Welcome to

MMUP Engineers Registration Exam

Preparation Course

MECHANICAL

1
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 INTRODUCTION

Introduce yourself
➢ Name
➢ Education
➢ Experience
➢ Position

2
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 GROUND RULES
Mobile Silence
Interaction and participation in exercises
Questions are welcome
No side discussion
After about one hour and thirty minutes we can break

3
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 First some fundamentals

Thermodynamics—PLEASE
UNDERSTAND the concepts, Units and
RELATIONSHIPS between –Pressure,
Temperature, Volume ,Energy, Work,
Force, Power, Heat

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Thermodynamics
Rub your hands together for 15 seconds.

Are your hands warm?

Thermal energy
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Thermodynamics
The study of the effects of work, heat flow, and energy
on a system
Movement of thermal energy
Engineers use thermodynamics in systems ranging
from power plants, generators, desalination plants, to
electrical components.
SURROUNDINGS

SYSTEM

BOUNDARY
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 Thermal Energy versus Temperature
Thermal Energy is kinetic energy in transit from one object to another due to
temperature difference. (Joules)
** Rate of heat: Absolute (kgf.m/s), Practical (watt), Engineering (hp)
British 1hp=746w, Metric 1hp = 736w.
Temperature is the average kinetic energy of particles in an object – not the
total amount of kinetic energy particles. (Degrees)
Temperature #1 Temperature #2

Heat
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Temperature Scales
Scale Freezing point of Boiling point of
water water
Celsius 0°C 100°C
Fahrenheit 32°F 212°F
Kelvin 273K 373K
Matter is made up of molecules in motion (kinetic energy)
An increase in temperature increases motion
A decrease in temperature decreases motion
Absolute Zero occurs when all kinetic energy is removed from an object 0 K =
-273° C
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Thermodynamic Equilibrium
Thermal equilibrium is obtained when touching objects within a
system reach the same temperature.
When thermal equilibrium is reached, the system loses its ability to
do work.
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics: If two systems are separately
found to be in thermal equilibrium with a third system, the first two
systems are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
Object #1
(Thermometer)

Object #1 Object #2 Object #2 Object #3

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Open, closed and isolated systems
❑ To a thermodynamic system two ‘things’ may be added/removed:
➢ energy (heat, work) ➢ matter.
❑ An open system is one to which you can add/remove matter (e.g. a open beaker to which we can add water). When you
add matter- you also end up adding heat (which is contained in that matter).
❑ A system to which you cannot add matter is called closed.
Though you cannot add/remove matter to a closed system, you can still add/remove heat (you can cool a closed water
bottle in fridge).
❑ A system to which neither matter nor heat can be added/removed is called isolated.
A closed vacuum ‘thermos’ flask can be considered as isolated.

Type of boundary Interactions

Mass
Open All interactions possible (Mass, Work, Heat)
Closed Matter cannot enter or leave
Semi-permeable Only certain species can enter or leave Interactions possible
Insulated Heat cannot enter or leave Work
Rigid Mechanical work cannot be done*
Isolated No interactions are possible**
* By or on the system
Heat
** Mass, Heat or Work
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 Open Close and Isolated System

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 Question 1
 1.Which of the following variables controls the
physical properties of a perfect gas
(a) pressure
(b) temperature
(c) volume
(d) all of the above
(e) atomic mass.

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 Answer Question 1
 Ans: d, all of the above

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 Question 2
2.Which of the following laws is applicable for
the behavior of a perfect gas
(a)Boyle's law
(b)Charles'law
(c)Gay-Lussac law
(d)all of the above
(e)Joule's law.

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 Answer Question 2

 Ans: d, all of the above

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 1- Boyle's law
Boyle's law (sometimes referred to as the Boyle–Mariotte law, or
Mariotte's law[1]) is an experimental gas law that describes :
how the pressure of a gas tends to increase as the volume of the
container decreases. A modern statement of Boyle's law is
The absolute pressure exerted by a given mass of an ideal gas is
inversely proportional to the volume it occupies if the temperature and
amount of gas remain unchanged within a closed system.
Mathematically, Boyle's law can be stated as as
P ∞ 1/V
PV = k

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 1- Boyle's law ( Cont.)
Remember Hyperbolic
Nature of Curve
A graph of Boyle’s original A graph of Boyle's original data

data This relationship between pressure and volume was first noted by Richard Towneley and

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 2- Charles' law
Charles' law (also known as the law of volumes) is an experimental gas law that
describes how gases tend to expand when heated. A modern statement of
Charles's law is:
When the pressure on a sample of a dry gas is held constant, the Kelvin
temperature and the volume will be directly related.[1]
This directly proportional relationship can be written as:
V ∞ T
 V /T = k
 where:

V is the volume of the gas,

T is the temperature of the gas (measured in kelvins),
k is a constant.

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 2- Charles' law (Cont.)
 This law describes how a gas expands as the temperature increases;
conversely, a decrease in temperature will lead to a decrease in
volume. For comparing the same substance under two different sets of
conditions, the law can be written as:
 V1/T1 = V2/T2 or
 V1/V2 = T1 /T2 or
 V1 T2 = V2 T1
 The equation shows that, as absolute temperature increases, the
volume of the gas also increases in proportion

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 3- Gay-Lussac's gas law

 Gay-Lussac's gas law is a special case of the ideal gas law where
the volume of the gas is held constant. When the volume is held
constant, the pressure exerted by a gas is directly proportional to
the absolute temperature of the gas.
 This example problem uses Gay-Lussac's law to find the pressure
of a heated container.

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3- Gay-Lussac's Law Example1:

Gay-Lussac's Law Example1:

A 20 L cylinder containing 6 atm of gas at 27 °C. What
would the pressure of the gas be if the gas was heated to
77 °C ?

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 3- Gay-Lussac's gas law (con.)
Solution:
The cylinder's volume remains unchanged while the gas is heated
so Gay-Lussac's gas law applies. Gay-Lussac's gas law can be expressed as
Pi/Ti = Pf/Tf
Where:

Pi and Ti are the initial pressure and absolute temperatures

Pf and Tf are the final pressure and absolute temperature

First, convert the temperatures to absolute temperatures.

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 3- Gay-Lussac's gas law (con.)
Ti = 27 °C = 27 + 273 K = 300 K
Tf = 77 °C = 77 + 273 K = 350 K

Use these values in Gay-Lussac's equation and solve for Pf.

Pf = PiTf/Ti
Pf = (6 atm)x(350K)/(300 K)
Pf = 7 atm
Answer:

The pressure will increase to 7 atm after heating the gas from 27 °C to 77 °C.

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 3- Gay-Lussac's gas law (con.)
Important Points About Gay-Lussac's Law
Volume and quantity of gas are held constant.
If temperature of the gas increases, pressure increases.
If temperature decreases, pressure decreases.
Temperature is a measure of the kinetic energy of gas molecules.
At a low temperature,
the molecules are moving more slowly and will hit the wall of a container
less frequently.
As temperature increases,
the motion of the molecules are increasing. They strike the walls of the
container more often, which is seen as an increase in pressure.

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 Charles’ Gay Lussac's and Boyle’s Laws
Charles’ Law Gay Lussac’s Boyle’s Law
Law

P Constant T Constant
V Constant

V&T P&T PV = C

V1/T1 = V2/T2 P1/T1 = P2/T2 P1V1 = P2V2

V1/V2 = T1/T2 P1/P2 = T1/T2 P1/P2 = V2/V1

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 Question 3
 3.The unit of temperature in S.I. units is
(a) Centigrade
(b) Celsius
(c) Fahrenheit
(d) Kelvin
(e) Rankine.

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 Answer Question 3

 Ans: d , Kelvin

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 Question 3
 3. A certain amount of an ideal gas initially at a pressure P1 and temperature T1.
First, it undergoes a constant pressure process 1 – 2 such that T2 = 3T1/4. Then, it
undergoes a constant volume process 2 – 3 such that T3 = T1/2. The ratio of the
final volume to the initial volume of the ideal gas is
(a) 0.25
(b) 0.5
(c) 0.75
(d) 1
(e) 1.5

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 Answer Question 3

 Ans: c , 0.75
For process 1 – 2 : P1 = P2
∴V1T1=V2T2∴V1T1=V2T2
⇒V2V1=T2T1⇒V2V1=T2T1
⇒V2V1=34⇒V2V1=34
For process 2 – 3 : V2 = V3
∴V3V2=1∴V3V2=1
Now, V3V1=V3V2×V2V1=1×34=34V3V1=V3V2×V2V1=1×34=34
⇒V3V1=0.75

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 Question 4

 4.The unit of mass in S.I. units is

(a)kilogram
(b)gram
(c)tone
(d)quintal
(e)newton.

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 Answer Question 4

 Ans: a, kilogram

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 Question 5

 5.The unit of time in S.I. units is

(a) second
(b) minute
(c) hour
(d) day
(e) year.

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 Answer Question 5

 Ans: a, second

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 Question 6
 6.The unit of length in S.I. units is
(a) meter
(b) centimeter
(c) kilometer
(d) millimeter.

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 Answer Question 6

Ans: a, meter

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 Question 7
 7. The unit of energy in S.I. units is
(a) watt
(b)joule
(c)joule/s
(d)joule/m
(e)joule m..

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 Answer Question 7

 Ans: b, joule

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 Question 8

 8. According to Gay-Lussac law for a perfect gas, the absolute

pressure of given mass varies directly as
(a)temperature
(b)absolute
(c)absolute temperature, if volume is kept constant
(d)volume, if temperature is kept constant
(e)remains constant, if volume and temperature are kept constant.

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 Answer Question 8

Ans: c, absolute temperature, if

volume is kept constant

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 Question 9

 9. An ideal gas as compared to a real gas at very

high pressure occupies
(a)more volume
(b)less volume
(c)same volume
(d)unpredictable behavior
(e)no such correlation.

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 Answer Question 9

 Ans: b
less volume
 A real gas occupies more volume than an ideal gas at high
pressure. This is because the ideal gas law assumes the masses
are points that take up no volume. Real molecules take up some
of the volume, and at high pressure, this fraction becomes
significant.

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 Question 10

 10.General gas equation is

(a) PV=nRT
(b) PV=mRT
(d) PV = C
(c) PV=KiRT
(e) CpCv = Wj

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 Answer Question 10

 Ans: b
PV=mRT

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 Dalton's law
 In chemistry and physics, Dalton's law (also called Dalton's law of
partial pressures) states that in a mixture of non-reacting gases, the
total pressure exerted is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the
individual gases. ... and is relate

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 Question 11
 11.According to Dalton's law, the total pressure of the
mixture of gases is equal to
(a) greater of the partial pressures of all
(b) average of the partial pressures of all
(c) sum of the partial pressures of all
(d) sum of the partial pressures of all divided by average molecular
weight
(e) atmospheric pressure.

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 Answer Question 11

 Ans: c
sum of the partial pressures of all

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 Question 12
 12.Which of the following can be regarded as gas so that gas laws could
be applicable, within the commonly encountered temperature limits.
 (a) O2, N2, steam, C02
 (b) Oz, N2, water vapour
 (c) S02, NH3, C02, moisture
 (d) O2, N2, H2, air
 (e) steam vapours, H2, C02.

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 Answer Question 12

 Ans: d
O2, N2, H2, air

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 Question 12
 13. For an ideal gas with constant values of specific heats, for calculation of
the specific enthalpy,

(a) it is sufficient to know only the temperature

(b) both temperature and pressure are required to be known
(c) both temperature and volume are required to be known
(d) both temperature and mass are required to be known

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 Answer Question 12
 Ans: a
•it is sufficient to know only the temperature

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 Question 13

 13.The unit of pressure in S.I. units is

 (a)kg/cm2
 (b)mm of water column
 (c)pascal
 (d)dynes per square cm
 (e)bars

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 Answer Question 13

 Ans: c
pascal

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 Question 14

 14. A closed system is one in which

(a)mass does not cross boundaries of the system, though energy may do
so
(b)mass crosses the boundary but not the energy
(c)neither mass nor energy crosses the boundaries of the system
(d)both energy and mass cross the boundaries of the system
(e)thermodynamic reactions take place.

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 Answer Question 14

 Ans: a
mass does not cross boundaries of the
system, though energy may do so

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 Question 15

 15.Temperature of a gas is produced due to

(a) its heating value
(b) kinetic energy of molecules
(c) repulsion of molecules
(d) attraction of molecules
(e) surface tension of molecules.

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 Answer Question 15

 Ans: b
kinetic energy of molecules

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 Question 16

 16.According to kinetic theory of gases, the

absolute zero temperature is attained when
(a) volume of the gas is zero
(b) pressure of the gas is zero
(c) kinetic energy of the molecules is zero
(d) specific heat of gas is zero
(e) mass is zero.

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 Answer Question 16
 Ans: c
kinetic energy of the molecules is zero

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 Kinetic Theory
What is the difference between an elastic and an inelastic collision?
 What is the difference between an elastic and an inelastic collision?
 A perfectly elastic collision is defined as one in which there is no loss
of kinetic energy in the collision.
 An inelastic collision is one in which part of the kinetic energy is
changed to some other form of energy in the collision.
 The primary difference between, elastic and inelastic collisions is:-
 in elastic collision, kinetic energy is conserved
 and in inelastic collisions, kinetic energy is not conserved.
 But in both elastic and inelastic collisions, momentum is
conserved.
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 Example of Elastic
 Are car accidents elastic or inelastic?
 Momentum is conserved, because the total momentum of both
objects before and after the collision is the same.
 However, kinetic energy is not conserved.
 Some of the kinetic energy is converted into sound, heat, and
deformation of the objects.
 A high speed car collision is an inelastic collision.

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 What is an example of a perfectly elastic collision?
Example:
The collision between two billiard balls can be regarded as perfectly
elastic collision approximately.
No energy is being radiated away (kinetic energy) or consumed internally.
Example : Bouncing of a ball when it hits the surface.

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 Elastic
 What is the elastic collision?
collision
 Elastic Collision. Collisions between objects are governed by laws of
momentum and energy. ... The total system kinetic energy before the
collision equals the total system kinetic energy after the collision. If
total kinetic energy is not conserved, then the collision is referred to as
an inelastic collision.
 When the momentum is conserved?
 Conservation of momentum. So long as no external forces are acting
on the objects involved, the total momentum stays the same in
explosions and collisions. We say that momentum is conserved. You
can use this idea to work out the mass, velocity or momentum of an
object in an explosion or collision.

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 Question 17

 17.Kinetic theory of gases assumes that the

collisions between the molecules are
(a) perfectly elastic
b)perfectly inelastic
(c)partly elastic
(d)partly inelastic
(e)partly elastic and partly inelastic.

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 Answer Question 17
 Ans: a
perfectly elastic

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 Kinetic Energy Lost

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 Elastic and Inelastic

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 Collision Elastic Example 1

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 Collision Elastic Example 1

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 Collision Elastic Example 2

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 Collision Elastic Example 2

 [0.25*4.5] + [0.3*(-5)] = [.25 *(-2)]+[0.3*V]

 [1.125] – 1.5 = [-0.5] + 0.3 V
 -0.375 = [-0.5] + 0.3 V
 -0.375 + 0.5 = 0.3 V
 0.125 = 0.3V
 V = – 0.125/0.3
 V= 0.417 m/sec

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 Molecular Constant

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 Question 18

 The pressure 'of a gas in terms of its mean

kinetic energy per unit volume E is equal to
 (a) E/3
 (b) E/2
 (c) 3E/4
 (d)2E/3
 (e) 5E/4.

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 Answer Question 18

 Ans: d
2E/3

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 Question 19

 19.An open system is one in which

(a)mass does not cross boundaries of the system, though energy may do
so
(b)neither mass nor energy crosses the boundaries of the system
(c)both energy and mass cross the boundaries of the system
(d)mass crosses the boundary but not the energy
(e)thermodynamic reactions do not occur.

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 Answer Question 19

(c)both energy and mass cross the boundaries

of the system

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 Question 20

 20.Superheated vapour behaves

(a)exactly as gas
(b)as steam
(c)as ordinary vapor
(d)approximately as a gas
(e)as average of gas and vapor.

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 Answer Question 20

 Ans: d
approximately as a gas

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 Question 21

 21.Absolute zero pressure will occur

(a) at sea level
(b) at the center of the earth
(c) when molecular momentum of the system becomes zero
(d) under vacuum conditions
(e) at a temperature of 273 °K

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 Answer Question 21

 Ans: c
when molecular momentum of the system
becomes zero

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 Question 22

 22.No liquid can exist as liquid at

(a) 273 °K
(b)vacuum
(c)zero pressure
(d)centre of earth
(e)in space.

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 Answer Question 22

 Ans: c
zero pressure

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 Question 23

 23.The unit of power in S.I. units is

(a) newton
(b) pascal
(c) erg
(d) watt
(e) joule.

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 Answer Question 23

 Ans: d, watt

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 Question 24

 24.The condition of perfect vacuum, i.e.,

absolute zero pressure can be attained at
(a) a temperature of -273.16°C
(b) a temperature of 0°C
(c) a temperature of 273 °K
(d) a negative pressure and 0°C temperature
(e) can't be attained

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 Answer Question 24

 Ans: a
a temperature of -273.16°C

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 Question 25

 25.Intensive property of a system is one whose

value
 (a)depends on the mass of the system, like volume
 (b)does not depend on the mass of the system, like temperature,
pressure, etc.
 (c)is not dependent on the path followed but on the state
 (d)is dependent on the path followed and not on the state
 (e)remains constant.

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 Answer Question 25

 Ans: b
does not depend on the mass of the
system, like temperature, pressure, etc.

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 Question 26
25. A football was inflated to a gauge pressure of 1 bar when the
ambient temperature was 15°C. When the game started next day,
the air temperature at the stadium was 5°C.
Assume that the volume of the football remains constant at 2500
cm . 3

The amount of heat lost by the air in the football and the gauge
pressure of air in the football at the stadium respectively equal

(a) 30.6 J, 1.94 bar

(b) 21.8 J, 0.93 bar
(c) 61.1 J, 1.94 bar
(d) 43.7 J, 0.93 bar

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 Answer Question 26
 Ans: d
43.7 J, 0.93 bar

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 Question 26
Solution: 4
Given, P = 1 bar (gauge) 1

(P ) = 1 + 1.013 = 2.012 bar

1 absolute

T = 15°C = 288 K
1

T = 5°C = 278 K
2

Volume = const. = 2500 cm 3

At const. volume (15°C → 5°C)

θ = mC dT v

Let θ = mC dT v

= m × 0.718 × (278 – 288)

Also PV = mRT
⇒2.013×105×2500×10−6=m×287×288⇒2.013×105×2500×10−6=m×287×288
⇒ θ = 43.7 × 10 KJ -3

= 43.7 J
Volume = Const.
T T =P P ⇒P2=2.13×278288=1.93
2 1 2 1 bar (absolute)Pabs.=Patm+PgaugeT2T1=P2P1⇒P2=2.13×278288=1.93 bar
(absolute)Pabs.=Patm+Pgauge
∴ P = 0.93 bar gauge

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 Question 27
25. A pure substance at 8 MPa and 400 °C is having a specific
internal energy of 2864 kJ/kg and a specific volume of 0.03432
m3/kg. Its specific enthalpy (in kJ/kg) is _______
(a) 3138.56 kJ/kg
(b) 3538.56 kJ/kg
(c) 3838.56 kJ/kg
(d) 4138.56 kJ/kg

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 Answer Question 27
 Ans: a
 h = u + pv
= 2864 + (8 × 10 ) × 0.03432
3

= 3138.56 kJ/kg

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 General Gas Equation & Variable for gas

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 Constant [R]

1. The pressure must be in the unit

When using the Ideal Gas Law with 1 atm = 760 mmHg
atmospheres (atm)
the gas constant
R = 0.0821 L•atm/mol•K 2. The temperature must be in the
unit kelvin (K). T(K) = T(°C) + 273

3. The volume must be in the unit

liters

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 Molar Mass [M]

M : Molar Mass.
m : Mass of the gas
n : Moles

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 Example - 1
A gas at Standard Temperature
and Pressure (STP) has a PV = n RT
temperature of 273 K and a
P = 1.00 atm
pressure of 1.00 atm. What is the Require:
volume of 1.00 mole of gas at
STP? V=?
T = 273 K

n = 1 mole

R = 0.0821
L•atm/mol•K

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 Example - 2
A (0.120) g sample of CH4 gas
occupies a volume of 200. mL W = 0.120 g
at 35°C. What is the pressure
PV = n RT
of the gas in mmHg ?
Require: V = 200 mL

P = ? mmHg
T = 35 C

R = 0.0821
L•atm/mol•K

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 Kinetic Molecular Theory

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 Kinetic Molecular Theory

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  The root-mean-square speed measures the average speed of particles
in a gas, defined as:

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 Root-Mean-Square Speed Example

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