'13.

Reproduction in human

Q&A

State the function of scrotal sac.

說出陰囊的功⽤。
To contain and protect the testis.

盛載和保護精巢。
State the function of testis.
說出精巢的功⽤。
To produce sperms and sex hormones

產⽣精⼦和性激素。
State the function of penis.
說出陰莖的功⽤。
To introduce sperms into the vagina of the female.

將精⼦送⼊⼥性的陰道。
State the function of urethra.
說出尿道的功⽤。
A common passage for both urine and semen

尿液和精液的共同通道。
State the function of seminal vesicle, Prostate gland and Cowper’s gland.
說出貯精囊、前列腺、尿道球腺的功⽤。

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 To produce fluids to nourish and activate the sperms.

產⽣液體營養和活化精⼦。
How does sperm move?
精⼦如何移動？
The sperm moves by movement of its tail.

精⼦靠尾巴游動。
Explain the details of the transfer.
解釋輸送的詳情。
During copulation, the penis of the man becomes erect and is inserted
into the vagina of a

woman where semen is then ejaculated.

性交時，男性的陽具可充⾎勃起，然後插⼊⼥性的陰道內，隨後射精。
Why is the testes are outside the abdominal cavity?
為什麼精巢位於腹腔外？
The testes are outside the abdominal cavity to avoid the high body
temperature which is

not favourable for the development of sperms.

精巢(睪丸)位於腹腔外是為了降低溫度以利製造精⼦，過⾼的體溫不利精
⼦的發育。
State the function of ovary.
說出卵巢的功⽤。
To produce ova and sex hormones.

產⽣卵⼦和性激素。
State the function of oviduct.
說出輸卵管的功⽤。
The inner wall has ciliated cells to move the ova down the oviduct.

內壁有纖⽑細胞，將卵⼦沿管向下移動，送往⼦宮。
State the function of uterus.
說出⼦宮的功⽤。

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 It serves as the place where the embryo develops ; it contracts to push
the baby out during birth.

作為胎兒發育的地⽅ ; ⽣產時它會收縮將胎兒推出體外。
State the function of vagina
說出陰道的功⽤。
For receiving sperms from the male; as a passage for the birth of the
baby.

從雄性接受精⼦ ; 作為⽣產的通道。
How does the egg move along the oviduct?
卵⼦如何在輸卵管移動？
The egg moves along the oviduct by the beating of the cilia and
muscular contraction of

the oviduct.

靠纖⽑的蠕動和輸卵管肌⾁收縮的推動。
Where is fertilization occurs?
受精作⽤在那裏發⽣？
Fertilization occurs at oviduct.

在輸卵管內發⽣。
Where is the development of the fertilized egg occurs?
受精卵在那裏發育？
The development of the fertilized egg is at uterus.

受精卵則在⼦宮內發育。
Explain the ovulation cycle and the relevant changes in the uterus.
簡述排卵週期和⼦宮所作出的變化。
In human, ovulation occurs regularly for every 28 days. The maturation
of the ovum is

accompanied by the thickening and vascularization of the uterine lining

so that the ovum, if

fertilized, can develop immediately on the thicken uterine wall.

在⼈類，每隔28天排卵⼀次，隨著卵⼦的成熟，⼦宮內膜(壁)慢慢充⾎和
變厚，
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 準備讓受精的卵⼦⽴即植⼊增厚了的⼦宮內膜內發育。
What happens to the uterine lining if fertilization does not occur?
如果沒有受精，⼦宮內壁會怎樣？
If fertilization does not occur, the uterine lining will break down. The
discharge of the

debris and a little blood is called menstruation. This repeats for every 28
days and the

cycle is called menstrual cycle.

卵⼦若遇不到精⼦，便會死亡，⼦宮壁上的新⽣組織脫落，混和少量⾎液
和黏液 通
過陰道流出體外，形成⽉經。
State the day of ovulation with reference to the menstruation cycle.
指出在⽉經週期中的排卵⽇⼦。
Ovulation occurs at the 14th day when menstruation starts.

排卵在⽉經開始計第⼗四天。
Describe the process of implantation.
簡述受精卵植⼊⼦宮內膜期間的發育過程。
The embryo implants into the uterine wall. The placenta and the
umbilical cord are formed. The

zygote divides forming a ball of cells as it passes down the oviduct to

uterus where an embryo is

formed.

當合⼦由輸卵管往下移到⼦宮時，會分裂成細胞球，在⼦宮內形成胚胎。
胚胎植⼊於⼦宮內膜上，形成胎盤和臍帶。
Why is embryonic blood and the maternal blood are separated by thin
membranes?
為什麼胎兒的⾎和⺟體的⾎被薄膜分隔？
This is necessary because the embryo and the mother may have
different blood groups. Besides,

this can prevent the greater blood pressure of the mother from breaking
down the delicate blood vessels of the embryo.

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 因胎兒和⺟親可以有不同⾎型。此外，分隔⾎液可避免⾼⾎壓的⺟體⾎液
沖破胎兒幼⼩的⾎管。
How can the foetus obtains nutrients from the mother.
胎兒如何從⺟體獲取營養 ?

They carry out their nutrition through the placenta. Food and oxygen
have a higher concentration

in the maternal blood so that they diffuse from the maternal blood to the
embryonic blood.

胎兒透過胎盤獲取養份，⾷物和氧氣的濃度在⺟體的⾎內較⾼，故它們從
⺟體的⾎擴散⾄胎
兒的⾎。
State the adaptations of the placenta?
說出胎盤所作的適應。
The folding (villi) increase the surface area for diffusion.

有許多摺縐（絨⽑）以增加擴散的⾯積。
The umbilical artery breaks up into capillaries at the villi and therefore
there is greater

surface area for the exchange of materials with the maternal blood.

臍帶動脈在絨⽑內分枝成許多微⾎管，於是和⺟體的⾎交換物質的表⾯積
便可⼤⼤增加。
The membranes separating the embryonic blood and maternal blood are
relatively thin so

as to allow materials to diffuse through easily.

分隔胎兒的⾎和⺟體的⾎的膜很薄，物質很容易擴散通過。
What are the functions of the placenta?
說出胎盤的功⽤。
For the attachment of the embryo.

給胎兒附著的地⽅。
For the nutrition, respiration and excretion of the embryo.

給胎兒提提營養作⽤、呼吸作⽤和排泄作⽤。

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 What is the fate of placenta?
說出胎盤的命運。
Shortly after the birth, the placenta will be expelled out of the uterus by
contraction of the

muscular wall of uterus.

分娩後不久，胎盤脫離⼦宮，⼦宮肌⾁收縮將胎盤排出體外。
What is the function of the amniotic fluid?
⽺⽔有什麼功⽤？
To act as a shock absorbent for the embryo.

不使⺟體的移動⽽令胎兒受到震盪。
To help to maintain a uniform temperature for the embryo.

減低溫度轉變。
To act as a lubricant during birth.

分娩時作為潤滑劑。
What are the advantages of breast feeding?
⺟乳餵養有什麼好處 ?

Breast milk is the best food for babies. It contains antibodies which
protect the babies from pathogens.

⺟乳能為嬰兒提提均衡飲⾷，它還含有抗體，使嬰兒免受感染。
Name some birth control methods.
說出⼀些節育的⽅法。
The natural method

提全期
Contraceptive pills

避孕丸
Barriers : condom, diaphragm, intra-uterine device

阻擋精⼦的屏障 : 避孕套、⼦宮帽、⼦宮環
Surgical methods : Sterilization in male and female

外科⼿術(絕育) : 結紮輸精管、結紮輸卵管

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 Explain the natural method in birth control.
解釋安全期。
Avoid sexual intercourse during ovulation period. Not reliable.

在排卵期避免性交，在所有⽅法中效率最低。
Why is the natural method not reliable?
為什麼安全期在所有⽅法中效率最低 ?

It is difficult to known the exact time of ovulation, the duration of the

menstruation period varies

with person.

很難準確預測排卵的時間，因⽉經週期的⻑短因⼈⽽異。
How to increase the accuracy of natural method?
如何增加安全期的準確性 ?

By measuring the wake up body temperature, in the ovulation period,

body temperature will drop

slightly and then rise up again.

早上量度體溫，排卵期間，體溫輕微下降再上升。
Explain the use of contraceptive pills.
解釋避孕丸的功⽤和效⽤。
含有可阻⽌排卵的性激素，最可靠。
Contain sex hormones which prevent ovulation. Most reliable.

Explain the use of condom.

解釋避孕套的功⽤和效⽤。
Thin rubber sheath worn on the erect penis.

Very effective if used carefully and undamaged.

軟薄的橡膠套，套在勃起的陽具上進⾏性交。
如膠套沒有破損⼜能適當使⽤則⾮常有效。
Explain the use of diaphragm.
解釋⼦宮帽的功⽤和效⽤。
Thin dome shaped rubber put in the vagina of a woman over the cervix.

Sperm cells are then prevented from entering the uterus.

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 Quite effective if used with spermicidal cream.

拱形薄橡膠膜提在陰道後部的⼦宮頸端，⽤以隔絕精⼦。
如與滅苗藥膏⼀起使⽤則頗有效。
Explain the use of intra-uterine device.
解釋⼦宮環的功⽤和效⽤。
Small plastic loop put in the uterus. The uterus reacts by rejecting the
implantation of the fertilized

egg. Effective but may be displaced.

塑膠製成的環狀物，擺在⼦宮裏，使⼦宮抗拒受精卵的植⼊。雖有效但常
會移位。
Explain sterilization in male.
解釋男性的絕育⼿術。
The vas deferens is cut and the ends are tied off.

Totally effective, normally irreversible.

結紮輸精管 : 切斷輸精管然後結紮切⼝。
絕對有效，⼀般不可逆轉。
Explain sterilization in female.
解釋⼥性的絕育⼿術。
Cutting of the oviducts and tying off the cut ends.

This prevents the sperms from meeting the eggs, thus fertilization
cannot occur.

Totally effective but irreversible.

結紮輸卵管 : 切斷輸卵管然後結紮切⼝，這可防⽌精⼦遇到卵⼦，使受精
作⽤不能發⽣。絕對有效但不可逆轉。
Will sterilizations have any effect on secondary sexual characteristics,
explain?
絕育對第⼆性徵有沒有影響，請解釋 ?

There is no effect on secondary sexual characteristics, female still have

menstruation, male can

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 eject semen, because sex hormones can still be produced by ovaries
(testes). These hormones are

transported by blood to the target organs to exert their effects.

絕育對第⼆性徵無影響，⼥性仍有⽉經，男性仍可射精(沒有精⼦的精
液)，因為卵巢(精巢)
仍繼續製造性激素，這些激素是由⾎液運往⽬標器官來發揮它的效應的。

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