Introduction

This book is aimed at the beginner. Inside you will find many exercises which,
with a little patience and determination, will help you get to grips with the
basics of drumming. I cannot emphasise the importance of working with a good
tutor to avoid developing bad habits. YouTube is a fantastic resource for
tutorials, but you can’t beat one-to-one lessons for real feedback on your
playing.

The exercises in this book range in difficulty from the Initial level to Grade 2 of
the Trinity Drum Kit Syllabus, with most of the patterns based around
simple backbeats. These kinds of beats are very common in popular
music and learning to play them with feel and commitment is a rite of
passage for every drummer!

Practising with a metronome is essential in order to develop a good sense of

time. However, once you have mastered a few of the patterns, try playing along
to some well-known songs too. See if you can keep up with the beat. If you
can’t, find a slower track. Remember as a drummer your primary roll is that of a
timekeeper.

Start listening to great drummers for inspiration. You might never be able to
play as well as them and you should never, ever worry about that. What you
will gain is an understanding of feel, playing in time and the realisation that
every drummer’s style is unique to them.
 A Standard 5 Piece Drum Kit
A standard kit comprises the following drums:
1 x Snare Drum (14”)
1 x Bass Drum (22”)
2 x Toms (12” and 13”)
1 x Floor Tom (16”)

And the following cymbals:

1 x Hi Hat Cymbals (14”)
1 x Crash Cymbal (16”)
1 x Ride Cymbal (20”)

Fig 1: Parts of the drum kit.

Drum kits are often marketed as ‘Rock’ or ‘Fusion’ sizes. The sizes of the
drums above fall into the rock category. Fusion sizes are smaller, typically
with a 20” Bass Drum, and 10”, 12” and 14” Toms.
 How to Hold Drumsticks
1. To start, lay a drumstick in front of you with the tip pointing away. Pinch the stick
about 1/3 of the way along, using your thumb and forefinger, palm facing downwards.

Step 1

2. Next, roll the stick across your forefinger so that it is now between the first and
second joints of the index finger but touching the first joint (Steps 2 & 3).

Step 2 Step 3

3. Now that you are holding the stick with the thumb and index finger, palm still
facing down, curl the other fingers loosely around the stick (Step 4). Don't grab the
drumstick tightly, since as you hit the drum, the stick should pivot around your index
finger.

Step 4 Step 5

4. Finally, tilt your hand at a slight angle to the right for the right hand, and to the left
for the left hand (Step 5). This will enable you use the 3 curled fingers to bounce the
stick, and is also a more natural hand position. For the matched grip, of course, the
drumsticks are held with left hand a mirror image of the right, forming capital ‘A’
shape (Step 6).

Step 6
NOTATION
 Reading Music
In order to understand how to read music, it is necessary to become familiar with
the principles of musical notation; the set of visual symbols and instructions
which musicians translate into a musical performance. Whilst musical notation
is a vast subject, you don't need to know a lot to get started.

Drum Legend
Music for the drum kit is written on a stave comprising five horizonal lines.
Different elements of the drum kit are positioned on these lines, or the spaces
between them. As can be seen in the legend below, drums are represented by dots,
and cymbals by crosses.

Fig 2: Drum legend showing the positions of the drums and cymbals on the stave.

Drum kits can vary in size dramatically. Rock and metal drummers often have
large kits, sometimes with two bass drums and multiple toms. At the other end of
the spectrum, jazz drummers often settle for much smaller kits, with just a couple
of toms.

Fig 3: Drum kits vary in size. Compare Terry Bozzio’s kit (left) to my kit (right).
As a consequence, drum notation is not standardised, but some common practises
exist. Usually, higher pitched instruments (e.g., 1st and 2nd toms, and cymbals) are
placed near the top of the stave, whilst those with lower pitches (e.g. bass drums
and floor toms) are positioned near the bottom.

Parts of the Stave

1. These two short vertical lines make up the neutral clef. This is required
because drum classed as non-pitched percussion.
2. Music written on the stave is divided into bars to make it easier to read. A
bar line is used to indicate the end of each bar.
3. Each bar contains a fixed number of notes, determined by the two numbers
at the beginning of a stave; the time signature (see over page).
4. To indicate the end of a piece or section of music, a double bar line is
placed at the end of the stave.

Different types of notes have different durations or values; some are long and
some are short, and each note has an equivalent rest. The U.K. and U.S. names
for notes are given below, with the U.S. names in italics.
Although drums and percussion instruments use the same kinds of notes as all the
other instruments, duration is less important to drummers because drums cannot
sustain sounds in the same way as, say, a piano or a violin. A semibreve
performed on a drum sounds the same as a semiquaver!

NB: Drummers get around this by playing closed rolls, where the notes are played very close
together to produce a long, continuous sound.

Time Signatures
Time signatures comprise two numerals, one on top of the other. As a beginner,
it’s sufficient to understand the top numeral as the number of beats in the bar.

Fig 4: The time signature 4/4

For many years, I didn’t understand time signatures much beyond this; the
meaning of the bottom numeral remained a total mystery! The penny finally
dropped after I learnt about the American method of naming notes. This explains
notes as fractions of the whole note. By dividing the whole note by two, we end
up with two 1/2 notes (or minums, in the U.K.); divide the whole note by four and
we get four 1/4 notes (or crotchets in the U.K.).

The bottom numeral ‘4’ in the time signature 4/4 implies 1/4 notes. So, the time
signature 4/4 means there are ‘4’ (top numeral) 1/4 notes in the bar.

Fig 5: Four 1/4 notes or crotchets in a bar of 4/4

In 12/8, the bottom numeral refers to 1/8 notes. The top numeral tells us there
are 12 of them to the bar. To reiterate, this is using the U.S. system. In the UK, a
bar of 12/8 is said to contain twelve quavers, because 1/8 notes and quavers are
the same thing. Notice how the quavers are beamed together in groups of three.

Fig 6: Twelve 1/8 notes or quavers in a bar of 12/8

COUNTING
Note Reference Page
 Snare Drum Counting Exercises
The following exercises are for snare drum only, so a single line stave is all
that’s required. You will also come across the repeat symbols: two lines
followed by two dots at the start and end of a section of music:

Start of repeat End of repeat

Technically, any music written in between these two symbols is performed

twice; but for now, play these exercises several times before moving on.

Practise Tips
Exercise 1: Counting Crotchets
• Set the metronome to .
• Count 1,2,3,4 aloud as you play. Counting is provided in the first two lines.
• Always count evenly.
• Some bars contain crotchet rests . You do not play rests, but you must
count them!

Exercise 2: Crotchets and Quavers

• Set the metronome to .
• This time, count 1+2+3+4+ (saying, ‘1 and 2 and 3 and 4 and’) as you play.
This is how we count quavers.

Exercise 3: Introducing the Quaver Rest

• Set the metronome to .
• Again, count 1+2+3+4+ aloud as you play.
• Some bars contain quaver rests . Remember, you do not play rests, but
you must count them.

Exercise 4: Common Rhythmic Groupings

• This exercise introduces semiquavers into the mix. These should be
counted 1e+a 2e+a 3e+a 4e+a (saying, ‘1e and a’, etc...).
• Alternate your sticking throughout.
• Learning to quickly recognise these rhythms will aid with sight reading.
12
BACKBEATS
 Backbeats
Have you ever clapped along to a piece of music? The chances are you were
clapping along to the backbeat; an emphasis placed on
beats 2 and 4. In rock and pop, it is common for the backbeat to be played on
the snare drum, but it can be accented by any instrument.

Practise Tips
Exercises 5 and 6: Backbeat Patterns
• There are four different stages to this exercise. Work through each stage,
repeating several times before attempting the final one (5.4).
• These exercises introduce the hi-hat and bass drum.
• Make sure hands and feet are aligned when played together.
• Count the slowly and evenly, saying ‘1+2+3+4+’. Don’t rush!
• As always, it is recommended that you use a metronome when practising;
however, with the final stage of this exercise, make sure you can play it
first, then set the metronome to a tempo you feel comfortable with, i.e.,
not too fast to begin with.

Exercises 7: Bass Drum Variations

• These exercises explore different ways of varying the bass drum pattern.
• Many of these patterns are found in rock and pop songs and are essential
for any drummer wishing to play that kind of music.

Exercises 8: Two Bar Patterns

• These exercises are each two bars long.
• Play each line four times, then move straight onto the next line.
• Try adding a crash cymbal on beat one of the first bar.
• Watch out for the extra snare drums!
NB: These exercises can also be played on the ride cymbal.

16
 Drum Fills
Put simply, a drum fill is anything that isn’t the main beat of a song. They are
usually placed at the ends of verses and choruses to give the song forward
momentum. When a fill is used as the intro to a song, it is usually to quickly
grab the listener’s attention.

Drum fills are not just an excuse for the drummer to play as many notes as
possible; they provide musical signposts. Often drum fills convey information
about the song’s structure. When fills are used throughout a piece of music, it is
often to signal the conclusion of each musical phrase or chord progression. A
drum fill placed at the end of a song’s verse may be used to generate
anticipation of the chorus.

NB: Sometimes fills become famous, like the intro to Led Zepplin’s ‘Rock ‘n’ Roll’ or the
tom fill in Phil Collin’s ‘In the Air Tonight’.

Practise Tips

Each of the following exercises combines a simple backbeat pattern with a fill.
Although the beat is written for the hi-hat, feel free to try it on the ride cymbal.

Exercise 9: Introducing Fills

• Practise looping each of these exercises, ensuring that movement between
the two patterns (the beat and fill) is smooth.
• Count evenly and don’t forget to use a metronome.
• Exercises 9.4 and 9.5 begin with a crash cymbal. When looping, practise
moving from the floor tom in the fill to the crash.

Exercise 10 & 11: Four Bar Phrases with Fills

• In these exercises, groups of quavers and semiquavers are used to create
interesting fills around the kit.
• The bar where the fills are to be played utilises slash notation:

• Slashes are often used in drum charts in bars that are left open to
interpretation.
• Refer back to Exercise 4 to help with counting these rhythms.
 Hi-Hat Pedal
There are three main ways to play the hi-hat: a) with a stick; b) with the foot
pedal (stepped hi-hat) or; c) a combination of both stick and foot pedal to create
open hi-hat patterns.

Fig 7: Hi-hat stand, showing cymbals in ‘open’ position.

Most of the patterns this book has covered so far have focused on playing a
closed hi-hat with a stick. The hi-hat is said to be closed when the top and
bottom cymbals are pulled together by pressing down on the foot pedal.

Different effects can be achieved by varying the pressure of the foot on the
pedal. For example, when the foot presses down firmly, playing on the cymbals
with a stick will produce a ‘tight’ hi-hat sound. Slackening off the pressure a
little produces a loose or ‘trashy’ sounding hi-hat, where the two cymbals are
loose enough to rattle against each other.

Pulsing the foot on the pedal causes the cymbals to play against each other, to
produce a ‘chick’ sound. This is referred to as ‘stepped hi-hat’. Among other
things, this can be used to keep a metronome-like pulse through a rhythm or,
when placed on beats 2 and 4, to support the backbeat.
 Fig 8: Stepped hi-hats played on the backbeat.

In music notation, open hi-hats are indicated by a small circle over the hi-hat
note; closed hi-hat are shown by a cross. Playing open hi-hat patterns requires a
degree of co-ordination; from a closed position, the foot pedal needs to lift as
the stick comes down to play the hi-hat cymbal.

In some patterns, the hi-hat maybe opened and closed consecutively. When this
occurs make sure the ‘chick’ sound of the closing hi-hat coincides with the stick
playing the cymbal.

Fig 9: Hi-hat notation: a small circle indicates ‘open’ and a cross is used for ‘closed’.

Practise Tips

Exercise 12 & 13: Stepped Hi-Hat

• Patterns which require co-ordinating all four limbs are not easy! If
necessary, leave out the stepped hi-hat at first; learn to play the other
elements and then add the stepped hi-hat when ready.

Exercise 14: Open Hi-Hat

• To achieve a good hi-hat sound, don’t open the cymbals so wide that you
only play the top cymbal. Allow a finger space between both cymbals so
that they rattle together when struck.
 Published By
Dr Richard Hemmings 2020
www.leicesterdrumschool.co.uk