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MODULE-3
ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Entrepreneur is a person who undertakes an enterprise. The process of creation is called

entrepreneurship. An entrepreneur can be considered as a person who bears the risk of operating
a business in the face of uncertainty about the future conditions. Who innovates and introduces
something new in the economy

Evolution of the concept:

The word entrepreneur has been derived from the French word which means to undertake was
originally meant to designate an organizer of musical or other entertainments. According to
oxford English dictionary in 1897 was defined as the director or manger of public musical
institution who gets entertainment in the form of musical performance.

16th century: In 16th century it was applied to those who were engaged in military expeditions.
17th century: In 17th century it was extended to cover civil engineering activities such as
construction and fortification.
18th century: In the beginning of the 18th century the word was used for economic aspects.

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In the way the evolution of the concept of entrepreneur can be considered to be over more than
four centuries.

Functions of an entrepreneur:

Performs functions such as planning, organizing, managing, risk bearing and decision
making

 Planning of the project: He is the organizer to conceive the idea of launching the project
and to Program to structure of the business
 Management: The entrepreneur is also responsible for the management of business.
He tries to have a least cost combination of factors of production.
 To Face Risks: He faces uncertainly and bears risks in his business uncertainly
comprising those risks against which it is not possible to insure. He also faces the risk of
other producers may enter the market
 Distribution of Rewards: He is responsible of distributing the rewards to all factors of
production. He pays the reward in the shape of rent, wage, and interest and bears the risk
of profit or loss himself

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 Sale of Products: An entrepreneur is also responsible of marketing, advertising. He

wants to maximize his profits by selling his product in the market.
 Scale of Production: He decided the scale of business in according with the provision of
capital. Then, he takes the decision of what where and how to produce goods.
 Joint stock Organization: In a partnership, the entrepreneurial functions are divided
between the partners. But in public limited company, the board of directors takes this
responsibility with nationalized enterprise; the entrepreneurial decisions are left to the
government or a body to which government has delegated its powers.
 Innovation:He should be innovative in launching of new product,introduction of new
technology in production line,creation of new market,new or better source of raw
material.
 Decision Making:He has to take effective decisions with regard to business objectives of
the enterprise,arrangement of resources and facilities like
men,material,machines,money,methods,Technology etc,development of market for the
product.

Classification and Types of Entrepreneurs:

The entrepreneurs have been broadly classified according to the type of business, use of
professional skills, motivation, growth and stages of development. The various types of

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entrepreneurs are as described below.

Type of entrepreneurs

1)According to the type of business

i)Business entrepreneur ii)trading entrepreneur

ii)industrial entrepreneur (a)Large (b)medium (c)small and (d)tiny iv)corporate entrepreneur
v)agricultural entrepreneur (a)plantation b)horticulture c)dairy d)forestry vi)Reatail entrepreneur
vii)service entrepreneur

2)According to the use of technology

i)technical
ii)non technical
(iii)professional
iv)high tech
v)low tech

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3)According to the motivation

i)pure
ii)induced
iii)motivated
iv)spontaneous

4)According to growth
i)growth
ii)super growth

5)According to stages of development

i)modern
ii)classical
iii)urban

6)According to the area

i)urban
ii)rural

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7)According to the gender and age
i)men
ii)women

8)According to the sale of operation

i)small ii)large

9)Others or unclassified

i)professional ii)non-professional iii)modern iv)traditional v)skilled vi)nonskilled vii)imitating

viii)inherited ix)forced x)national international xii)bureaucratic xiiii)intrapreneur xiv)immigrant

1) Entrepreneurs according to the type of business:

i) Business entrepreneurs: are individuals who conceive an idea for a new product or service
and then create a business to materialize their idea into reality.
ii) Trading partner Trading entrepreneur undertakes trading activities not concerned with
manufacturing work. Identifies potential markets, stimulates demand for his product line and
creates interest and desire among buyers to go for his product.

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iii) Industrial entrepreneur: is essentially a manufacturer who identifies the potential needs of
the customers and tailors a product according to the needs of the customers. Starts an
industrial unit to make new product
iv)Corporate entrepreneur :Corporate entrepreneur is an individual who demonstrates his
innovative skill in organizing and managing a corporate undertaking. is an individual who plans
develops and manages a corporate body which is form of business organization registered under
the trust act.
v)Agricultural entrepreneur :Are those who undertake agricultural activities as raising and
marketing of crops, fertilizers and other inputs of agriculture.Raise agriculture through
mechanization, irrigation and application of technologies of dry land agricultural products and
covers a broad spectrum of agricultural sector.
vi)Industrial Entrepreneur:Are those who concentrate in industrial and production activites
They identify the needs of the customers and manufacture a product according to their needs
They are generally a product-oriented entrepreneur
Example:A manufacture of Automobile spare parts,computer accessories
vii)Retail Entrepreneur
An Entrepreneur with such a Business sells Product directly to the consumers.
Ex:An Entrepreneur running a departmental store
viii).Service Entrepreneur
Is one who provides services to customers.

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They make profit by rendering services.
Ex: An Entrepreneur running a hotel
ix).Social Entrepreneur
is one who provides importance to the society by serving them.
He concentrates on social issues and does not aim to make profit.
Ex:A person running an orphanage

2)Entrepreneurs in technology classified as

i))Technical:
Concentrates more on production than through sales and marketing through the demonstration of
his innovative abilities in matter of production of goods and rendering of services and skills in
production techniques.

ii) Non-technical:
Not concerned with technical aspects of the product and are concerned only with the alternative
distribution and marketing strategies to promote their business.

iii) Professional entrepreneur:

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one whose interest is to establish a business but does not deal with its management and
organizing it.

3)Entrepreneurs based on motivation:

Are those entrepreneurs who use the motivated as a force to achieve their objectives classified as

(i) Pure: Is an individual who is motivated by the cycological and economic rewards. And
undertakes an entrepreneurial activity out of personal satisfaction, ego and status.

(ii) Induced: Is one who is induced to take up entrepreneurship task due to the policy measures
of the government which provides assistance, incentives, concessions and necessary overhead
facilities to star new venture.

(iii) Motivated entrepreneurs: Are motivated by the desire of self fulfillment.

They come into being because of the making and marketing of the new product for the use of
customers who is further motivated by the reward in terms of profit.

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(iii) Spontaneous entrepreneur: Start their business by their natural talents are the persons who
take initiative, are bold confidence and have strong conviction in their inborn ability.

4) Entrepreneurs according to Growth:

Growth: Are those entrepreneurs who take a high growth industry which has substantial growth
prospectus.

Super growth entrepreneurs: Are those who have shown enormous growth of performance in
their venture and Identified by liquidity of funds, profitability and gearing.

5) Entrepreneurs based on stages of development:

(i)First generation: One who starts an industrial unit by his innovative skill who essentially an
innovator who combines different technologies to produce a marketable product or service.

(ii)Modern: Undertaking those ventures which suit to the changing and current demands in the
market.

(iii)Classical: Is one who is concerned with the customers an marketing needs through the

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development of a self-supporting venture and is a stereotype entrepreneur whose aim is to

maximize the his returns at a consistent level with the survival of the firm.

6)Classification of Entrepreneurs based on Functional Characteristics :

i). Innovative Entrepreneurs :
Such an Entrepreneur introduces New Goods /Products / Services or New Methods of
Production or discovers New Markets or Reorganizes his Enterprise. Entrepreneurs in this Group
are characterized by an aggressive collection of information for trying out Novel Combination of
Factors. Such Entrepreneurs do well when a certain level of development is
already achieved; they look forward to improve upon the Past.
ii). Imitative or Adoptive Entrepreneurs :
Such Entrepreneurs do not Innovate themselves, but Imitate or Copy Techniques &
Technology innovated by other Innovative Entrepreneurs. They are characterized by their
readiness to adopt Successful Innovations by other Entrepreneurs. They are particularly suitable
for under Developed Regions as Adoption saves Costs of Trial & Error.
iii)Fabian Entrepreneur:
They display great caution & skepticism in experimenting with any change in their
Enterprise. They adopt changes only when there is an imminent threat to the very Survival of
their Enterprise.
iv)Drone Entrepreneur:

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These Entrepreneurs are characterized by a Die – Hard Conservative Attitude. They do
not easily seize opportunities to make changes in their production techniques or the Technology
employed, even at the Cost of Low Returns on their Investments compared to other similar
enterprises. Such entrepreneurs may even incur Huge Losses but they will not be ready to make
Changes in their existing production techniques.

7) Classification of Entrepreneurs as per the Behavioral Scientists :

a. Solo Operators: Such Entrepreneurs usually Work alone & if needed at all, employ a few
employees to assist. Most of the Entrepreneurs begin their Entrepreneurial Career in this fashion.
b. Active Partners: These Entrepreneurs start their enterprise in Partnership. All the Partners
actively participate in the Operation of the Enterprise. Entrepreneurs who only contribute funds
to the enterprise but do not actively involve in Business Activity are called simply ―Partners‖.
c. Inventors: Such Entrepreneurs with their Competence & Inventive Nature Invent New
Products. Their Basic Interest lies in Research & Innovative Activities.
d. Challengers: Such Entrepreneurs plunge into Business because of the Challenges it presents.
When One Challenge is satisfied, they will be on the lookout for New Challenges.
e. Buyers: Such Entrepreneurs do not wish to bear much Risk. Hence, in order to reduce Risk
involved in establishing a New Enterprise, they wish to buy an Ongoing One.

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f. Life Timers: Such Entrepreneurs take Business as an Integral Part of their Life.Usually, the
Family Enterprise & Businesses which call for Personal Skills fall inthis Category of
Entrepreneurs.

8.Classification of Entrepreneur According to the area

a.Urban
He comes from urban place
Not used to rural life
Products are sold in city only.so that factories are put up in urban areas so that
transportation cost is less
Ex:Laptops,Refrigerator etc.
b.Rural
is one who comes from the rural areas. i.e from villages.
This type of entrepreneur is not used to urban life and hence he puts up his factory the
rural area only
Ex:agro-based items i.e agricultural products,poultary products,milk products etc.

9.Classification of Entrepreneur According to the Gender

a.Male

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An enterprise is owned,financed,managed or controlled by men
b.Female
An enterprise is owned,financed,managed or controlled by women

10.Classification of Entrepreneur According to the Sale of Operation

a.Small Scale Entrepreneurs

An entrepreneur who has made investment in plant and machinery upto Rs
1.00 crore is called ‗small-scale entrepreneur‘
b.Medium
An entrepreneur who has made investment in plant and machinery above Rs 1.00 crore
but below Rs.5.00 crore is called ‗medium-scale entrepreneur‘
c.Large
An entrepreneur who has made investment in plant and machinery more than Rs 5.00 crore is
called ‗large-scale entrepreneur‘

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CHARACTERISTICS OF ENTREPRENEUR
Entrepreneur is a person of telescopic faculty drive and talent who perceives business
opportunities and promptly seizes them for exploitation. Entrepreneur needs to possess
competencies to perform entrepreneur activities. Table 5.1 gives core competencies.

Core Entrepreneurial activities

1. competencies
Initiative Does things before asked for or forced to by events
and acts to extend the business to new areas, products or
2. Perceiving Identifies
services. business opportunities and mobilizes necessary
opportunities resources to make good an opportunity.
3. Persistence Takes repeated or different actions to overcome obstacles.
4. Information Consults experts for business and technical advice.
gathering Seeks information of client or supplier‘s needs.
Personally undertakes market research and make use of
5. Concern for personaldesire
States contacts or information
to produce or sellnetworks
a betterto quality
obtain
quality work useful information.
product or service. Compares his performance favorably
with that of others.
6. Commitment to Makes a personal sacrifice or expands extraordinary effort
contractual to complete a job, accepts full responsibility in completing

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obligations a job contract on schedule, pitches in with workers or work
7. Efficiency in theirways
Finds place and
to getmeans
the jobtodone
do and shows
things utmost
faster, concern
better and
orientation to satisfy the customer.
economically.

8. Planning Various inter-related jobs are synchronized according to

plan.

9. Problem solving Conceives new ideas and finds innovative solutions.

10 Self-confidence Makes decisions on his own and sticks to it in spite of

. initial setbacks.

11 Experience Possesses technical expertise in areas of business, finance,

. marketing, etc.

12 Self-critical Aware of personal limitations but tries to improve upon by

. learning from his past mistakes or experiences of others
and is never complacent with success.

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13 Persuasion Persuades customers and financiers to patronize his

. business.

14 Use of influence Develops business contacts, retains influential people

. strategies. as agents and restricts dissemination of information in his
possession.
15 Assertiveness Instructs, reprimands or disciplines for failing to perform.
.

16 Monitoring Develops a reporting system to ensure that work is

. completed and quality norms.

17 Credibility Demonstrates honesty in dealing with employees, suppliers

. and customers even if it means a loss of business.

18 Concern for Expresses concern for employees by responding

. employee promptly to their grievances.
welfare
19 Impersonal Places long-term goodwill over short-term gain in a
. relationship business relationship.

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20
.

21
Expansion
capital base

Building product
of Reinvests a greater portion of profits to expand capital of
the firm.

Concerned about the image of his products among

. image consumers and does everything possible to establish a
niche for his products in the market.

Intraprenuer:

Is an emerging class found in large industrial organizations who emerge from within the
confines of the large industrial organizations.

In big organizations top executives are encouraged to catch hold of new ideas and
convert them into products through research and development activities within the
framework of the organization.

Very popular in developed countries like America.

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Many Intraprenuers are found leaving their jobs in big organizations and starting their own
enterprises and have become exceedingly successful in their ventures.Are causing threat to the
organizations they leave who inaugurate new products.

DISTINCTION BETWEEN ENTREPRENEUR AND MANAGER

Points Entrepreneur Manager

1. Motive The main motive of an Main motive of a manager
entrepreneur is to start a ventureis to render services in an
for his personal gratification. enterprise already set by
2. Status Owner Servant
someone else.
3. Risk Assumes risk and uncertainty Manager does not bear
any risk involved in
4. Rewards Profits, which are highly Salary which
enterprise. is certain and
uncertain and not fixed. fixed.
5. Entrepreneur himself thinks over A manager simply
Innovation what and how to produce goods executes plans prepared by
to meet the changing needs of the entrepreneur.
6. the entrepreneur
An customers. Hence
needs he acts as
to possess A manager needs to possess
Qualification innovator and
qualities / change agent.
qualifications like distinct qualifications in
high achievement motive, terms of sound knowledge

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originality in thinking, foresight, in management theory and
risk- bearing
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ability etc.
ENTREPRENEURS ANDpractice.
INTRAPRENEURS

Entrepreneurs Intrapreneurs

1. Dependency He is independent in his He is dependent on the

operation. entrepreneurs i.e. owner.
2. Raising of funds He himself raises funds He does not raise funds
required for the for the organization.
3. Risk organization. He does not fully bear
Entrepreneurs bears the the risk involved in the
4. Operation risk involved in the organization.
business. An intrapreneur operates
An entrepreneur operates from inside.
from outside. Intrapreneurs takes
Entrepreneurs converts the the res-
ideas into viable ponsibility of creating
opportunities. innovation.
Entrepreneurs takes the He is provided with a
profit of the business. variety of perquisite for his
innovation.

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CONCEPT OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP

―Entrepreneurship is the attempt to create value through recognition of business

opportunity, the management of risk taking appropriate to the opportunity and
through the communicative and management skills to mobilize human, financial and
material resources necessary to bring a project to fruition‖.

ROLE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

The important role that an entrepreneurship plays in the economic development of an

economy can be put in a more systematic manner as follows.
1. Entrepreneurship promotes capital formation by mobilizing the idle saving of the
public.
2. It provides immediate large-scale employment. Thus it helps to reduce
unemployment in the country.
3. It provides balanced regional development.

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4.

5.

6.
It helps reduce the concentration of economic power.

t stimulates the equitable redistribution of wealth, income and even political

power in the interest of the country.
It encourages effective resources mobilization of capital and skill which might
otherwise remain unutilized and idle.
7. It also induces backward and forward linkages which stimulated the process of
economic development in the country.
8. It promotes country‘s export trade i.e. an important ingredient for economic
development.

STAGES IN THE ENTREPRENEURIAL PROCESS

Stages in the development of the entrepreneural process:

Can be explained in five stages:

Stage 1: perceiving ,identifying and evaluating opportunity

Stage 2:drawing up a business plan
Stage 3:marshalling resources

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Stage 4:creating the enterprise

Stage 5:consoldation and management
1.Perceiving ,identifying opportunity:
• An entrepreneur has to be alert to the opportunities and possibilities that arises in the
market from time to time.
• Opportunity knock the door of every entrepreneur only few seize them and convert them
• Consumers & business association, members of distribution system, independent
technical organizations consultants etc.
government organizations & R&D centers also provide new ideas
2. Evaluating opportunity:
• Opportunities have to be not only identified but also analyzed with respect to the
following.
• It involves length of opportunity, its real perceived value its risks & resources, with
personal skills goals of entrepreneur & its uniqueness or differential advantages in its
competitive environment.
• Description of product,Agreement of opportunity, Assessment of the entrepreneur,
Resources needed,Amount & sources of capital, Profit expected.
3. Drawing up a business plan:
• A business plan is nothing but a description of the future direction of the business.
• A good business plan is very essential to develop the opportunity and to determine the

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resources received.
• A business plan describes the business as well as the industry in which business exists
• It formulates all plans Technology plan, Financial plan, Organization plan, Production &
operation plan, Marketing & distribution plan, Summary
4. Marshalling resources:
• An Entrepreneur should have good idea of the various resources required with respect to
quality, quantity, prices and sources.
• The entrepreneur identifies the sources from where the finance and the human resource
can be arranged.
• Here, the entrepreneur finds the investors for its new venture and the personnel to carry
out the business activities.
5. Creating the enterprise:
• An entrepreneur has to be aware of the legal and practical hurdles that he has to face in
the process of physically creating his business.

• An entrepreneur decides on the future prospects of the business, i.e. its growth and
development. Here, the actual growth is compared against the planned growth and then
the decision regarding the stability or the expansion of business operations is undertaken
accordingly, by an entrepreneur.

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6. Consolidation and management:

• The operational problems of the growing enterprise must be examined.
• Once the funds are raised and the employees are hired, the next step is to initiate the
business operations to achieve the set goals.
• First of all, an entrepreneur must decide the management structure or the hierarchy that is
required to solve the operational problems when they arise.

Summary:
Identifying and evaluating an opportunity is a difficult task and one has to be watchful for
opportunities,

Ideas can from various sources and one has to be careful in evaluating the opportunities
carefully. Once the identifying the opportunity and identifying a suitable project, the next step is
to develop a plan for the venture. After assessing the resource position and the enterprise is
established, a further step is to assess the resource position and once the enterprise is
established, an entrepreneur should always look forward to indefinite future, growth,
development and continuation.

ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN INDIA

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Therefore Ministry of Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises, Govt of India has announced a
package for Promoting such enterprises in Feb 07 to provide full suppor tin the Areas of Credit,
Technological Up gradation, Marketing & Infrastructural Upgradation in Major Industrial
Infrastructure etc.

BARRIERS TO ENTREPRENEURSHIP

A large number of entrepreneurs particularly in the small enterprises fail due to several
problems and barriers. The greatest barrier to entrepreneurship is the failure of success. Karl.
H. Vesper has identified the following entrepreneurship barriers:
1. Lack of a viable concept
2. Lack of market knowledge
3. Lack of technical skills

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4. Lack of seed capital/fund

5. Lack of business knowledge
6. Complacency—lack of motivation
7. Social stigma
8. Time presence and distractions
9. Legal constraints and regulations
10. Monopoly and protectionism
11. Inhibitions due to patents
12. Lack of good machinery
13. Inability to dream
14. Lack of patience
15. Unwilling to invest money
16. Non availability of Raw materials
17. Unstable and Unpredictable markets
18. Globalization and entry of Foreign Goods.

IDENTIFICATION OF OPPORTUNITY

Entrepreneur who starts their own business can be grouped into two broad categories.
The first category consists of people who know exactly what they want to do and are

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merely looking for the opportunity or resources to do it.

The second group consists of people who want to start their own business, but do not
have definite ideas about what may would like to do. They may have developed skills
during their education or in the course of their previous employment, but many have not
be interested in opening a business in the same field of endeavor.

Project identification is concerned with the collection complication and analysis of data
for the eventual purpose of locating possible opportunities for investment and with the
development of the characteristics of such opportunities. Opportunities, according to
Drucker, are of three kinds: additive, complimentary and break-through.

Every project has three elements—inputs, outputs and social costs and benefits. The
input characteristics define what the project will consume in terms of raw material,
energy, manpower, finance and organizational setup.
The output characteristics of a project define what the project will generate in the
form of goods and services, employment revenue etc. The quantity and quality of all
these output should be clearly specified.
In addition every project will have impact on society. It inevitably affects the current
equilibriums of demand and supply in the economy.

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PROJECT FEASIBILITY STUDY

Project feasibility analysis is carried out to ensure viability of project. The important
project feasibility study is
1. Market feasibility
2. Technical feasibility
3. Financial feasibility
4. Economic feasibility
5. Ecological feasibility
Market feasibility
Market feasibility is concerned with two aspects the aggregate demand for the proposed
product/service, the market share of the project under consideration. For this market
analysis requires variety of information and appropriate forecasting methods.
The kind of information required is
● Consumption trends in the past and the present consumption level
● Past and present supply position
● Production possibilities and constraints
● Imports and exports
● Structure of competition
● Cost structure

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● Elasticity of demand
● Consumer behavior, intentions, motivations, attitudes, preferences and
requirements
● Distribution channels
● Administrative, technical and legal constraints

Technical Analysis
Technical analysis seeks to determine whether prerequisites for successful commissioning of
the project have been considered and reasonably good choices have been made with respect
to location, size, and so on. The important questions raised in technical analysis are:
● Has the availability if raw material, power, and other inputs been
established?
● Is the selected scale of operation optimal?
● Is the production process chosen suitable?
● Are the equipment and machines chosen appropriate?
● Have the auxiliary equipment and supplementary engineering works been
provided for?
● Has provision been made for treatment of effluents?
● Is the proposed layout of the site, buildings and plant sound?
● Have work schedules been drawn up realistically?

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● Is the technology proposed to be employed appropriate from the social

point of view?

Financial Analysis
Financial analysis is necessary as ascertain whether the propose project is financially
viable in the sense of being able to meet the burden of servicing dept and whether the
propose project will satisfy the return expectations of those who provide the capital. The
aspects to be looked into while conducting financial appraisal are as follows.
● Investment outlay and cost of project
● Means of financing.
● Project profitability
● Break-even point
● Cash shows of the project
● Investment worthiness judged in terms of various criteria of merit
● Project financial position
● Level of risk

Economic/ Social Cost-benefit Analysis

This is concerned with judging a project from the larger social point of view, where in the
focus if on social costs and benefits of a project, which may often be different from its

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monitory costs and benefits. The questions to be answered in social cost-benefit
analysis are as follows.
●

●
What are the direct economic benefits and costs of the project measured in
terms of shadow (efficiency) prices and not in terms of market prices?
What would be the impact of the project on the distribution of income in
the society?
● What would be the impact of the project on the level of savings and
investment in the society?
● What would be the contribution of the project towards the fulfillment of
certain like self-sufficiency, employment and social order?
Ecological Analysis
Today, environmental concerns assured a great deal of significance and hence ecological
analysis should be done, particulars for project which have significant ecological
implications like power plants and irrigation schemes and for environmental polluting
industries like chemicals, leather processing etc. The key questions to be answered in
ecological analysis are as follows.
● What is the likely damage caused by the project to the environment?
● What is the cost of restoration measures required to ensure that the
damage to the environment is contained within acceptable?

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