Designer Notes (Remove prior to final publication):

Mechanically stabilized earth walls should only be used on projects where the roadway
designer has verified that the ground water table is below the elevation of the proposed
leveling pad AND that all drainage systems installed behind the wall can be day lighted to a
ditch or subsurface drainage system. If these conditions cannot be met or verified by the
roadway designer this type of wall system should not be specified. Design or installation of
mechanically stabilized earth walls in “bath tub” conditions or in undrained soils is
prohibited.

Below are two sections containing designer notes. The purpose of these sections is to assist
the designer (person assembling the special provision) in selecting content to include in the
special provision. The first section is in regard to overall stability and the second section is
in regard to compound stability. For each section, enter only one requirement. Enter
either the special provision language 1, 2 or 3 for the first section and either 4, 5 or 6 for the
second section.

Section 1
Depending on the type of design and contracting method used for a project, different
parties shall be responsible for global stability checks and computations. Enter either 1, 2
or 3 regarding overall stability requirements using the following criteria.

(1) Use for design-bid-build projects which are designed by MnDOT or MnDOT’s
Consultant and MnDOT’s scope of work is to perform the overall stability analysis.
(2) Use for design-bid-build projects which are designed by MnDOT’s Consultant and
MnDOT’s Consultant’s scope of work is to perform overall stability analysis
(3) Use for design-build projects

Section 2
Compound stability shall be checked in complex wall situations as determined by the
MnDOT Foundations Unit. Complex wall situations including but not limited to tiered
walls, superimposed walls on top of slopes, surcharge loads on top of the wall (such as
bridge abutments), back-to-back walls and walls with uneven reinforcement lengths.
Compound stability, sliding, limiting eccentricity (overturning) calculations shall always be
the responsibility of the wall system supplier or Contractor’s engineer, who is supplying
the wall and shop drawing. Enter 4, 5 or 6 regarding compound stability requirements
using the following criteria.

(4) Use when the geotechnical or foundation report identifies that a compound stability
analysis does not need to be performed
(5) Use for design-bid-build projects when the geotechnical or foundation report
identifies that a compound stability analysis must be performed
(6) Use for design-build projects when the geotechnical or foundation report identifies
that a compound stability analysis must be performed

1
S- (2411) MECHANICALLY STABILIZED EARTH WALLS WITH
PRECAST CONCRETE PANELS

This work consists of furnishing certified design calculations, shop drawings,

fabrication, furnishing and installing a non-structural leveling pad, precast concrete facing
panels, soil reinforcement elements mechanically connected to each facing panel, bearing pads,
joint materials, coping, technical representatives, wall construction, excavation and backfill not
included in MnDOT 2451 and 2105 and other services necessary for construction of
mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) precast concrete panel walls.

The work shall be performed in accordance with the applicable provisions of

MnDOT Specifications 3126, 3137, 3149, MnDOT Technical Memorandum No. 08-11-MRR-
02, these Special Provisions, and in close conformity with the lines, grades, standards, design,
architectural details, and dimensions shown on the Plans or as otherwise established.

The mechanically stabilized earth wall systems with a precast concrete panel
facing shall be selected from the MnDOT pre-qualified wall system list at the following web site:

http://www.dot.state.mn.us/products/index.html

S-1 DEFINITIONS AND DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

I. DEFINITIONS

A. MSE Wall System: A retaining wall system that consists of reinforced

soil, soil reinforcement, and facing panels connected to the soil reinforcement.

B. Soil Reinforcement: A material placed within a soil mass to increase the

strength of the soil. Soil reinforcement for MSE walls consist of steel or polymer
strips, welded wire fabric, or geogrid.

C. Reinforced Soil: Backfill soil placed in the reinforced zone meeting the
requirements of MnDOT 3149 of Structural Backfill and modified according to
the requirements of the “Materials” section of this specification. See Figure
2411-1.

D. Reinforced Zone: Practical limit for placement of reinforced soil. Limit

begins near the termini of the bottom layer of soil reinforcement and extends at a
slope determined by OSHA regulations and the in-situ soils. The pay limits for
the “structure excavation” quantity is a line extending at a 2V : 1H slope from the
intersection of a horizontal line extending at the top of the leveling pad and a
vertical line extending at the back of the soil reinforcement. See Figure 2411-1.

E. Retained Soil: Soil retained by the MSE wall mass behind the reinforced
zone. See Figure 2411-1.

2
F. Foundation Soil: Soil below the top of leveling pad elevation and beneath
the reinforced zone. See Figure 2411-1.

G. Facing Panels: The component of an MSE wall used to contain the

reinforced soil in position at the face of the wall. Facing panels for MSE walls are
typically made of precast concrete.

H. Connection Device: The item used to connect the soil reinforcement to

the facing panel.

I. Coping: Attachment placed or cast on top of the wall to tie in the facing
panels and provide an aesthetic finish to the top of the wall.

J. Geotextile Filter: Material placed behind facing panel joints or drainage

elements which prevents migration of fines though the joints, yet still allows for
drainage of water through the joints.

K. Elastomeric Pads: Permanent pads placed between panels to allow for

consistent panel spacing and compression under load.

L. Wedges: Temporary supports used to position the facing panels during

construction.

M. Impervious Layer (Geomembrane): A layer of puncture-free and flexible,

roughened sheet HDPE, LLDPE or PVC at least 30 mils (0.75 mm) thick placed
below the roadway surface to prevent any surface water from entering into the
wall system. The Impervious Layer (Geomembrane) shall meet the requirements
of the materials section of this specification.

N. MSE Wall System Supplier: The vendor who’s name appears on the
MnDOT pre-qualified wall system list and is responsible for supplying the MSE
system including the soil reinforcement, facing panels and connections. The MSE
Wall System Supplier also designs the MSE system for internal stability and the
components of the MSE wall system and prepares the shop drawings, and
provides on-site assistance during construction.

O. Prequalified MSE System: An MSE wall system which has been

prequalified by the MnDOT Structural Wall Committee. A list of prequalified
MSE systems can be found at http://www.dot.state.mn.us/products/index.html

P. Design Height: For walls with level fill the design height is the distance
from the top of the leveling pad to the top of the pavement, sidewalk, or soil (if
unpaved) supported by the wall. See Figure 2411-1. For walls with complex
geometries see the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications Chapter 11.

3
 MSE Wall Material Definitions Figure 2411-1

II. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

The wall designer shall be a professional engineer licensed by the State of

Minnesota and shall prepare, sign, and date the design calculations, shop drawings, and
the “MSE Wall Design Certification Letter” provided herein for each MSE wall in the
contract. The wall designer shall have experience in the design and construction of a
minimum of five MSE wall projects. This experience shall include MSE walls of
equivalent complexity and similar height to the walls being designed as part of this
contract. A letter certifying the wall designer’s previous design experience shall be
submitted to the Engineer. A second engineer shall thoroughly check the design
calculations and shop drawings to verify compliance with the specifications and shall also
sign and date each “MSE Wall Design Certification Letter”. Both the wall designer and
the engineer checking the design shall have taken the NHI course titled “Design of
Mechanically Stabilized Earth Wall and Reinforced Soil Slopes” (FHWA-NHI-132042)
or equivalent and shall provide proof of attendance to the Engineer.

4
 All MSE walls shall be designed using LRFD methodology. The Contractor shall
provide the MSE wall designer with a complete set of project plans and specifications,
geotechnical reports and all other necessary information to design the wall. The
Contractor shall ensure that the wall design is compatible with all other project features
that may impact the design and construction of the wall.

The design shall consider the internal and external stability of the wall mass
including eccentricity, sliding, and bearing pressure including temporary construction
slopes or stockpiles. The design shall be in accordance with any restrictions for the
chosen MSE wall system, the plans, and the MSE wall design and construction
provisions of the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, latest with all interim
revisions. The design shall also be in accordance with the Federal Highway
Administration requirements as reported in publication Nos. FHWA-NHI-10-024 and
FHWA-NHI-10-025, entitled "Design and Construction of Mechanically Stabilized Earth
Walls and Reinforced Soil Slopes - Volumes I and II" and the MnDOT LRFD Bridge
Design Manual. If the provisions of the above documents conflict, the designer shall
follow the most stringent requirement as determined by MnDOT. The internal stability
design shall be performed using the Simplified Method as defined by the AASHTO
LRFD Bridge Design Specifications.

The design shall meet the following requirements:

A. Only MSE wall systems listed on the MnDOT pre-qualified MSE wall
system list at the letting date will be allowed. The Contractor shall include in the
shop drawing and calculation submittal a copy of the MnDOT pre-qualification
letter for the MSE wall system, and any deviations of details from the previously
submitted pre-qualification shall also be specifically outlined in the letter,
including MnDOT approval of the deviations.

B. Wall height (including embedment below finished ground line) shall be

less than 50 feet. For total wall height greater than 50 feet, separate walls may be
used in a tiered configuration (access, drainage and adequate distance between the
walls shall be provided for maintenance operations).

The design of tiered walls with 2 tiers shall follow the guidelines in
“Design of Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls and Reinforced Soil Slopes”,
FHWA NHI-10-024. The design of tiered walls with 3 or more tiers shall follow
the guidelines in “Design Guidelines for Multi-Tiered MSE Walls”, FHWA/TX-
05/0-4485-2.

C. For design of MSE walls the reinforced soil shall have a unit weight of
0.120 kcf and a maximum friction angle of 34 degrees. Retained soil (outside of
the reinforced zone) properties are defined in the Geotechnical report(s), but not
to exceed a friction angle of 30 degrees for design.

5
 For design purposes, passive pressure in front of the wall mass shall be
assumed to be zero.

D. The design life for the wall system, other than soil reinforcement and
connections, shall be 75 years. The design life for steel soil reinforcement and
connections, including corrosion protection, shall be 100 years. The design life
for geosynthetic reinforcement and connections used in the wall system, including
long term creep, degradation, and installation damage, shall be 100 years.

For analysis of corrosion degradation life, follow the requirements of

“Corrosion/Degradation of Soil Reinforcements for Mechanically Stabilized Earth
Walls and Reinforced Soil Slopes” (FHWA-NHI-09-087)

E. If a MSE wall supports traffic and if noise walls, overhead signs or other
items are attached to the traffic barrier, then the wall shall be designed for the
both (i) dead load of the barrier and attachments and (ii) dead load of barrier and
no attachment loads; with the critical case controlling design. Distribute the dead
load to the wall according to AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications,
Article 3.11.6.3.

If a MSE wall supports traffic and the roadway or parking lot is located
directly over the soil reinforcement, the top two layers of soil reinforcement shall
be designed for a TL-4 vehicular impact load.

If a MSW wall does not support traffic, it does not need to be designed for
vehicular live loads. For this case a surcharge load to account for snow loads,
future maintenance operations, or future re-grading shall be applied. The
surcharge load shall be 240 psf and placed directly behind the top panel with a
maximum load factor of 1.35 and a minimum load factor of 1.0 for internal and
external stability.

F. Differential settlement shall be less than 1/100 along the length of the wall
and normal to the wall alignment. Adequate joint width/or slip joints shall be
provided to accommodate movements without facing panel cracking.

The wall shall be designed and detailed to accommodate differential

movements and loads from adjacent structures or structures intercepting the wall
panels.

6
G. The preferred panel shall be rectangular in shape. The preferred standard
panel size for straight wall segments is 10’-0” in width by 5’-0” in height. The
MSE wall supplier may fabricate top of wall panels greater than 50 ft.2 but less
than 75 ft.2 in size if needed to accommodate top of wall profile. Top of MSE
wall panels must be totally concealed within height of the precast coping element.
Special or oversized panels shall be detailed in the shop drawings. The preferred
standard panel size for tight curved (less than 800’ radius) segments is 5’-0”
width by 5’-0” height and in no case shall be greater than 25 square feet. If the
plan calls for a horizontal curve, chamfer the panels along the back vertical joints
to maintain front panel joint tolerances.

The minimum height of a standard facing panel in the bottom row shall be
half a full (standard) facing panel height but not less than 30 inches. The
minimum height of a facing panel in the top row shall be 18 inches. Facing panels
that are not full (standard) height shall be designed to resist all the applicable
vertical force. ALL facing panels shall have a minimum of two layers of soil
reinforcement attached. All retaining wall systems and concrete facing panels
shall meet the project aesthetic requirements or shall be approved by the
Engineer.

H. Do not place two facing panels next to each other with an interior angle of
130 degrees or less. Where wall sections meet with an interior angle of 130
degrees or less a special post or vertical corner element shall be used. Details of
the post or corner element panel shall be submitted to the Engineer for review.
The post or corner element shall cover the joint of the panels that abut the corner,
and allow for independent movement of abutting panels. The design shall include
the attachment of soil reinforcement to the corner element. Corner elements shall
be cast in one piece (with panel height). Acute corner angles shall not be less
than 70 degrees.

I. The minimum soil reinforcement length shall be 70% of the wall height
(see Definitions) and not less than 8.0 ft. unless the reinforcement length is
governed by overall stability. If the length of soil reinforcement is governed by
overall stability, the designer shall meet the requirement of overall stability. The
length of soil reinforcement for the wall shall be constant for all layers unless
approved in writing by the Bridge Office. The maximum vertical spacing of soil
reinforcement layers shall be 2’-8”.

J. If the placement of an obstruction in the soil reinforcement zone such as a

catch basin, grate inlet, signal foundation, sign foundation, guardrail post, or
culvert cannot be avoided, the design of the wall near the obstruction shall be
modified using one the of the following alternatives:

a. Splay the reinforcement around the obstruction, however geogrid

reinforcement may not be splayed unless the connection has been
specifically fabricated to accommodate a splay and the connection detail
7
 has been approved by MnDOT. Horizontal deviation is referred to as
splay. If used, the splay is limited to 15 degrees.

b. Assuming reinforcement layers must be partially or fully severed

in the location of the obstruction, design the surrounding reinforcement
layers to carry the additional load which had been carried by the severed
reinforcements. The portion of the wall facing in front of the obstruction
shall be made stable against a toppling or sliding failure.

c. Place a structural frame around the obstruction capable of

carrying the load from the reinforcements in front of the obstruction to
reinforcements connected to the structural frame behind the obstructions.
The steel frame and connections shall be designed in accordance with
Section 6 of the AASHTO Bridge Design Specifications. The steel frame
and connections shall be galvanized, and long-term nominal strength shall
consider corrosion losses. If a steel frame is used, an Impervious Layer
(Geomembrane) is required above the steel frame regardless of the system
or geogrid reinforcement manufacturer.

K. All MSE walls shall be set on a concrete leveling pad. The minimum
width of the pad shall be 18 inches. The pad width shall be increased to
accommodate curved wall sections. The minimum depth (thickness) of the
leveling pad shall be 24” extending to at least 4’ below finished ground line.

Vertical steps in the leveling pad shall not be greater than 2.5 feet and the
minimum length of wall between leveling pad elevation changes shall be 9 feet.

L. For temporary walls, welded wire facing or similar flexible facings shall
be designed in a manner which prevents the occurrence of excessive bulging as
backfill behind the facing elements compresses due to compaction stresses, self
weight of the backfill, or lack of section modulus. Bulging at the face between
soil reinforcement elements in both the horizontal and vertical direction shall be
less than 2 inches as measured from the theoretical wall line for the duration of
the life of the wall. The maximum vertical spacing of the soil reinforcement, for
welded wire and similar flexible facing, is 18 inches.

M. No drainage systems other than what is required for the wall and roadway
drainage shall be placed within the reinforced earth zone. The wall design shall
include necessary details or design modifications to accommodate the drainage
system. The placement of the drainage system shall occur only during
construction backfilling of the wall.

8
N. A drainage system shall be provided on top of the leveling pad on the
back side of the wall and at the interface of the reinforced and the retained soil
(see Figures 2411-5 and 2411-6). The drainage system shall consist of perforated
pipe per MnDOT 3245 wrapped with geotextile per MnDOT 3733. The pipe shall
be placed such that water drains freely from the pipe, typically a 1% grade and 3
foot minimum radius bends. Provide outlets as required due to expected flow rate
with a maximum spacing of 150 feet. Outlet the drainage system through the
slope in front of the wall with a concrete headwall per MnDOT Standard Plate
3131 or into a drainage structure (see Figure 2411-5). The designer shall take into
account the location of wall drainage systems in the layout and step locations of
wall leveling pads and to ensure the wall drainage system is compatible with the
leveling pad step locations. The shop drawings for each wall shall denote the
location of the drainage system components, including the station of each outlet
penetration through the wall and whether the flow is outletted through the slope in
front of the wall or into a drainage structure.

O. The ground on the exposed side of the wall shall slope away from the wall
per Figure 2411-5. The surface water on the backfill side shall be drained away
from the wall to prevent runoff next to the facing panels and ponding above the
reinforced zone. Surface run-off shall not be permitted to pass over the top of the
wall. A wall coping, drainage system, or a properly designed ditch shall be used
to carry run-off water along the wall to be properly deposited.

P. MSE walls supporting roadways as defined by a 1 H: 2 V line extending

from the bottom back of the reinforcement zone shall have an impervious layer
(geomembrane) placed below the roadway surface to minimize any surface water
from entering into the wall system and degrading the soil reinforcement.

9
 Definition of Supporting a Roadway Figure 2411-2

The geomembrane requirement is applicable to all wall systems supporting a

roadway unless the prequalified supplier list clearly and specifically states that the
wall system is exempted from this requirement. The impervious layer shall be
installed at the top of the reinforced zone and shall have a minimum coverage
length measured perpendicular to the wall face of at least the length of soil
reinforcement plus 3 feet. The impervious layer shall be drained properly to
prevent ponding and shall be sloped at 20 (H) to 1 (V) away from the wall unless
otherwise approved by the engineer. Contractor submitted shop drawings shall
include specific details and dimensions addressing the placement of the
geomembrane, soil reinforcement elements, drainage system details, pavement
materials, and traffic barrier moment slab (as applicable) at the top of the wall.
Notify the project engineer of any required perforations in the geomembrane (if
required) for the installation of fence posts, etc., and provide details for sealing
around said perforations.

10
Q. Five zones have been identified to provide general guidance for MnDOT
approval when utilities are near MSE walls constructed using earth reinforcement.
The zones are referenced in Figure 2411-3. For purposes of this section, utilities
are defined as any utility requiring a permit as well as State owned utilities and
stormwater structures. Dry utilities are defined as facilities that do not carry fluid,
examples include power and telephone. Wet utilities are those facilities that carry
fluid, but do not include roadway edge drains or subsurface drains associated with
the bridge or wall structure.

During the construction of a new MSE wall, utilities are to be placed

outside of zone ① referenced in Figure 2411-3 when possible. If relocation is
impractical or impossible, new utilities installed in zone ① and existing utilities in
zone ① require MnDOT approval. However, no new wet utilities (except for
utilities that are used for wall drainage) may be placed longitudinally (i.e., parallel
to the wall) in zone ① of a new or existing wall. New utilities placed in zone ①
may be placed transversely (i.e., perpendicular to the wall) in zone ① of an
existing wall, with Bridge Office approval of proposed design and construction
sequencing. All pipes and conduits must be designed for any surcharge loading
due to soil or structure bearing pressures and possible resulting deformations. All
wet utilities (except for utilities that are used for wall drainage) must be cased in
zone ①; if facilities are too large or cannot be cased effectively, a site specific
design is required. Utility owners may choose to case dry utilities to allow for
future maintenance or access; however, casing is not required for dry utilities.
Future open trench excavation is prohibited in order to protect the wall from
potential undermining. Other forms of excavation may be permitted in zone ①
with Bridge Office approval.

In zone ②, new utilities may be installed. Excavation for utility

maintenance or replacement is permitted with proper sheeting and shoring;
however, unbraced cuts are not allowed. All utilities installed in zone ② must
follow the same casing requirements as in zone ①, except that encasement is
required for stormwater pipes with velocities greater than 10 fps, pipe diameters
54 inches and larger, or pipe materials other than design 3006 RCP.

In zone ③, future access through excavation areas is permissible and

casing is not required for wet or dry utilities.

In zone ④, future access through the excavation is permissible and casing

is not required. Use gasketed pipe as needed for wet utilities. When excavating
within this zone, install shoring or sheet piling, without damaging the
geomembrane, to protect the reinforced zone.

11
 In zone ⑤, utilities are to be placed outside of the zone when possible.
Existing utilities cannot remain in place as they will be disturbed during
construction. New utilities may be installed in zone ⑤ with Bridge Office
approval provided that they are placed during the original construction of the wall
and are not wet utilities placed longitudinally. All wet utilities placed
transversely must be cased and if utilities are too large or cannot be cased
effectively, a site specific design is required. Casing is not required for dry
utilities; however utility owners may choose to case dry utilities to allow for
future maintenance or access. Future excavation is prohibited.

Utilities Near Foundations Figure 2411-3

R. No drilling or driving of posts (sign, guardrail, etc.) or other roadside

hardware in the reinforced zone shall occur after placement of the reinforced soil.
If such roadside hardware is required, the design and plans shall include details
such as sleeves to accommodate it. Refer to section S-1.4F regarding penetration
of the geomembrane for fence posts.
12
S. Coping details shall include joints no more than every 20 feet along the
length of the wall. Locate coping joints to align with the joints between the facing
panels.

T. Stability Analysis shall be conducted. All appurtenances behind, in front

of, under, mounted on, or passing through the wall such as drainage structures,
utilities, noise wall, barrier and moment slab, footings, traffic, slope surcharge or
other appurtenances shown on the plans shall be accounted for in the stability
analysis. For more detailed stability analysis requirements see Section L.9

U. The Resistance Factors, Φ, for Tensile and Pullout Resistance for MSE
Walls shall be according to Table 2411-1:

13
 Table 2411-1: Tensile and Pullout Resistance Factors
Reinforcement Type and Loading Condition Resistance
Factor
Strip reinforcements (A)
Static loading 0.75
Metallic reinforcement and Combined static/traffic barrier impact (B) 1.00
connector tensile resistance Grid reinforcements (A, C)
Static loading 0.65
Combined static/traffic barrier impact (B) 1.00
Geogrid reinforcement and Static loading 0.90
connector tensile resistance Combined static/traffic barrier impact(B)- 0.75
PET Geogrid
Combined static/traffic barrier impact(B)- 1.00
HDPE Geogrid
Metallic reinforcement Strip reinforcements
pullout resistance
Static Loading 0.90
Combined static/traffic barrier impact(B) 0.75
Grid reinforcements
Static loading 0.90
Combined static/traffic barrier impact(B) 0.75
Geogrid reinforcement Static loading 0.90
pullout resistance Combined static/traffic barrier impact 1.00
PET Geogrid (B)
Combined static/traffic barrier impact 1.00
HDPE Geogrid (B)
Notes:
A. Apply to gross cross-section less sacrificial area. For sections with holes, reduce
gross area in accordance with AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications Article
6.8.3 and apply to net section less sacrificial area.
B. Combined static/traffic barrier impact resistance factors are not presented in
AASHTO.
C. Applies to grid reinforcements connected to rigid facing element, e.g., a concrete
panel or block. For grid reinforcements connected to a flexible facing mat or which
are continuous with the facing mat, use the resistance factor for strip reinforcements.

V. Traffic barriers and moment slabs shall meet the requirements of Test
Level 4 (TL-4) There are three possible methods for approval of traffic barriers:

a. Test Method: The barrier, connection, wall, backfill, and soil

reinforcement shall be crash tested as a system per NCHRP Report 350, or
MASH requirements.

14
 b. Analytical Method: The FHWA allows the use of bridge barrier
designs that are similar to a crash tested design based on an analytic
comparison using the methodology outlined in Section 13 of the AASHTO
LRFD Bridge Design Specifications. The FHWA policy and an example
comparison can be obtained at:

http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/roadway_dept/policy_guide/road_hardware/ctrmeasures/
bridge_railings/

For either method (a) or (b), FHWA acceptance is necessary and

shall include a cross section detail of the barrier and slab, including all
dimensions and reinforcement sizes and spacing requirements.
Calculations validating the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications
Article 13 provisions must be included. No variation in the details will be
allowed without written approval of the FHWA.

c. Test and Analytical Method: The barrier shall be crash tested per
NCHRP Report 350 or MASH requirements and connection, moment slab,
wall, reinforced soil and soil reinforcement shall be designed analytically
per NCHRP Report 663 “Design of Roadside Barrier Systems Placed on
MSE Retaining Walls” and the loading, “X. Extreme Event II Limit State
for Walls Supporting Traffic Barriers” of this special provision.

Traffic barriers and moment slabs shall be detailed to allow at least 2 inches of
horizontal movement prior to making contact with an MSE wall facing panel. The
traffic barrier shall also meet one of the following two requirements:

1. The barrier is cast integrally with a reinforced concrete slab

that is placed on reinforced soil (does not sit overtop of the wall).
The slab shall be at least 12 inches thick and have a minimum
width (normal to the wall alignment) of 8 feet and shall meet the
requirements of NCHRP report 663 “Design of Roadside Barrier
Systems Placed on MSE Retaining Walls”. There shall be a
minimum clearance of 2 inches from the back of slab to the back
of the wall facing panel or coping.

2. The barrier is placed over the top of the wall. The barrier
shall not be integral with the MSE wall facing panels and shall not
cause additional loads on panels if differential settlement or impact
loading occurs, or horizontal displacement of 2 inches. The slab
shall be at least 12 inches thick and have a minimum width
(normal to the wall alignment) of 8 feet.

15
 All joints in the moment slab must be doweled to maintain continuity. The
minimum spacing between the dowel joints in a moment slab and the barrier shall
be 35 feet for TL-4 and the moment slab shall be continuously reinforced between
the joints.

W. Strength and Service Limit States for Walls with and without Traffic
Barriers

Loads and Load Factors for Strength and Service

Table 2411-2: Maximum and Minimum MSE Load Factors

Force Effect, γi
Max Min
Vehicular Live Load (LL) for External Stability* 1.75
Vehicular Live Load (LL) for Internal Stability* 1.35
Dead Load of Structural Components and 1.25 0.90
Nonstructural Attachments (DC)
Dead Load of Wearing Surfaces and Utilities (DW) 1.35 0.65
Vertical Pressure from Dead Load of Earth Fill (EV) 1.35 1.00
Earth Surcharge Load (ES)** 1.50 0.75
* There are no maximum or minimum values. Either apply or do not apply the
transient live load with the single load factor.
**Earth Surcharge Loads such as stockpiles of fill shall have a load factor of 1.5. The
minimum surcharge load to account for roadways, snow loads, future maintenance
operations, or future re-grading shall use the maximum Earth Vertical (EV) load
factor of 1.35 and minimum load factor of 1.0.

The vertical component of stress, used in the horizontal load

calculation consists of several loads including, Earth Vertical, Dead Load, Dead
Load Surcharge, and Live Load Surcharge. An equation for the factored vertical
component of stress, in ksf shall be taken as:

(Equation 1)

where:
= unit weight reinforced soil (0.120 kcf)
H = height of soil column behind wall (ft.)
= Dead Load Surcharge (ksf)
= Live Load Surcharge (ksf) where =2
= the applicable load factor from Table 2411-2

The corresponding factored horizontal component of stress in ksf,

acting on the wall shall be taken as:

16
 (Equation 2)
where:
= the applicable load factor from Table 2411-2.
Δσh = horizontal stress at reinforcement level resulting from any
applicable concentrated horizontal load as specified in
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications Article
11.10.10 (ksf), or loads from signs, noise wall, etc.
= horizontal pressure coefficient (dim.)
= factored vertical component of stress in (ksf) from Equation 1.

Pullout Resistance Load Combinations for Strength and Service Limit States

For pullout resistance, the loads Earth Vertical, EV, Dead Load Surcharge,
and Live Load Surcharge, shall be defined and applied according
to Table 2411-3.

Table 2411-3: Load Definitions and Applications Related to Pullout Resistance

for Strength and Service Limit States
Load Pullout Resistance
Earth Vertical, EV May be included in the pullout resistance
calculations.
Dead Load Surcharge, (Due to barrier Shall be excluded from the pullout
and attachments) resistance calculations.

Live Load Surcharge, (Traffic loading) Shall be excluded from the pullout
resistance calculations.

The MSE strength design shall include live load surcharge resulting from
traffic loads. The live load surcharge for this case shall be equivalent to a 2 foot
soil surcharge. (Use the load factors for Vehicular Live Load from Table 2411-2)

The vertical component of stress used in the pullout resistance calculations

in ksf may be taken as:
(Equation 3)
where:
H = height of soil column behind wall, i.e., to the top of wall (ft.)
= unit weight of reinforced soil (0.120 kcf)

X. Extreme Event II Limit State for Walls Supporting Traffic

Walls supporting traffic shall include computations showing that the

Extreme Event II limit state due to traffic impact has been met. The requirements
17
for the Extreme Event II limit state consist of AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design
Specifications, FHWA, NCHRP Report 663 and MnDOT requirements.

The total factored force effect, shall be taken as:

(Equation 4)
where:
= force effects from loads specified herein
γi = load factors specified in Table 2411-5
Rn = nominal resistance
φ = resistance factor specified in Table 2411-1 applied to nominal resistance

1. Loads and Load Factors for Extreme Event II

The MSE design for the Extreme Event II limit state shall include
static loads due to horizontal earth pressure and dead load due to the
barrier and attachments and a dynamic load due to the traffic impact. For
the Extreme Event II case, the live load surcharge effects on the
reinforcement are incorporated in the reinforcement loads presented in
Table 2411-4. As a result for the Extreme Event II case the live load
surcharge is not included again as an additional load. The loads for the
Extreme Event II limit state are defined as:

a. Horizontal Earth Pressure

The static load due to horizontal earth pressure shall be
obtained from the static earth pressure times the tributary area of
the reinforcement unit.

b. Barrier and Attachments

The weight of the barrier and attachments above the top of
the wall, such as noise walls, signs, etc., shall be included in the
reinforcement tensile load calculations and treated as a dead load.
For the vertical component of the stress due to dead load surcharge
the load distribution width (normal to the wall alignment) shall be
equal to the width of the bottom of the barrier denoted as “bb” in
Figure 2411-4.

The factored vertical component of stress, consists of

Earth Vertical and Dead Load due to the barrier and attachments.
An equation for the factored vertical component of stress, in
ksf shall be taken as:
(Equation 5)

where:
= unit weight of reinforced soil (0.120 kcf)
H = height of reinforced soil column behind wall (ft.)
18
 = Dead Load Surcharge (ksf)
= the applicable load factor from Table 2411-5

The corresponding factored horizontal component of stress

in ksf, acting on the wall shall be taken as:

(Equation 6)
where:
= the applicable load factor from Table 2411-5.
Δσh = horizontal stress at reinforcement level resulting from
any applicable concentrated horizontal load as specified
in AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications
Article 11.10.10 (ksf), or loads from signs, noise wall
etc.
= horizontal pressure coefficient
= factored vertical component of stress in (ksf) from
Equation 5.

c. Horizontal Traffic Impact Load

The horizontal traffic impact load shall be distributed to the
upper 2 layers of soil reinforcement, as specified in Table 2411-4.

Table 2411-4: Maximum Nominal Rupture and Pullout Impact Loads

Layer Rupture impact load Pullout impact load
1 Top layer
st
2300 lb/ft 1300 lb/ft
2nd Top layer 600 lb/ft 600 lb/ft
d. Extreme Event II Load Factors

For the loads included in Extreme Event II limit state the

following load factors shall be used.

Table 2411-5: Maximum and Minimum MSE Load Factors for Extreme Event II.
Force Effect, γi
Max Min
Vehicular Collision Force (CT) 1.00 NA
Dead Load of Structural Components and Nonstructural 1.25 0.90
Attachments (DC)
Dead Load of Wearing Surfaces and Utilities (DW) 1.35 0.65
Vertical Pressure from Dead Load of Earth Fill (EV) 1.35 1.00
NA= Not Applicable

19
 2. Pullout Resistance for Extreme Event II

For pullout resistance, the loads Earth Vertical, EV and Dead Load
Surcharge, shall be defined and applied according to Table 2411-
6. As described, permanent barrier and attachment loads shall be included
in the pullout loading calculation.

Table 2411-6: Load Definitions and Applications Related to

Pullout Resistance for Extreme Event II

Load Pullout Resistance

Earth Vertical, EV May be included in the pullout resistance

calculations.
Dead Load Surcharge, (Due to barrier Shall be excluded from the pullout
and attachments) resistance calculations.

Live Load Surcharge, (Traffic loading) Shall be excluded from the pullout
resistance calculations.

a. The vertical component of stress used in the pullout

calculations in ksf may be taken as:
(Equation 7)

where:
H = height of soil column behind wall, i.e., to the top
of wall (ft.)
= unit weight of reinforced soil (0.120 kcf)

b. Resistance Factors for Extreme Event II

The resistance factors shall be taken from the resistance
factor Table 2411-1

For geosynthetic reinforcements, the nominal strength used

to structurally size the reinforcements to resist the impact load may
be increased by eliminating the reduction factor for creep, as
allowed for the internal stability in seismic design.

20
Figure 2411-4 Distribution of loading from barrier, moment slab and attachments used in
reinforcement tensile load calculations for Extreme Event II.

21
S-2 SUBMITTAL REQUIREMENTS AND MnDOT QUALITY ASSURANCE (QA)
REVIEW

Shop Drawing and Calculation Submittal:

The Contractor shall be responsible to review all available geotechnical
investigation reports, and the Contractor’s signature on the proposal shall certify that this review
has been performed and that any relevant geotechnical information has been provided to the
designer and MSE Wall System Supplier of the MSE walls.

For each wall the MSE wall system supplier shall submit two sets of complete,
certified and independently checked design computations, five sets of certified shop drawings,
and one “MSE Wall Design Certification Letter” to the Engineer for quality assurance (QA)
review allowing at least 30 calendar days for review before beginning the fabrication and
construction of the wall system. The shop drawings shall comply with the design plans, and
include all details, dimensions, quantities and any information required to layout and construct
the wall.

The submitted information shall include, but not be limited to, the following:

A. Plan shop drawing for the full length of EACH wall, containing the
following:

1. Beginning and ending stations of wall relative to roadway

centerline and any changes in wall alignment.
2. Locations of bridges, piles, existing and other proposed retaining
walls, slopes or other objects.
3. Locations of all drainage structures, pipes, signs, light poles and
other conflicting existing and planned structures or obstructions as
provided in the contract documents. Additional typical sections shall be
provided whenever changes happen to the wall such as the addition or
change in moment slab or coping, transition to approach span of bridge,
etc.
4. Limits of soil reinforcement and location where changes in length
and/or size of reinforcement occur.
5. Location of existing and planned utilities as provided in the
contract documents.
6. Existing and proposed ground elevations.
7. Limits for any construction constraints such as right-of-way,
easements, staged construction, etc.
8. Horizontal and vertical curve data for curved or kinked walls.
9. Limits of bottom of wall and top of wall, for wall system
submitted.

B. Cross section drawing for EACH wall and design change identifying:

1. Location and batter of the wall face.

22
 2. Reinforcement type, dimensions, and vertical spacing.
3. Wall treatment, including impervious geomembrane, traffic
barrier(s), cast-in-place moment slab (including potential interference with
soil reinforcement), runoff collection, subsurface and surface drainage
pipes & structures, bridge approach panel, etc.
4. Elevation of leveling pad.
5. Depth of wall embedment.
6. Limits of excavation.
7. Panel joint cover (geotextile filter) location, adhesion method, and
generic material type.

C. Elevation view in equal horizontal and vertical scale for the full length of
EACH wall showing:

1. Top and bottom wall elevations, in-place ground line, and finished
grade elevation at top and bottom of wall.
2. Details, dimensions and elevations for foundation and leveling pad,
including steps in the footing or leveling pad.
3. Location of drainage structures and construction details around
these structures. Locations and details of any penetrations in the facing
panels,
4. Dimension, grades (strength), and location of reinforcement.
5. Maximum applied bearing pressure (Strength and Service) under
the wall for each reinforcement length and owner specified Service and
Strength nominal bearing resistance.
6. Panel row and column numbers.
7. Panel configuration for standard and special cut panels.
8. Summary of quantities for each wall.
9. Panel dimensions, shape, and reinforcement.
10. Code referencing fabrication detail (type) for each panel.

D. Horizontal and vertical curve data affecting the wall. Match lines or other
details to relate wall stationing to centerline stationing.

E. Connection details and dimensions between facing panels, embedded

devices and soil reinforcement.

F. Details for construction, including but not limited to:

1. Termination at cast-in-place structures and any adjacent slope

construction.
2. Connection details and reinforcement placement requirements
around all obstructions including light and sign supports.
3. Panel and soil reinforcement at corners.
4. ALL internal drainage pipes, systems, and facilities.
5. Other details such as coping or barrier, guardrail, fencing, or noise
wall.
23
 6. Impervious geomembrane to panel connection detail, and
construction sequencing notes.
7. Panel slip joint details and nosing features.
8. Location of ALL subdrains and outlets of the internal drainage
system.
9. Detail for constructing corner pieces.
10. Locations and details of any required penetrations in the facing
panels.
11. Locations and placement details, including minimum overlap(s)
dimension(s), for geotextile filters.

G. Architectural details, including surface pattern and texture, joint layout

and details, and surface finish and color. (See the Project Aesthetic Guidelines for
requirements)

H. Name of MSE Wall System Supplier and their QA/QC documents for wall
design, facing fabrication, soil reinforcement fabrication, and wall construction.

I. Test panel construction, when specified.

J. General notes, in accordance with MnDOT specifications, required for

constructing the wall:

1. Design assumptions regarding material properties, material

qualities and construction method.
2. Wall layout information.
3. Requirements for reinforced soil compaction.
4. Materials used in construction.
5. Geotextile filter behind the joints of the wall panels.
6. Reinforcement handling, storage, preparation, and placement
information and requirements.
7. Angle of internal friction used for the design.

K. Copy of geotechnical report showing:

1. Plan view of sampling and field-testing locations across project

site.
2. Subsurface profile across project site.
3. Boring logs.
4. All laboratory test data and results.
5. Engineering properties of the foundation soil, the reinforced soil,
and the retained soil as appropriate to ensure the proper long-term
performance of the MSE wall structure.
6. Required soil modification, if any
7. Overall stability analysis.
8. Service and Strength bearing pressure beneath the wall footing and
the reinforced soil mass.
24
 9. Settlement analysis and anticipated differential settlement for the
foundation soil beneath the wall and the reinforced earth mass.
10. Groundwater, any free water conditions, anticipated high water
conditions and any required drainage schemes.
11. Recommendations concerning items that may be appropriate to
ensure the proper long-term performance of the MSE wall structure.
12 Internal friction angle and unit weight of the retained soil.

L. Copy of calculations showing:

1. Table of contents page for design computations.

2. List of all assumptions used for all calculations and rationale for
each assumption.
3. Design notes page with explanation of symbols and details of any
computer programs used. Tabulate all calculated capacity to demand ratios
to ensure internal and external stability.
4. Summary table of wall system design input parameters for use with
MSEW computer program (for MnDOT QA use).
5. Panel design including the design of reinforcement connectors and
internal reinforcement.
6. Assumed corrosion rates for steel soil reinforcement in accordance
with AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications Article 11.10.6.4.2a
7. Calculations and test results verifying the design life of the soil
reinforcement.
8. Computed applied bearing pressure and factored bearing resistance
beneath the wall and the reinforced soil mass assuming an estimated total
settlement of 1 inch. The computed applied bearing pressure shall be
compared explicitly to the owner specified factored bearing resistance.
9. Barrier/slab detail above wall, when applicable, including all
reinforcement.
10. Stability analysis shall include internal and external stability.
External stability consists of evaluating sliding, limiting eccentricity
(overturning), bearing resistance, compound stability, and overall stability.
All appurtenances behind, in front of, under, mounted on, or passing
through the wall such as drainage structures, utilities, noise wall, barrier
and moment slab, footings, traffic, slope surcharge or other appurtenances
shown on the plans shall be accounted for in the stability analysis.

(1)
Overall stability checks and calculations will be conducted by the
MnDOT Foundations Office.

Overall stability checks and calculations shall be conducted by the

(2)
owner’s (MnDOT’s) consultant.

Overall stability checks and calculations shall be conducted by the

(3) design build Contractor’s geotechnical engineer.

25
(4) The wall system supplier is not required to perform a compound
stability check.

(5) The wall system supplier is required to perform a compound

stability check and submit supporting calculations and drawings.

The Design Build Contractor’s wall system supplier is required to

(6) perform a compound stability check and submit supporting calculations
and drawings.

11. Magnitude, direction, and location of the forces from any external
loads such as traffic surcharge, traffic barrier, moment slab and
attachments including impact loading, lighting, signs, bridges, slope
surcharge etc. The design and detailing of the wall system shall take into
account these external loads. Walls supporting traffic barriers shall
provide complete details and calculations showing conformance with the
requirements listed above for Extreme Event II traffic impacts.
Provide connection details for all reinforcements interfered with by
obstructions. Provide design computations demonstrating that the details
and wall system meets all design and construction requirements in the
obstruction area.
12. A set of project-typical hand calculations verifying computer
generated output.
13. Verification of the design properties/parameters from material
tests. Include results from creep, durability, construction induced damage,
junction strength tests, and any other applicable tests (from MnDOT pre-
approval documentation). Indicate the appropriate standardized test
designation followed for each test.
14. Friction angles used in design for reinforced and retained soil.

All design calculations shall be based on assumed conditions at the end of

the design life.

M. Indicate the following performance requirements:

1. Anticipated and tolerable movement of the wall for both horizontal
and vertical settlements or movements both along and perpendicular to
wall.
2. Tolerable face panel movement.
3. Monitoring and measurement requirements, if any.

N. All other appropriate design computations.

O. As built drawings: As-built profiles and plans shall be submitted. Unless
otherwise specified, the coordinates shall be in the 1996 adjustment to the
UTM15N North American Datum (NAD83).

26
 Shop Drawing and Calculation Submittal Review:
The above information shall be submitted to the Engineer for QA review.
MnDOT’s QA review of the computations and shop drawings shall not relieve the Contractor of
sole responsibility for the wall design, details, computations, and the submission of complete
shop drawings for the accurate construction and performance of the wall. The Contractor shall be
solely responsible for ensuring that the information submitted by the wall designer and the MSE
Wall System Supplier is in accordance with all contract plans and shall contain all material,
fabrication and construction requirements for erecting the wall system complete in place. (For
more information about routing and review of submittals see Technical Memorandum No.: 08-
11-MRR-02)

S-3 MATERIALS

All Materials for the wall system shall conform to requirements of these Special
Provisions.

A. Acceptance of Materials:

Unless stated otherwise, at least 3 weeks prior to construction of the MSE wall the
Contractor shall furnish the Engineer Certificates of Compliance for each material listed
below, certifying that all materials comply with the applicable contract specifications,
including a copy of all test results. All tests shall be performed by an independent testing
laboratory unless noted otherwise. A Certificate of Compliance shall be provided by the
Contractor for each material source. A new Certificate of Compliance shall be provided
any time the Contractor changes the source of materials.

Acceptance will be based on the Certificate of Compliance, accompanying test

reports, visual inspection, and/or tests ordered or performed independently by the
Engineer. The Engineer retains the right to order or perform independent tests to verify
information.

B. Reinforced Soil: Backfill used in the reinforced zone shall comply with MnDOT
3149.2D.2 and shall meet the following additional requirements:

1. Contractor Certificate of Compliance: At least 3 weeks prior to

construction of the MSE wall the Contractor shall furnish the Engineer a
Certificate of Compliance certifying that reinforced soil complies with the
applicable contract specifications listed below, including a copy of all test results.
A Certificate of Compliance shall be provided by the Contractor for each source
at a rate of 1 per 50,000 yd3. A new Certificate of Compliance shall be provided
any time the Contractor changes the source of the reinforced soil materials or the
material within a given source changes.

27
 a. Screened virgin aggregate material meeting the requirements of
3137.2B3, Class C.

b. Angle of Friction Requirements:

Determine angle of friction with direct shear testing (MnDOT Lab Manual
method 1309) assuming consolidated drained conditions. Tests to be
performed on portion of sample passing the #10 sieve and compacted at
optimum moisture content to 95% determined by MnDOT Lab Manual
method 1305.

Table 2411-7: Friction Angle:

TEST TESTING RATE

Angle of Friction 1/50,000 cu. Yd. per
source

c. Table 2411-8: Electrochemical Requirements for Walls with

Geosynthetic Reinforcements:

Base Polymer TEST SPEC. TEST TESTING

RANGE METHOD RATE
High Density pH 3≤ pH AASHTO T 1/50,000 cu.
Polyethylene 289 Yd. per source
(HDPE) and
Polypropylene
(PP)
Polyester (PET) pH 3≤ pH ≤ 8 AASHTO T 1/50,000 cu.
289 Yd. per source

2. Contractor Certificate of Compliance for Sieve Analysis: At least 3 weeks

prior to construction of the MSE wall the Contractor shall furnish the Engineer a
Certificate of Compliance certifying that reinforced soil complies with the
applicable contract specifications listed below, including a copy of all test results.
Certificate of Compliance for Sieve Analysis shall be provided by the Contractor
for each source or a rate of 2 per 50,000 yd3. A new Certificate of Compliance
shall be provided any time the Contractor changes the source of the reinforced
soil materials or the material within a given source changes.

a. Sieve Analysis Requirements:

28
Sieve analysis tests shall be performed according to MnDOT lab manual methods 1202 and 1203
or in the field according to MnDOT Grading and Base Manual method 5-692.215.

C. Soil Reinforcement: At least three weeks prior to the start of construction the
Contractor shall furnish the Engineer a Certificate of Compliance certifying that all soil
reinforcement complies with the applicable contract specifications listed below, including
a copy of all test results. All tests shall be performed by an independent testing laboratory
unless noted otherwise. For metallic wall reinforcement, a mill test report containing the
yield and ultimate tensile strength for the soil reinforcement shall be provided along with
test results for the galvanizing. A new Certificate of Compliance shall be provided with
each additional shipment of reinforcement and any time the Contractor changes the
source of reinforcement. The Certificate of Compliance shall contain all applicable mill
test reports for each shipment.

Metallic ribbed reinforcing strips shall be hot rolled from bars to the required size
and shape. Their physical and mechanical properties shall conform to ASTM A 572 grade
450 (65) (AASHTO M-223). Metallic reinforcing mesh and bar mats shall be shop
fabricated from cold drawn steel wire conforming to ASTM A-82 (AASHTO M-32) and
shall be welded in accordance with ASTM A-185 (AASHTO M-55). Metallic bar mats
shall be A-36 steel or higher grade. The transverse wire diameter shall be less than or
equal to the longitudinal wire diameter. Metallic ribbed reinforcing strips and bar mats
shall be galvanized after fabrication per MnDOT 3394, with a minimum galvanization
coating of 2.0 oz/ft 2.

Geogrid reinforcement shall be oriented, drawn, long chain high-density

polyethylene containing stabilizers and inhibitors added to the base plastic for resistance
to ultraviolet and heat degradation. Geogrid reinforcements and their connection devices
shall be the same connection devices and reinforcement as approved by MnDOT in the
pre-qualification application of the MSE wall system. Geogrid reinforcement
manufacturer’s certification shall include ultimate tensile strength ASTM D6637 quality
assurance test results, at a minimum rate equal to, or greater than, the sampling rate
defined in Table 2411-10 (ASTM D4354) for each type of geogrid used.

Table 2411-10 ASTM D4354 Geosynthetic Manufacturer Quality Assurance Testing Rates

Number of Rolls in Lot* Number of Tests

1 to 2 1
3 to 8 2
9 to 27 3
28 to 64 4
65 to 125 5
126 to 216 6
217 to 343 7
344 to 512 8
513 to 729 9
29
 730 to 1000 10
1001 or more 11

* A lot is defined as a group of rolls from an individual production run.

D. Lifting Devices, Connectors and Joint Materials: At least 3 weeks prior to the
start of construction the Contractor shall furnish the Engineer a Certificate of Compliance
certifying that all connectors and joint materials comply with the applicable contract
specifications listed below, including a copy of all test results. Fasteners shall consist of
hexagonal cap screw bolts and nuts conforming to ASTM A-325 (AASHTO M-164) and
shall be galvanized per MnDOT 3392. Tie strips shall be shop fabricated hot rolled steel
conforming to the requirements of ASTM A1011, grade 345 (50) and be galvanized per
MnDOT 3394. Connector pins shall be fabricated from A-36 steel and shall be
galvanized per MnDOT 3394. Connector bars shall be fabricated of cold drawn steel wire
conforming to ASTM A-82 (AASHTO M-32) Grade 450 (65) and shall be galvanized per
MnDOT 3394. Flexible cable lifting devices shall be galvanized per MnDOT 3394,
except for the finely stranded cable type which shall be stainless steel. Any other
fasteners, connectors, lifting devices or other items not mentioned above shall be detailed
on the shop drawings, and are subject to approval of the Materials Engineer. Such items
shall be fabricated from stainless steel, galvanized according to the requirements of 3392
or 3394, or may be epoxy-coated if fully embedded in concrete similar to the panel
reinforcement. The requirements of S-H.2 (below) shall also apply.

E. Bearing pads: At least three weeks prior to the start of construction the
Contractor shall furnish the Engineer a Certificate of Compliance certifying that all
bearing pads comply with the applicable contract specifications listed below, including a
copy of all test results. A new Certificate of Compliance shall be provided at a rate of 1
per 500 bearing pads or any time the Contractor changes the source of bearing pads. The
Certificate of Compliance shall contain all applicable test reports.

Bearing pads shall conform to:

(i) Preformed EPDM (Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer) rubber pads

conforming to ASTM D2000 Grade 2, Type A, Class A with a Durometer
Hardness of 60 + 5.

(ii) Preformed HDPE (High Density Polyethylene) pads with a minimum

density of 0.946 grams per cubic centimeter in accordance with ASTM D
1505.

30
F. Geotextile: At least three week prior to the start of construction the Contractor
shall furnish the Engineer a Certificate of Compliance certifying that all geotextiles
comply with the applicable contract specifications listed below, including a copy of all
test results. The Certificate of Compliance shall include a manufacturer’s certificate
stating the furnished geotextile meets the requirements of the specifications, as evaluated
by the manufacturer’s quality control program. Joints between the wall panels shall be
covered with a geotextile meeting the minimum requirements for filtration applications as
specified by MnDOT 3733, Type 1 with minimum width and lap of 12 inches and shall
be attached to the rear face of the wall by an adhesive (suitable for use on concrete
surfaces in cold weather application) to insure that it doesn’t move out of place during
backfilling operations. Geotextile manufacturer’s certification shall include quality
assurance test results at a rate equal to or greater than, the sampling rate defined in Table
2411-10 (ASTM D4354).

G. Impervious Layer: At least three weeks prior to the start of construction the
Contractor shall furnish the Engineer a Certificate of Compliance certifying that all
impervious geomembrane material complies with the applicable contract specifications
listed below. A copy of all test results shall be provided by the Contractor to assure
contract compliance. A new Certificate of Compliance shall be provided any time the
Contractor changes the source of material.

The impervious layer material shall be a puncture-free and flexible, roughened

sheet HDPE, LLDPE or PVC geomembrane. The geomembrane shall have both sides
textured with a rough finish and have a minimum thickness of 30 mils (0.75 mm) in
accordance with ASTM D5994 for Textured Geomembranes. The geomembrane
manufacturer shall certify that the geomembrane properties have been tested by lot and
meet the minimum specification property requirements for 30 mil (0.75 mm) material as
specified in the following industry standards:

31
 Table 2411-11 Impervious Layer (Geomembrane) Standards

Material Organization Standard

Type
HDPE Geosynthetic GRI Test Method GM13
Institute Standard Specification for "Test Properties, Testing
Frequency and Recommended Warranty for High Density
Polyethylene (HDPE) Smooth and Textured
Geomembranes"

LLDPE Geosynthetic GRI Test Method GM17

Institute Standard Specification for "Test Properties, Testing
Frequency and Recommended Warranty for Linear Low
Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) Smooth and Textured
Geomembranes"

PVC ASTM ASTM D7176 - 06 Standard Specification for Non-

International Reinforced Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Geomembranes Used
in Buried Applications, and
ASTM D7408 - 08 Standard Specification for Non
Reinforced PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) Geomembrane
Seams

In addition to the standard specification requirements, the following minimum

properties shall be required regardless of the type of geomembrane. Samples of the
geomembrane will be collected upon delivery to the site and, at the engineer’s discretion,
sent to an independent laboratory for verification testing.

a. Minimum Thickness, 30 mils

Tested per ASTM D5199 or ASTM D5994 for Textured

b. Minimum Tear (Die C), 10 lbs

Tested per ASTM D1004

c. Minimum Puncture Resistance, 32 lbs

Tested per ASTM D4833

The geomembrane manufacturer’s certification shall include quality assurance test

results at a rate equal to, or greater than, the sampling rate defined in Table 2411-10
(ASTM D4354) for each type of geomembrane used.

32
H. Facing Panels: The facing panels shall be manufactured in a facility meeting the
plant certification requirements of MnDOT 3238. The precast concrete panels shall be
wet-cast and conform to the following requirements:

1. Concrete reinforcement shall conform to MnDOT 2472 and shall be

galvanized per MnDOT 3394, or epoxy coated per MnDOT 3301. All reinforcing
and attachment devices shall be carefully inspected by the Contractor to ensure
they are true to size and free from defects that may impair their strength and
durability.

2. Steel connection elements, tie strip guides or other galvanized devices

shall not contact or be attached to the facing panel reinforcement steel, unless the
facing panel reinforcement is also galvanized.

3. The minimum rebar cover requirement is 1.5 inches.

4. The date of manufacture, production lot number, and piece mark or panel
identification from the shop drawings shall be clearly scribed on the back face of
each panel.

5. Panel colors shall be consistent and free of stains, and panels should be
free of defects, cracks or chips. Panels that contain visible defects such as, but not
limited to, vertical or horizontal seams, conspicuous stains, form marks or color
streaks shall be repaired to the satisfaction of the Engineer or removed and
replaced at the Contractor’s expense.

6. All units shall be manufactured within the following tolerances:

a. Position of panel connection device shall be within 1 inch of the

shop drawing position. Embedment measured from the back face of the
panel shall be within +1/2 inch, -0.0 inch. All other panel dimensions
excluding aesthetic tolerance shall be within 3/16 inch.
b. Squareness as determined by the difference between the two
diagonals shall not exceed ½ inch.
c. Surface defects on smooth formed surfaces measured over a length
of 5 feet shall not exceed 1/8 inch. Surface defects on the textured-finish
surfaces measured over a length of 5 feet shall not exceed 5/16 inch.
d. Aesthetic tolerances including formed patterns or textures with
horizontal and/or vertical elements shall be aligned both vertically and
horizontally within 1/8 inch of the panel edges.
e. If required, allowance shall be made for texture relief up to 2
inches in depth measured from the front face of the panel.

33
 7. Concrete control cylinders shall be made at the rate of one set of cylinders
per 25 cubic yards of concrete poured, but at least one set of cylinder per pour.
Entrained air content and slump/spread shall be verified at the same rate. A
reduced testing rate may be used when approved in writing by the Materials
Engineer.

8. Concrete shall be mix number 3Y43 or an air-entrained mix with a

minimum compressive strength of 4300 psi, using an approved design meeting the
requirements of 2461. Coarse aggregate shall meet the requirements of
3137.2D1. If the system requires a higher strength concrete, the mix design shall
meet the requirements of MnDOT 2461 for that higher strength.
9. Units shall be cast on a level surface and shall be fully supported until a
compressive strength of 2500 psi or specific written permission from the State
Materials Engineer has been attained. A random sample of the concrete shall be
taken in accordance with AASHTO T141. All units shall be handled, stored, and
shipped in a manner to eliminate the risk of chipping, discoloration, cracks,
fracture, and excessive bending stresses. Panels in storage shall be supported on
firm blocking to protect the panel connection devices and the exterior finish.
Panels shall reach 100% of design strength before shipment, as demonstrated by
control cylinders kept with the product.

10. The wall supplier shall provide a technical representative in the plant
during the first three days of production or ensuing production period if needed or
until the Materials Engineer determines that the plant has demonstrated the ability
to fabricate the panels without technical assistance or MnDOT oversight. When
so directed by the Materials Engineer, the technical representative shall return to
oversee manufacture of panels, and shall remain until relieved of that
responsibility by MnDOT.

11. Corner units shall be fabricated and designed to provide a connection

between the two walls and act like slip joints allowing differential movement
between the two walls.

I. Facing Panel Rejection: Panels may be rejected at either the precast plant or at
the project site because of failure to meet any of the requirements specified above. In
addition, any or all of the following defects shall be sufficient cause for rejection:

1. Defects that indicate imperfect molding, including imperfections of the

form liner, if there is one.

2. Bending or misalignment of connections.

3. Defects indicating honeycombing or open texture concrete.

4. Cracked or chipped panels. Panels with cracks wider than 0.01 inch or
penetrating more than 1 inch or longer than 12 inches

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 5. Color variation on front face of panel due to excess form oil or other
reasons.

6. Tie strips, connecting pins, PVC pipe, or lifting devices set to improper
dimensions or tolerances shown on the plans and specified above.

7. Any damage that would prevent making a satisfactory joint.

J. For temporary walls only, welded wire facing shall be formed by a 90 degree
bend of the horizontal soil reinforcement. The vertical portion of the soil reinforcement
forming the face shall be connected to the succeeding upper level of soil reinforcement.
A separate backing mat and hardware cloth shall be placed immediately behind the
vertical portion of soil reinforcement. Its wire size and spacing shall be as specified in the
contract documents.

S-4 CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS

A. General Requirements: An MSE Wall Preconstruction Meeting shall be held at

least 15 days before wall construction begins and after the Department has completed the
QA review of the shop drawings and design calculations. At a minimum, this meeting
shall be attended by the Engineer, Contractor, the Contractor crew chief or foreman who
will erect the wall, and a technical representative from the MSE wall system supplier.
The Contractor shall provide a complete written sequence of MSE wall construction at
the meeting and review the sequence, any construction issues, the specifications and the
MSE wall system requirements and determine any issues that need to be resolved prior to
construction.

The wall supplier shall provide a documented Field Construction Manual specific
to MnDOT requirements and describing in complete details the sequence of construction
steps. The MSE wall system supplier shall also provide an experienced technical
representative on the project site during the erection of the first full height section, and
the following sections if needed until the Engineer determines that the Contractor has
demonstrated the ability to construct the wall system on his own meeting all project
construction requirements. The MSE wall system supplier technical representative shall
be available to provide instructions, guidance in pre-construction activities, and on-site
technical assistance anytime during construction at no additional cost to MnDOT. Every
step in the sequential construction of the MSE wall system shall comply with the
construction requirements and tolerances. All instructions from the MSE wall system
supplier that are not contrary to these special provisions shall be followed unless
otherwise directed in writing by the Engineer.

The Contractor shall be solely responsible to coordinate construction of MSE

walls with bridge, roadway, and other construction and ensure that resulting or existing
obstructions shall not impact the construction or performance of the wall.

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 All MSE wall system-facing panels shall be constructed in accordance with the
QA reviewed shop drawings, including the architectural features specified.

B. Foundation Preparation: The following statements shall apply to MnDOT 2451:

The foundation for the structure shall be graded level for a width equal to the length of
the soil reinforcement element plus 20 inches or as shown on the plans. The entire
graded area shall be compacted according to MnDOT 2451 before wall construction
begins.

Prior to wall construction and subsequent to clearing and grubbing any unsuitable
foundation material shall be excavated and replaced with granular fill per these
specifications, and compacted with a smooth wheel steel vibratory drum roller. If the
MSE wall bears on a rocky foundation or on bedrock, place 6 inches of reinforced soil
per the Materials section of these specifications, under the soil reinforcement and leveling
pad. Compact as specified above.

The Contractor shall develop and implement a plan to protect any open
excavation from surface drainage during construction and until the wall is placed. The
Contractor shall protect the excavation against collapse.

C. Reinforced and Backfill Soil Placement: Soil placement shall closely follow
erection of each row of panels. Soil shall be placed in a way that does not cause damage
or disturbance to the wall or soil reinforcement. Soil reinforcement shall be maintained
in a horizontal position along its length and shall be placed perpendicular to the wall face,
except as shown in the plans.

Compaction beyond 3 feet of the back face of the concrete panels shall be
compacted to a density of not less than 100 percent of maximum density using the
specified density method in accordance with MnDOT 2105.3.F.1 or the granular
penetration index method in accordance with MnDOT 2105.3.F.3. The maximum lift size
shall be 12 inches loose.

Compaction within 3 feet of the back face of the concrete panels shall be achieved
by means of a minimum of 3 passes with a lightweight mechanical tamper, roller or
vibratory system. The number of passes needed for the compaction within the 3 foot zone
shall be determined using a test strip with the proposed compactor and lift height(s) for
this zone. The maximum lift size within 3 feet of the back face of the concrete panels
shall be 8 inches loose and fill shall be compacted to a density of not less than 95 percent
of maximum density using the specified density method in accordance with MnDOT
2105.3.F.1.

Sieve analysis testing for quality control shall be performed according to section
S-1.3B.2 of this specification. Sieve analysis testing for quality assurance shall be
performed according the MnDOT Grading and Base Manual method 5-692.215.

The MSE wall system supplier may require the Contractor to perform quality
control density tests beyond the quality assurance tests required by MnDOT schedule of
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Materials Control. The contractor shall perform the MSE wall system suppliers required
tests and submit the test results to the Engineer.

No drilling or driving of piles, posts (sign, guardrail, etc.) or other roadside

hardware through the reinforced soil shall occur after placement of fill.

At the end of each day’s operations, slope the last lift of reinforced soil to direct
surface runoff away from the wall. Do not allow surface runoff from adjacent areas to
enter the wall construction area.

The area in front of the wall and around the leveling pad should be backfilled as
soon as practically possible. Tamping type (sheep’s foot) rollers shall not be used for
compaction of the reinforced soil.

At no time shall construction equipment come in direct contact with the soil
reinforcement. A minimum reinforced soil thickness of 3 inches for steel soil
reinforcement and 6 inches geosynthetic soil reinforcement shall be required prior to
operation of vehicles. Each course or layer shall be compacted up to or slightly above (-
0.0”, + 2.0”) the location of the next connection for the soil reinforcement prior to placing
the next layer of reinforcement as designated in the erection sequence provided by the
manufacturer of the wall system.

If the reinforced soil material changes or a new source or material is used,

construction of the MSE wall shall be halted until the Contractor provides a new
Certificate of Compliance and accompanying test reports.

D. Leveling Pad: An unreinforced cast-in-place concrete leveling pad shall be provided

at the foundation level for each base unit of the wall system and shall be continuous at all
steps. The leveling pad shall be concrete Mix Number 1C42 and have minimum
dimensions as shown in Figure 2411-6. Note that a wider leveling pad shall be used for
walls with curves or corners to ensure panels fully bear on the leveling pad. The bottom
of pad elevation shall be a minimum of 4 feet below finished ground line. Construct the
leveling pad so that the surface does not vary more than ¼ inch in 10 feet along the
length of the wall nor more than 1/8” across the width of the leveling pad from plan
dimensions. The leveling pad shall have a compressive strength of at least 1500 psi and
cured a minimum of 24 hours before panels are placed. During erection facing panels
shall not extend more than 6 inches beyond the end of the leveling pad at steps. Fill the
void with reinforced soil immediately after the first row of panels are set.

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E. Wall Erection: Storage, handling and transportation shall avoid damage or
discoloration of the panels. If water has ponded in the wall zone excavation; pump the
water out and obtain Engineer’s approval prior to constructing the wall and reinforced
zone. All MSE wall system-facing panels shall be constructed in accordance with
approved shop drawings and in conformance with this specification, including the
architectural features specified. Precast panels shall be placed so that their final position
is vertical or battered as shown on the plans. Generally construction should begin from
existing structures toward the open end of the wall. For erection, panels are handled by
means of lifting devices connected to the upper edge of the panel. After placing the
panels the holes for lifting devices shall be completely filled with MnDOT Spec 2506.2B
mortar. Depressions do not need to be filled if the lifting devices are stainless steel. Place
the initial row of panels on the centerline of the leveling pad and level the panel. Use
shims (bearing pads or other materials) to level the panels. Use wooden wedges for
temporary support to set the initial panel batter. If wedge height under the panel is greater
the ½ inch start the erection over. Adjacent panels shall be clamped together to prevent
individual panel displacement. Panels should be placed in successive horizontal lifts in
the sequence shown on the plans as reinforced soil placement proceeds. If panels
overhang the leveling pad transversely reconstruct the leveling pad. After setting the
batter of the panels, horizontal and vertical alignments shall be checked by the Contractor
with surveying methods, using suitable measuring points. The initial design joint spacing,
vertical and horizontal, between panels shall be ¾ inch. The joint spacing between panels
of the constructed wall shall be ¾ inch plus or minus ¼ inch. External bracing will be
required for the initial lift. Placement of a panel on top of a panel not backfilled shall not
be permitted.

Concrete facing vertical and horizontal alignment tolerances shall not exceed ¾
inch per 10 feet. Do not construct any panel more than ½ inch out of vertical or
horizontal alignment from the adjacent panels. The completed wall shall have (cap or top
of wall) overall horizontal and vertical tolerance not to exceed ½ inch per 10 feet of the
planned location. Facing elements out of alignment shall not be pulled or pushed into
proper place, as that may cause damage to the facing element or soil reinforcement. If
misalignment occurs, the reinforced soil and the soil reinforcement shall be removed and
the facing panels reset to the proper alignment.

Install the geotextile fabric strip over each horizontal and vertical panel joint.
Center the fabric over the joint. Use a minimum 12 inch lap between cut sections of the
fabric. Clean the concrete to remove dirt by using a brush before applying the adhesive
and fabric. Securely bond the fabric to the panel by applying adhesive to the wall or
fabric for the full perimeter of the installed fabric. When fabric is installed around a slip
joint, allow some of horizontal slack in the fabric to allow for movement.

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F. Impervious Layer (Geomembrane): The installation of the impervious layer
(geomembrane) shall be in accordance with manufacturer’s recommendations and as
approved by the Engineer. Before geomembrane installation, it shall be assured that the
area that is to be lined shall be smooth and free of sharp objects or debris of any kind.
Atmospheric exposure of the geomembrane to the elements following lay down shall be a
maximum of fourteen (14) days. The Contractor shall install a geomembrane liner free of
holes and tears. The geomembrane shall be placed below the pavement, above the first
row of reinforcement and under the parapet moment slab (where present) and over
specified areas as shown on the plans. The geomembrane shall be sloped to drain away
from the facing panels as shown on the plans. HDPE shall not be installed during periods
of precipitation or in conditions of excessive moisture such as fog or dew in accordance
with the geomembrane manufacturer’s recommendations and as approved by the
Engineer.

All seams of the geomembrane liner system shall be welded or bonded, as per the
manufacturer’s specifications, such that a water tight seal is formed to prevent leakage.
Seams shall be oriented parallel to the line of maximum slope. Seams shall have a
minimum finished overlap of 4 in. unless a greater overlap is specified by the
geomembrane manufacturer. Field testing of seams, according to the manufacturer’s
specifications, shall be conducted to verify satisfactory seaming conditions. When
backfilling, care shall be taken to prevent damage to the geomembrane. Any tears,
punctures or holes incurred during the installation process shall be assessed by the
Engineer and the membrane shall either be repaired in accordance with recommendations
of the membrane manufacturer or replaced at the Engineer’s discretion at no additional
cost.

Perforations through the liner shall be limited. Where penetrations are necessary,
the Contractor shall provide details demonstrating the method(s) of sealing the
penetration for approval by the Engineer.

G. Soil Reinforcement Installation: Soil reinforcement shall be placed in

accordance with the shop drawings. Reinforcement shall generally be placed
perpendicular to the back of wall unless shown otherwise on shop drawings. Pretension
flexible reinforcement to remove any slack in the reinforcement. Pretension connections
to remove any slack in non-bolted connections. Bar mat soil reinforcement shall not be
skewed, unless the panel connector is specifically fabricated for such. No alteration or
cutting of reinforcement is permitted unless clearly detailed in the approved shop
drawings. Connections must be made in accordance with the manufacturer’s
recommendations. Reinforcement placement elevations shall not vary more than 1 inch
from a horizontal line through the panel connection, except for the top soil reinforcement
layer which is allowed to be parallel to the impervious layer if needed. There shall be a
minimum separation of 6” between the geomembrane and soil reinforcement.

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 Any wall system material that becomes damaged or disturbed during the
installation of the wall system shall be removed, replaced or corrected at the Contractor’s
expense, as directed by the Engineer. Walls may be rejected due to failure to meet any of
the requirements of the above specifications that will require future maintenance or will
impact aesthetics, function, performance or life of the wall.

H. Barrier and Coping Construction: This final construction sequence shall be

undertaken after the final wall panels have been placed, and the reinforced soil has been
completed to its finished ground line. The gap between the coping and a moment slab or
barrier shall be sealed by preformed joint filler per MnDOT 3702. The top of the
preformed joint filler shall be sealed per MnDOT 3723. Top of sealer shall be flush with
top of slab of the barrier. Sections of precast coping should be sealed with a one-
component, high performance, gun grade, paintable, elastomeric polyurethane sealant
meeting Federal Specification TT-S-00230C, Type II, Class A and ASTM Standard C-
920, Type S, Grade NS, Class 25 or higher. The following are acceptable products:
Sikaflex-15 LM, High-performance, low-modulus elastomeric sealant; Sonolastic NP 1,
One-component, elastomeric, gun-grade polyurethane sealant; Vulkem 116, One-Part,
High Performance Polyurethane Sealant; or an engineer approved equivalent.

I. Method of Measurement: MSE walls shall be measured by the square yard of

face on a vertical plane between a line 2 feet below the finished ground line in front of
the wall and the top of the pavement, sidewalk, or soil (if unpaved) as shown on the
plans. The Department will not adjust pay quantities for variations in concrete leveling
pad elevations required to accommodate actual facing panel placement.

J. Payment Method: Payment for MSE walls constructed at the Contract price per
square yard of completed wall surface will be compensation in full for all costs of design
and construction including facing panels, soil reinforcement, connection devices, bearing
pads, joint materials, leveling pad, impervious layer, technical representatives, and other
items which do not have separate pay items but are necessary to complete the MSE wall.

Excavation and reinforced soil shall be paid for as specified in 2451.  Use pay
item “2451.607 STRUCTURAL BACKFILL (MOD) CU YD” for backfill payment.
Use pay item “2451.501 Structure Excavation, Class ___ cubic yard” for structural
excavation.

Drainage system shall be paid for as specified in 2502. Coping is considered incidental.
Traffic barriers and moments slabs (if applicable) shall be paid for separately.

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Figure 2411-5: Typical Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) Wall Cross Section

41
Figure 2411-6: Leveling Pad Detail

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 MSE Wall Certification Letter

State Project No. (S.P. or S.A.P.)

Wall No.
Name of Pre-Qualified MSE Wall
System

Design Data
Design Life 100 years
Angle of Internal Friction - Reinforced Soil Zone 34 Degrees
Maximum applied Bearing Pressure at base of reinforced
soil mass
Factored Bearing Resistance at base of reinforced soil
mass (located in Geotechnical or foundation report)
Length of reinforcement to satisfy overall stability (located
in Geotechnical or foundation report)
Compound stability check satisfied (if required by these
special provisions)

I hereby certify that the design calculations for the internal stability of the mechanically
stabilized earth retaining structure and the detail drawings included in this construction
submission are in complete conformance with the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design
Specifications, the project special provisions and meet the foundation report recommended
overall stability soil reinforcement length. I further certify that the design data provided above
and data assumed for the design calculation submitted herein is accurate for the above referenced
wall.

Wall Designer Design Checker

I hereby certify that shop drawings I hereby certify that I thoroughly

and calculations were prepared by checked the shop drawings and
me or under my direct supervision calculations and that I am a duly
and that I am a duly licensed licensed professional engineer under
professional engineer under the laws the laws of the State of Minnesota.
of the State of Minnesota.
Signature: Signature:
Registration Number: Registration Number:
Date: Date:
(Provide an MSE Wall Certification Letter for each wall in the project plans)

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