2 0.0575 0.54082 61
62 0.011919 13.147 0.251 13.398 14.895 12.967 27.862 0.03040 0.02617 0.05657 30.11 0.0594 0.56032 62
63 0.012355 13.172 0.261 13.433 15. 135 13.447 28.582 0.03086 0.02709 0.05795 31.11 0.0613 0.58041 63
64 0.012805 13.198 0.270 13.468 15.376 13.942 29.318 0.03132 0.02804 0.05936 32.11 0.0632 0.60113 64

65 0.013270 13.223 0.281 13.504 15.616 14.455 30.071 0.03 178 0.02902 0.06080 33.11 0.0651 0.62252 65
66 0.013750 13.248 0.292 13.540 15.856 14.984 30.840 0.03223 0.03003 0.06226 34.11 0.0670 0.64454 66
67 0.014246 13.273 0.304 13.577 16.097 15.529 31 .626 0.03269 0.03107 0.06376 35. 11 0.0689 0.66725 67
68 0.014758 13.299 0.314 13.613 16.337 16.094 32.43 1 0.03315 0.032 14 0.06529 36.11 0.0708 0.69065 68
69 0.015286 13.324 0.326 13.650 16.577 16.677 33.254 0.03360 0.03325 0.06685 37.11 0.0727 0.71479 69

70 0.015832 13.349 0.339 13.688 16.818 17.279 34.097 0.03406 0.03438 0.06844 38.11 0.0746 0.73966 70
71 0.016395 13.375 0.351 13.726 17.058 17.901 34.959 0.03451 0.03556 0.07007 39.11 0.0765 0.76528 71
72 0.016976 13.400 0.364 13.764 17.299 18.542 35.841 0.03496 0.03677 0.07173 40.11 0.0783 0.79167 72
73 0.017575 13.425 0.378 13.803 17.539 19.204 36.743 0.03541 0.03802 0.07343 41.11 0.0802 0.81882 73
74 0.018194 13.450 0.393 13.843 17.779 19.889 37.668 0.03586 0.03930 0.07516 42.11 0.0821 0.84684 74

75 0.018833 13.476 0.406 13.882 18.020 20.595 38.615 0.03631 0.04063 0.07694 43.1 1 0.0840 0.87567 75
76 0.019491 13.501 0.422 13.923 18.260 21 .323 39.583 0.03676 0.04199 0.07875 44 .10 0.0858 0.90533 76
77 0.020170 13.526 0.437 13.963 18.500 22.076 40.576 0.03721 0.04339 0.08060 45 .1 0 0.0877 0.93589 77
78 0.020871 13.551 0.454 14.005 18.741 22.851 41 .592 0.03766 0.04484 0.08250 46.10 0.0896 0.96733 78
79 0.021594 13.577 0.469 14.046 18.981 23.652 42.633 0.03811 0.04633 0.08444 47.10 0.0914 0.99970 79

80 0.022340 13.602 0.487 14.089 19.222 24.479 43.701 0.03855 0.04787 0.08642 48.10 0.0933 1.03302 80
81 0.023109 13.627 0.505 14.132 19.462 25.332 44.794 0.03900 0.04944 0.08844 49.10 0.0951 1.06728 81
82 0.023902 13.653 0.522 14.175 19.702 26.211 45 .913 0.03944 0.05108 0.09052 50.1 0 0.0970 1.10252 82
83 0.024720 13.678 0.542 14.220 19.943 27 .11 9 47.062 0.03986 0.05278 0.09264 51.09 0.0988 1.13882 83
84 0.025563 13.703 0.561 14.264 20 .1 83 28.055 48 .238 0.04033 0.05448 0.09481 52.09 0.1006 1.17608 84

85 0.026433 13.728 0.582 14.310 20.424 29.021 49.445 0.04077 0.05626 0.09703 53.09 0.1025 1.21445 85
86 0.027329 13.754 0.602 14.356 20.664 30.017 50.681 0.04121 0.05809 0.09930 54.09 0.1043 1.25388 86
87 0.028254 13.779 0.624 14.403 20.905 31.044 51.949 0.04 165 0.05998 0.10163 55.09 0.1061 1.29443 87
88 0.029208 13.804 0.646 14.450 21.145 32.105 53.250 0.04209 0.06192 0.10401 56.09 0.1080 1.33613 88
89 0.030189 13.829 0.669 14.498 21.385 33.197 54.582 0.04253 0.06392 0.10645 57.09 0. 1098 1.37893 89

90 0.031203 13.855 0.692 14.54 7 21.626 34.325 55.951 0.04297 0.06598 0.10895 58.08 0.1116 1.42298 90
91 0.032247 13.880 0.717 14.597 21.866 35.489 57.355 0.04340 0.06810 0.1 11 50 59.08 0.1134 1.46824 91
92 0.033323 13.905 0.742 14.647 22.107 36.687 58.794 0.04384 0.07028 0.11 412 60.08 0.1152 1.51471 92
93 0.034433 13.930 0. 769 14.699 22.347 37.924 60.271 0.04427 0.07253 0.11680 61.08 0.1170 1.56248 93
94 0.035577 13.956 0.795 14.751 22.588 39. 199 61.787 0.04471 0.07484 0.1 1955 62.08 0.1188 1.61154 94

95 0.036757 13.981 0.823 14.804 22.828 40.515 63.343 0.04514 0.07723 0.12237 63 .08 0.1206 1.66196 95
96 0.037972 14.006 0.852 14.858 23.069 41.871 64 .940 0.04558 0.07967 0.12525 64.07 0.1224 1.71372 96
97 0.039225 14.032 0.881 14.913 23.309 43.269 66.578 0.04601 0.08220 0.12821 65.07 0.1242 1.76685 97
98 0.040516 14.057 0.912 14.969 23.550 44.710 68 .260 0.04644 0.08480 0.13124 66 .07 0. 1260 1.82141 98
99 0.041848 14.082 0.944 15.026 23.790 46.198 69.988 0.04687 0.08747 0. 13434 67 .07 0.1278 1.87745 99

100 0.043219 14.107 0.977 15.084 24 031 47.730 71.761 0.04730 0.09022 0.13752 68 .07 0.1296 1.93492 100
101 0.044634 14.133 1.010 15.143 24.271 49 .312 73.583 0.04773 0.09306 0. 14079 69 .07 0.1314 1.99396 101
102 0.046090 14.158 1.045 15.203 24.512 50.940 75.452 0.04816 0.09597 0.14413 70.06 0.1332 2.05447 102
103 0.047592 14.183 1.081 15.264 24.752 52.621 77.373 0.04859 0.09897 0.14756 71.06 0. 1349 2.11 661 103
104 0.049140 14.208 1.11 8 15.326 24.993 54.353 79.346 0.04901 0.10207 0.15108 72.06 0.1367 2.1 8037 104

Psychrometrics
- - = - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tum to the ExpertS.
53
,••
PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1: INTRODUCTION

Thermodynamic Properties of Moist Air: U.S. Units

(STANDARD ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE, 29.921 in. Hg)
CONDENSED VAPOR
VOLUME fft 3/lb) ENTHALPY (Btu/lb) ENTROPY IBtu/lb•.l"F) WATER PRESS.
Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat.
TEMP w, Liquid Evap. Vapor Liquid Evap. Sat. Vapor Liquid Evap. Vapor HW Sw p, TEMP
OF lbw/Iba Va Vas Vs ha h as hs Sa Sas Ss Btu/lb Btu/lb/°F in. Ha "F
105 0.050737 14.234 1.156 15.390 25.233 56.142 81.375 0.04944 0.10525 0.15469 73.06 0.1385 2.24581 105
106 0.052383 14.259 1.196 15.455 25.474 57.986 83.460 0.04987 0.10852 0.15839 74.06 0.1402 2.31297 106
107 0.054077 14.284 1.237 15.521 25.714 59.885 85.599 0.05029 0.11189 0.16218 75.06 0.1420 2.38173 107
108 0.055826 14.309 1.279 15.588 25.955 61.844 87.799 0.05071 0.11537 0.16608 76.05 0.1438 2.45232 108
109 0.057628 14.335 1.322 15.657 26.195 63.866 90.061 0.05114 0. 11 894 0.17008 77.05 0.1455 2.52473 109

110 0.059486 14.360 1.367 15.727 26.436 65.950 92.386 0.05156 0.12262 0. 1741 8 78.05 0.1473 2.59891 110
11 1 0.061401 14.385 1.414 15.799 26.677 68 .099 94.776 0.05198 0. 12641 0.17839 79.05 0.1490 2.67500 111
112 0.063378 14.411 1.461 15.872 26.917 70.320 97.237 0.05240 0. 13032 0.18272 80.05 0.1508 2.75310 112
113 0.065411 14.436 1.511 15.947 27.158 72.602 99.760 0.05282 0.13434 0.18716 81.05 0.1525 2.83291 113
114 0.067512 14.461 1.562 16.023 27.398 74.964 102.362 0.05324 0. 13848 0.19172 82.04 0.1543 2.91491 114

115 0.069676 14.486 1.615 16.101 27.639 77.396 105.035 0.05366 0.14274 0.19640 83.04 0.1560 2.99883 115
116 0.071908 14.512 1.669 16.181 27.879 79.907 107.786 0.05408 0. 14713 0.20121 84.04 0.1577 3.08488 116
117 0.074211 14.537 1.726 16.263 28.120 82.497 110.617 0.05450 0.15165 0.20615 85.04 0.1595 3. 17305 117
118 0.076586 14.562 1.784 16.346 28.361 85.169 113.530 0.05492 0.15630 0.21 122 86.04 0.1 612 3.26335 11 8
119 0.079036 14.587 1.845 16.432 28.601 87.927 116.528 0.05533 0. 161 11 0.21644 87.04 0.1629 3.35586 119

120 0.081560 14.613 1.906 16.519 28.842 90.770 119.612 0.05575 0.16605 0.22180 88.04 0.1647 3.45052 120
121 0.084169 14.638 1.971 16.609 29.083 93.709 122.792 0.05616 0.1711 5 0.22731 89.04 0.1664 3.54764 121
122 0.086860 14.663 2.037 16.700 29.323 96.742 126.065 0.05658 0.17640 0.23298 90.03 0.1681 3.64704 122
123 0.089633 14.688 2.106 16.794 29.564 99.868 129.432 0.05699 0.18181 0.23880 91.03 0.1698 3.74871 123
124 0.092500 14.714 2.176 16.890 29.805 103.102 132.907 0.05740 0.18740 0.24480 92.03 0.1715 3.85298 124

125 0.095456 14.739 2.250 16.989 30.045 106.437 136.482 0.05781 0.19315 0.25096 93.03 0.1732 3.95961 125
126 0.098504 14.764 2.326 17.090 30.286 109.877 140.163 0.05823 0.19906 0.25729 94.03 0.1749 4.06863 126
127 0.101657 14.789 2.404 17.193 30.527 113.438 143.965 0.05864 0.20518 0.26382 95.03 0.1766 4.18046 127
128 0.104910 14.815 2.484 17.299 30.767 117.111 147.878 0.05905 0.21149 0.27054 96.03 0.1783 4.29477 128
129 0.108270 14.840 2.569 17.409 31 .008 120.908 151.91 6 0.05946 0.21799 0.27745 97.03 0.1800 4.41181 129

130 0.111738 14.865 2.655 17.520 31.249 124.827 156.076 0.05986 0.22471 0.28457 98.03 0.1817 4.53148 130
131 0.115322 14.891 2.744 17.635 31.489 128.881 160.370 0.06027 0.23163 0.29190 99.02 0.1834 4.65397 131
132 0.119023 14.916 2.837 17.753 31.730 133.066 164.796 0.06068 0.23876 0.29944 100.02 0.1851 4.77919 132
133 0.122855 14.941 2.934 17.875 31.971 137.403 169.374 0.06109 0.24614 0.30723 101.02 0.1868 4.90755 133
134 0.126804 14.966 3.033 17.999 32.212 141.872 174.084 0.06149 0.25375 0.31524 102.02 0.1885 5.03844 134

135 0.130895 14.992 3.135 18.127 32.452 146.505 178.957 0.06190 0.26161 0.32351 103.02 0.1902 5.17258 135
136 0.135124 15.017 3.242 18.259 32.693 151.294 183.987 0.06230 0.26973 0.33203 104.02 0.1919 5.30973 136
137 0.139494 15.042 3.352 18.394 32.934 156.245 189.179 0.06271 0.27811 0.34082 105.02 0.1935 5.44985 137
138 0.144019 15.067 3.467 18.534 33. 175 161.373 194.548 0.06311 0.28707 0.35018 106.02 0.1952 5.59324 138
139 0.1 48696 15.093 3.585 18.678 33.415 166.677 200.092 0.06351 0.29573 0.35924 107.02 0.1969 5.73970 139

140 0.153538 15.1 18 3. 707 18.825 33.656 172.168 205.824 0.06391 0.30499 0.36890 108.02 0.1985 5.88945 140
141 0.158643 15.143 3.835 18.978 33.897 177.857 211.754 0.06431 0.31456 0.37887 109.02 0.2002 6.04256 141
142 0.163748 15.168 3.967 19.135 34.138 183.754 217.892 0.06471 0.32447 0.38918 110.02 0.2019 6.19918 142
143 0.169122 15.194 4.103 19.297 34.379 189.854 224.233 0.06511 0.33470 0.39981 111.02 0.2035 6.35898 143
144 0.174694 15.219 4 .245 19.464 34.620 196.182 230.802 0.06551 0.34490 0.41081 112.02 0.2052 6.5224 1 144

145 0.180467 15.244 4.393 19.637 34.860 202.740 237.600 0.06591 0.35587 0.42218 113.02 0.2068 6.68932 145
146 0.186460 15.269 4.546 19.815 35.101 209.550 244.651 0.06631 0.36724 0.43395 114.02 0.2085 6.86009 146
147 0.192668 15.295 4.704 19.999 35.342 216.607 251.949 0.06671 0.37861 0.44611 115.02 0.2101 7.03435 147
148 0.199110 15.320 4.869 20.189 35.583 223.931 259.514 0.06710 0.45871 0.45871 116.02 0.2118 7.21239 148
149 0.205792 15.345 5.040 20.385 35.824 231.532 267.356 0.06750 0.40384 0.47174 117.02 0.2134 7.39413 149

,... )

Turn to the ExpertS.

Psychrometrics
54
 PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1: INTRODUCTION

Thermodynamic Properties of Moist Air: U.S. Units

(STANDARD ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE, 29.921 in. Hg)
CONDENSED VAPOR
VOLUME (ft3/lbl ENTHALPY (Btu/lb) ENTROPY 1Btu/lb,,/°Fl WATER PRESS.
Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat.
TEMP Ws Liquid Evap. Vapor Liquid Evap. Sat. Vapor Liquid Evap. Vapor HW Sw Ps TEMP
OF lbw/Iba Va Vas Vs h, has hs Sa Sas Ss Btu/lb Btu/lb/°F in. Hg OF
150 0.212730 15. 370 5.219 20.589 36.064 239.426 275.490 0.06790 0.41656 0.48524 118.02 0.2151 7.57977 150
151 0.219945 15.396 5.403 20. 799 36.305 247.638 283.943 0.06829 0.43017 0.49925 119.02 0.2167 7.76958 151
152 0.227429 15.421 5.596 2 1.017 36.546 256.159 292.705 0.06868 0.44507 0.51375 120.02 0.2184 7.96306 152
153 0.235218 15.446 5.797 21.243 36.787 265.029 301.816 0.06908 0.45973 0.52881 121 .02 0.2200 8.1 6087 153
154 0.243309 15.471 6.006 2 1.477 37.028 274.245 311 .273 0.06947 0.47494 0.54441 122.02 0.22 16 8.36256 154

155 0.251738 15.497 6.223 21.720 37.269 283.849 321 .118 0.06986 0.49078 0.56064 123.02 0.2233 8.56871 155
156 0.260512 15.522 6.450 21.972 37.510 293.849 331.359 0.07025 0.50724 0.57749 124.02 0.2249 8.77915 156
157 0.269644 15.547 6.686 22.233 37.751 304.261 342.012 0.07065 0.52434 0.59499 125.02 0.2265 8.99378 157
158 0.279166 15.572 6.933 22.505 37.992 315.120 353.112 0.07104 0.542 16 0.61320 126.02 0.2281 9.21297 158
159 0.289101 15.598 7.190 22.788 38.233 326.452 364.685 0.07143 0.56073 0.63216 127.02 0.2297 9.43677 159

160 0.299450 15.623 7.459 23.082 38.474 338.263 376.737 0.07181 0.58007 0.65188 128.02 0.2314 9.6648 160
161 0.310270 15.648 7.740 23.388 38.715 350.610 389.325 0.07220 0.60025 0.67245 129.02 0.2330 9.8978 161
162 0.321560 15.673 8.034 23.707 38.956 363.501 402.457 0.07259 0.62129 0.69388 130.03 0.2346 10.1353 162
163 0.333360 15.699 8.341 24.040 39.197 376.978 4 16.175 0.07298 0.64325 0.71623 131.03 0.2362 10.3776 163
164 0.345720 15. 724 8.664 24 .388 39.438 391 .095 430.533 0.07337 0.66622 0.73959 132.03 0.2378 10.6250 164

165 0. 358650 15.749 9.001 24.750 39.679 405.865 445 .544 0.07375 0.69022 0.76397 133.03 0.2394 10.8771 165
166 0.372200 15.774 9.355 25.129 39.920 421.351 461 .271 0.07414 0.71535 0.78949 134.03 0.2410 11 .1343 166
167 0.386390 15.800 9.726 25.526 40 .1 6 1 437.578 477. 739 0.07452 0.74 165 0.81617 135.03 0.2426 11.3965 167
168 0.401310 15.825 10.1 17 25.942 40.402 454.630 495.032 0.07491 0. 76924 0.84415 136.03 0.2442 11.6641 168
169 0.4 16980 15.850 10.527 26.377 40 .643 472 .554 513.197 0.07529 0.79821 0.87350 137.04 0.2458 11.9370 169

170 0.433430 15.875 10.959 26.834 40.884 491.372 532.256 0.07567 0.82858 0.90425 138.04 0.2474 12.2149 170
171 0.450790 15.901 11.4 14 27.315 41. 125 511 .231 552.356 0.07606 0.86058 0.93664 139.04 0.2490 12.4988 171
172 0.469050 15.926 11.894 27.820 41.366 532.138 573.504 0.07644 0.89423 0.97067 140.04 0.2506 12.7880 172
173 0.488290 15.951 12.40 1 28.352 4 1.607 554.160 595.767 0.07682 0.92962 1.00644 141 .04 0.2521 13.0823 173
174 0.508670 15.976 12.937 28.913 41.848 577.489 619.337 0.07720 0.96707 1.04427 142.04 0.2537 13.3831 174

175 0.530190 16.002 13.503 29.505 42 .089 602 .140 644.229 0.07758 1.00658 1.08416 143.05 0.2553 13.6894 175
176 0.552940 16.027 14 .103 30.130 42.331 628.197 670.528 0.07796 1.04828 1.12624 144.05 0.2569 14.00 10 176
177 0.577100 16.052 14.741 30.793 42.572 655.876 698.448 0.07834 1.09253 1.17087 145.05 0.2585 14.3191 177
178 0.602740 16.078 15.418 31.496 42.813 685.260 728.073 0.07872 1.1 3943 1.21815 146.05 0. 2600 14.6430 178
179 0.630020 16.103 16.139 32.242 43.054 716.525 759.579 0.07910 1. 18927 1.26837 147.06 0.2616 14.9731 179

180 0.659110 16.128 16.909 33.037 43.295 749.87 1 793.166 0.07947 1.24236 1.32183 148.06 0.2632 15.3097 180
181 0.690120 16. 153 17.730 33.883 43.536 785.426 828.962 0. 07985 1.29888 1.37873 149.06 0.2647 15.6522 181
182 0.723310 16.178 18.609 34. 787 43.778 823.487 867.265 0.08023 1.35931 1.43954 150.06 0.2663 16.00 14 182
183 0.758850 16.204 19.551 35.755 44.019 864.259 908.278 0.08060 1.42397 1.50457 151 .07 0.2679 16.3569 183
184 0.797030 16.229 20.564 36. 793 44.260 908.061 952.321 0.08098 1.49332 1.57430 152.07 0.2694 16.7190 184

185 0.838170 16.254 21.656 37.910 44.501 955.262 999.763 0.08135 1.56797 1.64932 153.07 0.2710 17.0880 185
186 0.882510 16.280 22.833 39.1 13 44.7 42 1006.150 1050.892 0.08172 1.64834 1.73006 154.08 0.2725 17.4634 186
187 0.930570 16.305 24.11 1 40.416 44.984 1061.314 1106.298 0.08210 1.73534 1.8 1744 155.08 0.2741 17.8462 187
188 0.982720 16.330 25.498 41.828 45.225 1121.174 11 66.399 0.08247 1.82963 1.91210 156.08 0.2756 18.2357 188
189 1.039510 16.355 27.010 43.365 45.466 1186.382 123 1.848 0.08284 1.9322 1 2.01505 157.09 0.2772 18.6323 189

190 1.101540 16.381 28.661 45.042 45.707 1257.614 1303.321 0.08321 2.04412 2.12733 158.09 0.2787 19.0358 190
191 1.169650 16.406 30.4 76 46 .882 45.949 1335.834 1381.783 0.08359 2.1 6684 2.25043 159.09 0.2803 19.4468 191
192 1.244710 16.431 32.4 77 48.908 46 .1 90 1422.048 1468.238 0.08396 2.301 93 2.38589 160.10 0.2818 19.8652 192
193 1.327880 16.456 34.695 51.151 46.431 1517.582 1564.013 0.08433 2.451 43 2.53576 161.10 0.2834 20.2913 193
194 1.420290 16.481 37. 161 53.642 46.673 1623.757 1670.430 0.08470 2.61738 2.70208 162 .11 0.2849 20.7244 194
195 1.523960 16.507 39.928 56.435 46 .914 1742.879 1789.793 0.08506 2.80332 2.88838 163.11 0.2864 21.1661 195

196 1.640700 16.532 43.046 59.578 47. 155 1877.033 1924.188 0.08543 3.01244 3.09787 164. 12 0.2880 21.6 152 196
197 1.772990 16.557 46.580 63. 137 47 .397 2029.069 2076.466 0.08580 3.24914 3.33494 165.12 0.2895 22.0714 197
198 1.924720 16.583 50.635 67 .218 47 .638 2203.4642251 .102 0.08617 3.52030 3.60647 166.13 0.2910 22.5367 198
199 2.099750 16.608 55.315 71.923 47.879 2404.668 2452.547 0.08653 3.83276 3.91929 167.13 0.2926 23.0092 199
200 2.304540 16.633 60.793 77.426 48.121 2640.084 2688.205 0.08690 4 .19787 4.28477 168.13 0.2941 23.4906 200

Psychrometrics
<fi#ll!l1t>
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55
 ~ ~~Enthalpy at saturation, Grains of Moisture Pounds of Moisture (/)"'U
..... Btu per pound of dry air Per Pound of Dry Air Per Pound of Dry Air

~
(D

tOl
I 85
"'"""'"'
I .
90 95
'"'"'l•g ·•co-
100 105
...,......, ....,,.••co•o · ••
110 115
t
180
t -<
OI
-ti !i
tl~~il==;;' I .
""'t1••t1& .,;~~~r. PJ~1~~~=1C~=====i ~~==
•8.
(D .&' "'T'1
~l
~ •
..
~
$_...
lJl§!~-"ti::•BJ' . it41~
-: . · •._~ 3 • .~
~ •••
••ii:,.
-~ - "'.a••m . •tii!••••111
~•11:
.ii · II ••lil••mc
! N •F .1r..1 :;;:.•: arH-.w ... -
. il•••
1'8' ·
.a••••N•r. nr •'-""• "N•I •
170 -
•.
I fll'\.J
Q
~
m
--i
::a
0
(/)

130 Ir
-•ir-""I m
<
m
r
.....
100 ~ii _'I'--- I Z
--i
90 ~1 _,.., I~
01 I ·z"-- ' ""-Y~·~z...~~~=~t.1=~-=u=~==~r11~==§'1ffeli~1=~xa=11:...,~~""'====·~=n1 !!L- 00 Io
m ~ .ff"'-....._~ ~~~!!~~~.ii.~~~¥~!!1~~~Zi~!!S!!!~\1q'"~:;.'!!!i1C~i\~9!!!S!!FJa~~·!!•S!!!~~~~~!
~r c
0
--i
0
z

Wet-Bulb
Oewpoinlor
Saturation
Temperature °F _...

"t1
I.fl
'<
(') Ory-Bulb
Temperature °F ......_ 30 35 40 45 so 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 11 0 11 5 120
::r ""<>g_
\ \ \ \ \ \ ;
\ ;
\
;
;O ;O
._, ;;, ;;, ;;, ;;,._, ,. ,. ,. '5.
''I> ·o 'IJ, ....
;;:, 0 0
a3
s 'I>
ct>
.....,r;· ~ "'~ ~ ~
'"'~ "'~ ~ ~ ~

I.fl
Psychrometric Chart, Normal Temperature, Sea Level
 PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1: INTRODUCTION

Work Session 1 Answers

1.

db wb % rh dp w
A 75 65 58 59.5 76
B 75 59.8 40 49.5 52.5
c 75 65.7 61 61.8 80
D 82.5 65 38 55 64.5
E 86.7 65 30 51.5 57
F 90.5 67.5 30 55 64.5
W= specific humidity lb/lb dry air
s pe clflc Humidity
gr lb/l b.,,
180

_ _.-./(!

~ ..--./-~

·_().')

l595°Fdg-4"!,,.. .~..,~~~lf.,.._~iiiililili+,i!,..~lllilll""'...~iiim--~>•"'~
";;r6 gr
'"'""3 "

"'40 70 ~ 80 90 .... 100 110

0, 0,
<;;
~'" 1-
Specific Humidity
gr lb/Ibo•
180

. / )j

40 _,/·'·'
. _,,,,,,oo
20 -- 6 '·

,....---/';.
--.ro
--$5
- . ' f!
- 9')
Sens ibh:
H 1-.1!
f-Jctor

, \

~ 40 70 90 '"'100
o. 110
o.
<;; ~

_P_s_y_c_h_r_o_m
_e_t_ri_c_s___________________________ _
<f8>
Turn 10 theExpertS.

57
PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1: INTRODUCTION

2. a. Yes

b. Air at 90° F db and 75° F wb has a dew point of approximately 69° F. Any object in the space with a
temperature of less than 69° F will cool the moisture below its saturation temperature and condensation
will occur.
Specific Humidity
.. ~.
gr lb/ lb,.
' 180

f" v .50

140 ' r · · 55
:,,/" ~60

Condensation will
•. 120; \' ..--.. 6 5
occur at any point 69°F dp
.,_,_.,.70
below69° F dp----.-~-~~~~~""'~H _.,1s
1-- ,80
• r- ·85
-.90
Duct surface /',
,,,·~
temperature .. --..
.. - _ , Sens.1ble
,.;;_ .•, Heat
,, .
.. " ·
Factor
t;. ~'
60 ..

db °F + 30 ... 40 70 ... 80 90
'"<;! ''"~

3. The air vapor mixture leaving the saturator will be saturated at 76° F. The relative humidity at satura-
tion is 100%.

... 40 70 i 80 90 "100
a. 110
"'<;!· i «
95 ...

4. The dew point at 70° F and 30% relative humidity is 37° F. Water vapor will go from the higher dew
point area to the lower one. Therefore, the vapor will try to pass through the wall and will condense
within the wall when cooled below the dew point temperature. A vapor seal on the warm side of the
wall is needed.

,.)
Tum to the Experts.
Psychrometrics
58
 PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1: INTRODUCTION

5. When the temperature is 90° F, the relative humidity is 41 %. If there is no precipitation, the specific
humidity, remains constant through out the day . The relative humidity will vary during the day with
the dry bulb.

'"'0. 40 50 70 ~. 80 90 ~ 100 110

~ ~~ ~;

6.

Specific Humidity
/ /" ·ss 90
gr lb/lb,,
!;.-' 180 45
,/._ /
p '
;; /
::,'
.;; ,-
'? >' / . SS
-!'
.'}·1
I . _ _.- lO

:---.70
--.75
--SO
f.l r - .85
.t> •• -.90
~~~""'""'~;...~~,...,~~;..ii-"""'~~~ 95
.-~ J'· '-~ .

~~ Scnsib'0
Heat
Factor

db OF •30 ~ 40
o. 70 ~ 80 90 ~0 . 100 110
~
"'~· ~

Psychrometrics
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59
...
PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1: INTRODUCTION

7. What is the db temperature? 60° F

What is the wb temperature? 60° F
What is the dp temperature? 60° F
When the vapor in an air-vapor mixture is saturated, the dry bulb, wet bulb and dew point temperature
establishes the amount of water vapor present.

Specific Humidity
gr lb/lb1 ,
180 4;
• ·/

~·_.- (IJ

~C ll'.·1 :.. h
l"'~ ~ t
f L 1< :m

db ' F • .
30 ~ 40 90 .... 100 110
0 .
;
"
Work Session 2 Answers
1. When air is heated with no moisture added, the process is a db wb %rh dp
horizontal line on the chart as from point 1 to 2. Heating air at
Air at 30 28 80 26
constant moisture content reduces the relative humidity.
Heated to 75 51.5 15 26

Spee Ifie Humidity

gr lb/lb,.
85 90

--·
---"' /'.
•.- - .:Y.!
- S5
- <>)
80 . I -;.,.,:;·<; ,
60

<dffet> Psychrometrics
Turn to the Experts.
60
 PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1: INTRODUCTION

2. When air is cooled without condensing moisture, the process db wb %rh dp

is a horizontal line on the chart as from point 1 to 2. Cooling
air at constant moisture content increases the relative humid- Air at 95 75 40 67
ity.
Cooled to 80 70.8 65 67
Specific Humidity
gr lb/lb,.
180

160 '

/_55

> · .60
_ __...-.65

::;·::
~

,"
:::> ~'

db "F ... 30
""o . 40 70 9~ . "'100 110
<;' l95°F d~l

3. Sensible Heat Removed = 1.10 * cfm * temperature change

= 1.10 * 1,000 cfm * (80° F-50° F)
= 1.10 * 1,000 cfm * 30 = 33 ,000 Btuh
The factor 1.10 used in the sensible heat formula is a combination figure, which converts cfm to
lbs per hour, and also the amount of heat required to raise 1 lb of air 1 degree Fahrenheit.
Latent Heat Removed 0.69 * cfm *grains of moisture removed
=
= 0.69 * 1,000 cfm * (77 gr- 54 gr)
= 0.69 * 1,000 cfm * 23 = 15,870 Btuh
The factor 0.69 used in the latent heat formula is also a combination figure, which converts cfm to
lbs per hour, and also takes into account the amount of heat removed to condense moisture.
Speclflc Humidity
gr lb/lb,~

~ 40 90 ' 'b 100 110

0.
<;' c;

_P_s_y_c_h_ro_m_e_t_r_ic_s____ _ _ _ ________________________ Tum 10 the Experts.

<
cififMt>
61
PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1: INTRODUCTION

4.
a. Dry bulb 84° F
b. Wet bulb 69.2° F
c. Dew point 62° F
d. Specific humidity 83.75 gr/lb
The mixture will be closest to the larger air quantity. In this case, it is the 80° F db condition. The
total cfm is in the mixture is 500 + 1500 or 2000 cfm. Five hundred cfm of outdoor air represents
50012000 or ';4 of the mixture. Therefore, the mixture will be located ';4 of the way up from point 1 on
line 1-2. The temperature difference between point l (80° F db) and point 2 (96° F db) is 96-80 or 16
degrees. One-quarter of 16 is 4 degrees. Therefore, the mixture is at 80° F +4° For 84° F db or point 3.
By locating 84° Fon line 1-2, we can determine the other prope1ties by using the chart.
Specific Humidity
•• 85 . 90
gr lb/lb.,,

,SO

Note: The temperature of the mixture can also be determined by calculation as follows:

t = (cfm1 x t 1) + (cfm 2 x t 2 ) = (1500 x 80) + (500 x 96) = 120,000 + 48,000 = 168 = 840 F
m cfm 1 + cfm2 1500 + 500 2000 2
5. The humidifier should be located on the supply side in the warm air from the furnace. Warm air has a
greater capacity for moisture than cool air. Therefore, water evaporates more readily in the warm air
stream. See the chart below. On the return side, the air can only absorb (60 gr- 30 gr) on the supply
(100 gr - 30 gr) or 70 gr.

,.
;•
85 90
,, .;-·

•
....~/
,~,

~;;/

Heat
F.lttO!"

~ 40 90 'l< 100
"·~ ;

Kt@@>
• Psychrometrics
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62
 PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1: INTRODUCTION

6. db= 62° F wb = 58.9° F

-., 60 70 90 -., 100 110

';.~ "·1-
The bypass factor of 0.25 means that 75% of the 80° F db and 50% rh will contact the coil and be
cooled to 56° F saturation (point 2), 25% of the air at point 1 will pass through the coil unchanged. The
air leaving the coil will be a mixture of air at these two conditions.
db leaving the coil = 56°F+114(80° F+56° F)
= 56 + 6 = 62° F (point 3)
From the chart, the wb leaving the coil is 58.9° F.
(0.75 * 56) + (0.25 * 80)
This could also be checked by using the mixing equation: t - ----------
m 1.0
tm = 42 + 20 = 62

7. Air at 95° F db and 75° F wb falls between the 14 and 14.5 cu ft/lb volume lines. Point 1 is estimated to
be 0.6 of the distance to the left of the 14.0 cu ft line.
Volume at point 1 = 14 + 0.6 x (14.5-14) = 14.3 cu ft/lb

wb dp °F

db ' F + 30 'lo 40 70 90 i '100 110

"·

..,,.
"·~
j95•fl1

Psychrometrics
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63
PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1: INTRODUCTION

8. To determine enthalpy of air at condition 1, follow from point 1 parallel to a wb line and read enthalpy
Btu/lb dry air on the scale to the left of the saturation line. In this case it is 27.7 Btu/lbda· Per the rec-
ommendation on page 13, we have not included a correction for enthalpy deviation.

~
Specific Humidity
~/ gr lb/lb,,
. 85 90
180

160 . ~50

!...--"...... .55
140
............. 60

120 ,....._....65
t<- -~~.70

----.75
00
-.85
--.<lO
80 _...:2?
Sensible
Heat
F<ii:.tor

~
~· "
·- . , .
~~.
~~ .

9. Draw a line connecting points I and 2. Then draw a line parallel to line 1-2 through the pivot point dot
at 80° F db and 50% rh to the sensible heat factor scale. Read 0.8.

Room sensible heat is 80% of the room total heat.

Room latent is 100% -80% or 20% of the room total heat.

5 pee Ifie Humidity
/ /"·'. ·as . 90
gr lb/lb,,
180

- ,. Factor

"'
o. 60 70 90 110
"'
lss°Fdbl

(CM@> .
Turn to the Expert$.
Psychrometrics
64
 PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1: INTRODUCTION

Glossary

adiabatic process thermodynamic process during which no heat is extracted

from or added to the system

Dalton's Law of Partial each constituent of a mixture of gases behaves thermodynami-

Pressure cally as if it alone occupied the space. The sum of the
individual pressures of the constituents equals the total pres-
sure of the mixture.

dehumidification removal of water vapor from air.

dew point temperature at which water reaches the saturation point ( 100%
relative humidity)

dry bulb temperature temperature of air on a thermometer that measures sensible

heat energy

enthalpy thermodynamic quantity equal to the sum of the internal en-

ergy of a system plus the product of the pressure-volume work
done on the system. h = E + pv, where h = enthalpy or total
heat content, E = internal energy of the system, p = pressure,
and v = volume.

humidification the process of adding water vapor to the air

moisture content the weight of water vapor, expressed in pounds or grains, as-
sociated with one pound of dry air. One pound of dry air is
equal to 7000 grains

relative humidity the ratio of the amount of vapor contained in the air to the
greatest amount the air could hold at that temperature. Nor-
mally expressed as percentage.

superheat extra heat in a vapor when at a temperature higher than the

saturation temperature corresponding to its pressure.

wet bulb temperature temperature indicated by a psychrometer when the bulb of one
thermometer is covered with a water-saturated wick over
which air is caused to flow at approximately 900 ft/min (4.5
mis) to reach an equilibrium temperature of water evaporating
into air, when the heat of vaporization is supplied by the sen-
sible heat of the air.

«'dffllti
_P_s_y_c_h_ro
_ m_e_t_ri_c_s_ _ __________________ ______ Turn to the Expert&
65
PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1: INTRODUCTION

Notes

<M
!I! .~ Psychrometrics
TurntotheExpertS. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _ ; : _ _ __ _ __
66
Prerequisites:
This module assumes the participant has an understanding of industry terminology, basic con-
cepts of the air conditioning , and the mechanical refrigeration process . The following TDPs are
good reference for this material:
Book Instructor CD
Form No. Cat. No. Cat. No. Title
TDP-102 796-026 797-026 ABCs of Air Conditioning

Learning Objectives:
After completing this module, participants will be able to:
• Understand the properties of air and water vapor mixtures.
• Build the psychrometric chart.
Use the psychrometric chart to determine the properties of an air/water vapor mixture.
Use the psychrometric chart to understand the basic air conditioning processes.
Understand how the processes can be combined into a system using a system plot diagram
and psychrometric chart.

Supplemental Material:

Book Instructor CD
Form No. Cat. No. Cat. No. Title
TDP-202 796-031 797-031 Psychrometrics , Level 2: Process
TDP-203 796-032 797-032 Psychrometrics, Level 3: Application
TDP-204 796-033 797-033 Psychrometrics, Level 4: Theory
796-01 8 Normal Temperature, Vinyl 11 " x 17" Chart
796-013 SHF Alignment Ruler
796-016 Pad of 25 Paper Normal Temp 11 " x 17" Charts

Instructor Information:
Each TOP topic is supported with a number of different items to meet the specific needs of the
user. Instructor materials consist of a CD-ROM disk that includes a PowerPoint™ presentation
with convenient links to all required support materials required for the topic. This always includes:
slides, presenter notes, text file including work sessions and work session solutions, quiz and
quiz answers . Depending upon the topic, the instructor CD may also include sound, video,
spreadsheets , forms , or other material required to present a complete class. Self-study or student
material consists of a text including work sessions and work session answers , and may also
include forms , worksheets, calculators, etc.
 Turn to the Experts.

Carrier Corporation
Technical Training
800 644-5544
www.training.carrier.com

Form No. TDP-201A Cat. No. 796-030

Supersedes Form No. TDP-3 Supersedes Cat. No. 791-409