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uk

GCE
Physics A
Advanced GCE 7883 Advanced Subsidiary GCE 3883

Mark Scheme for the Units June 2008

3883/7883/MS/R/08
Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations

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OCR (Oxford, Cambridge and RSA Examinations) is a unitary awarding body, established by the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate and the RSA Examinations Board in January 1998. OCR provides a full range of GCSE, A level, GNVQ, Key Skills and other qualifications for schools and colleges in the United Kingdom, including those previously provided by MEG and OCEAC. It is also responsible for developing new syllabuses to meet national requirements and the needs of students and teachers. This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and students, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which marks were awarded by Examiners. It does not indicate the details of the discussions which took place at an Examiners meeting before marking commenced. All Examiners are instructed that alternative correct answers and unexpected approaches in candidates scripts must be given marks that fairly reflect the relevant knowledge and skills demonstrated. Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the published question papers and the Report on the Examination. OCR will not enter into any discussion or correspondence in connection with this mark scheme. OCR 2008 Any enquiries about publications should be addressed to: OCR Publications PO Box 5050 Annesley NOTTINGHAM NG15 0DL Telephone: Facsimile: E-mail: 0870 870 6622 01223 552610 publications@ocr.org.uk

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CONTENTS

GCE Physics A (7883) Advanced Subsidiary GCE Physics (3883)

MARK SCHEMES FOR THE UNITS

Unit/Content 2821 Forces and Motion 2822 Electrons and Photons 2823/01 Wave Properties/Experimental Skills 1 Written Paper 2823/03 Wave Properties/Experimental Skills 1 Practical Examination 2824 Forces, Fields and Energy 2825/01 Cosmology 2825/02 Health Physics 2825/03 Materials 2825/04 Nuclear and Particle Physics 2825/05 Telecommunications 2825 Common Question 2826/01 Unifying Concepts in Physics 2826/03 Experimental Skills 2 Practical Examination Grade Thresholds

Page 1 10 18 23 30 33 37 40 43 48 53 54 57 64

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2821 Mark Scheme June 2008

2821 Forces and Motion

Question 1 a i Expected Answers A vector has a direction Marks B1 Additional Guidance This is the minimum required. The reverse argument that a scalar does not have a direction can be implied. Allow extra comments such as magnitude, size, number and quantity but identified quantities such as a scalar has a distance and a vector has a distance and direction should not be allowed. e.g, acceleration, force and power would score 0 (+1 and -1) acceleration, force, power and weight would score1 (+2 and -1)

ii

[acceleration, force and weight] 3 correct scores 2 2 correct scores 1. (1 for incorrect scalar answers) (v v =) 25 sin60 or 25cos30 = 21.7 (21.65) (m s-1) v = u + at 0 = 21.7 (9.81 x t) t = 2.2(1) (s)

B2

i1

M1 A0 C1 A1 Or t = (v-u) / a or a = (v-u) / t Do not accept t = 2 (SF error). If g=10 used then penalise -1 but only once on the paper Any equation with acceleration cannot score these marks unless a=0 stated Correct horizontal component (12.5) Note ECF from (b)(i) 2

distance = speed x time

M0

using speed = 25 cos60 or 25sin30 using time = 2t = 55(.2) (m)

C1 C1 A1

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2821 Question ii 1 Expected Answers straight line negative / positive gradient line continues into negative / positive v values with the same gradient same time in both + and regions and to same v (only if correct line drawn) 2 decreasing gradient increasing gradient (roughly same gradient at beginning and end) ANY FOUR: PE zero or minimum at A / rises from A to H / maximum at H / falls from H to B. KE max at A / falls from A to H / rises from H to B. KE is a minimum at H (not zero) KE is converted to PE / PE is converted to KE / loss in PE = gain in KE KE / PE at B is the same as at A QWC Spelling and punctuation Total MAX B4 B1 19 Mark Scheme Marks B1 June 2008 Additional Guidance The velocity must start from a non zero point and be a straight line as far as the time axis

B1 If time not labelled at half way mark, then use the ruler available to check times and allow 3 mm difference. Judge velocities by eye But not reaching a vertical line at end

B1 B1 B1

iii

Only one of these is required for the mark but any further contradictions about the PE would cancel this mark. Similarly for the KE statements The candidates first four statements should be marked with a cross or a tick on script and the remainder checked for contradictions only. Do not allow or penalise: PE = KE half way up (AW)

Penalise if more than two errors in spelling or punctuation. No tick or cross needed. Allow GPE and KE

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2821 Question 2 a i Expected Answers Resultant force or sum of forces is zero Resultant or sum of torque / moments is zero ii Force x perpendicular distance from the pivot / point / axis 850 x 2 or 4400 x 4 or T x 3 (Sum of clockwise =) 850 x 2 + 4400 x 4 equating this sum with the anticlockwise moment T x 3 and solving to give T = 6400 (6433) (N) Mark Scheme Marks B1 June 2008 Additional Guidance Do not allow: upward forces equal downward forces / forces are balanced / all forces are equal (and opposite) Allow: sum of clockwise moments equals sum of anticlockwise moments

B1

B1 B1 B1 Any correct moment scores the first mark The two correct clockwise moments added The clockwise and anticlockwise moments are then equated and solved and not just the clockwise divided by 3 B1 Mark diagram with a tick or cross to show F has been looked for Do not accept the system is not in equilibrium (that is in the question)

ii

Force at A drawn up and to the right of vertical allow up to parallel with beam Another force is required to give zero resultant force or up and down / left and right forces do not balance Total

B1

B1

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2821 Question 3 a Expected Answers V = 6 x 2 x 0.25 =m/V m = 3 x 2500 = 7500 (kg) b P=F/A = [7500 x 9.8(1)] / (6x 0.25) = 4.9 x 104 (Pa) Total A1 C1 C1 A1 5 Wrong formula used (e.g. P = Mass / A) then 0/3 ECF for the mass from part (a) Penalise for g = 10 if not penalised previously. If no g used then cannot score last two marks No ECF for incorrect area used. Mark Scheme Marks In any form Additional Guidance June 2008

C1

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2821 Question 4 a Expected Answers Either: Resolve horizontally F = T cos60 Resolve vertically 2000 = Tsin60 F = 1155 (N) Or correct triangle of forces Mark Scheme Marks C1 C1 A1 C1 Additional Guidance June 2008

Allow answers to two SF (1200) Basic shape (30, 60 and 90), two forces labelled (arrows not needed). Give this mark even if 30 and 60 reversed (this gives 3464N and would gain 1 mark max). Allow answers to two SF (1200) As above (for triangle of forces) Allow answers from 1100 to 1200 (N) Not longer cable

correct trig. statement F = 1155 (N) Or correct scale diagram Scale given F = 1155 (N) b i Larger mass, weight, larger angle or larger force F Greater kinetic energy (change) or greater momentum (change) Allow greater speed at the point of collision /where it hits the wall or mass is larger hence force on wall is larger using F=ma

C1 A1 C1 C1 A1

B1 B1 Do not accept It hits with greater force on its own Do not accept travels with greater acceleration hence force is larger using F=ma.

Total

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2821 Question 5 a i Expected Answers W c = 2.4 x 105 x sin 4.8 = 2.0 x 104 b W=Fxd W/t=Fxv = 12000 x 15 = 180000 (J s-1) c P=W/t P=Fxv P = 3.2 x 104 x 15 = 480000 (W) A1 Do not give a mark for PE = mgh on its own. Do not give a mark for W/t or mgh/t on their own C1 A1 C1 Mark Scheme Marks M1 A0 Additional Guidance Allow W x sin 4.8 June 2008

pe / t = 480000 180000 = 300000 allow alternative method of determining the vertical height moved in one second and use of mgh e.g. h = 15 sin4.8 = 1.255 W/t = mgh/t = 2.4 x 105 x 1.255 = 300000

C1 A1

C1

Do not give a mark for W/t or mgh/t on their own

A1 B1 Allow kJ s-1 / kW if consistent with numbers used Allow N m s-1 but not kg m2 s-3

unit: W or J s-1

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2821 Question e Expected Answers less Mark Scheme Marks M0 Additional Guidance June 2008

Component of weight acts down the slope

A1

Weight / force of gravity helps the braking (AW) (not gravity helps braking) Some KE is converted to PE and hence less work has to be done by the braking force

Total

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2821 Question 6 a i Expected Answers E = stress / strain = (F x l) / (A x e) = (60 x 4) / (0.63 x 10-6 x 3.3 x 10-3) = 1.15 x 1011 (Pa) Mark Scheme Marks C1 C1 C1 Any correct points from the graph up 82 (N) Max 2/4 if force value is greater than 82 N Allow 1.2 and 1.1 if consistent with correct values from graph e.g 36 N and 2.0 mm. Additional Guidance June 2008

A1

ii

Strain energy = x F x e or area under graph = 0.5 x 80 x (4.4 x 10-3) = 0.176 (J)

C1 Allow 4.35 x 10-3 to give 0.174 (J) A1 Do not penalise the omission of 10-3 in this part if already penalised in section (a)(i) Do not allow answers that suggest it will return if it has not passed its elastic limit or any statement that explicitly states that the extension is the same as when the force was applied

graph does not return to zero extension (may be on the graph) / there is permanent extension

B1

wire: ductile / malleable Hookes law obeyed / force proportional to extension at start / over straight line section Elastic in first section Plastic when larger forces applied

Ignore comparative values of Young modulus, breaking force etc (but do not take these statements as part of the six assessed statements).

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2821 Question Expected Answers Glass is brittle Glass has no plastic region Glass has straight line section only Mark Scheme Marks MAX B6 Allow from a sketch graph. Stop marking after ticks and crosses add up to 6 but check for contradictions in any remaining text. QWC Use of technical language B1 Candidates are using correctly 2 of Hookes law, extension proportional to force, elastic, plastic, ductile, malleable and brittle. We are not assessing spelling etc. in this section. Additional Guidance June 2008

Total

14

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2822 Mark Scheme June 2008

2822 Electrons and Photons

1 Question a Expected Answers Opposite (direction) (p.d =) energy (transfer)/charge Marks B1 B1 Additional Guidance Allow positive to negative for one and negative to positive for other even if physics is incorrect (1) Not different direction(s) - because this is stated in question Allow (V =)

W E or (V =) where W (or E) = energy / work (done) Q Q

and Q = charge. (1) For mark above, there is no need to define V. Not energy lost by unit charge / by coulomb (The kilowatt-hour is) the energy (transferred) / work (done) when a 1 kW device is operated for 1 hour M1 A1 The second mark is for referring to 1kW (or 1000 W) and 1 hour (or 3600 s). The second mark can only be awarded if the first mark has been scored. (Number of kW h =) 1.8 1500 (= 2700) (cost =) 2700 9.0 cost = () 243 or 240 A1 C1 Not power transferred by a 1 kW device working for 1 hour. Special cases: Allow 1 mark for bald 2700 Allow 2 marks for bald 243 or 240 Allow 1 mark for 2.43 105 (only one error made for not converting the power into kilowatts) Allow 1 mark for 2.43 104 (only one error made for not converting pence into pounds) Not 2.43 107 or 24300000 because two errors have been made (working in pence and watts) Reject bald 2.7 106 for multiplying 1800 and 1500 For a mark the idea of division or per is important The first mark is for realising that kW h is an energy or work (done) unit.

ii

Total

6 10

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2822 Question 2 a i Expected Answers A diagram with three resistors in series Mark Scheme Marks B1 June 2008 Additional Guidance There is one mark for the diagram and one mark for the resistance value the marks are independent of each other The resistors values are not necessary on the diagram The resistors must be shown as oblongs There is one mark for the diagram and two marks for the resistance value the marks are independent of each other The resistors values are not necessary on the diagram. The resistor symbol is oblong or consistent with (a)(i)

total resistance = 44 () ii A diagram with three resistors in parallel

B1 B1

Use of

1 1 1 1 (+ ) = + R R1 R2 R3

C1

R = 1 /(10 1 + 12 1 + 22 1 )
total resistance = 4.37 () 108 9 45 Total A1 Allow A bald 4.37 () or 4.4 () scores two marks for calculation Answer can be 2 sf or more Special case: 4 () scores 1 mark for the calculation part

B1 B1 B1 8 Allow 5 previous answer - ecf (1)

11

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2822 Question 3 a i Expected Answers Correct symbol for thermistor Mark Scheme Marks B1 June 2008 Additional Guidance To score the symbol mark, must have an oblong with a line + bend at one end through the oblong in any orientation (do not allow arrow) Allow It increases as the temperature decreases (1) Not any reference to heat instead of temperature To score the symbol mark, must have an oblong plus a minimum of one arrow towards the oblong the circle round the oblong is not necessary. Allow In light the resistance is low / small (1) Allow In dark(ness) the resistance is high / large / big (1) The LDR symbol is ecf from (a)(ii)

The resistance decreases as the temperature (of thermistor) increases (ora) ii Correct symbol for LDR

B1 B1

The resistance decreases as intensity / light increases (ora) iii A diagram with a resistor / variable resistor and an LDR connected in series to a supply / battery / cell A voltmeter connected is across the resistor or the LDR

B1 M1

A1

The second mark can only be scored if the first mark is awarded and a correct symbol for a voltmeter (circle with a letter V) To score this mark, the line or curve must have a finite resistance value at 0 oC - allow resistance intercept at or above the top of zero on the l.h.s. Not A line/curve that becomes horizontal

A line / curve of positive gradient

B1

12

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2822 Question ii Expected Answers Mark Scheme Marks June 2008 Additional Guidance Must show ticks on the script to indicate where marks are being awarded Not heat the wire B1

Place the wire in a (water) bath / use a hot plate / oven Any remaining four from: 1. Connect conductor / wire in series with a battery / cell / power supply 2. Ammeter placed in series (with wire) / voltmeter placed in parallel (with wire) 3. Record / read / measure current / voltage (across the wire) (AW) 4. (Calculate the resistance using the equation:) R =

B1 4

Numbered marking points 1 and 2 can be scored on diagram or in the text but all others marking points must be written

Not V = IR for numbered marking point 4

V I
Not Plot a graph of R against temperature for numbered marking point 6

5. Thermometer / temperature probe mentioned 6. Measurements (for V and I ) repeated for different temperatures QWC B1 B1

For QWC marks, the answer must involve physics, which attempts to answer the question otherwise the mark for QWC is zero. Award this mark if the whole answer is well structured Bulleted answers are allowed must have full stops More than two spelling mistakes or more than two grammatical errors mean that this mark is lost

Structure and organisation mark

Spelling and Grammar mark

Total

14

13

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2822 Question 4 a i Expected Answers Mark Scheme Marks C1 C1 Award all three marks if candidate just writes this line C1 A0 B1 C1 Allow ( R =) Additional Guidance Allow any subject for the equation June 2008

R=

L
A

(area =) (3.5 10 5 ) 2 or 3.8(49) 10-9

( R =)

1.70 10 12 (3.50 10 5 ) 2

1.70 10 8 12 3.8(49) 10 9

(3)

resistance = 53 () ii b i The (26) wires are in parallel

Not bald 53 () since this is a show question Allow 53/26 (= 2.04 ) (1) Allow (cross-sectional) area is 26 times greater (AW) (1)

24 V2 / I= (= 4.0) R 6.0 6.0 6.0 2 R= /R = 24 4.0 P=

resistance = 1.5 () There is a potential difference across the cable(s)

A1 B1

Allow 2 marks for a bald 1.5 () Allow reference to voltage instead of p.d. Allow heat / energy / power lost in the cable/wire Not power supply has internal resistance (AW) (1) (1)

ii

iii (p.d across cable =) 4.0 2.04 = 8.16 (V) or (p.d across cable =) 4.0 2 = 8 (V) e.m.f = 6.0 + 2 8.16 or e.m.f = 6.0 + 2 8 e.m.f = 22.3 (V) or 22 (V) Total

Allow (total resistance =) 5.5(8) (ohms) or 5.5 (ohms) (1) C1 Allow 2 marks for bald 22.3 (V) or 22 (V) Special case: 14 (V) scores 1 mark (only one cable used) Special case: 20 (V) scores 1 mark because of sf.

A1 9

14

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2822 Question 5 a Expected Answers Mark Scheme Marks M1 Additional Guidance Allow any subject for the equation June 2008

B=

F IL

where F = force (acting at right angles to the wire), L = length (of wire in the field) and I = current b i F / arrow (on Y) is towards X

A1 B1

The second mark can only be scored if a correct equation is given above

ii

F = 12 10 5 18 0.25
force = 5.4 10-4

C1 A1

The first mark is for correct substitution with 12 10-5 (and not F = BIL) there is no ecf for misreading the graph Allow 2 marks for (a bald) answer of 5.4 10-4 Allow 1 mark for 54 because of 10n error This is an independent mark; no numerical answer for force is expected Allow TAm (1)

newton / N

B1

Total

15

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2822 Question 6 a Expected Answers Any four from: 1. Electrons travel / move as waves 2. Electrons are diffracted 3. Diffraction by atomic planes / gaps between atoms / atoms (AW) 4. The wavelength of the electron is similar to atomic separation / gap / size (AW) 5. Reference to = Mark Scheme Marks B1 4 June 2008 Additional Guidance Must show ticks on the script to indicate where marks are being awarded Not Electrons pass through as waves for first marking point Not diffracted by gaps / holes in graphite for marking point 3.

h h / = mv p
Marking point 6. can only be scored if the de Broglie equation is given B1 C1 The first mark is for correct substitution of their value for wavelength the value for h is not required. It is the same as: speed = 7.28 10-4/(b)(i) Allow 2 marks for a bald correct answer (in m s-1) The answer must be 2 sf or more

6. where = wavelength, h is Planck constant, m = mass (of electron) and v = speed / velocity (or p = momentum) b i Allow a number in the range 1 10-13 (m) to 5 10-8 (m) speed = h/(9.11 10-31 answer to (b)(i))

ii

correct value for the speed

A1

Total

16

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2822 Question 7 a Expected Answers Mark Scheme Marks C1 C1 C1 Additional Guidance Allow 3 marks for: number per second = Allow 2 marks for bald 2.63 1010 (s-1) June 2008

Q = It
(current or charge =) 4.2 10-9 (number per second =) 2.6(3) 1010 (s-1)

4.2 10 9 1.6 10 19

4.2 10 9 1.6 10 19

A0

4.110 9 (= 2.5(6) 1010 ) - misread graph 19 1.6 10 4.2 Allow 2 marks for (= 2.63 1019 ) - POT error 19 1.6 10
Allow 2 marks for Reject bald answer of 2.6 1010 (s-1) since answer is given

= 1.6 10 19 2.2(= 3.52 10 19 )

hf = + KE (max) /
34

C1 C1 C1 Allow 3 marks if candidate reaches as far as this third marking point any subject (Note: frequency = 1.2 1015 (Hz)) Allow all 4 marks for a bald 4.4 10-19 (J) Allow 2 sf or more for the answer Special case: 4 10-19 (s-1) scores 3 marks These are independent marks For the second marking point the reference must be to the photons and not the electrons (since this idea has already been given a mark above)

hc

= + KE(max)

KE = (

6.63 10 3.0 10 8 ) 3.52 10 19 2.5 10 7

kinetic energy = 4.4(36) 10-19 (J) No change (AW)

A1

i ii

B1 B1 B1 10

The (photoelectric) current is proportional to the intensity (AW) Increasing the intensity increases the (rate of) photons Total

17

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2823/01 Mark Scheme June 2008

2823/01 Wave Properties/Experimental Skills 1 Written Paper

1 Question a Expected Answers (a) R.I. = speed of light in air/speed of light in medium Marks B1 Additional Guidance Allow c/v, c i / c r , sini/sinr all terms must be defined other than c

speed of light in liquid = 3 x 108 /1.40 = 2.14 x 108 m/s Use of n = sini/sinr sinr = sin60/1.4 r = 38 (38.2) Total

B1

Allow 2 x 108, 2.1 x 108

C1 A1 4

Any use (correct or incorrect) of sini/sinr scores the first mark. Ignore incorrect diagrams

18

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2823/01 Question 2 a i Expected Answers diagram correctly showing C for light passing from dense to less dense medium (WTTE OR shown) TIR: when angle of incidence is greater than critical angle (or C) all the light is reflected internally (WTTE) OR SHOWN on diagram Correct use of n= 1/sinC: e.g. n = 1/sin 39 n = 1.59 different rays take different paths (WTTE) they arrive at different times (WTTE) causing distortion (of signal) (WTTE). accept any valid method, e.g. use a monomode fibre (WTTE) OR use cladding to reduce number of alternative paths (WTTE) Total Mark Scheme Marks B1 June 2008 Additional Guidance If no diagram allow a statement that C is the angle (of incidence) that results in angle of refraction of 90O (WTTE). Allow refracted ray shown close to interface B1 B1 Statement made or C shown in more dense medium (this mark may be scored even if C is shown between ray and interface) If only a diagram is shown with no statement the angle of incidence must be shown within the diagram or labelled as being bigger than C. Allow 1.6 but not 1.5 or 2

ii

C1 A1

B1 B1 B1 Do not allow some rays travel faster allow smear spread etc but do not allow weaker

ii

B1 B1 10

Allow very thin/narrow fibre. Do not allow small fibre For cladding explanations this mark may also be scored for stating that more rays are now refracted out/lost.

19

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2823/01 Question 3 a b b i ii Expected Answers PARALLEL (WTTE) and PERPENDICULAR (WTTE) POLARISATION Any 3 each scores 1 mark e.g.: REFLECTION, REFRACTION, DIFFRACTION, INTERFERENCE, DISPERSION.CARRY ENERGY/INFORMATION{do not accept characteristics like wavelength, frequency, period, velocity, amplitude etc} period = 0.004 s (or 4.0 x 10-3 s or 4ms) length of a wave drawn 4cm (allow ecf from (c) (i) Mark Scheme Marks B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 Additional Guidance June 2008

c c

i ii

B1 B1

1/250 is insufficient to score this mark Must see something above and below the time-axis If less than one cycle drawn no mark can be scored If two waves are carelessly drawn with different lengths award mark if at least one is correct.

amplitude of both crests and troughs drawn is 3cm c c iii iv 10 times more waves in CRO trace (WTTE) recall of v=f substitution of correct values for v and f = 1.32 m

B1 B1 C1 C1 A1 Award this mark even if the equation is incorrect. Allow 1.3 but not 1 If 10 or1/10 is not seen, no mark is scored.

Total

12

20

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2823/01 Question 4 a Expected Answers waves meet/cross/interfere/superpose/combine /interact resultant displacement is the sum of the individual waves (WTTE) S 1 P-S 2 P OR difference in length between paths from S 1 and S 2 (WTTE) 1 0, , (or 2, 3 etc) any two correct 2 1/2, 3/2 (OR 5/2, 7/2 etc) any two correct Mark Scheme Marks B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 Additional Guidance Do NOT allow wave sources meet Must see displacement NOT amplitude; must see sum or words to that effect such as total or add. Do not allow general answers that do not make reference to S 1 and S 2 or P. n alone may score this mark only if n is defined as an integer (WTTE) somewhere. Allow (n +1/2) provided n is defined somewhere (n ) and(n +1/2) scores 1 mark if n undefined no ecf Ignore the presence or absence of a single-slit Cannot score labelling mark for invalid arrangement June 2008

b b

i ii

labelled diagram of arrangement:

light source, double-slit and screen in correct relative positions correct labelling (at least 2 of the above 3)
measurements:

B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1

measure distance between neighbouring bright (or dark) images {allow fringe separation} measure distance between double-slit and screen
formula:

Do not award these marks unless the word measure (WTTE) is seen. Some candidates may merely list all the factors involved. Ignore reference to measurement of a. Allow any other formula if correct for their defined symbols a = slit separation; x = fringe separation D = distance from slits to screen Allow BOD for loose definition of D if already penalised in measurement section. Also allow red fringes are further from centre

recall of = ax/D

ALL symbols correctly defined or correctly shown on diagram: c ii ANY TWO valid suggestions e.g. white central image colour (fringes) OR spectra (on either side) Total

B1 B1

13

21

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2823/01 Question 5 a b i Expected Answers pluck/stroke/disturb/vibrate/twang string correct diagram of fundamental i.e one loop Mark Scheme Marks B1 B1 Additional Guidance Allow this mark for oscillating P or Q Either full envelope or instantaneous pattern scores mark. Ignore any labelling of nodes and antinodes Allow ecf for candidates diagram Either full envelope or instantaneous pattern scores mark Allow lack of Ns labelled at P and Q if the others are correct. If all A and N are exactly reversed then award one of these two marks. June 2008

ii c

wavelength = 2x1.2 = 2.4 m Correct standing wave drawn i.e 3 loops All correct nodes labelled N for candidates diagram All correct antinodes labelled A for candidates diagram

B1 B1 B1 B1

Total

22

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2823/03 Mark Scheme June 2008

2823/03 Wave Properties/Experimental Skills 1 Practical Examination

Planning Exercise - Skill P A1 A2 Labelled diagram showing strain gauge attached to the wood with thermometer. Correct procedure (i.e. measure temperature, measure resistance; change temperature and measure new resistance allow graph or table). Method must be workable. Use of kiln/oven/freezer to change temperature Use of glue/adhesive/superglue to fix strain gauge to wood Circuit diagram for measuring resistance (ammeter/voltmeter; ohmmeter; wheatstone bridge) Wait for temperature of wood to stabilise 1 1

A3 B1 B2 B3 C1

1 1 1 1

Safety precaution with reason. 1 e.g. gloves to handle hot/cold surfaces, gloves to protect skin when applying glue; ventilation/ fume cupboard for fumes from glue. Keep humidity constant. 1

C2 R1/2

Evidence of the sources of the researched material. 2/1/0 Two or more (vague) references or one detailed reference score one mark. Detailed references from two or more independent sources scores two marks. Detailed references should have page or chapter numbers or be internet pages.

D1/2/3/4 Any further relevant detail. Examples of creditworthy points are listed below. max 4 Typical resistances of a strain gauge (20 - 1000 ). Determination of ammeter range or ohmmeter range. Method of checking humidity (humidity sensor or hygrometer). Discussion of strain along and across the grain. Discussion of temperature compensation (including self compensation). Discussion of choice of glue to avoid differential expansion. Method of determining resistance for bridge methods. Evidence of preliminary investigation in the laboratory. QWC Quality of written communication 2/1/0 This is for the organisation and sentence construction. Accounts that are rambling, or where the material is not presented in a logical order will not score these marks

16 marks total.

23

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2823/03 Question 1 (c) Measurements Write the number of readings as a ringed total next to the table of results. Six sets of values for x and d scores 2 marks, five sets scores 1 mark. Measurements At least one value of x > 0.200 m scores one mark. Tick R for first value greater than 0.200 m. Do not accept 0.200 m. No help from Supervisor scores one mark.
R

Mark Scheme

June 2008

2/1/0

(c)

2/1/0

(c)

Column headings in the table and consistency of raw readings 2/1/0 One mark for column headings for x and d correct. Tick H or H . Allow x /m; x (m); x in m. Ignore units in the body of the table. One mark for the consistency of x and d which must be to the nearest mm e.g. 0.001m. Tick C or C Axes 2/1/0 If false origin on x-axis, indicate with FO. Sensible scales must be used. Awkward scales (e.g. 3:10, 6:10, 7:10) are not allowed. The scales must be labelled with the quantities plotted. Ignore units. Do not allow more than two and a half large squares without a scale label. One mark for each correct axis. Tick A or A Size of graph Plotted points must occupy at least half the graph grid in both x and y directions (i.e. 4 x 6 large squares). One mark for each correct axis. Tick S or S or or b 2/1/0

(d)

(d)

(d)

Plotting of points 2/1/0 Count the number of plots and write as a ringed number on the graph grid. All observations must be plotted. Check a suspect plot. Tick if correct otherwise indicate the correct position. If the plot is accurate < half a small square, then two marks awarded. One mark if the plot is out by > half a small square and < than one small square. Line of best fit and quality of results. For best fit line judge by scatter of points about the line. There must be a fair scatter of points either side of the line of best fit. Allow line through five trend plots for full credit (if done well). Do not allow a line through a curved trend or kinked line. L or L. If incorrect indicate how the line can be rotated. For quality, judge by scatter of points about the examiners line of best fit. Six good trend plots on the graph grid needed for this mark to be scored. or 2/1/0

(d)

Q.

(e)(i)

Gradient The hypotenuse of the must be half the length of the drawn line. 1 mark. Read-offs must be accurate to half a small square and ratio correct. 1 mark. If a read-off is incorrect, ring it and write in the correct value.

2/1/0

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2823/03 (e)(ii) Mark Scheme June 2008 1/0 y-intercept Must be negative and expect the value to be read from the y-axis to an accuracy of half a small square. Or correct substitution from point on line into y = mx +c. Allow ecf from gradient calculation. Candidates gradient value equated with Q/M (can be implied from working) Value of Q correctly determined (= gradient x M = gradient x 0.100). Sig Figs of Q: allow 2 or 3 only. Unit of Q (kg unless clear from working that it is g). y-intercept equated with -0.2R/M (can be implied from working). Value of R correctly determined (= y-intercept x M/0.2 = y-intercept x 0.5) Sig Figs of R: allow 2 or 3 only Calculation of percentage difference and quality. Expect to see difference/either R value x100. Candidates value of R within 10% scores one mark. Indicate OOR if mark not awarded. Do not award this mark if the method in (f) (ii) is incorrect. (g) (ii) 1. Random error. Reference to scatter of points and appropriate conclusion. 2. Systematic error. Reference to percentage difference and appropriate conclusion.

(f) (i)

4/3/2/1/0

(f) (ii)

3/2/1/0

(g) (i)

1/0 1/0

1/0 1/0

28 marks available. Write the mark as a ringed total at the bottom of page 7.

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2823/03 Question 2 (a) (b) (i) l and w measured to nearest millimetre and A calculated correctly (about 150 cm2). Evidence needed to award these marks. w = l =0.1 cm Calculates percentage uncertainties correctly (about 1% and 0.67%). 1 Mark Scheme June 2008

1 1 1 1

(ii) Adds percentage uncertainties from (b) (i). (e) (f) Repeats experiment gaining a larger value for t and t > 1 s

Inverse proportionality ideas. Method to prove or disprove inverse proportionality (e.g. determines constant of proportionality). 1 Appropriate conclusion based on their method of proving or disproving proportionality. Vague answers will not score this second mark. 1 No method or wrong method loses both these marks Evaluation of procedure Relevant points from the table must be underlined and ticked with the appropriate marking letter. Solution Release from a larger amplitude and start when amplitude is 6 cm. Use of a reference mark/ slow motion video / motion sensor with much detail Bob closer to ruler. Repeat (timings) and find average. Use a larger initial amplitude/smaller (nonzero) final displacement. Use longer string/smaller areas of card. Take many readings of A and plot a graph t v A or of t v 1/A. 7

(g)

Problem Difficulty in releasing bob and starting the timing simultaneously. B Difficulty in knowing when to stop timing or difficulty in judging amplitude (parallax). C Oscillations not always in the vertical plane or wobbling or hit stand. D Time taken too short/discussion of reaction time related to recorded time. E Two readings of t and A are not enough to verify the suggestion. (7 maximum). A

No credit for simple repeats or using a computeror digital meters. Do not allow vague human error in measurements. Quality of written communication (i.e. spelling, punctuation and grammar). Capital letters at the beginning of sentences, full stops at the end scores one mark. Correct spelling and grammar scores one mark. Allow maximum of two errors. Difficult to read evaluations scores maximum one mark. 16 marks available. Write the mark as a ringed total at the bottom of page 11. 2/1/0

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2823/03 Results Question 1 x/m 0.100 0.110 0.140 0.170 0.200 0.230 0.260 Plotting a graph of d against x produces: Gradient = 3.44 y-intercept = -0.24 Q = 0.35 kg R = 0.122 kg Mass from top pan balance 120 g d/m 0.105 0.140 0.247 0.348 0.448 0.550 0.660 Mark Scheme June 2008

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2823/03 Question 2 Results:
l = 15.0 cm w = 10.0 cm A = 150 cm2 t = 6.9 s l = 7.5 cm w = 10.0 cm A = 75 cm2 t = 12.9 s When the area is halved the time is approximately doubled, therefore t is inversely proportional to A.

Mark Scheme

June 2008

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2823/03 Mark Scheme June 2008 Summary of shorthand notation which may be used in annotating scripts: SFP ECF AE POT NV NR GAP NBL FO NGE BOD R NA SV SR OOR CON

A1 C d SF

Significant figure penalty Error carried forward Arithmetical error Power of ten error Not valid Not relevant Insufficient scale markings on an axis Not best line False origin Not good enough Benefit of the doubt Point repeated (no further credit) Not allowed Supervisor's value Supervisors report Candidate's value is out of range contradictory physics not to be credited Used to show that the size of a triangle is appropriate (gradient calculation) Used to show the type of mark awarded for a particular piece of work Used to show that the raw readings are consistent Used to show that the raw readings have correct spacing Used to show calculated quantities have been given to an appropriate number of significant figures Piece of work missing (one mark penalty) Several pieces of work missing (more than one mark penalty) Scale can be doubled in the x-direction Scale can be doubled in the y-direction

^ ^^ b

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2824 Mark Scheme June 2008

2824 Forces, Fields and Energy

Question 1 a i ii iii 1 2 iv 1 2 i ii c i Expected Answers Using F = ma gives P = 3ma hence a = P/3m P/3 P/3m P/3 P/3 2P/3 mu = mv 1 + mv 2 1/2mu2 = 1/2mv 1 2 + 1/2mv 2 2 some details of algebra/substitution to be shown resulting in e.g. u = v 2 and u2 = v 2 2 all momentum is passed to block 2,( block 1 stops); then momentum is passed to block 3 (so block 2 does not move)/AW or argument in terms of k.e. block 1 bounces back; and blocks 2 & 3 move (to right/together) Total T = 1.2 s; f = 1/T = 0.83 (Hz) gradient of line at x-axis gives acceleration; accept 0.42 0.04 (m s-2) or a = v max 2f = 0.08 x 2 x 3.14 x 0.83 = 0.419 (m s-2) a = (-)(2f)2x; correct substitution; solution with a = 0.40 gives x = 14.6 mm or a = 0.42 gives x = 15.3 mm or v max = A2f; A = 0.08/2 x 0.83 ; = 15.3 mm negative cosine wave touching x-axis; 2 oscillations; correct scale on right hand axis oscillating about 0.6 mJ, amplitude 0.6 mJ 1/2mv max 2 = 0.0012 ;gives m = 0.375 kg Total Force per unit mass (at that point) From Newton 2/F = ma, a = F/m (= W/m) for a freely falling object (without air resistance, etc); the same value as g = F/m (=W/m) (as measured by a spring balance) v = 2r/T; = 2 x 3500 x 103/(110 x 60) = 3300 (m s-1) mv2/r ;= GMm/r2; M = v2r/G = 3.32 x 3500 x 109/6.67 x 10-11 ; = 5.7 x 1023 (kg) g = GM/R2 3.7 = 6.67 x 10-11 x 5.7 x 1023/R2 ;gives R = 3200 (km) to 3300 (km) Total Marks 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 13 2 2 2 1

ii

a b

2 2

i ii

1 2 2

3 2 12 1

a b

1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2

c c d

i ii i ii

6 3 12

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2824 Question 4 a Expected Answers The charge flows one way/onto capacitor deflecting ammeter one way; at discharge charge flows other way/off capacitor deflecting ammeter other way; or equal deflections at equal times from start of process; but in opposite directions or time constants same; currents opposite /AW I 0 = 6.0 x 10-4 ;V = I 0 R gives 12 = 6.0 x 10-4 x R and R = 2 x 104 current falls to 1/e (0.37) of initially chosen value in time constant; indication on graph, e.g. I = 2.2 x 10-4 A at 5.0 s for initial current I0 RC = 5.0 s ;so C = (5.0/2.0) x 10-4 (= 2.5 x 10-4 F) Q = CV ;= 12 x 250 x 10-6 = 3.0 x 10-3 C I 0 t = 6.0 x 10-4 x 5.0 = 3.0 x 10-3 C calculate the area under the graph (as Q = It) Total E = V/d ;= 40 x 103/6 x 10-4 = 6.7 x 107 ; N C-1 or V m-1 one closed loops through primary passing through iron core and secondary; second line along same path not touching/crossing, etc., all magnetic flux (created by primary current) passes through iron core/ low reluctance path (so links both coils)/AW (magnetic flux = BA and) magnetic flux linkage = BAn ; the secondary coil has a different number/many more turns than the primary so flux linkage is different max 2 voltage is only induced across spark gap when the magnetic flux is changing the shorter the time the greater the voltage; because V rate of change of flux linkage V p /V s = n p /n s (in an ideal transformer); so larger n s is relative to n p the larger the secondary voltage Total choose two from: penetrations; ionisation; charge; nature; mass; speed; monoenergetic v continuous spectrum of energy/speed some qualification/detail for each choose two from: source; energy range/ wavelength or frequency range; penetrating power some qualification/detail for each I = I 0 /r2 or I = kr -2 k = 40 so I = 40/(0.25)2 = 40 x 16 = 640 1280 1280 = 40/r2 ;so r = (40/1280) = 0.18 (m) Total Mark Scheme June 2008 Marks 1 1 2

b c i

2 1 1 2 2 1 1

ii i ii iii

4 12 3

a b

3 1 1 1 1 1

ii

iii iv 1 2

1 1 1 1 1

9 12

2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 8

ii

i ii 1 2

5 13

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2824 Question 7 a Expected Answers internal energy = sum of p.e. + k.e. of molecules no p.e. as no force of attraction mean k.e. of molecules absolute temperature so internal energy absolute temperature no internal energy, no temperature/energy cannot be less than zero/AW AB: k.e. /speed increases with temperature; in liquid phase p.e. /separation remains constant or increase very slightly BC: k.e. /speed remains constant as temperature constant p.e./separation increases greatly; as change of phase/state occurs CD: k.e. /speed increases with temperature; in vapour/gas phase p.e. /separation remains constant internal energy increases throughout max 7 marks Quality of written communication Total Mark Scheme June 2008 Marks 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1

7 4 16

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2825/01 Mark Scheme June 2008

2825/01 Cosmology
1 (a) (a) (i) (ii) Sun in centre (of solar system) any 2 from planets move at different speeds 1 one planet overtakes another 1 planet changes direction compared to stars behind 1 1 2 light-year distance travelled by light (in vacuo) in 1 year. astronomical unit (average) distance of Earth from Sun / (average) radius of Earths orbit about Sun 1

2 1 1 1 1 1 total 8

(b)

(i)

(b)

(ii)

all in correct order pc, ly, AU, m

(a) (b)

F = GMm/ r2 or F Mm/ r2 with all labels (i) central bulge stars on disc extending each side X approximately 2/3 from centre arrow starting on X and directed towards centre

1 1 1 1 1

(b)

(ii)

(c)

GMm/ r2 = mv2 / r / accept gravitational force provides centripetal force M = r x v2 / G M = 2.6 x 1020 x ( 230 x 103 )2 / 6.67 x 10-11 M = 2.1 x 1041 kg

1 1 1 1 total 9

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2825/01 3 (a) Mark Scheme any three from fusion of protons/ hydrogen nuclei helium nuclei formed energy from loss of mass / E = mc2 explained detail of p-p reactions continuous spectrum/all wavelengths crossed by dark lines/ absorption spectra Ultr-violet Infra-red Radio (i) v = 7 x 108/ 200,000 x365 x 24 x 3600 v = 1.1 x 10-4 m s-1 velocity less than c / ref to diffusion or scattering of photons/ ref to collision of photons with particles . June 2008 1 1 1 1

3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

(b)

(c)

(d)

(ii)

1 total 11

(a)

occurs at end of main sequence/ when hydrogen burning ceases core compresses/ increase in outward pressure/ star expands/ planetary nebular/ density decreases lower surface temperature/ increased luminosity (i) (ii) maximum absolute magnitude = -1 m M = 5lg(d/10) 7 (-1) = 5lg(d/10 d = 398 (pc) any 2 from absolute magnitude assumes all stars at 10 pc stars are at a range of distances/ intensity proportional to 1/ r2 apparent magnitude is stars magnitude viewed from Earth

1 1 1

3 1 1 1 1

(b)

(iii)

1 1 1 2 total 9

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2825/01 5 (a) Mark Scheme any 5 from very high temperature expansion/ inflation electrons formed leptons/ positrons/ neutrinos/ quarks formed reference to forces separating protons/ neutrons/ hadrons formed helium nuclei formed extra detail (i) (ii) all points correct smooth curve each side continuous curve at peak correct frequency read from graph for max intensity 3 x 108 = p x (frequency from b.ii) calculation of p correct calculation of T (ecf from b.ii) June 2008 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

(b)

(iii)

(iv) (c)

any 2 from gamma radiation from Big Bang red shifted to microwave T = 2.7K (3K) predicted by big bang theory/ measurements provide evidence for big bang theory measurements contradicted steady state theory

1 1 1

2 total 14

(a)

any 3 from light from galaxies (accept stars) shows red-shift galaxies (stars) moving away/ Universe expanding red-shift proportional to distance (from Earth)/ v=H x d distances to (Cepeid variable) stars measured expansion may continue forever (open universe) universe may collapse back (closed universe) expansion may continue to a limit (flat universe) Any 2 of these alternatives Third alternative Consistently correct reference to critical density compared to density of open, closed or flat Universe

1 1 1 1

(b)

1 1 1 3 total 6

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2825/01 7 (a) Mark Scheme 1. one where Newtons 1st law is obeyed/moving at constant velocity (reject speed) 2. (measured) time interval longer/ ate of clocks is decreased when time observed from outside a moving reference frame (b) (i) graph shows rest mass when v = 0 correct shape curve ( increasing gradient ) asymptote to v=c either at low energies, more ke gives increase in speed at high energies, more ke gives increase in mass or interpretation of m = m 0 / (1 v2/ c2 )1/2 at v = 0 m = m 0 at v = c m = any 5 from rocket, lamp and observer rocket accelerates lamp flashes time between flashes measured time between flashes increases for lamp behind (ora) principle of equivalence light red-shifted when moving in opposite direction to gravitational field/rate of clocks is less in gravitational field 1 1 June 2008 1

1 1 1 1 1

(ii)

1 1

(c)

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

5 total 13

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2825/02 Mark Scheme June 2008

2825/02 Health Physics

1 (a) shape with min. 1 to 3 kHz frequency range from 20 - 30 Hz to 16 -20 kHz min. intensity at 10-12 W m-2 (i) I.L. = 10 lg I / I o 20 = 10 lg I / 10-12 I 1 = 10-10 W m-2 I 2 = 10-4 W m-2 10-4 / 10-10 = 106 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)

(b)

( larger by a factor of ..)

(ii)

Intensity is the power of sound (normal) per unit area / I = P/A loudness is a subjective response to intensity or response varies from individual to individual No or Yes + a comment that is relevant to a max. of 2 eg You can't tell as loudness is subjective / differs from person to person It is probably closer to 4 x than to 106 . A doubling in intensity level does not correspond to a doubling in loudness the loudness we hear depends upon the frequency of the sound intensity level isn't the same as loudness / intensity level correlates to loudness short sight / myopia effect on power (1) effect on rays (1) detail mark (1) e.g. effect on power: cornea is less curved / lens too strong / eyeball too long / parallel light brought to a focus in front of the retina the effect on rays: so power of eye is less / focal length increased / light refracted less detail: which is equivalent to adding negative lens / or so less refraction needed to focus image on retina / cornea does most of the refracting

(iii)

(1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)

(a)

(i) (ii)

(1) 1)

(a)

(i) (ii)

(1) to a maximum of 3 or astigmatism (1) uneven curvature of the cornea in different planes (1) Make surface spherical e.g. same curvature (1) Detail: horizontal and vertical lines both appear clear at the same time (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)

(b)

any relevant response up to a maximum of 8 e.g. lasers cause heating effect in cell tissue water content in cell / tissue is vaporised / heated cell shrivels and dies lasers cauterise blood vessels / seal vessels as they cut so less blood during surgery / cleaner to view in surgery sterile cutting as no direct contact much finer cut / more accurate cut shorter recovery time less scarring key-hole surgery / non-invasive

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2825/02 3 Mark Scheme June 2008 any relevant response to a maximum of 8 e.g. atoms with unequal numbers of protons and neutrons spin act as tiny magnets align in external magnetic field and precess / wobble rf radiation is sent in at resonant frequency of precession / at Larmor frequency r.f. radiation is emitted (as atoms return to the unexcited state) relaxation times are measured / relaxation times identify different atoms One detail mark for eg hydrogen is most commonly used / different relaxation times in fat and water / value for size of magnetic field > 1 T / gradient in magnetic field needed Agreement with student's comment (no because) radio frequency radiation is sent into the patient (but yes because the radiation sent in is) not ionising, so is safer (no because) less safe if you have metal implants / pacemaker due to strong magnetic field I = I o e-x is the (total) linear attenuation / absorption coefficient (i) (ii) table completed all points plotted correctly 4 points plotted correctly line of best fit gradient substitution e.g. -(22 - 5) / 2.6 x 10-2 answer = -654 m-1 (-600 - - 800) Ln I o = 22 (+/- 1) ecf 3.6 x 109 ln(0.25) = -654 x (substitution of ecf(iii) ) x = 2.1 x 10-3 m ecf (iii) H=Q x D, quality factor x absorbed dose / takes into account the type of radiation D = dose equivalent / quality factor D = 1.5 x 10-3 Gy or J kg-1 1.6 x 1.5 x 10-3 = 2.4 x 10-3J it damages / changes / alters / ionises DNA forms free radicals (from water molecules which go on to damage cell walls / cause chemical changes within cell / by producing hydrogen peroxide Causing cancer / tumour / mutation / etc. stochastic effects are random stochastic do not have a threshold above which they occur (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)

(1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (2) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)

(a)

(b)

(iii) (iv) (v)

(a)

(i)

(ii)

(iii) (b) (i)

(ii)

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2825/02 6 (a) Mark Scheme arm: 6.1 L< E leg 6.2 L>E MA < 1.0 for arm and MA > 1.0 for leg (i) moment = force x perpendicular distance to line of action of the force 55 x 0.25 sin 60 = 11.9 N m (1) 12 = E x 0.02 cos 60 1190 N MA = load / effort = 55 / 1190 = 0.046 as leg becomes almost horizontal E increases (from zero) either ref. to clockwise moment increasing due to increasing distance of L from P perpendicular distance of E to pivot decreases E increases from zero, when leg is vertical E is zero / as leg approaches horizontal, E increases towards infinity / becomes very large or numerical reasoning e.g. L x 25 sin 60 = E x 2 cos 60 E = L x 12.5 x tan 60 so when = 0 E = 0 when = 90 E = infinity June 2008 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)

(b)

(ii) (iii) (iv)

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2825/03 Mark Scheme June 2008

2825/03 Materials
1 (a) (single-)crystal not crystalline amorphous. (1) (1) [2]

(b)

(i) impurity atom / vacancy / missing atom / substitution defect / interstitial defect. [1] atoms occupy the least possible space or wtte / diagram of a plane with 6 atoms surrounding any atom; (1) permanent deformation (of a material) after removal of deforming. (1) force / stress (i) a dislocation. (ii) (ii) incomplete plane of atoms moved to the right; new bonding of atoms correct. (1) (1)

[2] [1]

(c)

[2]

(iii)

The dislocation allows bonds to break / atoms to move one by one; (1) Without the dislocation adjacent planes could only slip (relative to each other) if many bonds broke at the same time (requiring a much bigger force).(1) [2] car body; pressing. (1) (1)

(d)

suitable example: e.g. copper wire / cable, process: extrusion / stretching

[2] [Total: 12]

(a)

(i)

Incident light power = 0.1 x 3.0 = 0.30 W; Power per unit area = 0.30 / 4 0.102 = 0.30 / 0.126 ( = 2.39 W m-2 ) power = 2.39 x 8.0 x 10-5 = 1.90 x 10-4 W Circuit with battery, ammeter and LDR; Voltmeter correctly placed;

(1) (1)

[2]

(ii) (b) (i)

[1] (1) (1)

[2]

(ii)

Suitable suggestion e.g between bulb and LDR, tube with (1) dark interior surface; Measure to avoid back-scattered light from reaching LDR; (1) Vary and measure distance of bulb from face of LDR; (1) Calculate power of light falling on LDR / measure with light meter; (1) using method based on (a) above; (1) (In LDR circuit) read p.d. from voltmeter and current from ammeter; (1) Calculate resistance using p.d./ current; (1) Obtain several sets of readings over a range of distances; (1) Change to ammeter of greater sensitivity if reading low. (1) Graph of power against resistance / numerical method to (1) max [7] determine relationship As power of light increases resistance of LDR falls; (1) a greater number of photons per unit time fall on the LDR; (1) and more electrons are promoted from valence to conduction band.(1)

(iii)

[3]

[Total: 16]

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2825/03 3 (a) Mark Scheme + signs on right-hand side, - signs left-hand side; electrons / charge carriers moving in magnetic field experience force; direction of force is given by Flemings left-hand rule. (i) v = I / nAe not I = nAve = 0.35 / (1.1 x 1025 x 6 x 10-3 x 0.25 x 10-3 x 1.6 x 10-19) ( = 0.133 m s-1 ) V H = Bvd / B = V H / vd B = 0.080 x 10-3 / (0.133 x 6.0 x 10-3) = 0.100 T June 2008 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)

[3]

(b)

[2]

(ii)

[2]

(c)

Hall voltage is (much) larger (for semiconductor than for metal); (1) and can be read more accurately; (1) Sensible attempt at numerical comparison with metal; Semiconductor has (much) lower n / charge carrier concentration; (1) so that v / drift velocity is (much) larger; (1) max

[4]

[Total: 11] A region (in a ferromagnetic material / iron); where dipoles / atomic magnets are aligned. The temperature at which a magnet / magnetic material loses its magnetism; because dipoles / atomic magnets lose their alignment. (1) (1) (1) (1) [2]

(a)

(i)

[2]

(ii)

(b)

Core material must have high Curie temperature (to maintain magnetism);(1) Core made of soft iron / ferrite / metallic glass; so that hysteresis loop has small area; Small area associated with low heat loss; Core needs high resistance / resistivity; so is laminated / made of metallic glass / ferrite; to minimise heat loss due to eddy currents; (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)

Core material needs high saturation flux density; (1) P and S windings need to be closely wound to maximise flux linkage; (1) Core material must have high melting point. (1) max

[8]

[Total: 12] 5 (a) (i) E = hc / = 6.63 x 10-34 x 3.0 x 108 / 950 x 10-9 = 2.09 x 10-19 J eV = 2.09 x 10-19 V = 2.09 x 10-19 / 1.6 x 10-19 = 1.31 V (1) (1) (1) (1)

[2]

(ii)

[2]

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2825/03 (b) Mark Scheme June 2008 A photon of the infra-red has insufficient energy; (1) to promote an electron from the valence band to the conduction band (1) of the glass; so is not absorbed by the glass (and passes through the glass); (1) In a metal there are many close electron energy levels; (1) in the conduction band; (1) An infra-red photon has sufficient energy to promote an electron from one (of these) energy level to another so is absorbed (and does not (1) max pass through the metal). Gamma rays will have lower frequency / longer wavelength / emerge as X-ray.

[5]

(c)

[1]

[Total: 10] Absorption by (impurity) metal atoms; Absorption by hydroxyl ions. Absorption by bonds between glass atoms. Rayleigh scattering (1) (1) (1) max

(a)

(i)

[2] [1] [1]

(ii) (b) (c)

Light slows down; (i) Sketch showing distorted pulse, rounded and stretched i.e. time of pulse longer. [1] Infra-red from an LED has a (small) range of frequencies; (1) Different frequencies travel at different speeds and have different (1) transit times. Light from LED enters fibre at different angles / along different I / nAe paths; Rays follow different paths with different transit times. (1) (1)

(ii)

[4] [Total: 9]

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2825/04 Mark Scheme June 2008

2825/04 Nuclear and Particle Physics

Question 1 (a) (i) Expected Answers number of nucleons = 27 so mass of nucleus = 27 1.67 10-27 = 4.5(1) 10-26 kg volume of nucleus V = 4/ 3 r3 r = 271/3 1.40 10-15 (= 4.20 10-15 m) V = 4/ 3 (4.20 10-15)3 = 3.1(0) 10-43 m3 alternative answer V = 4/ 3 (A1/3 r 0 )3 = 4/ 3 r 0 3 = 4/ 3 27 (1.40 10-15)3 = 3.1(0) 10-43 m3 (at least 2 sf) density of nucleus = 4.51 10-26 = 1.45 1017 kg m-3 3.10 10-43 must show substitution and calculated answer (not just 1.5 x 1017) either density of gold nucleus = 1.45 1017 kg m-3 / 1.5 x 1017 or density of gold nucleus = density of aluminium nucleus; because spacing of nucleons is same inside both nuclei; (1) 1 Marks 1 1 1 1

[1]

(ii)

arith. ans.

[3]

(iii)

[1]

(b)

proton and neutron have approx. same mass (so proportions of neutrons and protons make no difference); (1) the volume of a nucleus is proportional to number of nucleons; (1) any (1) 197 (1.67 10-27) = 7.3 27 (1.67 10-27) 19.3 (103) = 7.1; 2.70 (103) either have assumed that mass of atom = mass of nucleus or have assumed that electrons (in atom) have negligible mass; 1 1 [2] 1 1 [2]

(c) (i)

(ii)

(average) space occupied by gold atom =/~ (average) space occupied by aluminium atom; allow: volume of gold atom =/~ volume of aluminium atom not size do not allow mass of atom(s) proportional to density

[1] 10

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2825/04 Question 2 (a) Mark Scheme Expected Answers in nuclear fission, nucleus splits into two parts / nuclei / fragments (of comparable / roughly equal size); in radioactive decay or or photon is emitted; June 2008 Marks (1) (1)

nuclear fission is triggered / induced / caused by an (incoming) neutron; (1) radioactive decay is spontaneous; (1) any (2) 2 (b) (i) sum of nucleon numbers / masses of products is constant / equal to 236; so for every small nucleus there is a (corresponding) large nucleus or AW; proton number = 46 nucleon number = 118; 1 1 1 1 1 Xe + 2 [3] [2]

[2]

(ii)

[1]

(c)

proton number = 39 nucleon number = 94;

140 53 1 0n 0 1 e 139 53

[1]

(d) (i)

I -> I ->

+ +

140 53

140 54

omits gets 1/2 instead of gets 2/2 (ii) idea that fission products have too many neutrons /neutron rich (to be stable) or AW; idea that - emission reduces number of neutrons / increases number of protons / reduces neutron/proton ratio;

1 1 [2]

(iii)

neutron decay: reactant mass: 139.9019 product mass: 138.8969 + 1.0087 = 139.9056 u product mass / energy > reactant mass / energy, so reaction cannot occur reactant mass: 139.9019 product mass: 139.8919 + 0.0006 = 139.8925 u product mass / energy < reactant mass / energy, so reaction can occur beta decay:

1 1 1 1

[4] 15

3 (a) (i)

Ep =

(1.6 10-19 )2 . 4 8.85 10-12 2.0 10-15

1 1

= 1.15 10-13 J allow 1.1 x 10-13 or 1.2 x 10-13 but not 1 x 10-13

[2]

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2825/04 (ii) (iii) Ep = 2 Ek E k = 1.15 10-13 (= 5.75 10-14 ) J subs. 2 5.75 10-14 = 2.1 10-23 T T = 2.7 109 K ans. allow ecf form (a)(ii) eg E K = E P gives T = 5.48 x 109 either 1 H nuclei have a range of speeds / energies 1 or 5.75 10-14 J is only an average k.e; (1) some of them have enough energy to fuse; (1) quantum tunnelling can occur; (1) (b) any 2 2 1 [2] [1] Mark Scheme June 2008 1 1 1 [2] [1]

(iv)

either 1 H consists of a single proton, so no binding has occurred 1 or only one nucleon / proton so no further splitting possible; 4 1 H -> 1
4 2

(c)(i)

He + 2 0 e + 2 1

[1]

omits neutrinos altogether 0/1 allow 1 neutrino instead of 2 allow either neutrino or anti-neutrino (ii) binding energy of 4 He nucleus = 4 7.2 MeV (= 28.8 MeV) 2 so energy released = 28.8 106 1.6 10-19 = 4.61 10-12 J for proton in orbit, m v = B Q v equation R so v = B Q R = 1.2 1.6 10-19 0.500 subs. m 1.67 10-27 = 5.75 107 m s-1 ans. accept 5.7 x 107 m s-1 k.e. of proton = m v2 = 1.67 10-27 (5.75 107)2 (= 2.76 10-12 J) 1 MeV = 1.6 10-19 106 = 1.6 10-13 J so k.e. of proton = 2.76 10-12 = 17.3 MeV subs. and calculated answer 1.60 10-13 1 1 1 [3]
2

1 1 1 1 1

[2] 11

4 (a) (i)

[3]

(ii)

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2825/04 (b) Mark Scheme time period of proton = 2 R v so frequency of p.d. = 1 = . v . T 2R = 5.75 107 = 1.83 107 Hz, (= 18.3 MHz) 2 0.500 number of revolutions = 17.3 106 2 80 103 = 108 omits factor 2 gets 1 + 1 = 2/3 1 June 2008 1 1 1 [3]

(c)

2 1 [3]

(d)(i)

magnetic field uniform to keep period of rotation constant; reason: period T = 2 R = 2 R = 2m ; v BQR/m BQ so T is constant if B is constant since m and Q are always constant; either magnetic flux density must be greater near the edge / at greater radius or magnetic flux density / field must increase as mass increases to keep T constant;

[2]

(ii)

1 1

[1] 15

strong force

short range; long range; (1) 1

2 electrostatic

(3) gravitational force long range; 4 strong force 5 electrostatic (6) gravitational force 7 strong force 8 9 electrostatic 10 11 gravitational force (12) (13) sketch graph; F proportional to 1 / r2 F proportional to 1 / r2 or or sketch graph; sketch graph;

1 (1) 1

holds nucleus together (against repulsion between protons); acts on all nucleons / protons and neutrons; acts only on protons / not on neutrons; always repulsive (in nucleus); (very) weak / negligible (inside nucleus); attractive only; acts on protons and neutrons; (1) (1) 1 1 1 1 1 [10] 10 46

any (1) 1

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2825/04 Mark Scheme June 2008 6(a) hadrons / baryons / nucleons; the proton is (totally) stable (inside the nucleus); free protons are stable 1 (c) either N = N 0 e-t = ln 2 = 0.693 = 1.13 10-3 s-1 613 613 N = 500 e-1.13 10exp(-3) 200 subs. = 500 0.798 = 399 N = N 0 (0.5)x where x = t / T x = 200 = 0.326 half lives 613 N = 500 (0.5)0.326 = 500 0.798 = 399 allow 398 allow 2sf or charge down quark: neutron: -1/ 3 0 baryon number
1

1 1

[1]

(b) (i)

[1]

(ii)

[1]

1 1 1 ans. [3]

(d) (i)

/3 1 [1]

(ii)

charge: baryon number:

2/3 - 1/3 - 1/3 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3

= =

0 1

1 1 [2] 9

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2825/05 Mark Scheme June 2008

2825/05 Telecommunications
Question 1 (a ) (i) (ii) Amplitude modulation Transmission frequency = = 400 kHz modulating frequency = (iv) (b) = 1 / carrier period 1 / 2.5 s = 1 / 25 s 40 kHz Expected Answers Marks 1 1 1 1 1 1

(iii)

Medium frequency (or medium wave) waveband (do not accept MF) Domestic radios which can tune in to the MW are designed to pick up AM Such AM receivers only allow a bandwidth of a few kHz per station The bandwidth of 80 kHz is way beyond this capability or Domestic radios on the MW are designed to output audio sounds only The 40 kHz is way beyond normal human hearing range

1 1

(c)

(i)

360

400

440

frequency / kHz 1 1 1 1 1

any vertical line three vertical lines as shown frequencies correctly marked (ii) (iii) The bandwidth is the range of frequencies present in a signal Bandwidth = 440 - 360 = 80 kHz.

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2825/05 Question 2 (a ) (i) (ii) (i) Mark Scheme Expected Answers June 2008 Marks 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

LDR = Light Dependent Resistor As the light intensity increases the resistance decreases 1 2 Current in LDR Voltage at A = Voltage at B = = = V / R total 9 / (230 + 270) 0.018 A = 0.018 x 270 4.9 V = 4.9 V

(b)

(ii) (iii)

The motor will not turn Because the comparator output is zero (as both inputs are equal)

(c )

If torch X is switched off then voltage at A will fall because resistance of LDR X has increased to consume a greater fraction of pd 1 so op-amp comparator saturates positively because V B > V A 1 and motor turns ( at full speed ) 1 (i) If both torches are off then both LDRs see same light intensity and thus have the same resistance so the voltages at A and B are again equal. And the motor does not turn Torch X on and Y off causes the motor to turn the other way It is almost impossible to have the two light intensities equal Hence one input will always be slightly bigger than another Because op-amp has huge open loop gain Extremely difficult to arrange the comparator output to be zero Because both input voltages must be equal to within microvolts Given tolerance of fixed resistors it is unlikely they are equal So the comparator is always in saturation one way or the other Motor turns at full speed so it can never be made to slow down gradually ( any three separate points ) 1 1 1 Any reasonable explanation of stability caused by negative feedback Negative feedback reduces the overall voltage gain of an amplifier This allows a much greater range of input voltages before saturation So the motor can be made to run at non-saturated voltages i.e. slower

(d )

(ii)

1 1

(e )

(i)

(ii)

1 1

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2825/05 Question 3 (a ) Mark Scheme Expected Answers R = = (ii) Voltmeter V 2 = = = L/A June 2008 Marks 1 1 1 1 1

(i) Resistance of cable

1.8 x 10-8 x 2 x 125 / 0.40 x 10 -6 11.25 [ 4.8 / ( 4.8 + 11.25 ) ] x 24 7.2 V

(b )

(i) Current in cable Power input to cable

= = =

24 / ( 11.25 + 4.8 )

1.5 A 1 1 1 1 1

24 x 24 / ( 11.25 + 4.8 ) 36 W 7.22 / 4.8 10.8 W 10 log P 1 / P 2 10 x log ( 10.8 / 36 ) - 5.2 dB = 5.2 / 0.125

(ii)

Power output from cable = = Attenuation in cable = = = Attenuation per kilometre =

(iii)

42 dB km-1

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2825/05 Mark Scheme June 2008 Question 4 aerial tuning circuit 1 Expected Answers Marks

converts electromagnetic waves into small currents selects an RF carrier (and its sidebands) and rejects other carriers picked up by the aerial amplifies the small signal selected by the tuning circuit to allow the demodulator to operate rejects the carrier and extracts the audio signal

RF amplifier

1 1

Demodulator Detector AF amplifier Loudspeaker

1 1

boosts the output signal in order to drive the loudspeaker 1 converts ac audio signal into sound 1

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2825/05 Question 5 (a) (i) Mark Scheme Expected Answers June 2008 Marks 1 1 1 1 1 1

Multiplexing is the process of allowing several users to share the same channel Multiplexing is important because it reduces the cost per user FDM This allocates to each user a fixed carrier / region of frequency space in which they can transmit at any time TDM This allocates to each user a time slot in which to send a sample before their next time slot appears other samples are sent

(ii)

(b )

(i)

Maximum frequency of analogue signal < 250 Hz ( accept 250 ) 1 because sampling frequency (500 Hz) must be at least twice analogue frequency 1 Time between each sample Duration of each sample Maximum number = = 1 / 500 = = 4 x 2.5 = = 2000 s / 10 s 200 2 ms 10 s 1 1 1 1 1 1

(ii)

(iii) Signal A 15 10 5 0 0 Signal B 15 10 5 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 time / ms 1 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 time / ms Evidence of TDM All binary samples correctly converted to decimal (deduct one mark per error) Samples separated by 2 ms Signals A and B correctly drawn 1

( accept any oscillating shape )

(iv)

frequency of signal B =

= 1 / 8 ms 125 Hz

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2825/05 Mark Scheme June 2008

2825 Common Question

(a) (i) 1 Area = (4 R2 ) = 4 x (1.5 x 1011)2 (= 2.8 x 1023 m2) 2 Power emitted = 1400 x 2.8 x 1023 (= 4.0 x 1026 W) (ii) [1] Allow ecf if consistent [1] P/c2 (1) [2] [1]

rate of conversion of mass to energy = 4.0 x 1026 / (3.0 x 108)2 / = 4.4 x 109 kg s-1(1)

(b)

(i) (ii)

The Earths atmosphere/ionosphere absorbs/reflects/scatters solar energy. The distance travelled through the atmosphere increases as distance from the equator increases. Accept tilt factor. Power input = 0.080 x 750 = 60 W Power generated = 0.27 x 17 = 4.6 W Efficiency = (power generated / power input) x 100 = (4.6 / 60) x 100 = 7.7 % (allow e.c.f.) Power to raise water = 0.35 x 4.6 = 1.6 W (allow e.c.f.) Mass of water raised per hour = 0.50 x 1000 = 500 kg Mass of water raised per second = 500 / 3600 = 0.14 kg Maximum height raised = (E / mg) = 1.6 / (0.14 x 9.81) = 1.2 m (Allow ecf from wrong mass) Q = mc (1) = 0.50 x 4200 x 75 = 1.57 x 105 J Time to heat water = 1.57 x 105 / 80 = 1970 s (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)

[1] [1] [1]

(c)

(i) (ii) (iii)

[2]

(iv)

[5]

(d)

(i)

[3]

(ii)

Takes too long (1) The power of a conventional mains electric kettle is much greater than the power of the panel; (1) Electric kettles boil a much greater mass of water in a much shorter time; (1) To boil water in as short a time as an electric kettle, a very large area of solar panel would be needed; (1) Time required is so long that rate of heat loss to the surroundings may be nearly as high as the rate of heating; (1) The cost of a very large panel would make it an uneconomic proposition. (1) Maximum varies with latitude/time of day/season (1) max [2]

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2826/01 Mark Scheme June 2008

2826/01 Unifying Concepts in Physics

1 (a) (i) (ii) at highest point on the graph mass is less less mass gives higher acceleration (for the same force) (iii) rocket runs out of fuel no upward force) OR because fuel burns OR correct use of F = ma (i) weight air resistance / drag P at position shown on sketch graph R showing range of constant velocity (ii) 45 5 small squares first section second section still increasing constant slope at end to zero height (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) [2] 3 (1) [2] 2 [2] (1) [1] (1) [2] 6 (1) (1) (1) [2] (so suddenly [1]

(b)

(i)

recognises the need to find the area beneath the acceleration time graph (1) 1 small square = 0.4 (m s-1) so maximum velocity in range 16 22 m s-1 (1) [3] 5

(c)

[Total : 14] 2 (a) There is no (intermolecular) attraction between molecules/atoms in an ideal gas so molecules cannot have (internal) potential energy most common speed = 750 m s-1 50 m s-1 twice the most common speed = 1500 m s-1 area under graph above this speed = 8 1 small square in percentage terms this is 4% 0.5% (1) (1) (1) [3] (1)

(b)

(i)

(ii) e.g. (chemical) reaction, diffusion, evaporation, escape velocity ONE required (1) [1] 4 peak to the right lower peak in (i) and higher peak in (ii) area in both (i) and (ii) to be the same (iii) same (iv) recognises that the percentages do not change (1) (1) (1) (1) [4] (1) (1) [2] 6 [Total : 12]

(c)

(i)

(ii) peak to the left

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2826/01 3 (a) Mark Scheme (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) [3] 3 [Total : 8] area of estuary = 50 106 m2 volume of water = 500 10 m average height of water = 5 m p.e. = mgh = 5.15 1011 9.81 5 = 2.5(3) 1013 J volume of water = 102 3 = 942 m3 mass of water = 942 1030 = 9.70 10 kg kinetic energy = mv2 and knows what to substitute = 0.5 9.7 105 32 = 4.4 106 (J) Advantages no fossil fuel needed huge power output good pressure head of water reliable 2 required (1) mark each Tidal stream e.g. open to shipping free power no ecological effect plenty of places where it can be used 2 required (1) mark each 2 required (1) mark each e.g. much less power output than barrage building costs high slow rate of water flow Disadvantages e.g. shipping blocked ecological problems silting up of estuary sewage build up power not necessarily available when it is required 2 required (1) mark each
5 6 3

June 2008

density incorrect OR the total mass is (far) too small density is 1000 kg m
-3

so mass = 4.0 1.0 0.5 1000 = 2000 kg nonsensical number of molecules OR figures should be multiplied 3 6.02 10 = 18.06 10 (c)
23 23

[3] 3

(b)

[2] 2

temperature is in Celsius OR negative pressure is impossible p = 2 8.31 253 / 2.5 10-3 = 1.68 10 Pa
6

(a)

(1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) [4] 4 [4] 4

mass of water = 500 106 m3 1030 kg m-3 = 5.1(5) 1011 kg

(b)

(c)

Barrage e.g.

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2826/01 Mark Scheme June 2008 Candidates are told not to use the same comment twice in the same column, but apart from this many of the comments are transferable 4 (2) alternating current changes direction (of movement of electrons) many times per second direct current (has electrons) always moving in the same direction (1) [1] (1) (1) (1) [8] 8

[Total : 16] 5 (a)

to induce an e.m.f. it is necessary for magnetic field to be cut by a conductor the rate of cutting (linking) of the field is proportional to the induced e.m.f E = magnetic flux cut / time max 3 using high e.m.fs / voltages means that, for a given power the current can be smaller since I2R is the power wasted in the cables less power is wasted with lower current the supply cables can be thinner transformers will only work with a.c. by adjusting the number of turns the output e.m.f. can be determined for safety low voltage must be used in houses transformers can step up or step down they are very reliable / no moving parts other valid point overall maximum [8] (out of 10) only one of cheapness, no digging, saves time etc insulation around cables not required / insulation is the air no cooling required 2 required 1 mark each (1) (1) (1) [2] 2 (1) (1) (1) (1)

(1) max 3 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) max 3 [8] 8

(b)

[Total: 10]

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2826/03 Mark Scheme June 2008

2826/03 Experimental Skills 2 Practical Examination

Question 1 (b) (iv) Readings Write the number of readings as a ringed total by the results table. 6 sets of readings scores three marks. One or more voltage readings outside the range loses one mark. 5 sets two marks. 4 sets one mark. If minor help has been given (e.g. voltmeter in series), then 1. Excessive help (i.e. circuit constructed for candidate) given, then 2. Please indicate when help has been given to a candidate by writing SR at the top of the front page of the candidates script. Also, please indicate the type of help that has been given by writing a brief comment by the table of results. (b) (iv) Check a value for lg(P/W), and a value for lg((R-R 0 )/). Underline checked values and if correct, one mark for each. If incorrect then write in correct value. Allow one mark out of two if ln values are used. Allow small rounding errors. Quality of results Judge by scatter of points about line of best fit. 5 good trend plots needed, within 1 square of your best line (or sq. on page). This mark cannot be scored if log values have been miscalculated (but accept ln values). Column headings There must be some distinguishing mark between the quantity and its unit. E.g. V/V , V(V), V in volts, are OK, but not (V)V , V V , or just volts 3/2/1/0

2/1/0

(b) (iv)

(b) (iv)

(b) (iv)

Consistency of raw readings 2/1/0 Applies to V and I only. One mark for each. All raw readings must be given to 1, 2 or 3 d.p. Trailing zeros in I lose this mark, but allow trailing zeros in V. Indicate using C at the foot of the column if correct. Largest percentage uncertainty in I One mark for using the smallest value of I. One mark for sensible I (0.001 A to 0.05 A). I must be consistent with d.p. of readings. This will depend on type of meter used. One mark for correct ratio idea and x 100 Axes. Each axis must be labelled with a quantity. Ignore unit. One mark for each axis. Scales much be such that the plotted points occupy at least half the graph grid in both the x and y directions. Do not allow more than 3 large squares between scale markings. Do not allow awkward scales (e.g. 3:10, 6:10, 7:10, 8:10 etc.). 3/2/1/0

(b) (v)

(c) (i)

2/1/0

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2826/03 (c) (i) Mark Scheme June 2008 1 Plotting of points. Count the number of plots on the grid and write this value by the line and ring it. Do not allow plots in the margin area. The number of plots must correspond with the number of observations. Do not award this mark if the number of plots is less than the number of observations. Check one suspect plot. Circle this plot. Tick if correct. If incorrect then mark the correct position with a small cross and use an arrow to indicate where the plots should have been. Allow errors up to and including half a small square. Do not allow blobs of diameter greater than small square. Line of best fit There must be a reasonable balance of points about the line of best fit. If one of the points is a long way from the trend of the other plots then allow this plot to be ignored when the line is drawn. The mark can be awarded if the line of best fit is reasonable but not quite right. This mark can only be awarded if a straight line has been drawn through a linear trend. Do not allow thick or hairy lines. Measurement of gradient. Read-offs must be accurate to half a small square and the ratio must be correct, one mark. Please indicate the vertices of the triangle used by labelling with . The hypotenuse of the triangle must be greater than half the length of the drawn line, one mark. Do not allow a line of thickness greater than a small square.

(c) (i)

(c) (ii)

2/1/0

(c) (ii)

y-intercept 2/1/0 If possible, check the read-off. Allow errors up to and including half a small square for two marks. If the error is between half a small square and one small square, then score one mark. If a read-off is not possible, correct substitution from a point on the line into y = mx + c scores two marks. If the point is not on the line, or the answer is not the same as the graph readoff, within square (no false origin), then this method can score one mark. A read-off taken from a graph with an x-axis false origin scores zero. A bald intercept with no working/read-off from graph scores zero. lg (P) = n lg(R R 0 ) + lg(k). Allow ln values. Value for n (from gradient) Value for k (from 10y-intercept) Method of working must be checked. Allow ey-intercept if ln values have been used. Comment on suggested relationship. (Log) graph is a straight line, so relationship is valid (or wtte). Do not allow values to be compared by substitution into the equation Do not award this mark if: the relationship is stated to be proportional if log (or ln) values have not been found. the candidate states that the relationship is invalid, without reasoning statement relationship is valid with no explanation. 1 1 1

(d) (i) (d) (i) (d) (i)

(d) (ii)

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2826/03 (e) (ii) (e) (ii) Mark Scheme Correct substitution into valid equation Calculation of R from P = k(R-R 0 ) n, or from equivalent log equation. Allow log(R-R 0 ) to be read from the graph directly if axes are suitable Correct working (to be checked) one mark. Calculation of T from T = RT 0 /R 0 . No need to check calculation. T must be between 2500K and 5500K. No ecf. Correct significant figures for T (2 or 3 s.f.) June 2008 1 1

(e) (ii) (e) (ii)

1 1

28 marks in total

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2826/03 Mark Scheme June 2008 Question 2 Raw time t for 10 or more oscillations recorded to 1 or 2 d.p. One mark. (b) (ii) Calculation of T (= t/n). One mark. Misread stopwatch loses both of these marks. Do not credit the raw timing of a single oscillation Justification for number of sf in T (c) i.e. same as t (allow raw data ideas or sensible reference to human reaction time). If t is used in (b) (ii) instead of T (i.e. no calculation done) then do not award this mark. This answer must be consistent with (b) (ii) Repeated readings of raw times for second value of T. (d) Ratio T/h is constant. One mark for ratio idea, or calculation of ks. (e) One mark for conclusion that T h which follows from the reasoning (only if k values are within 10% of each other). If not within 10%, allow T not h, or a sensible discussion. Vague T might be to h or T is not to h does not score this second mark. Evaluation of procedure. (f) Relevant points must be underlined and ticked. Some of these might be: [P = problem; S = solution] 1 2 3 P Two readings not enough to draw conclusions S Take several sets of readings of T and h and plot T against h. P Hard to see beginning/end of oscillation (or human error in timing). Do not credit difficulty in starting watch and oscillation together. S Use a fiducial marker for timing S Use of motion sensor, light gate, or high speed camera with clock in frame or other Indication of time recording. Explanation of set-up needed. S Count more oscillations, more than used in (b) (ii). P Oscillations are fast and difficult to count (when h is small). S Use larger values of h / weaker magnets. P7 needed to score this S. P Pendulum motion of magnet / wobbling up and down S Both ends of magnet held carefully at start of oscillation / use small amplitude of swing P Nearby metal objects could affect oscillations. S Use wooden or plastic clamp stand. P Earths magnetic field will interfere with experiment. S Try to avoid large values of h. P13 needed to score this S. S Evidence of measurement of T when no magnet on bench. P/S Magnet not level / use a thread cradle, or use glue, or other good suggestion Do not allow repeated readings (already credited in (d)) Do not allow draughts Allow other relevant points (8 maximum). Marks are awarded on the basis of one for each problem and each solution. SPAG Total 2/1/0

1 2/1/0

4 5

6 7 8 9 10

11 12 13 14 15 16

2 16

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2826/03 Mark Scheme June 2008 Plan Absorption of Solar Energy A1 Experimental set-up i.e. circuit diagram for solar cell, to include voltmeter, ammeter (or joulemeter) and load resistance. A2 Calculation of power absorbed = VI, or energy = VIt B1 Labelled diagram of water container, including thermometer, at a given distance from the bulb. The container should be lagged at the back (allow in text). B2 Water container should be blackened (allow in text). B3 Measurement of mass, temperature rise, time interval. B4 Calculation of power absorbed by water = mc/t. Continuous flow methods are acceptable. C1 Measurement of areas: exposed area of cell, and exposed area of container, or statement that areas must be the same. C2 Measurement of distances from bulb, or statement that distances must be the same. (Hence possible comparison of powers between the two methods). D 1 2 3 E 1 2 3 4 5 Other factors to be taken into account (up to a maximum of 2 marks), e.g. Capital cost; n.b. solar cells are far more expensive than solar panels. Suitability of local weather e.g. hours of sunshine Solar cell provides electricity and not just hot water Further details (up to a maximum of 2 marks), e.g. Selection of a suitable load resistance for maximum power output. (R cell =R load ) At present pricing, neither method gives value for money Evidence of preliminary work Optimum positioning and angle of panels. Some discussion of different wavelengths required for solar cell, solar panel Evidence of research of material. i.e. at least two detailed references from different sources have been given (i.e chapter and/or page numbers must be given). Allow internet pages to be sourced. Two or more vague references (i.e. no chapter or page reference) score one mark One detailed reference scores one mark. One vague reference scores zero. Underline and tick each relevant point in the body of the text. The ticks must have a subscript showing which marking point is being rewarded (e.g. A1 ). Quality of written communication (organisation) Rambling and poorly presented material cannot score both marks. Total 16 Q 2/1/0 2/1/0 1

1 1

1 1 1

2/1/0

2/1/0

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2826/03 Mark Scheme June 2008 Question 1, Power of a Lamp. Results of Trial Experiment (d) (i) Gradient of log(P/W), log(R-R0)/) graph = 2.344. Log P = log k + n log (R-R 0 ), therefore n = 2.344 Log k = -0.507, therefore k = 0.311 (e) (ii) P = 24 W Log P = log k + n log (R R 0 ) Log 24 = -0.507 + 2.344 log(R-R 0 ), hence R R 0 = 6.38 and so R = 6.93 Intercept = -0.507

T = RT 0 /R 0 where T 0 = 293 K and R 0 = 0.55 (from V/R graph) T = 6.93 x 293/0.55 = 3692 K 3700K to 2 s.f.

Question 2

Specimen Results (Bar Magnet) T/s 0.981 0.439 0.642 1.328 k = T/h (s/cm) 0.113 0.105 0.107 0.109

t 1 /s t 2 /s t av /s 9.85 9.78 9.81 4.22 4.56 4.39 6.46 6.38 6.42 13.34 13.21 13.28 (10 oscillations timed)

All values of k within 8%, hence T h Without the magnet on the bench, t = 19.50 s for 10 oscillations Therefore T = 1.950 s when suspended magnet is in Earths field alone Summary of shorthand notation which may be used in annotating scripts: SFP TE AE NV NR Significant figure penalty Transferred error Arithmetical error Not valid Not relevant ECF Error carried forward

POT Power of ten error

GAP Insufficient scale markings on an axis NBL Not best line

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2826/03 FO NE False origin Not enough Mark Scheme June 2008

NGE Not good enough BOD Benefit of the doubt R NA SV SR Point repeated (no further credit) Not allowed Supervisor's value Supervisors report

OOR Candidate's value is out of range wtte Words to that effect eeoo Each error or omission CON Contradictory physics not to be credited

A3 C SF

Used to show that the size of a triangle is appropriate (gradient calculation) Used to show the type of mark awarded for a particular piece of work (Qu. 2) Used to show that the raw readings are consistent Used to show calculated quantities have been given to an appropriate number of significant figures Piece of work missing (one mark penalty) Several pieces of work missing (more than one mark penalty) Scale can be doubled in the x-direction Scale can be doubled in the y-direction

^ ^^ b

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Grade Thresholds
Advanced GCE Physics A (3883/7883) June 2008 Examination Series Unit Threshold Marks Unit 2821 2822 2823A 2823B 2823C 2824 2825A 2825B 2825C 2825D 2825E 2826A 2826B 2826C Raw UMS Raw UMS Raw UMS Raw UMS Raw UMS Raw UMS Raw UMS Raw UMS Raw UMS Raw UMS Raw UMS Raw UMS Raw UMS Raw UMS Maximum Mark 60 90 60 90 120 120 120 120 120 120 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 A 39 72 45 72 99 96 99 96 94 96 58 72 70 72 69 72 68 72 63 72 71 72 87 96 87 96 83 96 B 34 63 40 63 88 84 88 84 85 84 51 63 64 63 62 63 62 63 56 63 64 63 78 84 78 84 76 84 C 29 54 35 54 77 72 77 72 76 72 44 54 58 54 55 54 56 54 50 54 57 54 69 72 69 72 69 72 D 24 45 30 45 67 60 67 60 67 60 38 45 52 45 48 45 50 45 44 45 51 45 60 60 60 60 62 60 E 19 36 25 36 57 48 57 48 58 48 32 36 46 36 41 36 45 36 38 36 45 36 51 48 51 48 55 48 U 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Specification Aggregation Results Overall threshold marks in UMS (ie after conversion of raw marks to uniform marks) Maximum Mark 300 600 A 240 480 B 210 420 C 180 360 D 150 300 E 120 240 U 0 0

3883 7883

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The cumulative percentage of candidates awarded each grade was as follows: A 3883 7883 19.2 28.0 B 35.7 50.1 C 53.2 69.6 D 70.0 85.9 E 83.2 95.8 U 100 100 Total Number of Candidates 7612 5923

For a description of how UMS marks are calculated see: http://www.ocr.org.uk/learners/ums_results.html Statistics are correct at the time of publication.

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OCR (Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations) 1 Hills Road Cambridge CB1 2EU OCR Customer Contact Centre 14 19 Qualifications (General) Telephone: 01223 553998 Facsimile: 01223 552627 Email: general.qualifications@ocr.org.uk www.ocr.org.uk For staff training purposes and as part of our quality assurance programme your call may be recorded or monitored

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