Module -olpetor Sources t tesa! tN OO * glechric dipoles Port _A * Point Sources and aay oot Se a -s Introduction, Point Sources > Power patterns > Power theo ~ Radiation Inteng? > Linear avers ef Grotople Pott Source oh @Ruas arnplitude and Spacing. Kraus Text BooK: Antennas + Wave Propagation by IDK Fopiar S-lmb.6 , 59,513 Poot B- Elbchtc_Dfpoles oe > Inboduction > ghost vlechic dipole > fiolds Of & Short dipole S Rodiaton teststance of & Short elechic dipole Thin Lineax antenna ( ffeld analysis) . i JD Kraug Text book: Antennas $ Lieve Propagation by Topica: 6-1 b6:S- Scanned with CamScannerPoint Sources and 4 Hodule -&: —) red eI eT 1 2 the waves originale at a fictitious volumelets emitter of point Source al- tue Canter ot the obsowotion Urdce. > Complete . derriphon of tH tax field of a source repulHer 2 pattosus . 5 Thoo patterns Ob orthoponod Os fonction oF aagle Eg (cb) BE, (o.4) > ome pattern eb tue phok difrrene of ten Helds as 0 fonction of agler £6 ¢) power centy oy Poynting vector magnitude (power Per Onit oa) fem axtenra Ut 6,6 <4) » Pud Comporoubs Sh Sy ik exprttied tn wlm> The arse CK an abéolole Power “peittern - =H & oxpremeal intenmy of ith value In Zome Heference déretBon , the Graph 12 Stalptive Power pattern. 2 “The maximpa Value Of Sebetive: ‘power pattern 46 unity. A pottern with manimow 64 unity alto called a normaligd patton 620 “pulabive power Powel a Srm Scanned with CamScannerPower theorero ard tha application 49, an Uohopie a OO Soure: > Gh he power density / Poynting vector (eda) TA Knowe of alll potks on a Aphexe ob radius t from a potnt source th a lonter medium , the the power yadeated Hee Source os the fotegral over the Lurpace of tHe Aphexe of the Yadial Component Sy of the avernge Poynting wader" Thug Pe & sag “ff ds @ ff gas here 5 = The average poynting vector = Re(‘ex ut) dt Yad = Powe yadiated (w) Sr = tadial component of Ouerage Poynting vedtor ( tofent) 48 @da = totthetosemal element of ua Of Sphae = — aso = Y"Sin@ d6-dg (m7) da 0X84 0 Oke ar ye For an Isotope source, 8 ty fodeperdenst % Band g, f0 uw Pra = “ffs = SF Jf Pst d8dy —@ 02 B20. v 2 " yr Tv r [ee J Stn8dO = S lo} » Geass) ee © = Sys ame (4H) = Sys uy? z = Shy () —@ Prad iv rv © Scanned with CamScanner“ ied he ned Sys tet ig) —@ Any Seom B® , the magnttode ob Poynting veutor Vosies a2 the Square Ob the distance from, Qa Pott source radiator» his fndfeater Vostasion Cb power per untt aun ar a donction ob distane, Radéakton dnenstty > The vodiatton Gntenaity UV, power per Unt solig Gngle (&]¢4) - 2 Gt te trdependout of radius . ' Sai ir | Thot | powex theorem can be sextated af? “the total power sadzated Pa gtoen by Be Fokegrol of vadtalon thknxtry ovr a soled angle of kit Stexadians + x re Pay = Jf van : if Sind d8db : Q20 8:0 Us yg. X Brag Prod where Pays radiated power (u) Uz radiation density (vols) an = Solid angle = Stuede dq . > oe ‘ane thotiopic Source, Uz, $s ‘independent of angher 844 Pag ® i 2 Sin® d6 dg 20 2 Scanned with CamScannera . 7 = Up fap [is8 de G20 6:0 t Vs iT : Yor (ap. (-cor9} = Up Qi x 8. > Upthit Prod = WW Uy © Us> Prag oT => The POU se% Paton (r@latue’) can be Raprened fotowos of eb those. Poynting vector ( Power densty) of vadiatton Toeoatty ERBE oh_gowser patterns, uo ® source er ta Urtdivectional corte poroere Pattern hey e Go Cos@ Rind, the dtrecktuttg ‘a Dz ATUL) > for untdirectiong/ Cate ‘ad 2 2. ur ( ete Pod = | oan , fee en eRe oe G6 2 = [ve OLS Sind dodo ~° Q® 6:0 We es Vv, fra Ven 9 COB Stu dO lok covas 2 Qco Bro ~SinBd 8 =dx 1 O 4# YO =k bene . Vindg = to tog 3) . @ A Sovvee with bedixeckional costne Power pattern » re usu coke © O (fuda: { Ui C48 Sin8 dEdO $ 6: = ar He Um | | cous sins 48 QB: let tose =x . w ~Sinede =dx =Um x() fads Oxec ia ; \AxK=1 * Un» ar (a hy a uo D: 8 AEM oro | EGG) : A 6 Dinas = ATV oo AM ji S DPingez lo : nde lap la) = > with vadiattion Fotensity in two hemigphuus , Enatoad ob one’, “the max. vadkt’on to tensity [bald ob tt yates : a Scanned with CamScanner—— ® source with sin Power parttesrn Ol Un8ine Pied D d Inde = {0 Nog (a4) : 4 & Sovrce ‘wrth Sin Sguaned Power pattern U=Un Sins. hand 9 bos eG —_ Rag + Prat (luda x ( Jumsin’s Sind Oelp qt Yad = J 3e | mesin'y ae WHT So 2023%n8- hind 20 7 Sint ~ 33inB - Sine 20 q Pog? Padi (35:96 - Sin30) 40 Scanned with Cam:uv « Ym2T | 3 (cots) - coh30 W ah : ‘wer(sar - £ © m2 yey : J mee ae 4 ora T Poa > BE Um | De HT YW. sin a > Sn no er MTL z 8 = US gn 3 D eee Pinas to log Gus) . ® Soorce earth Unidire Howes Cosine Sfoated Powe Patton Sectors Sd: y. b, Ue 1 Prag? [fvaa FPincors Bine day e,. 4 UW dio 6:0 ee _ {ao fuposp Sind do 9 0 Ur Cores x l Sinddg= dx 5 AT Un 5 tay OK t& meosured counterclockwise trom the pobitive 2-OLiA - the origin ot the Co-ordinates ig taker a the sehorence for Phare- = ata distant point to the dese cHon 4 the field from Scanned with CamScannerll ill 7 cold ste the beld +, Source 1 is netarded by BA cond cwhile Te by Source 2 ts advanced by Bd. cos hou ee 18 the distance beFween the Sources Expremed iO yadiang dy ata af = pd ch ‘the totod bidd at o Large distance ¥ io the direction og “4 i EzEoe ete \ “Fe Gone due f Source 46 | Y to ator” o- 0" Sth) Oe 02) aa 30 aS 4 Es O° : ( \ ‘Hom spore | Fiold pattern them wy = dy wep = Péeoag , ree (et Obl. + dbof 2 fe : i 5 2€ coal) - 2E Cot (2 cast) Phe “phone of Ane total tied F docseot change a4 a function oft Miter roreoligation (reset 2c’) EB: Coh(2) | ds My, then ed = eke a Pre pd org = Teo!d » E+ Cos (H casg) | whn gro, BD , =, Er] Scanned with CamScannerCarert : TWO ~ Wotvopic point Zoures Ob Same amplitude bot oppo™ te Phase : distance Ay “the total Held in direction of g at a loge . ‘vow given - “J bla def, ~8ele B= get? pe 2 2 gto (€. = ¢ ”) £5 Bite 608) = 236 00( Hea) lek ge / Bde Ok or 5 = pd cotp = Tcosp and felting 2j Eo =) Eo Sto(a cen ) > The directions of matimum fied 1K obtai ned y Eg cahing Sin tefm +t F Ree) Ys Scanned with CamScannerTH Cos bey = E (ett) Ve . = Th 0 Ye? HR6 Wh Kr0,1,2-- der Keo, Obdm> I mn > The poll directions p, we given by i TZ cos by = EKT tor Kzoo, boyz $% > The hal} power directions ww given 4 = cotg = + (ak+1) Pe Jor 0, 2 $h0, $100 “ Cakes: TWO Isotropic Point sources of the same ampli, aval fo phase guadrakure > Towing orngin of tla ¢o-ordinoles of tua Seperance for ch a her Boorce | be setorded by 45 and fource 9 ¢f advaned Ae: ; , “the toto! field Io Ave diveckfon @ oF * bayige digtane x ig given of . 5 (foots, a i E> Foo ¢ . nase SEEM) Z QE, Cob {= + 2 cosy) y wt F cog) Scanned with CamScannerse he direction of maximum ped Om V4 obtained by fi E+E coh bn = kT pho B20, 1213-- : a - -7 — col Ja gor Rea, ZF cobdm= am? in cod! (a) deo = 120° and 240 the direction of null 4 obtained by a TtE Cody? Ret) F z - wv a _ a we, Ey Leg = Es Feb: F bot eos "(+) >> .60', 300° 8 : 60° Bh d> My, dr= Bd AS E> @b(Eyt cos) 200° Quo p2 27 determine Honimas ,nulls ard hall, Power pointy of Sin COL aru detomined ay Sto [x) Cas (x i) : 4 Peaks yo toe, Ri AKT a) Nullb sy ta . x 2 t (2k) Wy &) Hoth Joes Ks DOK Hy x= t ee) y Potts — retell Scanned with CamScanner" . p Caked, » “Generad cade : “Two \potropic porn s00KC2% ob gf amplitude ond any frase Aiiprcence: 2 The total phase ditgerence herween the pields tron Aources. and source | “ak Q diétank ‘point I the direction 4 t& then ¢ Ea By Y = deta +8 -, ? Soorce t as the neferance ber phase, the +e sige indicat tha Source 2 ik aduanced i Prose by an angle 8. A my Sige Indécates a phase stetardatton. the total qrold B E= Eo Shy ¢ 5 eutl. > 2 Eo Cos Xa ee te Normalixg, breld potlero ty Ec Cot (2) x. Scanned with CamScannerere pion thobrepie bat Siri lan fomt principle ob pattern molt pltaion Sco ebuubs, » xton Dobopic bot Similar ad tdouk on a the peeld pattern oF Shosu ia i 1 ~ Fo dspoler 4 . ! Eg: Eo Sting i — Ez gf cosh > voy sfoctor $= acy sing coe , with gebzt , Enz SF co8() phon vz Pd cord t g This 1% ame a4 by molt ply fue the pattern g The ftndi vidual source [ sing) by tte pattexn of too Point sources Cog XI) « Boorces ad Phe " isotropec The prin iph of pattern roullipli cation Bs SKprEnedag “he field patlern of OP arry of non thotso Ps prodot of tus bt vimilax point Sources 16 the e5 and foe fetes Pattern of the individual sovre 4 an idee 2 of Uobople pofol Aources bavta The fame focationt , yelative amplitudes and phase ag tHe on ikotfopic potol seurcer . e Keak (09) {601 66,4) Ss 41eld pattern ~ pha patton di, Scanned with CamScannerfb. = field pattero of individual source file.g 2 phax patter 2 indi vidual Source FlO@) : Held patton | arocay OF AOMOPIC 20046, Fle) = tas patton ob oN0oy Es! EAD Shore dipoles with ad: Ay cmd phone Hf S20 iy cvocarged Alerting tue total geeld patton E: wn “ + Corley = Seng - co8 (Fces 4) | . 20 ‘Si cstg > werd eo Gey ter tose than = cor g Pom Es Scanned with CamScannerKnee opotay of 1 frolropie point sourcer of “pend amplitude and Spacing > Lek no teotropic point Sources of Sued a. mplitice and Spacing acanged a3 Linear vary as Shown An g- whee 1 Can be any polétive umber The total field E at a Large dixtance in fe drechon ob d th Guen by Sourte | th fakeen at sefereence. “the gourter iz advanced in phax by op and Soon - : je Uae hae o-)— ft t ge te ye t-> He — ohou > = dy coho +8 = Bd conbtf —@ Bdeag — Phare di thetance aceouuts efpr pat di bhewnce & ~ phak ditpounte due to seitaHon Hn tue adjacent” eourter - The asplitudes of tue pied from the tources ore all Spo) aud U taken as Unity > At a diktant point tr the diecton g te eld From fourcel €$ advanced in phak wrt Qouree | bye whe pield trem soorce 3 it advanced tn phage wrt Soorce | by 26 ete., 90" To distawt™ pow ace 9 “Sgro PEPEP APS 0 FP9-. Uineade asoay of nm ihotopic point gourcer Scanned with CamScannerBE Can be expeed fn a simple trtgonomehic boem ay. . Jy Ho lhply Oo bye”, givtsg wo je pj Joa Ee Oecd. ae —@ Sob amar B fom O , we gue e-cd®?- 1-8 e( 1-24) cme - gna Ing e:ic¢ é j @®li _ 1-e? se @ e -1 %@ can be seusdtlen ot . srr sinals jet) -e elt [ olla ony motiiply 4 divide by 2} on both Nr: $ Dr. Soa fb. @ = | Sin fa 2 Sin(&) © d EF ef Sinfeet) Sin) Ib the phase 1s sehorsd t0 tue Cenkrpoiw of anavay &H wr be s a b= Soy) Sio (2) the normalized qld pattern Can be detocefned a found by zo Horo Scanned with CamScanner coke § > op Ek, where Ema,fn &%O Aobstitult @r0, a ee ta teat a ee ems @ es. 4 Sin es) ® Emax 0 Stn) £9© 1% alio tnown as comray fouer- > tohen ®20 fn ag © given En at maxsmum.. Pecte, wll be ebtained when PrO- P cohen Stn (ad) = tam G@ . quer null Poewts EX: obtain the yield patton fora Lineax uniform BOY ch [otropic anktonas , sosistey the pelloweng, Postametern 925 ,d2M._ &: -dy a: Ec teeth, dor gue AE se. 1 80 O45) Sinz) ©6060 P= Pd cord 4§ a Bd aT a . aoe tt * T Cobb - 7 = 1 (Cosg-1) y= pd er Peas: to ge pro, 0 WEAK 20 > Cody =I ome cosy = 0 @ Igo Noll4 +5 ger roll, sto (02) es @ > Sate Be SHCAd4 > Ee) sit = 2K onal an Cotest lt 2B > g = cos! (it 34) Scanned with CamScannerKr0, 67 FO4% Ku), Oy: £53 Bs2, 5 BES KBr 32, Krk , Ay =r (Ole Po-t bs KzS 7 ®y= 190 x Scanned with CamScannerCFR | Broodside @oay (Source, to phost) 22 hinead urea of © iolapic Yoon, Of the Jame sro plitude and phase « these foe 8:0 aud Y= Pd catep TO mote M20 requines thab ge Ce) Ty whew wore “the eld 1% maximum When oT 4 a is to a directon mormal 4 the whith & Choractorid in & ” bread Side” Tha 16 manimum preld OOOH Hence , thas Condi ton , by To Phak Rources (8-0) , vea0lls type ot coun « & 90° held pattern « Cove a: Ordinosuy end tise wooy . ‘thed- 2 Pind the Phase angle between adjacent sourced hot ; th % required to mare the preld 0 maximum to the dicadton o4. the woay (9:0 ) fn arnay ob thy type my be called af end fis osoay « Scanned with CamScannerCoy ther , pro Agro in ar 2M copy 480 Ge ad 4-0 a &. - 2d, A ber ween ALIICY 2 4 harst For an end pire way , the Pp ccmount 08 Te % setarded progresiively by tee nase bpacing bln the sources 9 radians «bac thot Th Apating 8 Ay, Borce 2 Lage gource 4 o Source 3 fags source 2 by qo’, tte - 4390 se. go 40904 Toa fied pacttesn dN when dcdla , the patbern oF biditecponal De AZYa Then or C2 - de pd , Feld $8 matimum in Prd % Qsspd , Ud CM maximom tn G> (8° Scanned with CamScanner