Tutorial 1 – Power, RMS Values, Distortion

Don’t use more than 3 significant digits – 1.23 A, 0. 456 W, 78.9 V

P.1.1. The voltage and current for a passive device are periodic with T=200ms (Fig.1)

⎧20V ; 0 < t < 140ms ⎫

v(t ) = ⎨ ⎬;
⎩0V ; 140 < t < 200ms ⎭
⎧20 A; 0 < t < 60 ms ⎫
⎪ ⎪
i (t ) = ⎨− 15 A; 60 < t < 100ms ⎬.
⎪12 A; 100 < t < 200ms ⎪
⎩ ⎭

v
20

t
0
140 ms 200 ms
i
20
12
t
0
60ms 100 ms 200 ms

− 15

Fig.1. Voltage and current profiles

Determine (1) the instantaneous power, (2) the average power, (3) the energy absorbed in each period.

Solution.

1. Instantaneous power

⎧400W ; 0 < t < 60 ms ⎫

⎪− 300W ; 60 < t < 100ms ⎪
⎪ ⎪ (1)
p (t ) = ⎨ ⎬
⎪ 240W ; 100 < t < 140ms ⎪
⎪⎩0W ; 140 < t < 200ms ⎪⎭

2. The average power

400 ⋅ 60 − 300 ⋅ 40 + 240 ⋅ 40

PAV = = 108W . (2)
200

3. The energy absorbed in each period

W = PAV T = 108W ⋅ 0.2s = 21.6 J . (3)

P.1.2. Find the average power absorbed by a 48 Vdc voltage source given that the current into the
positive terminal is given in P. 1.1.

Solution.

1. The average current

20 ⋅ 60 − 15 ⋅ 40 + 12 ⋅100
I AV = = 9 A. (4)
200

2. The average power (positive because absorbed by the source)

PAV = VDC ⋅ I AV = 48V ⋅ 9 = 432W . (5)

P.1.3. Find the RMS values of the voltage and current waveforms given in P. 1.1.

Solution.

1. Voltage RMS

20 2 ⋅140
VRMS = = 16.7V . (6)
200

2. Current RMS

20 2 ⋅ 60 + 15 2 ⋅ 40 + 12 2 ⋅100
I RMS = = 15.4 A . (7)
200

P.1.4. The voltage and current for a passive device are given by

v(t ) = 4 + 7COS (ωt + 45 o ) − 5COS (2ωt + 20 o );

i(t ) = 3 + 2COS (ωt ) − COS (2ωt − 40 o ).

Find (1) the RMS value of voltage, (2) the RMS value of current, (3) the power consumed by the
device.

Solution.

1. Voltage RMS

VRMS = 42 + 0.5 ⋅ (72 + 52 ) = 7.28V . (8)

2. Current RMS
 I RMS = 32 + 0.5 ⋅ (22 + 12 ) = 3.39 A . (9)

3. Average power

P = 4 ⋅ 3 + 0.5 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 2 ⋅ COS (45o ) + 0.5 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 1 ⋅ COS (60 o ) = 18.2W . (10)

P.1.5. A sinusoidal voltage source produces a non-linear load current

v(t ) = 170COS (314t );

i(t ) = 20COS (314t + 30 o ) + 12COS (628t + 45 o ) + 6COS (1256t + 20 o ).

Find (1) the power consumed by the load, (2) RMS current value, (3) the distortion factor (DF) of the
load current, (4) the power factor (PF), (5) the THD of the load current.

Solution.

1. Power

P = 0.5 ⋅ 170 ⋅ 20 ⋅ COS (30 o ) = 1470W (11)

2. RMS current value

I RMS = 0.5 ⋅ (202 + 122 + 62 ) = 17.0 A . (12)

3. Load current distortion factor

I1, rms 20
DF = = = 0.832 . (13)
Irms 2 ⋅ 17

4. Power Factor

PF = DF ⋅ COS (30 o ) = 0.832 ⋅ 0.866 = 0.720 . (14)

5. Load current THD

1 1
THD = 2
−1 = − 1 = 0.667 . (15)
DF 0.8322
 Tutorial 2 – Semiconductor Losses

Don’t use more than 3 significant digits – 1.23 A, 0. 456 W, 78.9 V

There are 2 basic semiconductor loss mechanisms – conductivity loss and switching loss. Diode reverse
recovery caused losses are associated with switching loss but are neglected in the first approximation
(in this Tutorial). Switching loss can’t be modelled in elementary PSIM simulation – this requires a
detailed consideration of semiconductor switch (power MOSFET / IGBT) dynamic model
(capacitances) and gate driver electronic circuit.

Conductivity Loss Mechanisms

Conductivity losses in power MOSFET and IGBT power stages have essentially different nature and,
therefore, are considered on separate. But first consider power diodes.

2.1. Power Diode Conductivity Loss

There are 3 power diode models – ideal, offset and offset + slope (Fig.1)

Fig.1. Diode models – ideal (a), offset (b) and offset + slope (c)

There are no losses in ideal diode (ideal short + ideal open).

The instantaneous losses power for the offset model –

pD (t ) = iD (t )VD , (1)

where VD – offset voltage. Average power on a period

PD = I D _ AV VD , (2)

I D _ AV – average diode current on the same period.

The instantaneous losses power for the offset+slope model –

pD (t ) = iD (t )VD + iD2 (t ) RD , (3)

where RD – diode (differential) resistance. Average power on a period

 PD = I D _ AV VD + I D2 _ RMS RD , (4)

I D _ RMS – RMS diode current.

Problem 2.1. Power diode periodic current is given by (Fig.2)

⎧20 SIN (314t ), 0 < t < 10ms;⎫

iD (t ) = ⎨ ⎬
⎩0 A, 10 < t < 20ms. ⎭

Fig.2. Diode current

Find average diode power dissipation for:

(1) ideal diode model;
(2) offset model with VD = 0.7V ;
(3) offset+slope model with VD = 0.7V , RD = 20mΩ .

Solution:

(1) for ideal diode, dissipated power is zero.

(2) average diode current

Im 20
I D _ AV = = = 6.37 A .
π 3.14

For the offset diode, dissipated power

PD = I D _ AV VD = 6.37 ⋅ 0.7 = 3.13W .

(3) RMS diode current
2 1 I m2 I m2
I D _ RMS = = = 100 A2 ;
2 2 4 .
I m 20
I D _ RMS = = = 10 A.
2 2

For the offset diode, dissipated power

PD = I D _ AVVD + I D2 _ RMS RD = 6.37 ⋅ 0.7 + 100 ⋅ 0.02 = 3.13 + 2 = 5.13W .

2.2. Power MOSFET Conductivity Loss

In conductance state, power MOSFET behaves like a resistor and is able to conduct electrical current in
both directions. This way, power MOSFET conductivity loss is similar to resistor loss

p(t ) = i 2 (t ) RDS (on) (T ) , (5)

where i (t ) - transistor current; RDS (on ) - channel resistance (DS stands for Drain-Source, on – for
conductivity state); T - channel (average) temperature. The channel resistance is temperature dependent
with a typical graph shown in Fig.3. The dependence is slightly non-linear and may be conservatively
approximated by a linear -
RDS ( on ) (T2 ) = RDS ( on ) (T1 )(1 + α T (T2 − T1 ) ), (6)
α T - positive channel resistance temperature coefficient (PTC).

Rds(on) Temperature Dependence

30
Normalized Rds(on), mOhm

25 Linear
20 approximation

15
Accurate
10

0
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
T, degrees Celsius

Fig.3. Typical power MOSFET resistance temperature dependence

Linear approximation (6) is quite good for analytical calculations.

Average dissipated power becomes
 2
P(T ) = I RMS RDS (on) (T ) , (7)

I RMS - RMS MOSFET current.

Modern power MOSFET channel resistance reaches very low values of a few milliohms. MOSFET
channel resistance voltage drop is essentially smaller than that of the parasitic anti-parallel intrinsic
body diode ~1.0V. Practically, all the reverse current flows through the MOSFET channel that reduces
overall power loss. The reverse diodes are conducting only for very small time portions of switching
event – of the order of 1 microsecond.

Remember that channel resistance is also a function of Gate-Source voltage supplied by Gate Driver
(power MOSFET electronic control circuit). The minimum resistance (minimum conductivity losses) is
achieved for the Gate-Source voltage close to rated one (typically 13-15V).

Problem 2.2. Power MOSFET periodic current is given by (Fig.4)

⎧80COS (3140t ), 0 < t < 0.5ms;⎫

i(t ) = ⎨ ⎬
⎩0 A, 0.5 < t < 2ms. ⎭

Fig.4. MOSFET current

Find average MOSFET power dissipation (conductivity loss) for channel temperatures -20C, 40C, and
100C. For channel resistance temperature dependence use linear approximation red curve in Fig.3.

Solution:
From Fig.3 graph, RDS ( on ) (−20C ) = 10 mΩ , RDS ( on ) (40C ) = 15mΩ , RDS ( on ) (100C ) = 20 mΩ .
RMS MOSFET current

1 I m2 I m2
I D2 _ RMS = = = 800 A2 ;
4 2 8
Im 80
I D _ RMS = = = 28.3 A.
2 2 2 ⋅ 1.41

MOSFET conductivity loss for the three temperatures –

P(−20C ) = 800 ⋅ 0.01 = 8W ;

P(40C ) = 800 ⋅ 0.015 = 12W ;
P(100C ) = 800 ⋅ 0.02 = 16W .

2.3. IGBT Conductivity Loss

IGBT conductivity loss is quite similar to that of power diode. However, IGBT forward voltage drop is
larger (1.0-1.5V and even more – compare with 0.7-0.8 V of silicon diodes).

3. Switching Loss

Switching loss mechanisms for power MOSFET and IGBT are assumed identical and discussed below
for MOSFET inductive switching.

An example of inductive switching is given in Fig.5.

VDS

i VDC
D R
VDC L t
+
- 0 TS
+ i
G+ VDS
-
VGS - I AV
OFF ON OFF ON t
0 TS

a b
Fig.5. Inductive switching circuit (a); low resolution switched waveforms
When the MOSFET is ON, the supply voltage Vdc is applied to LR-load and the current
(exponentially) increases. When the MOSFET is OFF, the current circulates via (freewheeling) diode,
LR-load voltage is almost zero and the current (exponentially) decays due to resistor losses. The
average current is defined by the average load voltage and load resistor. For sufficiently large
inductance L, the current is almost DC with negligible pulsations.

Inductive switching assumes that the RL-load current practically does not change during turn-ON or
turn-OFF switching events. We will assume inductive load current I = I AV .

3.1. Turn-ON Switching Loss

Turn-ON current and voltage graphs for inductive switching are shown in Fig.6.

V DS I D
1 2
V DC

I
t
Δt1ON Δt 2ON
Fig.6. Turn-on switching loss model

Current rise time and voltage fall time depend on gate drive circuit that is not shown in Fig.5.

While the current in MOSFET increases at turn-ON, the same in diode decreases to zero (the sum of
the two equals load current I).

Under the assumptions, turn-ON switching loss becomes

⎛ Δt + Δt 2ON ⎞
PON ( f , VDC , I ) = f ⎜ IVDC 1ON ⎟, (8)
⎝ 2 ⎠

where I - switched current; VDC - DC bus voltage; Δt1ON , Δt 2ON - current rise and voltage fall times
(Fig.6), f - device switching frequency.

3.2. Turn-OFF Switching Loss

Turn-OFF current and voltage graphs for inductive switching are shown in Fig.7.
 V DS ID
1 2
V DC

I
t
Δt1OFF Δt2OFF

Fig.7. Turn-off switching loss model

While the current in MOSFET declines to zero at turn-OFF, the same in diode increases to the load
current I.

Under the assumptions, turn-OFF switching loss becomes

⎛ Δt + Δt 2OFF ⎞
POFF ( f , VDC , I ) = f ⎜ IVDC 1OFF ⎟, (9)
⎝ 2 ⎠

where I - switched current; VDC - DC bus voltage; Δt1OFF , Δt2OFF - voltage rise and current fall times
(Fig.7); f - switching frequency.

Problem 2.3. Calculate power MOSFET switching loss for inductive switching with the following
parameters: VDC = 80V ; I = 20 A ; Δt1ON = 0.2µs ; Δt 2ON = 0.3µs ; Δt1OFF = 0.25µs ; Δt 2OFF = 0.4µs ;
f = 20 kHz .

Solution.

Turn-ON loss

⎛ Δt + Δt 2ON ⎞ 0.2 + 0.3

PON = f ⎜ IVDC 1ON 4
⎟ = 2 ⋅ 10 ⋅ 20 ⋅ 80 ⋅ ⋅ 10 −6 = 8W ;
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2

turn-OFF

⎛ Δt + Δt 2OFF ⎞ 4 0.25 + 0.4 −6

POFF = f ⎜ IVDC 1OFF ⎟ = 2 ⋅10 ⋅ 20 ⋅ 80 ⋅ ⋅10 = 10.4W .
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2

Overall switching loss becomes

PS = PON + POFF = 8 + 10.4 = 18.4W .
Problem 2.4. Calculate power MOSFET conductivity loss for RDS ( on ) = 15mΩ and the periodic current
given by Fig.8.

i, A
70
40
t, ms
0 5 10
Fig.8. MOSFET current

Solution.

It may be shown by direct computation that for Fig.9 current

i
I2
I1

t
t1 t2

Fig.9. Linear current segment

squared RMS current

t
2 1 2 2 I12 + I1 I 2 + I 22
. (10)
t 2 − t1 ∫t1
I RMS = i (t ) dt =
3

In Fig.9 and formula (10) any combinations of positive and negative I1 , I 2 are valid.

By applying (10), Fig.8 squared RMS current

5
1 2
2 40 2 + 40 ⋅ 70 + 70 2 5
= 1550 A2 .
10 ∫0
I RMS =i (t ) dt =
3 10
Then MOSFET conductivity loss
2
P = I RMS RDS (on) = 1550 ⋅ 0.015 = 23.3W .
 Tutorial 3 – Non-Controlled Half-Wave Rectifiers

Don’t use more than 3 significant digits – 1.23 A, 0. 456 W, 78.9 V

P3.1. For the half-wave rectifier with active load Vrms=120 V, frequency f=60 Hz, load resistor R=5
Ohm.

Determine: (a) average load current; (b) average load power; the power factor (PF).

Solution.

Voltage magnitude Vm = 2VRMS = 170V . Average voltage VO , AVG = Vm / π .

Vm 170
Average current I DC = = = 10.8 A .
πR 5π
2
Vm Vm2 170
Output RMS voltage VO ,RMS = = 85V , average load power P = = = 1440W .
2 4R 4 ⋅ 5

Vm 170
Resistor and source RMS current I RMS = = = 17 A .
2R 2 ⋅ 5

Apparent power S = VS ,RMS I RMS = 120 ⋅ 17 = 2040VA.

1440
Power factor PF = ≈ 0.707.
2040

P3.2. For the half-wave rectifier with RL-load R=100 Ohm, L=0.1 H, f =60Hz, and Vm=100 V.

Determine: (a) current expression; (b) average current; (c) RMS current; (d) load power; (e) power
factor. Hint: from numerical solution, β will equal 3.50 rad or 201 el. degree (Fig.1).

Fig.1. Numerical BETA solution for different Omega*Tau

Solution.

VS

ωt
π β 2π
vO
iO
ωt
π β 2π

VD
ωt
π β 2π

Fig.2. Voltage and current graphs

Angular frequency ω = 2πf = 6.28 ⋅ 60 = 377rad / s.

Impedance Z = R 2 + (ωL) 2 = 1002 + (377 ⋅ 0.1) 2 = 107Ohm.

⎛ ωL ⎞ −1 ⎛ 37.7 ⎞
Phase angle θ = TAN −1 ⎜ ⎟ = TAN ⎜ ⎟ = 0.361rad .
⎝ R ⎠ ⎝ 100 ⎠

ωL 37.7
SINθ = = = 0.352.
Z 107

ωL 37.7
Time constant ωτ = = = 0.377rad .
R 100

Vm ⎡ ⎛ ωt ⎞⎤
Current equation i(ωt ) = ⎢SIN (ωt − θ ) + SINθ exp⎜ − ωτ ⎟⎥, 0 ≤ ωt ≤ β .
Z ⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦

⎛ ωt ⎞
i (ωt ) = 0.936SIN (ωt − 0.361) + 0.331exp⎜ − ⎟, A, 0 ≤ ωt ≤ β .
⎝ 0.377 ⎠

From numerical solution β = 3.50rad .

 Fig.3. Current graph

Useful integrals:
β
β
∫ SIN (τ − θ )dτ = −COS (τ − θ ) |α
α

β
⎛ τ⎞ ⎛ τ⎞ β
∫α exp⎜⎝ − T ⎟⎠dτ = −T exp⎜⎝ − T ⎟⎠ |α
Average current
3.50
1 ⎡ ⎛ ωt ⎞⎤
IO =
2π ∫ ⎢0.936SIN (ωt − 0.361) + 0.331exp⎜ − 0.377 ⎟⎥d (ωt ) =
0 ⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦
1 ⎡ 3.50 ⎛ ωt ⎞ 3.50 ⎤
=
2π ⎢− 0.936COS (ωt − 0.361) |0 −0.331 ⋅ 0.377 exp⎜ − 0.377 ⎟ |0 ⎥ =
⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎦
1
= [− 0.936(−0.9999 − 0.9355) − 0.125(0.0001 − 1)] = 0.308 A
2π

A simpler way to calculate average current is to use average voltage

Vm
VO ,DC = (1 − COSβ ) = Vm [1 + COS (β − π )];
2π 2π
V 100
I DC = m [1 + COS (β − π )] = [1 + COS (3.50 − π )] = 0.308 A.
2πR 2π ⋅ 10

Useful integrals:
β
1 1
∫ SIN
2
(τ − θ )dτ = − SIN [2(τ − θ )] |αβ + (τ − θ ) |αβ
α
4 2
β
1 1
∫α SIN (τ )SIN (τ − θ )dτ = − 4 SIN [2τ − θ )] |α + 2 COS (θ )τ |α
β β

β
⎛ τ⎞ TSIN (τ − θ ) + T 2COS (τ − θ ) ⎛ τ⎞
∫α SIN (τ − θ ) exp⎜ − ⎟ dτ = − 2
exp⎜ − ⎟ |αβ
⎝ T⎠ 1+ T ⎝ T⎠

3.50 2
2 1 ⎡ ⎛ ωt ⎞⎤
I RMS =
2π ∫ ⎢0.936SIN (ωt − 0.361) + 0.331exp⎜ − 0.377 ⎟⎥ d (ωt ) =
0 ⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦
3.50
1 ⎡ 2 ⎛ ωt ⎞ ⎛ ωt ⎞⎤
=
2π ∫ ⎢0.876SIN (ωt − 0.361) + 0.618SIN (ωt − 0.361) exp⎜ − 0.377 ⎟ + 0.110 exp⎜ − 0.189 ⎟⎥d (ωt ) =
0 ⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎦
1
= (1.389 + 0.000 + 0.020) = 0.224 A2 .
2π

I RMS = 0.224 = 0.474 A.

2
P = I RMS R = 22.4W .

Power supplied by the source

β
1
V S (ωt )i (ωt )d (ωt ) =
2π ∫0
PS =

3.50
1 ⎡ ⎛ ωt ⎞⎤
=
2π ∫ 100SIN (ωt )⎢⎣0.936SIN (ωt − 0.361) + 0.331exp⎜⎝ − 0.377 ⎟⎠⎥⎦d (ωt ) =
0
3.5
1 ⎡ ⎛ ωt ⎞⎤
=
2π ∫ ⎢⎣93.6SIN (ωt )SIN (ωt − 0.361) + 33.1SIN (ωt ) exp⎜⎝ − 0.377 ⎟⎠⎥⎦d (ωt ) =
0

1
= (136.8 + 4.1) = 22.4W .
2π

P = PS .

P P 22.4
Power factor PF = = = = 0.67.
S VS ,RMS I RMS 70.7 ⋅ 0.474

P3.3. For the half-wave rectifier with RL-load and DC source (Fig.3.1) R=2 Ohm, L=20 mH,
Vrms=120 V, f =60Hz, and Vdc=100 V.

Determine: (a) current expression; (b) resistor power; (c) the power absorbed by DC source; (d) the
power supplied by AC source; (e) power factor.

Hint: from numerical solution, β equals 3.37 rad or 193 el. degree.
 VS

VDC
2π ωt
α π β

vO iO
VDC
0 α
ωt
π β 2π
VD ωt
α π β 2π

Fig.2. Voltage and current graphs

Solution.

Voltage magnitude Vm = 2VRMS = 170V .

Angular frequency ω = 2πf = 6.28 ⋅ 60 = 377rad / s.

Impedance Z = R 2 + (ωL) 2 = 22 + (377 ⋅ 0.02) 2 = 7.80Ohm.

⎛ ωL ⎞ −1 ⎛ 7.54 ⎞
Phase angle θ = TAN −1 ⎜ ⎟ = TAN ⎜ ⎟ = 1.31rad .
⎝ R ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠

ωL 7.54
Time constant ωτ = = = 3.77 rad .
R 2

⎛ VDC ⎞
α = SIN −1 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 0.630rad .
⎝ Vm ⎠

Current equation

Vm
i (ωt ) =
V ⎡V V ⎤⎡
SIN (ωt − θ ) − DC + ⎢ DC − m SIN (α − θ )⎥ ⎢exp−
(ωt − α )⎤,
Z R ⎣ R Z ⎦⎣ ωτ ⎥⎦
α ≤ ωt ≤ β .

⎡
i (ωt ) = 21.8SIN (ωt − 1.31) − 50 + 63.7 ⎢exp−
(ωt − 0.63)⎤,
⎣ 3.77 ⎥⎦
α ≤ ωt ≤ β .

From numerical solution β = 3.37 rad .

 Fig.4. Current graph

Average current
β
1
i(ωt )d (ωt )
2π α∫
IO =

1
3.37
⎧ ⎡ (ωt − 0.63)⎤ ⎫d (ωt ) =
IO =
2π ∫ ⎨⎩21.8SIN (ωt − 1.31) − 50 + 63.7⎢⎣exp−
0.63
3.77 ⎥⎦ ⎬
⎭
1 ⎡ 3.37 3.37 ⎡ (ωt − 0.63)⎤ 3.37 ⎤
=
2π ⎢− 21.8COS (ωt − 1.31) |0.63 −50 |0.63 +63.7 ⋅ 3.77 ⎢exp− 3.77 ⎥ |0.63 ⎥ =
⎣ ⎣ ⎦ ⎦
1
= (27.1 − 137 + 124) = 2.25 A
2π

A simpler way to calculate average current is to use average voltage

Vm
VO ,DC − VDC = [COSα + COS (β − π )] − VDC (β − α );
2π 2π
V − VDC V V
I O = O ,DC = m [COSα + COS (β − π )] − DC (β − α ) = 2.25 A
R 2πR 2πR

Power absorbed by the DC source Squared RMS Current

PDC = I OVDC = 225W .

Squared RMS Current

β
2 1 2
i (ωt )d (ωt )
2π α∫
I RMS =
 2
2 1
3.37
⎧ ⎡ (ωt − 0.63)⎤ ⎫
I RMS =
2π ∫0.63 ⎨⎩21.8SIN (ωt − 1.31) − 50 + 63.7⎢⎣exp− 3.77 ⎥⎦ ⎬⎭ d (ωt ) =
1
3.37
⎡ 2 ⎡ (ωt − 0.63)⎤ ⎤
=
2π ∫ ⎢475SIN (ωt − 1.31) + 2500 + 4057 ⎢exp− 1.885 ⎥ ⎥d (ωt ) +
0.63 ⎣ ⎣ ⎦⎦
1
3.37
⎧ ⎡ (ωt − 0.63)⎤ − 6377 ⎡exp− (ωt − 0.63)⎤ ⎫d (ωt ) =
+
2π ∫ ⎨⎩− 2180SIN (ωt − 1.31) + 2777 SIN (ωt − 1.31)⎢⎣exp−
0.63
3.77 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 3.77 ⎥⎦ ⎬
⎭
1
= (630.9 + 6852 + 5862.2 − 2711 + 1873.1 − 12407.7) = 15.9 A2 .
2π

I RMS = 15.9 ≈ 4 A.

2
P = I RMS R = 32W .

Power supplied by the source

β
1
V S (ωt )i (ωt )d (ωt ) =
2π α∫
PS =

1
3.37
⎧ ⎡ (ωt − 0.63)⎤ ⎫d (ωt ) =
=
2π ∫ 169.7SIN (ωt )⎨⎩21.8SIN (ωt − 1.31) − 50 + 63.7⎢⎣exp−
0.63
3.77 ⎥⎦ ⎬
⎭
1
3.37
⎧ ⎡ (ωt − 0.63)⎤ ⎫d (ωt ) =
=
2π ∫ ⎨⎩3699SIN (ωt )SIN (ωt − 0.131) − 8485SIN (ωt ) + 10810 SIN (ωt )⎢⎣exp−
0.63
3.77 ⎥⎦ ⎬
⎭
1
= (1945 − 15119 + 14787 ) = 257W .
2π

PS = PR + PDC .

P P 257
Power factor PF = = = = 0.54.
S VS ,RMS I RMS 120 ⋅ 4

P3.4. For the half-wave rectifier with RL-load and clamping diode R=2 Ohm, L=25 mH, f =60Hz, and
Vm=100 V.

Determine: (a) average load voltage; (b) average load current; (c) RMS current; (d) resistor power.

Use frequency domain and time domain analysis and compare the results of both.
 VS

ωt
π 2π
vO i O
i20
i10 ωt
iD π 2π
i20
i10 ωt
iD 1 π 2π
i20
i10 ωt
VD π 2π ωt

VD V D1

Fig.5. Voltage and current graphs

Solution.

Average voltage

Vm 100
VO , AVG = = = 31.8V .
π π
Vm 100
Average current I DC = = = 15.9 A.
πR 2π
Frequency domain solution.

Voltage harmonic magnitudes

Vm
V1 = = 50V ;
2
2V
V2 = 2 m = 21.2V ;
(2 − 1)π
2V
V4 = 2 m = 4.24V ;
(4 − 1)π
2V
V6 = 2 m = 1.82V ...
(6 − 1)π

Angular frequency ω = 2πf = 6.28 ⋅ 60 = 377rad / s.

Harmonic impedances
 Z1 = 2 2 + (377 ⋅ 0.025) 2 = 9.63Ohm;
Z 2 = 2 2 + (2 ⋅ 377 ⋅ 0.025) 2 = 18.96Ohm;
Z 4 = 2 2 + (4 ⋅ 377 ⋅ 0.025) 2 = 37.75Ohm;
Z 6 = 2 2 + (6 ⋅ 377 ⋅ 0.025) 2 = 56.58Ohm...

Current harmonics

I1 = V1 / Z1 = 5.19 A;
I 2 = V2 / Z 2 = 1.12 A;
I 4 = V4 / Z 4 = 0.11 A;
I 6 = V6 / Z 6 = 0.03 A...

RMS current

I12 I 22 I 42 I 62
I RMS ≈ I O2 , AVG + + + + = 16.3 A.
2 2 2 2
2
P = I RMS R = 532W .

Time domain solution.

Current expression

Vm ⎡V ⎤ ⎛ ωt ⎞
i (ωt ) = SIN (ωt − θ ) + ⎢ m SIN (θ ) + i10 ⎥ exp⎜ − ⎟; 0 ≤ ωt ≤ π ;
Z ⎣Z ⎦ ⎝ ωτ ⎠
⎡ (ωt − π ) ⎤
i (ωt ) = i20 exp⎢− ; π ≤ ωt ≤ 2π .
⎣ ωτ ⎥⎦

⎛ π ⎞
1 + exp⎜ − ⎟
i10 = ⎝ ωτ ⎠ Vm
SIN (θ ) = 10.7;
⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ π ⎞ Z
exp⎜ ⎟ − exp⎜ − ⎟
⎝ ωτ ⎠ ⎝ ωτ ⎠
⎛ π ⎞
exp⎜ ⎟ +1
⎝ ωτ ⎠ Vm
i20 = SIN (θ ) = 20.9.
⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ π ⎞ Z
exp⎜ ⎟ − exp⎜ − ⎟
⎝ ωτ ⎠ ⎝ ωτ ⎠

⎛ ωt ⎞
i (ωt ) = 10.4 SIN (ωt − 1.36) + 20.9 exp⎜ − ⎟; 0 ≤ ωt ≤ π ;
⎝ 4.71 ⎠
⎡ (ωt − π ) ⎤
i (ωt ) = 20.9 exp⎢− ; π ≤ ωt ≤ 2π .
⎣ 4.71 ⎥⎦
 Fig.6. Current graph

π 2
2 1 ⎡ ⎛ ωt ⎞ ⎤
I RMS = ∫ ⎢10.4 SIN (ωt − 1.36) + 20.9 exp⎜ − ⎟⎥ d (ωt ) +
2π 0 ⎣ ⎝ 4.71 ⎠⎦
2π 2 π
1 ⎧ ⎡ (ωt − π ) ⎤ ⎫ 1 2
+
2π ∫π ⎨⎩20.9 exp⎢⎣− 4.71 ⎥⎦ ⎬⎭ d (ωt ) = 2π ∫0 107.7 SIN (ωt − 1.36)d (ωt ) +
π π
1 ⎛ ωt ⎞ 2 ⎛ ωt ⎞
+ ∫ 433.2 SIN (ωt − 1.36) exp⎜ − ⎟d (ωt ) + ∫ 435.4 exp⎜ − ⎟d (ωt ) =
2π 0 ⎝ 4.71 ⎠ 2π 0 ⎝ 2.36 ⎠
1
= (169.2 + 0.0 + 1511) = 267.4 A2 .
2π

I RMS = 267.4 = 16.35 A.

2
P = I RMS R = 534 .8W .

Frequency and time domain results are in good agreement.

 Tutorial 4 – Controlled Half-Wave Rectifiers

Don’t use more than 3 significant digits – 1.23 A, 0. 456 W, 78.9 V

Useful integrals:
β
β
∫ SIN (τ − θ )dτ = −COS (τ − θ ) |α
α

β
⎛ τ⎞ ⎛ τ⎞ β
∫ exp⎜⎝ − T ⎟⎠dτ = −T exp⎜⎝ − T ⎟⎠ |α
α

β
1 1
∫ SIN
2
(τ − θ )dτ = − SIN [2(τ − θ )] |αβ + (τ − θ ) |αβ
α
4 2

β
1 1
∫ SIN (τ )SIN (τ − θ )dτ = − 4 SIN [2τ − θ )] |α + 2 COS (θ )τ |α
β β

β
⎛ τ⎞ TSIN (τ − θ ) + T 2COS (τ − θ ) ⎛ τ⎞
∫α SIN (τ − θ ) exp⎜ − ⎟ dτ = − 2
exp⎜ − ⎟ |αβ
⎝ T⎠ 1+ T ⎝ T⎠
Lecture 3 (cont.)

P3.5. For the half-wave rectifier with capacitive filter Vrms=120 V, frequency f=60 Hz, load resistor
R=500 Ohm, filter capacitance C=100 uF.

Determine: (a) output voltage expression; (b) peak-to-peak output voltage; (c) capacitor current
expression; (d) the peak diode current.

Hint: from numerical solution, α equals 0.843 rad or 48 el. degree (Fig.1).

Fig.1. Numerical solution for ALPHA

Solution.

Voltage magnitude Vm = 2VRMS = 170V .

Angular frequency ω = 2πf = 6.28 ⋅ 60 = 377rad / s.

ωRC = 377 ⋅ 500 ⋅ 100 ⋅ 10 −6 = 18.9rad .

π ⎛ 1 ⎞ −1 ⎛ 1 ⎞
θ= + TAN −1 ⎜ ⎟ = 1.57 + TAN ⎜ ⎟ = 1.62rad .
2 ⎝ ωRC ⎠ ⎝ 18.9 ⎠

Vm SIN (θ ) = 169.5V .

From numerical solution of equation

⎛ 2π + α − θ ⎞
SIN (θ ) exp⎜ − ⎟ = SIN (α )
⎝ ωRC ⎠

α equals 0.843 rad.

VO (ωt ) = 170SIN (ωt ), 0.843 ≤ ωt ≤ 1.62;
⎛ ωt − 1.62 ⎞
VO (ωt ) = 169.5SIN (θ ) exp⎜ − ⎟, 1.62 < ωt ≤ 0.843 + 2π .
⎝ 18.9 ⎠

Peak-to-peak output voltage

ΔVO = Vm [1 − SIN (α )] = 170[1 − SIN (0.843)] = 43V .

Capacitor current

iC (ωt ) = ωCVm COS (ωt ) = 6.4COS (ωt ), 0.843 ≤ ωt ≤ 1.62;

⎛ ωt − θ ⎞ ⎛ ωt − 1.62 ⎞
iC (ωt ) = ωCVm COS (θ ) exp⎜ − ⎟ == −0.339 exp⎜ − ⎟, 1.62 < ωt ≤ 0.843 + 2π .
⎝ ωRC ⎠ ⎝ 18.9 ⎠

Peak diode current

⎡ SIN (α ) ⎤ ⎡ SIN (0.843) ⎤

iDPEAK = iD (α ) = Vm ⎢ + ωCCOS (α )⎥ = 170⎢ + 377 ⋅ 10 −4 COS (0.843)⎥ = 0.25 + 4.26 = 4.51 A.
⎣ R ⎦ ⎣ 500 ⎦

Lecture 4

P4.1. For controlled half-wave rectifier with active load (Fig.1.1) R=100 Ohm, f =60Hz, and
Vrms=120 V.

Select delay (control, or firing) angle α to produce average output voltage Vdc=40 V. Next, determine
(1) active power; (2) power factor.

Solution.

From

Vm
VDC = [1 + COS (α )]
2π

firing angle

⎡ ⎛ VDC ⎞ ⎤ ⎡ ⎛ 40 ⎞ ⎤
α = COS −1 ⎢2π ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − 1⎥ = COS −1 ⎢2π ⎜ ⎟ − 1⎥ = 1.07 rad (61O ).
⎣ ⎝ Vm ⎠ ⎦ ⎣ ⎝ 2 ⋅ 120 ⎠ ⎦

RMS voltage

Vm α SIN (2α ) 2 ⋅ 120 1.07 SIN (2 ⋅ 1.07)

VRMS = 1− + = 1− + = 75.6V .
2 π 2π 2 π 2π

RMS current
 VRMS 75.6
I RMS = = = 0.756 A.
R 100

(1) Active power

2
VRMS 75.6 2
P= = = 57.1W .
R 100

(2) Power Factor

P 57.1
PF = = = 0.63.
S 120 ⋅ 0.756

P4.2. For controlled half-wave rectifier with RL-load R=20 Ohm, L=0.04 H, f =60Hz, and Vrms=120
V. The delay (control) angle α = 45 el. degrees.

Determine: (1) output current expression; (2) average current; (3) load power; (4) the power factor.

Hint: from numerical solution, β equals 3.79 rad or 217 el. degrees.

Solution.

Voltage magnitude Vm = 2VRMS = 170V .

Angular frequency ω = 2πf = 6.28 ⋅ 60 = 377rad / s.

Impedance Z = R 2 + (ωL) 2 = 20 2 + (377 ⋅ 0.04) 2 = 25.0Ohm.

ωL 15.08
Normalized time constant ωτ = = = 0.754rad .
R 20

⎛ ωL ⎞
Phase angle θ = TAN −1 ⎜ ⎟ = TAN (0.754) = 0.646rad .
−1

⎝ R ⎠

α = 45O = 0.785rad .
(1) Output current expression

⎡Vm ⎛ ωt − α ⎞⎤ ⎛ ωt − 0.785 ⎞
i (ωt ) = ⎢ SIN (ωt − θ ) + SIN (θ − α ) exp⎜ − ωτ ⎟⎥ = 6.78SIN (ωt − 0.646) − 0.941exp⎜ − 0.754 ⎟,
Z
⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦ ⎝ ⎠
α ≤ ωt ≤ β .

From numerical solution β equals 3.79 rad.

 Fig.2. Load current

(2) Average current by direct integration

1
3.79
⎧ ⎡ (ωt − 0.785)⎤ ⎫d (ωt ) =
IO = ∫ ⎨6.78 SIN (ωt − 0.646) − 0.941⎢exp− ⎬
2π 0.785 ⎩ ⎣ 0.754 ⎥⎦ ⎭
1 ⎡ 3.79 ⎡ (ωt − 0.785)⎤ 3.79 ⎤
=
2π ⎢− 6.78COS (ωt − 0.646) |0.785 −0.941 ⋅ 0.754⎢exp− 0.754 ⎥ |0.785 ⎥ =
⎣ ⎣ ⎦ ⎦
1
= (13.48 − 0.696) = 2.04 A
2π

There is a shortcut based on average output voltage (be advised by the lecture material).

RMS current square

2
2 1
3.79
⎧ ⎡ (ωt − 0.785)⎤ ⎫ d (ωt ) =
I RMS = ∫ ⎨6.78 SIN (ωt − 0.646) − 0.941⎢exp− ⎬
2π 0.785 ⎩ ⎣ 0.754 ⎥⎦ ⎭
1
3.79
⎡ 2 ⎡ (ωt − 0.785)⎤ + 0.886⎡exp− (ωt − 0.785)⎤ ⎤d (ωt ) =
=
2π ∫ ⎢45.97 SIN (ωt − 0.646) − 12.76 SIN (ωt − 0.646) ⎢exp− 0.754 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0.754 ⎥⎦ ⎥⎦
0.785 ⎣ ⎣
1
= (72.1 − 5.52 + 0.334) = 10.65 A2 .
2π
I RMS = 10.65 = 3.26 A.

(3) Load power

2
P = I RMS R = 10.65 ⋅ 20 = 213W .

Power supplied by the source

 β
1
V S (ωt )i (ωt )d (ωt ) =
2π α∫
PS =

1
3.79
⎧ ⎡
169.7 SIN (ωt )⎨6.78 SIN (ωt − 0.646) − 0.941⎢exp−
(ωt − 0.785)⎤ ⎫d (ωt ) =
=
2π ∫
0.785 ⎩ ⎣ 0.754 ⎥⎦ ⎭
⎬

1
3.79
⎧ ⎡ (ωt − 0.785)⎤ ⎫d (ωt ) =
= ∫ ⎨1151SIN (ωt ) SIN (ωt − 0.646) − 159.7 SIN (ωt ) ⎢exp− ⎬
2π 0.785 ⎩ ⎣ 0.754 ⎥⎦ ⎭
1
= (1434.6 − 96.9) = 213W .
2π

PS = P.

(4) Power factor

P P 213
PF = = = = 0.54.
S VS ,RMS I RMS 120 ⋅ 3.26

P4.3. For controlled half-wave rectifier with RL-load and DC source R=2 Ohm, L=20 mH, Vrms=120
V, f =60Hz, and Vdc=100 V. The delay (control) angle α = 45 el .degrees.

Determine: (1) output current expression; (2) the power absorbed by the DC source; (3) resistor power;
(4) power supplied by the source.

Hint: from numerical solution, β equals 3.37 rad or 193 el. degree.

Solution.

Voltage magnitude Vm = 2VRMS = 170V .

Angular frequency ω = 2πf = 6.28 ⋅ 60 = 377rad / s.

Impedance Z = R 2 + (ωL) 2 = 22 + (377 ⋅ 0.02) 2 = 7.80Ohm.

⎛ ωL ⎞ −1 ⎛ 7.54 ⎞
Phase angle θ = TAN −1 ⎜ ⎟ = TAN ⎜ ⎟ = 1.31rad .
⎝ R ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠

ωL 7.54
Time constant ωτ = = = 3.77 rad .
R 2

⎛ VDC ⎞
α MIN = SIN −1 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 0.630rad .
⎝ Vm ⎠

α = 0.785 > α MIN .

(1) Current equation

Vm
i (ωt ) =
V ⎡V V ⎤⎡
SIN (ωt − θ ) − DC + ⎢ DC − m SIN (α − θ )⎥ ⎢exp−
(ωt − α )⎤,
Z R ⎣ R Z ⎦⎣ ωτ ⎥⎦
α ≤ ωt ≤ β .

⎡
i (ωt ) = 21.8SIN (ωt − 1.31) − 50 + 60.9 ⎢exp−
(ωt − 0.785)⎤,
⎣ 3.77 ⎥⎦
α ≤ ωt ≤ β .

From numerical solution β = 3.37 rad .

Fig.3. Load current

Average current

1
3.37
⎧ ⎡ (ωt − 0.785)⎤ ⎫d (ωt ) =
IO = ∫ ⎨21.8SIN (ωt − 1.31) − 50 + 60.9 ⎢exp− ⎥⎦ ⎬
2π 0.785 ⎩ ⎣ 3.77 ⎭
1 ⎡ 3.37 3.37 ⎡ (ωt − 0.63)⎤ 3.37 ⎤
=
2π ⎢− 21.8COS (ωt − 1.31) |0.785 −50 |0.785 +60.9 ⋅ 3.77 ⎢exp− 3.77 ⎥ |0.785 ⎥ =
⎣ ⎣ ⎦ ⎦
1
= (28.9 − 129 + 113.8) = 2.19 A
2π

(2) Power absorbed by the DC source

PDC = I OVDC = 219W .

 2
2 1
3.37
⎧ ⎡ (ωt − 0.785)⎤ ⎫ d (ωt ) =
I RMS = ∫ ⎨21.8SIN (ωt − 1.31) − 50 + 60.9⎢exp− ⎥⎦ ⎬
2π 0.785 ⎩ ⎣ 3.77 ⎭
1
3.37
⎡ 2 ⎡ (ωt − 0.785)⎤ ⎤
=
2π ∫ ⎢475SIN (ωt − 1.31) + 2500 + 3709 ⎢exp− 1.885 ⎥ ⎥d (ωt ) +
0.785 ⎣ ⎣ ⎦⎦
1
3.37
⎧ ⎡ (ωt − 0.785)⎤ − 6090⎡exp− (ωt − 0.785)⎤ ⎫d (ωt ) =
+ ∫ ⎨− 2180SIN (ωt − 1.31) + 2655SIN (ωt − 1.31) ⎢exp− ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎬
2π 0.785 ⎩ ⎣ 3.77 3.77 ⎭
1
= (605.1 + 6449.6 + 5216.4 − 2891.6 + 2098.5 − 11382.3) = 15.2 A2 .
2π

(3) Resistor power

I RMS = 15.2 = 3.9 A.

2
PR = I RMS R = 30.4W .

(4) Power supplied by the source

β
1
V S (ωt )i (ωt )d (ωt ) =
2π α∫
PS =

1
3.37
⎧ ⎡
169.7 SIN (ωt )⎨21.8SIN (ωt − 1.31) − 50 + 60.9⎢exp−
(ωt − 0.785)⎤ ⎫d (ωt ) =
=
2π ∫
0.785 ⎩ ⎣ 3.77 ⎥⎦ ⎬
⎭
1
3.37
⎧ ⎡ (ωt − 0.785)⎤ ⎫d (ωt ) =
= ∫ ⎨3699 SIN (ωt ) SIN (ωt − 0.131) − 8485SIN (ωt ) + 10335 SIN (ωt ) ⎢exp− ⎥⎦ ⎬
2π 0.785 ⎩ ⎣ 3.77 ⎭
1
= (2160 − 14274 + 13680) = 249.4W .
2π

PS = PR + PDC .

Lecture 5

P5.1. For the full-wave rectifier with active load Vrms=120 V, frequency f=60 Hz, load resistor R=5
Ohm.

Determine: (1) average load current; (2) average load power; (3) the power factor (PF).

Solution.

Voltage magnitude Vm = 2VRMS = 170V .

(1) Average load current

 2Vm 2Vm 2 ⋅ 170
VO ,DC = , I DC = = = 21.6 A.
π πR 5π

VRMS 120
I RMS = = = 24 A.
R 5

(2) Average load power

2
VRMS
P= = 2880W .
R

(3) The power factor

P P 2880
PF = = = = 1.
S VS ,RMS I RMS 120 ⋅ 24

P5.2. For the full-wave rectifier with RL-load R=10 Ohm, L=10 mH, f =60Hz, and Vm=100 V.

Determine: (1) the average load current; (2) estimate peak-to-peak load current variation based on the
first AC term in Fourier series; (3) load power; (4) the power factor; (5) the diodes average current; (6)
the diodes RMS current.

Frequency domain solution.

(1) Average voltage

2Vm 2 ⋅ 100
VO ,DC = = = 63.7V .
π π
(1) Average load current

VO ,DC 63.7
I DC = = = 6.37 A.
R 10

Amplitudes of first voltage harmonics

4Vm 4 ⋅ 100
V2 = 2
= = 42.4V ;
π (2 − 1) π (4 − 1)

4Vm 4 ⋅ 100
V4 = 2
= = 8.48V .
π (4 − 1) π (16 − 1)

Harmonic impedances
 Z 2 = 10 2 + (2 ⋅ 377 ⋅ 0.01) 2 = 12.5Ohm;
Z 4 = 10 2 + (4 ⋅ 377 ⋅ 0.01) 2 = 18.1Ohm.

Current harmonics

I 2 = V2 / Z 2 = 3.39 A;
I 4 = V4 / Z 4 = 0.47 A.

(2) As the second harmonic is dominating, it can be used to estimate current peak-to-peak variation –

Δi ≈ 2I 2 = 2 ⋅ 3.39 = 6.78A.

RMS current

2 I 22 I 42
I RMS ≈ I DC + + = 6.81A.
2 2

(3) Load power

2
P = I RMS R = 464W .

(4) The power factor

P P 464
PF = = = = 0.964.
S VS ,RMS I RMS (100 / 2 )6.81

(5) Diodes’ average current

I DC 6.37
I D , AVG = = = 3.19 A.
2 2

(6) Diodes’ RMS current

I RMS 6.81
I D,RMS = == = 4.82 A.
2 2

Time domain solution.

Impedance Z = R 2 + (ωL) 2 = 10 2 + (377 ⋅ 0.01) 2 = 10.7Ohm .

ωL 3.77
Time constant ωτ = = = 0.377rad .
R 10

⎛ ωL ⎞
Phase angle θ = TAN −1 ⎜ ⎟ = TAN (0.377) = 0.361rad .
−1

⎝ R ⎠
Current expression

Vm ⎡V ⎤ ⎛ ωt ⎞
i (ωt ) = SIN (ωt − θ ) + ⎢ m SIN (θ ) + i0 ⎥ exp⎜ − ⎟; 0 ≤ ωt ≤ π ;
Z ⎣Z ⎦ ⎝ ωτ ⎠
i (π ) = i0 .

⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ π ⎞
1 + exp⎜ − ⎟ 1 + exp⎜ − ⎟
i0 = ⎝ ωτ ⎠ Vm SIN (θ ) = ⎝ 0.377 ⎠ 100 0.353 = 3.30 A.
⎛ π ⎞ Z ⎛ π ⎞ 10.7
1 − exp⎜ − ⎟ 1 − exp⎜ − ⎟
⎝ ωτ ⎠ ⎝ 0.377 ⎠

⎛ ωt ⎞
i (ωt ) = 9.36 SIN (ωt − 0.361) + 6.60 exp⎜ − ⎟; 0 ≤ ωt ≤ π .
⎝ 0.377 ⎠

Fig.4. Load current

Squared RMS current

π 2 π
2 1 ⎡ ⎛ ωt ⎞⎤ 1 2
I RMS = ∫ ⎢9.36 SIN (ωt − 0.361) + 6.60 exp⎜ − ⎟⎥ d (ωt ) == ∫ 87.6SIN (ωt − 0.361)d (ωt ) +
π 0⎣ ⎝ 0.377 ⎠⎦ π 0
π π
1 ⎛ ωt ⎞ 1 ⎛ ωt ⎞
+ ∫ 123.6SIN (ωt − 0.361) exp⎜ − ⎟d (ωt ) + ∫ 43.6 exp⎜ − ⎟d (ωt ) =
π 0 ⎝ 0.377 ⎠ π 0 ⎝ 0.189 ⎠
1
= (862.5 + 0.0 + 2367.7) = 1028 A2 .
π

I RMS = 46.4 = 6.81A.

2
P = I RMS R = 464W .

Power supplied by the source

 π
1
PS = ∫V S (ωt )i (ωt )d (ωt ) =
π 0
π
1 ⎡ ⎛ ωt ⎞⎤
100SIN (ωt ) ⎢9.36 SIN (ωt − 0.361) + 6.60 exp⎜ − ⎟⎥d (ωt ) =
π∫
=
0 ⎣ ⎝ 0.377 ⎠⎦
π
1 ⎡ ⎛ ωt ⎞⎤
= ∫ ⎢936SIN (ωt ) SIN (ωt − 0.361) + 660SIN (ωt )⎜ − ⎟⎥d (ωt ) =
π 0⎣ ⎝ 0.377 ⎠⎦
1
= (1373 + 82) = 464W .
2π

PS = P .

Compare with the above frequency domain results.

 Tutorial 5 – Non-Controlled Full-Wave Rectifiers

Don’t use more than 3 significant digits – 1.23 A, 0. 456 W, 78.9 V

Useful integrals:
β
β
∫ SIN (τ − θ )dτ = −COS (τ − θ ) |α
α

β
⎛ τ⎞ ⎛ τ⎞ β
∫ exp⎜⎝ − T ⎟⎠dτ = −T exp⎜⎝ − T ⎟⎠ |α
α

β
1 1
∫ SIN
2
(τ − θ )dτ = − SIN [2(τ − θ )] |αβ + (τ − θ ) |αβ
α
4 2

β
1 1
∫ SIN (τ )SIN (τ − θ )dτ = − 4 SIN [2τ − θ )] |α + 2 COS (θ )τ |α
β β

β
⎛ τ⎞ TSIN (τ − θ ) + T 2COS (τ − θ ) ⎛ τ⎞
∫α SIN (τ − θ ) exp⎜ − ⎟ dτ = − 2
exp⎜ − ⎟ |αβ
⎝ T⎠ 1+ T ⎝ T⎠
Lecture 5

P5.1. For the full-wave rectifier with active load Vrms=120 V, frequency f=60 Hz, load resistor R=5
Ohm.

Determine: (1) average load current; (2) average load power; (3) the power factor (PF).

Solution.

Voltage magnitude Vm = 2VRMS = 170V .

(1) Average load current

2Vm 2Vm 2 ⋅ 170

VO ,DC = , I DC = = = 21.6 A.
π πR 5π

VRMS 120
I RMS = = = 24 A.
R 5

(2) Average load power

2
VRMS
P= = 2880W .
R

(3) The power factor

P P 2880
PF = = = = 1.
S VS ,RMS I RMS 120 ⋅ 24

P5.2. For the full-wave rectifier with RL-load R=10 Ohm, L=10 mH, f =60Hz, and Vm=100 V.

Determine: (1) the average load current; (2) estimate peak-to-peak load current variation based on the
first AC term in Fourier series; (3) load power; (4) the power factor; (5) the diodes average current; (6)
the diodes RMS current.

Frequency domain solution.

Average voltage

2Vm 2 ⋅ 100
VO ,DC = = = 63.7V .
π π
(1) Average load current

VO ,DC 63.7
I DC = = = 6.37 A.
R 10
Amplitudes of first voltage harmonics

4Vm 4 ⋅ 100
V2 = 2
= = 42.4V ;
π (2 − 1) π (4 − 1)

4Vm 4 ⋅ 100
V4 = 2
= = 8.48V .
π (4 − 1) π (16 − 1)

Harmonic impedances

Z 2 = 10 2 + (2 ⋅ 377 ⋅ 0.01) 2 = 12.5Ohm;

Z 4 = 10 2 + (4 ⋅ 377 ⋅ 0.01) 2 = 18.1Ohm.

Current harmonics

I 2 = V2 / Z 2 = 3.39 A;
I 4 = V4 / Z 4 = 0.47 A.

(2) As the second harmonic is dominating, it can be used to estimate current peak-to-peak variation –

Δi ≈ 2I 2 = 2 ⋅ 3.39 = 6.78A.

RMS current

2 I 22 I 42
I RMS ≈ I DC + + = 6.81A.
2 2

(3) Load power

2
P = I RMS R = 464W .

(4) The power factor

P P 464
PF = = = = 0.964.
S VS ,RMS I RMS (100 / 2 )6.81

(5) Diodes’ average current

I DC 6.37
I D , AVG = = = 3.19 A.
2 2

(6) Diodes’ RMS current

I RMS 6.81
I D,RMS = == = 4.82 A.
2 2
Time domain solution.

Impedance Z = R 2 + (ωL) 2 = 10 2 + (377 ⋅ 0.01) 2 = 10.7Ohm .

ωL 3.77
Time constant ωτ = = = 0.377rad .
R 10

⎛ ωL ⎞
Phase angle θ = TAN −1 ⎜ ⎟ = TAN (0.377) = 0.361rad .
−1

⎝ R ⎠

Current expression

Vm ⎡V ⎤ ⎛ ωt ⎞
i (ωt ) = SIN (ωt − θ ) + ⎢ m SIN (θ ) + i0 ⎥ exp⎜ − ⎟; 0 ≤ ωt ≤ π ;
Z ⎣Z ⎦ ⎝ ωτ ⎠
i (π ) = i0 .

⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ π ⎞
1 + exp⎜ − ⎟ 1 + exp⎜ − ⎟
⎝ ωτ ⎠ Vm ⎝ 0.377 ⎠ 100
i0 = SIN (θ ) = 0.353 = 3.30 A.
⎛ π ⎞ Z ⎛ π ⎞ 10.7
1 − exp⎜ − ⎟ 1 − exp⎜ − ⎟
⎝ ωτ ⎠ ⎝ 0.377 ⎠

⎛ ωt ⎞
i (ωt ) = 9.36 SIN (ωt − 0.361) + 6.60 exp⎜ − ⎟; 0 ≤ ωt ≤ π .
⎝ 0.377 ⎠

Fig.4. Load current

Squared RMS current

 π 2 π
2 1 ⎡ ⎛ ωt ⎞⎤ 1 2
I RMS = ∫ ⎢9.36 SIN (ωt − 0.361) + 6.60 exp⎜ − ⎟⎥ d (ωt ) == ∫ 87.6SIN (ωt − 0.361)d (ωt ) +
π 0⎣ ⎝ 0.377 ⎠⎦ π 0
π π
1 ⎛ ωt ⎞ 1 ⎛ ωt ⎞
+ ∫ 123.6SIN (ωt − 0.361) exp⎜ − ⎟d (ωt ) + ∫ 43.6 exp⎜ − ⎟d (ωt ) =
π 0 ⎝ 0.377 ⎠ π 0 ⎝ 0.189 ⎠
1
= (862.5 + 0.0 + 2367.7) = 1028 A2 .
π

I RMS = 46.4 = 6.81A.

2
P = I RMS R = 464W .

Power supplied by the source

π
1
PS = ∫V S (ωt )i (ωt )d (ωt ) =
π 0
π
1 ⎡ ⎛ ωt ⎞⎤
100SIN (ωt ) ⎢9.36 SIN (ωt − 0.361) + 6.60 exp⎜ − ⎟⎥d (ωt ) =
π∫
=
0 ⎣ ⎝ 0.377 ⎠⎦
π
1 ⎡ ⎛ ωt ⎞⎤
= ∫ ⎢936SIN (ωt ) SIN (ωt − 0.361) + 660SIN (ωt )⎜ − ⎟⎥d (ωt ) =
π 0⎣ ⎝ 0.377 ⎠⎦
1
= (1373 + 82) = 464W .
2π

PS = P .

Compare with the above frequency domain results.

P5.3. For the full-wave rectifier with RL-load and DC source R=2 Ohm, L=10 mH, Vrms=120 V, f
=60Hz, and Vdc=80 V.

Determine: (1) the resistor power; (2) the power absorbed by the DC source.

Hint: the rectifier operates in CCM. Frequency and time domain solutions possible - compare both.

2Vm VDC 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 120 80

I DC = − = − = 14.0 A .
πR R 2π 2

(2) PDC = I DCVDC = 14.0 ⋅ 80 = 1120W .

Frequency domain solution.

Voltage Fourier components

 2 2VRMS 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 120
VO ,DC = = = 108V ;
π π

4Vm 4 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 120
V2 = 2
= = 72.0V ;
π (2 − 1) π (4 − 1)

4Vm 4 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 120
V4 = 2
= = 14.4V .
π (4 − 1) π (16 − 1)

Harmonic impedances

Z 0 = R = 2Ohm;
Z 2 = 2 2 + (2 ⋅ 377 ⋅ 0.01) 2 = 7.8Ohm;
Z 4 = 2 2 + (4 ⋅ 377 ⋅ 0.01) 2 = 15.2Ohm.

Current components

I DC = VO ,DC / Z 0 = 14.0 A;
I 2 = V2 / Z 2 = 9.23 A;
I 4 = V4 / Z 4 = 0.90 A.

RMS current

2 I 22 I 42
I RMS ≈ I DC + + = 15.5 A.
2 2
2
(1) P = I RMS R = 478W .

Time domain solution.

Voltage magnitude Vm = 2VRMS = 170V .

Angular frequency ω = 2πf = 6.28 ⋅ 60 = 377rad / s.

Impedance Z = R 2 + (ωL) 2 = 22 + (377 ⋅ 0.01) 2 = 4.27Ohm.

ωL 3.77
Time constant ωτ = = = 1.89rad .
R 2

⎛ ωL ⎞
Phase angle θ = TAN −1 ⎜ ⎟ = TAN (1.89 ) = 1.08rad .
−1

⎝ R ⎠

Current equation
 Vm V ⎡V V ⎤ ⎛ ωt ⎞
i (ωt ) = SIN (ωt − θ ) − DC + ⎢ m SIN (θ ) + DC + i0 ⎥ exp⎜ − ⎟; 0 ≤ ωt ≤ π .
Z R ⎣Z R ⎦ ⎝ ωτ ⎠

⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ π ⎞
1 + exp⎜ − ⎟ 1 + exp⎜ − ⎟
i0 = ⎝ ωτ ⎠ Vm SIN (θ ) − VDC = ⎝ 1.89 ⎠ 170 0.883 − 80 = 11.5 A.
⎛ π ⎞ Z R ⎛ π ⎞ 4.27 2
1 − exp⎜ − ⎟ 1 − exp⎜ − ⎟
⎝ ωτ ⎠ ⎝ 1.89 ⎠

⎛ ωt ⎞
i (ωt ) = 39.8SIN (ωt − 1.08) − 40 + 86.6 exp⎜ − ⎟, 0 ≤ ωt ≤ π .
⎝ 1.89 ⎠

Average current
π
1 ⎡ ⎛ ωt ⎞⎤
I O = ∫ ⎢39.8SIN (ωt − 1.08) + 86.6 exp⎜ − ⎟⎥d (ωt ) − 40 =
π 0⎣ ⎝ 1.89 ⎠⎦
1⎡ ⎛ ωt ⎞ π ⎤
= ⎢ − 39.8COS (ωt − 1.31) |π0 +86.6 ⋅ 1.89 exp⎜ − ⎟ |0 ⎥ − 40 =
π⎣ ⎝ 1.89 ⎠ ⎦
1
= (37.3 + 132.4) − 40 = 14 A.
2π

Power absorbed by the DC source

(2) PDC = I OVDC = 1120W .

 π 2
2 1 ⎡ ⎛ ωt ⎞⎤
I RMS = ∫ ⎢39.8SIN (ωt − 1.08) − 40 + 86.6 exp⎜ − ⎟⎥ d (ωt ) =
π 0⎣ ⎝ 1.89 ⎠⎦
π
1 ⎡ ⎛ ωt ⎞⎤
= ∫ ⎢1584 SIN 2 (ωt − 1.08) + 1600 + 7400⎜ − ⎟⎥d (ωt ) +
π 0⎣ ⎝ 0.943 ⎠⎦
π
1 ⎧ ⎛ ωt ⎞ ⎛ ωt ⎞⎫
+ ∫ ⎨− 3184 SIN (ωt − 1.08) + 6894SIN (ωt − 1.31)⎜ − ⎟ − 6928⎜ − ⎟⎬d (ωt ) =
π 0⎩ ⎝ 1.89 ⎠ ⎝ 1.89 ⎠⎭
1
= (2484 + 5027 + 6819 − 2982 + 0.0 − 10595) = 240 A2 .
π

I RMS = 239.7 = 15.5 A.

2
(1) PR = I RMS R = 479W .

Power supplied by the source

π
1
PS = ∫V S (ωt )i (ωt )d (ωt ) =
π 0
π
1 ⎡ ⎛ ωt ⎞⎤
169.7 SIN (ωt ) ⎢39.8SIN (ωt − 1.08) − 40 + 86.6 exp⎜ − ⎟⎥d (ωt ) =
π∫
=
0. ⎣ ⎝ 1.89 ⎠⎦
π
1 ⎡ ⎛ ωt ⎞⎤
= ∫ ⎢ 6754 SIN (ωt ) SIN (ωt − 1.08) − 6788SIN (ωt ) + 14696 SIN (ωt )⎜ − ⎟⎥d (ωt ) =
π 0⎣ ⎝ 1.89 ⎠⎦
1
= (4968 − 13577 + 13638) = 1600W .
π

PR + PDC = 479 + 1121 = 1600W = PS .

Compare with the above frequency domain results.

P5.4. For the full-wave rectifier with capacitive filter Vrms=120 V, frequency f=60 Hz, load resistor
R=500 Ohm, filter capacitance C=100 uF.

Determine: (1) output voltage expression; (2) peak-to-peak output voltage; (3) capacitor current
expression; (4) the peak diode current.

Hint: from numerical solution, α equals 1.06 rad or 61 el. degree.

Voltage magnitude Vm = 2VRMS = 170V .

Angular frequency ω = 2πf = 6.28 ⋅ 60 = 377rad / s.

ωRC = 377 ⋅ 500 ⋅ 100 ⋅ 10 −6 = 18.9rad .

 π ⎛ 1 ⎞ −1 ⎛ 1 ⎞
θ= + TAN −1 ⎜ ⎟ = 1.57 + TAN ⎜ ⎟ = 1.62rad .
2 ⎝ ωRC ⎠ ⎝ 18.9 ⎠

Vm SIN (θ ) = 169.5V .

⎛ π + α −θ ⎞
From numerical solution of equation SIN (θ ) exp⎜ − ⎟ = SIN (α ) α equals 1.06 rad.
⎝ ωRC ⎠

VO (ωt ) = 170SIN (ωt ), 1.06 ≤ ωt ≤ 1.62;

(1) ⎛ ωt − 1.62 ⎞
VO (ωt ) = 169.5SIN (θ ) exp⎜ − ⎟, 1.62 < ωt ≤ 1.06 + π .
⎝ 18.9 ⎠

(2) Peak-to-peak output voltage ripple

ΔVO = Vm [1 − SIN (α )] = 170[1 − SIN (1.06)] = 21.7V .

(3) Capacitor current expression

iC (ωt ) = ωCVmCOS (ωt ) = 6.4COS (ωt ), 1.06 ≤ ωt ≤ 1.62;

⎛ ωt − θ ⎞ ⎛ ωt − 1.62 ⎞
iC (ωt ) = ωCVmCOS (θ ) exp⎜ − ⎟ == −0.339 exp⎜ − ⎟, 1.62 < ωt ≤ 1.06 + π .
⎝ ωRC ⎠ ⎝ 18.9 ⎠

(4) Peak diode current

⎡ SIN (α ) ⎤ ⎡ SIN (1.06) ⎤

iDPEAK = iD (α ) = Vm ⎢ + ωC ⋅ COS (α )⎥ = 170⎢ + 377 ⋅ 10 −4 COS (1.06)⎥ = 0.30 + 3.13 = 3.43 A.
⎣ R ⎦ ⎣ 500 ⎦
 Tutorial 6 – Controlled Full-Wave Rectifiers

Don’t use more than 3 significant digits – 1.23 A, 0. 456 W, 78.9 V

Useful integrals:
β
β
∫ SIN (τ − θ )dτ = −COS (τ − θ ) |α
α

β
⎛ τ⎞ ⎛ τ⎞ β
∫ exp⎜⎝ − T ⎟⎠dτ = −T exp⎜⎝ − T ⎟⎠ |α
α

β
1 1
∫ SIN
2
(τ − θ )dτ = − SIN [2(τ − θ )] |αβ + (τ − θ ) |αβ
α
4 2

β
1 1
∫ SIN (τ )SIN (τ − θ )dτ = − 4 SIN [2τ − θ )] |α + 2 COS (θ )τ |α
β β

β
⎛ τ⎞ TSIN (τ − θ ) + T 2COS (τ − θ ) ⎛ τ⎞
∫α SIN (τ − θ ) exp⎜ − ⎟ dτ = − 2
exp⎜ − ⎟ |αβ
⎝ T⎠ 1+ T ⎝ T⎠
Lecture 6

P6.1. For controlled full-wave rectifier with active load R=20 Ohm, f =60Hz, and Vrms=120 V. Delay
(control, or firing) angle α =40 el. degrees. Determine (a) active power; (b) power factor.

Voltage magnitude Vm = 2VRMS = 170V .

Vm
Average voltage VO , AVG = (1 + COSα ) = 170 40O = 95.4V .
π π
VO , AVG 95.4
Average current I DC = = = 4.77 A.
R 20

π
Angle in radians α = 40 = 0.698rad .
180

Vm α SIN (2α ) 170 0.698 SIN (2 ⋅ 0.698)

Output RMS voltage I RMS = 1− + = 1− + = 5.80 A.
2R π 2π 2 ⋅ 20 π 2π
2
Average load power P = I RMS R = 5.80 2 ⋅ 20 = 673W .

Apparent power S = VS ,RMS I RMS = 120 ⋅ 5.80 = 696VA.

672
Power factor PF = = 0.967.
696

P6.2. For controlled full-wave rectifier with RL-load R=10 Ohm, L=20 mH, f =60Hz, and Vrms=120
V. The delay angle α = 60 el. degrees.

Determine: (a) average current; (b) load power.

Hint: check that the rectifier operates in DCM. From numerical solution, β equals 3.78 rad or 216 el.
degree.

Voltage magnitude Vm = 2VRMS = 170V . Angular frequency ω = 2πf = 6.28 ⋅ 60 = 377rad / s.

Impedance Z = R 2 + (ωL) 2 = 10 2 + (377 ⋅ 0.02) 2 = 12.5Ohm.

ωL 377 ⋅ 0.02
Normalized time constant ωτ = = = 0.754rad .
R 10

⎛ ωL ⎞
Phase angle θ = TAN −1 ⎜ ⎟ = TAN (0.754) = 0.646rad .
−1

⎝ R ⎠
α = 60O = 1.047rad .

⎡ Vm ⎛ ωt − α ⎞⎤ ⎛ ωt − 1.047 ⎞
i (ωt ) = ⎢ SIN (ωt − θ ) + SIN (θ − α ) exp⎜ − ωτ ⎟⎥ = 13.6SIN (ωt − 0.646) − 5.29 exp⎜ − 0.754 ⎟,
Z
⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦ ⎝ ⎠
α ≤ ωt ≤ β .

From numerical solution β equals 3.78 rad. As π + α = 4.19 > β = 3.78 it is DCM indeed.

Average load current

1 ⎧
3.78
⎡ (ωt − 1.047)⎤ ⎫d (ωt ) =
IO = ⎨13.6 SIN (ωt − 0.646) − 5.29 ⎢exp−
∫ ⎬
π 1.047 ⎩ ⎣ 0.754 ⎥⎦ ⎭

=
1⎡
− 13.6COS (ωt − 0.646) |13..047
78 ⎡
−5.29 ⋅ 0.754⎢exp−
(ωt − 1.047)⎤ |3.78 ⎤ =
π⎣⎢ 0.754 ⎥⎦
1.047 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
1
= (26.02 − 3.88) = 7.05 A
π
RMS current square
2
2 1 ⎧
3.78
⎡ (ωt − 1.047)⎤ ⎫ d (ωt ) =
I = ∫ ⎨13.6SIN (ωt − 0.646) − 5.29 ⎢exp− ⎬
0.754 ⎥⎦ ⎭
RMS
π 1.047 ⎩ ⎣
1 ⎡
3.78
⎡
185SIN 2 (ωt − 0.646) − 144SIN (ωt − 0.646) ⎢exp−
(ωt − 1.047)⎤ + 28⎡exp− (ωt − 1.047)⎤ ⎤d (ωt ) =
= ⎢
π 1.047 ⎣ ∫ ⎣ 0.754 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0.377 ⎥⎦ ⎥⎦
1
= (284.6 − 76.1 + 10.5) = 69.7 A2 .
π

I RMS = 69.7 = 8.35 A.

 2
P = I RMS R = 69.7 ⋅ 10 = 697W .

Power supplied by the source

β
1
PS = ∫α V S (ωt )i (ωt )d (ωt ) =
π
1
3.78
⎧ ⎡
169.7 SIN (ωt )⎨13.6SIN (ωt − 0.646) − 5.29 ⎢exp−
(ωt − 1.047)⎤ ⎫d (ωt ) =
= ∫
π 1.047 ⎩ ⎣ 0.754 ⎥⎦ ⎭
⎬

1
3.78
⎧ ⎡ (ωt − 1.047)⎤ ⎫d (ωt ) =
= ⎨2308SIN (ωt ) SIN (ωt − 0.646) − 898SIN (ωt ) ⎢exp−
∫ ⎬
π 1.047 ⎩ ⎣ 0.754 ⎥⎦ ⎭
1
= (2740 − 550.4) = 697W .
π

PS = P.

P P 697
Power factor PF = = = = 0.70.
S VS ,RMS I RMS 120 ⋅ 8.35

P6.3. For controlled full-wave rectifier with RL-load R=10 Ohm, L=100 mH, f =60Hz, and Vrms=120
V. The delay angle α = 60 el. degrees.

Determine: (a) average current; (b) load power.

Hint: check that the rectifier operates in CCM. Frequency and time domain solution possible – it is 1

Voltage magnitude Vm = 2VRMS = 170V . Angular frequency ω = 2πf = 6.28 ⋅ 60 = 377rad / s.

Frequency domain Fourier analysis.

∞
VO (ωt ) = VO,DC + ∑V COS (nωt + θ
n=2, 4, 6
n n ).

2VmCOS (α ) 2 ⋅ 170 ⋅ COS (60 O )

VO,DC = = = 54.0V .
π π
2Vm ⎛ COS [α (n + 1)] COS [α (n − 1)] ⎞
an = ⎜ − ⎟;
π ⎝ n +1 n −1 ⎠
2V ⎛ SIN [α (n + 1)] SIN [α (n − 1)] ⎞
bn = m ⎜ − ⎟;
π ⎝ n +1 n −1 ⎠
Vn = an2 + bn2 .
a2 = −90.0; b2 = −93.5; V2 = 129.8V .

a4 = 46.8; b4 = −18.7; V4 = 50.4V .

a6 = −3.19; b6 = 32.0; V6 = 32.2V .

Harmonic impedances

Z 2 = 10 2 + (2 ⋅ 377 ⋅ 0.1) 2 = 76.0Ohm;

Z 4 = 10 2 + (4 ⋅ 377 ⋅ 0.1) 2 = 151.1Ohm;
Z 6 = 10 2 + (6 ⋅ 377 ⋅ 0.1) 2 = 226.4Ohm.

Average current and harmonics

I O , AVG = VO , AVG / R = 5.40 A;

I 2 = V2 / Z 2 = 1.71 A;
I 4 = V4 / Z 4 = 0.33 A;
I 6 = V6 / Z 6 = 0.14 A...

RMS current

I 22 I 32 I 62
I RMS ≈ I O2 , AVG + + + = 5.54 A.
2 2 2
2
P = I RMS R = 307W .

Time domain solution.

Impedance Z = Z1 = R 2 + (ωL) 2 = 10 2 + (377 ⋅ 0.1) 2 = 39Ohm .

ωL 377 ⋅ 0.1
Normalized time constant ωτ = = = 3.77 rad .
R 10

⎛ ωL ⎞
Phase angle θ = TAN −1 ⎜ ⎟ = TAN (3.77 ) = 1.31rad . α = 1.047rad .
−1

⎝ R ⎠

Current expression
 Vm ⎡V ⎤ ⎛ ωt − α ⎞
i (ωt ) = SIN (ωt − θ ) + ⎢ m SIN (θ − α ) + iα ⎥ exp⎜ − ⎟; α ≤ ωt ≤ π + α ;
Z ⎣Z ⎦ ⎝ ωτ ⎠
⎛ π ⎞
1 + exp⎜ − ⎟
iα = ⎝ ωτ ⎠ Vm SIN (θ − α ).
⎛ π ⎞ Z
1 − exp⎜ − ⎟
⎝ ωτ ⎠

⎡ (ωt − 1.047) ⎤
i (ωt ) = 4.35 SIN (ωt − 1.31) + 4.02 exp⎢− ⎥⎦; 1.047 ≤ ωt ≤ 4.189.
⎣ 3.77

Squared RMS current

4.189 2 4.189
2 1 ⎡ ⎡ (ωt − 1.047) ⎤ ⎤ 1
I RMS = ∫ ⎢ 4.35 SIN (ωt − 1.31) + 4.02 exp⎢− ⎥ ⎥ d (ωt ) = ∫ 18.9SIN 2 (ωt − 1.31)d (ωt ) +
π 1.047 ⎣ ⎣ 3.77 ⎦⎦ π 1.047
4.189 4.189
1 ⎡ (ωt − 1.047) ⎤ 1 ⎡ (ωt − 1.047) ⎤
+ ∫ 35.0SIN (ωt − 1.31) exp⎢− ⎥ d (ωt ) + ∫ 16.2 exp⎢− ⎥⎦d (ωt ) =
π 1.047 ⎣ 3.77 ⎦ π 1.047 ⎣ 1.89
1
= (29.7 + 42.0 + 24.7) = 30.7 A2 .
π
I RMS = 30.7 = 5.54 A.
2
P = I RMS R = 307W .

Power supplied by the source

 π +α
1
PS = ∫V S (ωt )i (ωt )d (ωt ) =
π α
4.189
1 ⎧ ⎡ (ωt − 1.047) ⎤ ⎫
= 170SIN (ωt )⎨4.35 SIN (ωt − 1.31) + 4.02 exp⎢−
∫ ⎥⎦ ⎬d (ωt ) =
π 1.047 ⎩ ⎣ 3.77 ⎭
π
1 ⎡ ⎡ (ωt − 1.047) ⎤ ⎤
= ∫ ⎢ 740SIN (ωt ) SIN (ωt − 1.31) + 683SIN (ωt ) ⎢− ⎥⎦ ⎥d (ωt ) =
π 0⎣ ⎣ 3.77 ⎦
1
= (297.4 + 667.4) = 307W .
2π

PS = P .

Compare with the above frequency domain results.

P6.4. For controlled full-wave rectifier with RL-load and DC source (Fig.3.1) R=5 Ohm, Vrms=240 V,
f =60Hz, and Vdc=100 V. Inductance is large enough to cause CCM.

Determine: (a) the delay (control) angle α such that power absorbed by the DC source is Pdc=1000 W;
(b) estimate from the first AC term the inductance that limits peak-to-peak current variation to 2 A.

Voltage magnitude Vm = 2VRMS = 339V .

The DC current component

PDC 1000
IO = = = 10 A .
VDC 100

DC voltage component

VO = VDC + I O R = 100 + 10 ⋅ 5 = 150V .

⎛ VOπ ⎞ V 150 ⋅ π ⎞
α = COS −1 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = COS −1 ⎛⎜ O
⎟ = 46 = 0.803rad .
2V
⎝ m⎠ ⎝ 2 ⋅ 339 ⎠

The first AC term is 2nd harmonic.

2Vm ⎛ COS (3α ) ⎞

a2 = ⎜ COSα − ⎟ = 203V ;
π ⎝ 3 ⎠
2V ⎛ SIN (3α ) ⎞
b2 = m ⎜ SINα − ⎟ = 107V ;
π ⎝ 3 ⎠
V2 m = a22 + b22 = 230V .

The required load 2nd harmonic impedance

 V2 m 230V
Z2 = = = 230Ohm.
I 2m 1A

Required inductance

Z 22 − R 2 2302 − 52
L= = = 0.31H .
2ω 2 ⋅ 377

Time domain analysis.

Voltage magnitude Vm = 2VRMS = 339V .

Impedance Z = R 2 + (ωL) 2 = 52 + (377 ⋅ 0.31) 2 = 117Ohm.

ωL 377 ⋅ 0.31
Normalized time constant ωτ = = = 23.4rad .
R 5

⎛ ωL ⎞
Phase angle θ = TAN −1 ⎜ ⎟ = TAN (23.4) = 01.53rad .
−1

⎝ R ⎠

α = 46 O = 0.803rad .
Current expression

Vm V ⎡V V ⎤ ⎛ ωt − α ⎞
i (ωt ) = SIN (ωt − θ ) − DC + ⎢ m SIN (θ − α ) + DC + iα ⎥ exp⎜ − ⎟; α ≤ ωt ≤ π + α .
Z R ⎣Z R ⎦ ⎝ ωτ ⎠

⎛ π ⎞
1 + exp⎜ − ⎟
⎝ ωτ ⎠ Vm V
iα = SIN (θ − α ) − DC .
⎛ π ⎞ Z R
1 − exp⎜ − ⎟
⎝ ωτ ⎠

⎡ (ωt − 0.803) ⎤
i (ωt ) = 2.90 SIN (ωt − 1.53) − 20 + 30.6 exp⎢− ⎥⎦; 0.803 ≤ ωt ≤ 3.945.
⎣ 23.4

∑I
n=2
2
n , RMS 2
I RMS − I12,RMS 44.1 − 9.27 2 / 2
THDI = = = = 0.162 = 16.2%.
I1,RMS I1,RMS 9.27 / 2
 Tutorial 7 – Non-Controlled Three-Phase Rectifiers

Don’t use more than 3 significant digits – 1.23 A, 0. 456 W, 78.9 V

Useful integrals:
β
β
∫ SIN (τ − θ )dτ = −COS (τ − θ ) |α
α

β
⎛ τ⎞ ⎛ τ⎞ β
∫ exp⎜⎝ − T ⎟⎠dτ = −T exp⎜⎝ − T ⎟⎠ |α
α

β
1 1
∫ SIN
2
(τ − θ )dτ = − SIN [2(τ − θ )] |αβ + (τ − θ ) |αβ
α
4 2

β
1 1
∫ SIN (τ )SIN (τ − θ )dτ = − 4 SIN [2τ − θ )] |α + 2 COS (θ )τ |α
β β

β
⎛ τ⎞ TSIN (τ − θ ) + T 2COS (τ − θ ) ⎛ τ⎞
∫α SIN (τ − θ ) exp⎜ − ⎟ dτ = − 2
exp⎜ − ⎟ |αβ
⎝ T⎠ 1+ T ⎝ T⎠
Lecture 7

P7.1. For a three-phase non-controlled full-wave rectifier with RL-load line-to-line voltage
Vrms,L=480 V, R=25 Ohm, L=50 mH, f =60Hz. Determine (a) output DC voltage; (b) DC component
and first AC (6x) harmonic magnitude of the load current; (c) average diode current; (d) RMS diode
current; (e) RMS source current; (f) active power and apparent power from the source; (g) power
factor.
i
+
+
D1 D3 D5 vL
-
+ vO
VBN
VAN
~ ~
VCN
~ D4 D6 D2
vR
-
N -

Fig.1. A three-phase non-controlled full-wave rectifier with RL-load

VAN VBN VCN i

VS ωt
π 3π 5π 7π 9π
6 6 6 6 6
π 2π ωt iD1
π π 3π 5π 7π 9π
ωt
6 6 6 6 6

iD2
VMAX ωt
π 3π 5π 7π 9π
6 6 6 6 6

iD3
ωt
ωt π 3π 5π 7π 9π

π /6 5π / 6 3π / 2 6 6 6 6 6

VMIN π /6 3π / 2 ωt iD4
ωt
5π / 6 π 3π 5π 7π 9π
6 6 6 6 6

iD5
ωt
π 3π 5π 7π 9π
VO 6 6 6 6 6

iD6
i π 3π 5π 7π 9π
ωt
6 6 6 6 6

iA
ωt ωt
π 3π 5π 7π 9π π 3π 5π
6 6 6
6 6 6 6 6

Fig.2. Voltage and current graphs

Solution.

(a) Output DC voltage

3VmL 3 2VRMSL 3 2 ⋅ 480

VO , AVG = = = = 648V .
π π π
(b) DC current component

VO , AVG 648
I DC = = = 25.9 A.
R 25

The first AC (6x) voltage harmonic

6VmL 6 2VRMSL
Vn = = , n = 6,12,18...
( )
π n − 1 π n2 − 1
2
( )
6 2VRMSL 6 2 ⋅ 480
V6 = = = 37.0V .
(
π 62 − 1 )
π 62 − 1 ( )
Load impedance for this harmonic

Z6 = R 2 + (6ωL) 2 = 252 + (377 ⋅ 0.05) 2 = 116Ohm .

The first AC (6x) harmonic of the load current

V6 37.0
I6 = = = 0.32 A.
Z 6 116

L 50m 1
Three time constants 3 =3 = 6ms is larger than the output voltage period = 2.8ms ,
R 25 6 ⋅ 60
therefore, the load current can be considered pure DC.

(c) Average diode current

I DC 25.9
I D ,DC = = = 8.63 A;
3 3

(d) RMS diode current

I DC 25.9
I D,RMS = 3I D ,DC = = = 15.0 A.
3 3
(e) The RMS source (phase) current

2 2
I A,RMS ≈ I DC = 25.9 = 21.1A.
3 3

(f) Active and apparent power

P = I 2 RMS R = 25.92 ⋅ 25 = 16.8kW ;

S = 3VRMS I A,RMS = 3VRMSL I A,RMS = 3 ⋅ 480 ⋅ 21.2 = 17.6kVA.

(g) Power Factor

P 16.8
PF = = = 0.955.
S 17.6
 Tutorial 8 – Controlled Three-Phase Rectifiers

Single-Phase AC-AC Controllers

Don’t use more than 3 significant digits – 1.23 A, 0. 456 W, 78.9 V

Useful integrals:
β
β
∫ SIN (τ − θ )dτ = −COS (τ − θ ) |α
α

β
⎛ τ⎞ ⎛ τ⎞ β
∫ exp⎜⎝ − T ⎟⎠dτ = −T exp⎜⎝ − T ⎟⎠ |α
α

β
1 1
∫ SIN
2
(τ − θ )dτ = − SIN [2(τ − θ )] |αβ + (τ − θ ) |αβ
α
4 2

β
1 1
∫ SIN (τ )SIN (τ − θ )dτ = − 4 SIN [2τ − θ )] |α + 2 COS (θ )τ |α
β β

β
⎛ τ⎞ TSIN (τ − θ ) + T 2COS (τ − θ ) ⎛ τ⎞
∫α SIN (τ − θ ) exp⎜⎝ − T ⎟⎠dτ = − 2
exp⎜ − ⎟ |αβ
1+ T ⎝ T⎠

P8.1. For a three-phase controlled full-wave rectifier with active load R=100 Ohm, f =50Hz, and line-
to-line RMS voltage Vrms,L=415 V. For the delay angles α = 45 and 90 el. degrees determine: (a)
average load voltage; (b) load power.

Solution.

For 0 < α < 60 o

3VmL 3 2VRMSL
VO , AVG = COS (α ) = COS (α ).
π π

For α = 45 o

3 2VRMSL 3 2 ⋅ 415 2
VO , AVG = COS 45O = = 396V .
π π 2

For 60 o < α < 120o

 3VmL ⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤ 3 2VRMSL ⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤
VO , AVG = ⎢1 + COS ⎜ α + ⎟⎥ = ⎢1 + COS ⎜ α + 3 ⎟⎥.
π ⎣ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎦ π ⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦

For α = 90 o

3 2VRMSL ⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤ 3 2 ⋅ 415 ⎡ ⎛ π π ⎞⎤
VO , AVG = ⎢1 + COS ⎜ α + ⎟⎥ = ⎢1 + COS ⎜ + ⎟⎥ = 75.5V .
π ⎣ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎦ π ⎣ ⎝ 2 3 ⎠⎦

For 0 < α < 60 o

3Vm2 2
P=
4πR
[
2π + 3 3COS (2α ) =
2VRMSL
4πR
]
2π + 3 3COS (2α ) .[ ]
For α = 45 o

2 ⋅ 4152
P=
4π ⋅ 100
[ (
2π + 3 3COS 2 ⋅ 45O = 1722W . )]
For 60 o < α < 120o

3Vm2 2
P= [4π − 6α − 3SIN (2α − π / 3)] = 2VRMSL [4π − 6α − 3SIN (2α − π / 3)].
4πR 4πR

For α = 90 o

2 ⋅ 4152
P= [4π − 6 ⋅1.571 − 3SIN (π − π / 3)] = 149W .
4π ⋅ 100

P8.2. For a three-phase controlled full-wave rectifier with RL-load R=10 Ohm, f =50Hz, line-to-line
RMS voltage Vrms,L=240 V and smoothing inductance is sufficiently large. For the delay angles α =
45 and 90 el. degrees, determine: (a) average load voltage; (b) load power; (c) power factor; (d) RMS
current of SCR.

Solution.

For 0 < α < 90 o

3VmL 3 2VRMSL
VO , AVG = COS (α ) = COS (α );
π π

27Vm2 2
18VRMSL
P= 2
COS 2
(α ) = 2
COS 2 (α );
π R π R
 3COS (α )
PF = ;
π

3 3Vm 3 2VRMSL
I O ,DC ≈ I O ,RMS = COS (α ) = COS (α );
πR πR
I 6VRMSL
I SCR ,RMS = O ,RMS = COS (α ).
3 πR

For α = 45 o

3 2VRMSL 3 2 ⋅ 240 2
VO , AVG = COS 45O = = 229V .
π π 2
2
18VRMSL 18 ⋅ 2402 1
P=
π 2R
2 O
COS 45 = ( )
π 210 2
= 5250W .

PF =
3COS (α )
=
( )= 3
3COS 45O 2
= 0.675.
π π 2π

6 ⋅ VRMSL 6 ⋅ 240 2
I SCR ,RMS =
πR
( )
COS 45O =
π ⋅ 10 2
= 13.2 A.

For α = 90 o , average load voltage, load power, power factor, and RMS current of SCR all equal zero.

P8.3. For the single-phase AC controller with active load R=15 Ohm, f =60Hz, and Vrms=120 V.

Determine: (a) the firing angle α required to deliver 500W to the load current; (b) voltage source RMS
current; (c) the RMS and average currents of SCRs; (d) the power factor; (e) the total harmonic
distortion (THD) of the source current.

Solution.

VO2,RMS
P= .
R

The required output squared RMS voltage

VO ,RMS = PR = 500 ⋅ 15 = 86.6V .

Vm α SIN (2α )
VO ,RMS = 1− + ;
2 π 2π
2
α SIN (2α ) VRMS α SIN (2α ) 7500 α SIN (2α )
− −1+ 2 = − −1+ = − − 0.479 = 0.
π 2π VO ,RMS π 2π 1202 π 2π
From numerical solution of the above equation α = 1.54 rad = 88.1O.

Source RMS current

VO ,RMS 86.6
I O ,RMS = = = 5.77 A.
R 15

SCR RMS current

I O ,RMS 5.77
I SCR ,RMS = = = 4.08 A.
2 2

VO , AVG 2VRMS
I O , AVG = = (1 + COSα ).
R πR
SCR average current

I O , AVG
I SCR , AVG = =
2VRMS
(1 + COSα ) = 2 ⋅ 120 1 + COS 88.1O = 1.86 A.
( )
2 2πR 2π ⋅ 15

Power factor

P VO ,RMS α SIN (2α )

PF = = = 1− + ;
S VRMS π 2π
VO ,RMS 86.6
PF = = = 0.72.
VRMS 120

Fundamental harmonic calculation

V1O = a1COS (ωt ) + b1SIN (ωt ) = V1m SIN (ωt − ϕ1 );

2VRMS
a1 = [COS (2α ) − 1] = −54.0V ;
2π
2VRMS
b1 = [SIN (2α ) + 2(π − α )] = 88.2V .
2π

V1m = 54.0 2 + 88.2 2 = 103.4V ;

V1m 103.4
I1,RMS = = = 4.89 A.
2R 215

2
I RMS − I12,RMS 5.77 2 − 4.89 2
THDI = = = 0.63 = 63%.
I1,RMS 4.89
P8.4. For the single-phase AC controller with RL-load R=20 Ohm, L=50 mH, f =60Hz, Vrms=120 V,
and the the firing angle α =90 el.deg.

Determine: (a) the load current expression for the first half-period; (b) the load RMS current; (c) the
SCR RMS current; (d) the SCR average current; (e) the output (load) power; (f) the power factor (PF)

Hint: from numerical solution, β equals 3.83 rad or 220 el. degree.

Solution.

Voltage magnitude Vm = 2VRMS = 170V . Angular frequency ω = 2πf = 6.28 ⋅ 60 = 377rad / s.

Impedance Z = R 2 + (ωL) 2 = 20 2 + (377 ⋅ 0.05) 2 = 27.5Ohm .

ωL 377 ⋅ 0.05
Normalized time constant ωτ = = = 0.942rad .
R 20

⎛ ωL ⎞
Phase angle θ = TAN −1 ⎜ ⎟ = TAN (0.942) = 0.756rad .
−1

⎝ R ⎠

α = 90 O = 1.57 rad .

⎡Vm ⎛ ωt − α ⎞⎤ ⎡ (ωt − 1.57 ) ⎤

i (ωt ) = ⎢ SIN (ωt − θ ) + SIN (θ − α ) exp⎜ − ωτ ⎟⎥ = 6.18 SIN (ωt − 0.756) − 4.49 exp⎢− 0.942 ⎥,
Z
⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦ ⎣ ⎦
α ≤ ωt ≤ β .

From numerical solution β equals 3.83 rad.

RMS current square

 2

I 2 1 ⎧
3.83
⎡
= ∫ ⎨6.18 SIN (ωt − 0.756) − 4.49 ⎢exp−
(ωt − 1.57 )⎤ ⎫ d (ωt ) =
⎬
0.942 ⎥⎦ ⎭
RMS
π 1.57 ⎩ ⎣
1 ⎡
3.83
⎡
38.2SIN 2 (ωt − 0.756) − 55.5SIN (ωt − 0.756) ⎢exp−
(ωt − 1.57 )⎤ + 20.2⎡exp− (ωt − 1.57 )⎤ ⎤d (ωt ) =
= ⎢
π 1.57 ⎣ ∫ ⎣ 0.942 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0.471 ⎥⎦ ⎥⎦
1
= (53.9 − 40.3 + 9.4) = 7.34 A2 .
π

I RMS = 7.34 = 2.71A.

SCR RMS current

I RMS 2.71
I SCR ,RMS = = = 1.92 A.
2 2

SCR average current

1
3.83
⎧ ⎡ (ωt − 1.57 )⎤ ⎫d (ωt ) =
I SCR , AVG =
2π ∫ ⎨⎩6.18SIN (ωt − 0.756) − 4.49 ⎢⎣exp−
1.57
0.942 ⎥⎦ ⎬
⎭
1 ⎡ 3.83 ⎡ (ωt − 1.57 )⎤ 3.83 ⎤
=
2π ⎢− 6.18COS (ωt − 0.756) |1.57 −4.49 ⋅ 0.942⎢exp− 0.942 ⎥ |1.57 ⎥ =
⎣ ⎣ ⎦ ⎦
1
= (10.4 − 3.85) = 1.04 A.
2π
2
Load power P = I RMS R = 7.34 ⋅ 20 = 147W .

Power supplied by the source

β
1
PS = ∫α V S (ωt )i (ωt )d (ωt ) =
π
1
3.83
⎧ ⎡ (ωt − 1.57 )⎤ ⎫d (ωt ) =
=
π ∫ 169.7SIN (ωt )⎨⎩6.18SIN (ωt − 0.756) − 4.49 ⎢⎣exp−
1.57
0.942 ⎥⎦ ⎬
⎭
1
3.83
⎧ ⎡ (ωt − 1.57 )⎤ ⎫d (ωt ) =
=
π ∫ ⎨⎩10.49 SIN (ωt )SIN (ωt − 0.756) − 762SIN (ωt )⎢⎣exp−
1.57
0.942 ⎥⎦ ⎬
⎭
1
= (888.6 − 437.8) = 147W .
π

PS = P.

P P 147
Power factor PF = = = = 0.45.
S VS ,RMS I RMS 120 ⋅ 2.71
 Tutorial 9 – DC-DC Converters – Buck Converter

Don’t use more than 3 significant digits – 1.23 A, 0. 456 W, 78.9 V

P9.1. For buck converter Vs=50V, D=0.4, L=400 uH, C=100uF, f =20kHz, and R=20 Ohm.

Assuming ideal component, determine: (a) the output voltage; (b) the maximum and minimum inductor
current; (c) the output voltage peak-to-peak ripple.

Solution.

Suppose CCM. Then output voltage

VO = DVS = 50 ⋅ 0.4 = 20V .

Maximum and minimum inductor currents

⎛ 1 1− D ⎞ ⎛ 1 1 − 0.4 ⎞
I MAX = VO ⎜⎜ + ⎟⎟ = 20⎜ + ⎟ = 1.75 A;
⎝ R 2 Lf ⎠ ⎝ 20 2 ⋅ 0.0004 ⋅ 20000 ⎠
⎛ 1 1− D ⎞ ⎛ 1 1 − 0.4 ⎞
I MIN = VO ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟ = 20⎜ − ⎟ = 0.25 A.
⎝ R 2 Lf ⎠ ⎝ 20 2 ⋅ 0.0004 ⋅ 20000 ⎠

For instance, average inductor current equal to load current is 1A, peak-to-peak inductor current – 1.5A

Minimum inductor current is positive that confirms CCM.

Output voltage ripple

ΔVO 1− D 1 − 0.4
= 2
= = 0.0047 = 0.47%.
VO 8LCf 8 ⋅ 0.0004 ⋅ 0.0001 ⋅ (20000) 2

P9.2. Design a buck converter to produce an output voltage of Vo=18V for load resistor R=10 Ohm
with voltage ripple (ΔVO / VO )=0.5%, Vs=48V, switching frequency f=40kHz. Take inductance 1.25
times minimal inductance required for CCM.

Solution.

Determine: (a) duty cycle D; (b) required inductance; (c) inductor minimum, maximum and RMS
currents; (d) filter capacitance; (e) peak and RMS capacitor currents.

Duty cycle
 VO 18
D= = = 0.375 .
VS 48

Minimum inductance

(1 − D) R (1 − 0.375)10
LMIN = = = 78uH . (microHenry)
2f 2 ⋅ 40000

With 25% margin

L = 1.25 ⋅ LMIN = 1.25 ⋅ 78 ≈ 100uH .

Average inductor (load) current and current ripple magnitude

VO 18
IL = IR = = = 1.8 A .
R 10

VO 18
ΔiL = (1 − D)T = (1 − 0.375) ⋅ (40000) −1 = 2.80 A
L 0.0001

ΔiL 2.8
I MAX = I L + = 1.8 + = 3.2 A;
2 2
Δi 2 .8
I MIN = I L − L = 1.8 − = 0.4 A.
2 2

RMS inductor current

2 2
I MAX + I MAX I MIN + I MIN 3.2 2 + 3.2 ⋅ 0.4 + 0.4 2
I L ,RMS = = = 1.97 A.
3 3

Capacitor is selected for (ΔVO / VO )=0.5%

1− D 0.375
C= = ≈ 0.0001 = 0.1mF .
8(ΔVO / VO )Lf 2
8(0.005) ⋅ 0.0001 ⋅ 40000 2

Peak and RMS capacitor currents

ΔiL 2.8
I C ,PEAK = = = 1.4 A;
2 2
I C2 ,PEAK 1.4 2
I C ,RMS = = = 0.81 A.
3 3
 Tutorial 10 – DC-DC Converters – Boost Converter

Don’t use more than 3 significant digits – 1.23 A, 0. 456 W, 78.9 V

P10.1. Design boost converter to have Vo=30V, Vs=12V, load resistance R=50 Ohm, f =25kHz and
1% voltage ripple for continuous conduction mode (CCM). Note: select inductance with a 25% margin.

Solution.

The duty cycle (duty ratio)

VS
VO = ;
1− D
V 12
D =1− S = 1− = 0.6.
VO 30

Minimum inductance

D(1 − D) 2 R 0.6(1 − 0.6) 2 50

LMIN = = = 96uH .
2f 2 ⋅ 25000

With 25% margin, minimum inductance becomes L=120uH.

Average inductor current

VS 12
IL = = = 1.5 A.
(1 − D) R (1 − 0.6) 2 50
2

Inductor current ripple magnitude

VS 12 ⋅ 06
ΔiL = DT = = 2.4 A
L 0.00012 ⋅ 25000

Minimum and maximum inductor currents

ΔiL 2.4
I MAX = I L + = 1.5 + = 2.7 A;
2 2
Δi 2.4
I MIN = I L − L = 1.5 − = 0.3 A.
2 2

Minimum required capacitance

 D 0.6
C= = = 0.000048 = 48uF .
R(ΔVO / VO ) f 50(0.01)25000

P10.2. Boost converter has the following parameters:

Vs=20V, D=0.6, L=0.1mH, R=50 Ohm, C=0.1mF, f=15kHz.

Verify that inductor current is discontinuous (DCM). Determine: (a) the output voltage Vo; (b) the
maximum inductor current.

Solution.

Suppose that inductor current is continuous. Then minimum current

⎡ 1 1 ⎤ ⎡ 1 1 ⎤
I MIN = VS D ⎢ 2
− ⎥ = 20 ⋅ 0.6⎢ (1 − 0.6) 2 50 − 2 ⋅ 0.0001 ⋅ 15000 ⎥ = −1.5 A.
⎣ (1 − D) R 2 Lf ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

Negative minimum current means that the boost converter operates in DCM.

Accurate output voltage

⎛ 2 ⎞ 20 ⎛ 2 ⎞
VO =
VS ⎜1 + 1 + 2 D RT ⎟= ⎜1 + 1 + 2 ⋅ 0.6 ⋅ 50 ⎟ = 60V .
2 ⎜ L ⎟ 2 ⎜ 0.0001 ⋅ 15000 ⎟⎠
⎝ ⎠ ⎝

Approximate output voltage

⎛1 RT ⎞ ⎛1 50 ⎞
VO ≈ VS ⎜⎜ + D ⎟ = 20⎜ + 0.6
⎟ ⎜2
⎟ = 59V .
⎟
⎝ 2 2 L ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⋅ 0.0001 ⋅ 15000 ⎠

Compare with boost converter output voltage for CCM –

VS 20
VO = = = 50V .
1 − D 1 − 0.6

Maximum inductor current

VS DT 20 ⋅ 0.6
I MAX = = = 8 A.
L 0.0001 ⋅ 15000

???

P10.3. Buck-boost converter has the following parameters:

Vs=24V, D=0.4, L=0.02mH, R=5 Ohm, C=0.08mF, f=100kHz.

Determine: (a) the output voltage Vo; (b) inductor maximum, minimum, average, and RMS currents;
(c) the output voltage ripple (percent).

Solution.

Output voltage

D 0.4
VO = − VS = − 24 = −16V .
1− D 1 − 0.4

Average inductor current

DVS 0.4 ⋅ 24
IL = = = 5.33 A.
(1 − D) R (1 − 0.4) 2 5
2

Peak-to-peak inductor current

VS 0.4 ⋅ 24
ΔiL = DT = = 4.8 A.
L 0.00002 ⋅ 100000

Minimum and maximum inductor currents

ΔiL 4.8
I MAX = I L + = 5.33 + = 7.33 A;
2 2
Δi 4.8
I MIN = I L − L = 5.33 − = 2.93 A.
2 2

Positive minimum current confirms CCM operation.

Output voltage ripple

ΔVO D 0.4
= = = 0.01 = 1%.
VO RCf 5 ⋅ 0.00008 ⋅ 100000
Assignment 1 – Power Electronics Sanzhar Askaruly

Assignment 1_AH

Lecture 1

P.1.1. (10 points) The current and voltage of a passive device are periodic with T=100ms (Fig.1).

i, A
70
40
20
t, ms
0 30 80 100
v,V
30

t, ms
0 60 100
− 20
Fig.1.

Determine (1) the average power, (2) the energy absorbed in each period.

Solution.

Instantaneous power:

"1650W; 0 < t < 30ms &

$ $
$600W; 30 < t < 60ms $
p(t) = # '
$−400W; 60 < t < 80ms$
$%0W; 80 < t < 100ms $(

1. The average power

1650 ⋅ 30 + 600 ⋅ 30 − 400 ⋅ 20

PAV = = 595W
100

2. The energy absorbed in each period

W = PAV T = 595W ⋅ 0.1s = 59.5J

Assignment 1 – Power Electronics Sanzhar Askaruly

P.1.2. (10 points) Find the average power absorbed by a 12 Vdc voltage source for the current into the
positive terminal given in P. 1.1.

Solution.

The average current

55⋅ 30 + 20 ⋅ 50
I AV = = 26.5A .
100

The average power (positive because absorbed by the source)

PAV = VDC ⋅ I AV = 12V ⋅ 26.5A = 318W .

P.1.3. (10 points) Find the RMS values of the current and voltage waveforms given in P. 1.1.

Solution.

Voltage RMS

30 2 ⋅ 60 + 20 2 ⋅ 40
VRMS = = 26.5V .
100

Current RMS

552 ⋅ 30 + 20 2 ⋅ 50
I RMS = = 33.3A .
100

P.1.4. (10 points) The voltage and current for a passive device are given by

v(t) = 5 + 8COS(ω t) − 6COS(2ω t − 20 o );

i(t) = 4 + 3COS(ω t + 45o ) − 2COS(2ω t + 70 o ).

Find (1) the RMS values of voltage and current, (2) the power consumed by the device.

Solution.

1a. Voltage RMS

VRMS = 52 + 0.5⋅ (82 + 6 2 ) = 8.66V .

1b. Current RMS

I RMS = 4 2 + 0.5⋅ (32 + 2 2 ) = 4.74A .

Assignment 1 – Power Electronics Sanzhar Askaruly

2. Average power

P = 5⋅ 4 + 0.5⋅8⋅ 3⋅ COS(−45o ) + 0.5⋅ 6 ⋅ 2 ⋅ COS(−90 o ) = 28.5W

P.1.5. (10 points) A sinusoidal voltage source produces a non-linear load current

v(t ) = 100COS (314t );

i(t ) = 15COS (314t + 60 o ) + 10COS (628t + 45 o ) + 6COS (1256t + 70 o ).

Find (1) the power consumed by the load, (2) the distortion factor (DF) of the load current, (3) the
power factor (PF), (4) the THD of the load current.

Solution.

1. Power

P = 0.5⋅100 ⋅15⋅ COS(60 o ) = 375W (11)

RMS current value

I RMS = 0.5⋅ (152 +10 2 + 6 2 ) = 13.4A . (12)

2. Load current distortion factor

I1, rms 15
DF = = = 0.792 . (13)
Irms 2 ⋅13.4

3. Power Factor

PF = DF ⋅ COS(60 o ) = 0.792 ⋅ 0.5 = 0.396 . (14)

4. Load current THD

1 1
THD = 2
−1 = −1 = 0.771 . (15)
DF 0.792 2
Assignment 1 – Power Electronics Sanzhar Askaruly

Lecture 3

Useful integrals:
β
β
∫α SIN (τ − θ )dτ = −COS (τ − θ ) |α
β
 τ  τ β
∫ exp − T dτ = −T exp − T  |α
α

β
1 1
∫α SIN
2
(τ − θ )dτ = − SIN [2(τ − θ )] |αβ + (τ − θ ) |αβ
4 2

β
1 1
∫ SIN (τ )SIN (τ − θ )dτ = − 4 SIN [2τ − θ )] |α + 2 COS (θ )τ |α
β β

β
 τ TSIN (τ − θ ) + T 2COS (τ − θ )  τ
∫α SIN (τ − θ ) exp − T dτ = − 2
exp −  |αβ
1+ T  T

Make analytical calculations for Lecture 3 problems. For problems 3.2-3.3, compare analytical results
with those obtained from PSIM simulations. Include in your report some PSIM screenshots and data
(measurements) to substantiate your results.

P3.1. (10 points) For the half-wave rectifier with active load Vrms=210 V, frequency f=50 Hz, load
resistor R=10 Ohm.

Find: (1) average load current; (2) average load power; (3) the power factor (PF).

Solution.

Voltage magnitude Vm = 2VRMS = 297V . Average voltage VO , AVG = Vm / π .

Vm 297
Average current I DC = = = 9.45A .
π R 10π

Vm V 2 2972
Output RMS voltage VO,RMS = = 149V , average load power P = m = = 2205W .
2 4R 4 ⋅10

Vm 297
Resistor and source RMS current I RMS = = = 14.9A .
2R 2 ⋅10

Apparent power S = VS,RMS I RMS = 210 ⋅14.9 = 3129VA.

Assignment 1 – Power Electronics Sanzhar Askaruly

2205
Power factor PF = ≈ 0.705.
3129

P3.2. (20 points) For the half-wave rectifier with RL-load R=50 Ohm, L=0.2 H, f =50Hz, and
Vrms=100 V.

Find: (1) current expression; (2) average current; (3) RMS current; (4) load power; (5) power factor.

Hint: β from numerical solution can be found from the graph (Fig.2).

Fig.2. Numerical solution for BETA

Solution.

VS

ωt
π β 2π
vO
iO
ωt
π β 2π

VD
ωt
π β 2π

Fig.3. Voltage and current graphs

Angular frequency ω = 2π f = 6.28⋅ 50 = 314rad / s.

Impedance Z = R 2 + (ω L)2 = 50 2 + (314 ⋅ 0.2)2 = 80.3Ohm .

Assignment 1 – Power Electronics Sanzhar Askaruly

"ωL % −1 " 62.8 %

Phase angle θ = TAN −1 $ ' = TAN $ ' = 0.898rad.
# R & # 50 &

ω L 62.8
SINθ = = = 0.782.
Z 80.3

ω L 62.8
Time constant ωτ = = = 1.26rad
R 50

Vm   ωt 
1) Current equation i(ωt ) = SIN (ωt − θ ) + SINθ exp − ωτ , 0 ≤ ωt ≤ β .
Z   

" ωt %
i(ω t) = 1.76SIN(ω t − 0.898) +1.37exp $ − ', A, 0 ≤ ω t ≤ β.
# 1.26 &

At ωτ = 1.26rad. from Figure 2, approximately β ~ 4.0rad .

A simpler way to calculate 2) Average current is to use average voltage:

Vm V
VO,DC = (1− COSβ ) = m "#1+ COS ( β − π )$%;
2π 2π
V 141 "
I DC = m "#1+ COS ( β − π )$% = #1+ COS ( 4.0 − π )$% = 0.742A.
2π R 2π ⋅ 50

Useful integrals:
β
1 1
∫α SIN
2
(τ − θ )dτ = − SIN [2(τ − θ )] |αβ + (τ − θ ) |αβ
4 2

β
1 1
∫ SIN (τ )SIN (τ − θ )dτ = − 4 SIN [2τ − θ )] |α + 2 COS (θ )τ |α
β β

β
 τ TSIN (τ − θ ) + T 2COS (τ − θ )  τ
∫α SIN (τ − θ ) exp −  dτ = − 2
exp −  |αβ
 T 1+ T  T

3) RMS current is found from:

2
1 4.0
( " ω t %+
2
I RMS = ∫ 1.76 2 *)SIN(ωt − 0.898) + SIN(0.898)exp $#− 1.26 '&-, d(ωt) =
2π
0

1 4.0
( " ωt % " ω t %+
=
2π 0
∫ 3.1*SIN 2 (ω t − 0.898) + 2SIN(0.898)SIN(ω t − 0.898)exp $ −
) # 1.26 &
2
' + SIN(0.898) exp $ −2
# 0.63 &,
'-d(ω t) =

= 1.09A 2 .
Assignment 1 – Power Electronics Sanzhar Askaruly

I RMS = 1.09 = 1.044A.

(4) Load power

2
P = I RMS R = 54.5W.

Power supplied by the source

P P 54.5
5) Power factor PF = = = = 0.522.
S VS,RMS I RMS 100 ⋅1.044

Practical Part

According to PSsim software simulation, the following results were obtained. The graphs is shown
below:
�!" = 1.2 �
�!"# = 1.38 �
� = 118 �
�� = 0.854

Fig.5 Vsource, Vload and I simulation.

P3.3. (20 points) For the half-wave rectifier with RL-load and clamping diode R=5 Ohm, L=60 mH,
f=50Hz, and Vm=170 V.

Determine: (1) average load voltage; (2) average load current; (3) RMS current; (4) resistor power.

Hint: use frequency domain (DC + harmonics 1, 2, 4, 6) and time domain analysis and compare the
results of both.
Assignment 1 – Power Electronics Sanzhar Askaruly

VS

ωt
π 2π
vO i O
i20
i10 ωt
iD π 2π
i20
i10 ωt
iD 1 π 2π
i20
i10 ωt
VD π 2π ωt

VD V D1

Fig.5 Voltage and current graphs

Solution.

1) Average load voltage:

Vm 170
VO,AVG = = = 54.1V.
π π

Vm 170
2) Average current: I DC = = = 10.8A.
π R 5π

Frequency domain solution.

Voltage harmonic magnitudes

Vm
V1 = = 85V;
2
2V
V2 = 2 m = 36.1V;
(2 −1)π
2V
V4 = 2 m = 7.22V;
(4 −1)π
2V
V6 = 2 m = 3.09V...
(6 −1)π

Angular frequency ω = 2π f = 6.28⋅ 50 = 314rad / s.

Harmonic impedances
Assignment 1 – Power Electronics Sanzhar Askaruly

Z1 = 52 + (314 ⋅ 0.06)2 = 19.49Ohm;

Z 2 = 52 + (2 ⋅ 314 ⋅ 0.06)2 = 38.01Ohm;
Z 4 = 52 + (4 ⋅ 314 ⋅ 0.06)2 = 75.53Ohm;
Z 6 = 52 + (6 ⋅ 314 ⋅ 0.06)2 = 113.15Ohm...

Current harmonics

I1 = V1 / Z1 = 4.36A;
I 2 = V2 / Z 2 = 0.950A;
I 4 = V4 / Z 4 = 0.0956A;
I 6 = V6 / Z 6 = 0.0273A...

3) RMS current:

2 I12 I 22 I 42 I 62
I RMS ≈ IO,AVG + + + + = 11.3A.
2 2 2 2

4) Resistor power:
2
P = I RMS R = 638W.

Time domain solution.

Current expression

Vm V   ωt 
i (ωt ) = SIN (ωt − θ ) +  m SIN (θ ) + i10  exp − ; 0 ≤ ωt ≤ π ;
Z Z   ωτ 
 (ωt − π ) 
i (ωt ) = i20 exp− ; π ≤ ωt ≤ 2π .
 ωτ 

" π %
1+ exp $ − '
# ωτ & Vm 67.183
i10 = SIN(θ ) = = 3.45;
"π % " π % Z Z
exp $ ' − exp $ − '
# ωτ & # ωτ &
"π %
exp $ ' +1
# ωτ & Vm 154.58
i20 = SIN(θ ) = = 7.93.
"π % " π % Z Z
exp $ ' − exp $ − '
# ωτ & # ωτ &

�
� = tan!! (��/ �) = 0.54 �������; � = = 0.012; � = 2�� = 314; �� = 3.768;
�

�= �! + �� ! = 19.5
Assignment 1 – Power Electronics Sanzhar Askaruly

" ωt %
i(ω t) = 19.5SIN(ω t − 0.54) +13.47exp $ − '; 0 ≤ ω t ≤ π ;
# 3.768 &
) (ω t − π ) ,
i(ω t) = 7.93exp +− ; π ≤ ω t ≤ 2π .
* 3.768 .-

2
1 π
( " ω t %+
I 2
RMS =
2π
∫ *)19.5SIN(ωt − 0.54) +13.47exp $#− 3.768 '&-, d(ωt) +
0

1 2π
/ ( (ω t − π ) +2
+
2π
∫ 017.93exp*)− 3.768 4
2
-,3d(ω t) = 127.24A .
π

3) RMS current:

I RMS = 127.24 = 11.28A.

4) Resistor power:
2
P = I RMS R = 636W.

Frequency and time domain results are matched well.

Practical Part

According to PSsim software simulation, the following results were obtained. The graphs is shown
below:

1) Average load voltage: 64.9 V

2) Average current: 7.146 A

3) RMS current: 8.522 A

4) Resistor power: 801 W

Fig.6 Vsource, Vload and I simulation.