ANGLE MODULATION

Introduction
• Angle modulation is the process by which the angle (frequency or phase) of
the carrier signal is changed in accordance with the instantaneous
amplitude of modulating or message signal.
• Classified into two types such as
• Frequency modulation (FM)
• Phase modulation (PM)
• Used for :
• Commercial radio broadcasting
• Television sound transmission
• Two way mobile radio
• Cellular radio
• Microwave and satellite communication system
Cont’d…
Advantages over AM:
➢Freedom from interference: all natural and external noise
consist of amplitude variations, thus receiver usually cannot
distinguish between amplitude of noise or desired signal.
AM is noisy than FM.
➢Operate in very high frequency band (VHF): 88MHz-
108MHz
➢Can transmit musical programs with higher degree of
fidelity.
 FREQUENCY MODULATION
PRINCIPLES
• In FM the carrier amplitude remains
constant, the carrier frequency
varies with the amplitude of
modulating signal.
• The amount of change in carrier
frequency produced by the
modulating signal is known as
frequency deviation.
Carrier Modulating signal

Resting fc
FM

Increasing fc

Decreasing fc

Increasing fc

Resting fc
 FREQUENCY MODULATION (FM)

• A process where the frequency of the carrier wave varies with the
magnitude variations of the modulating or audio signal.
• The amplitude of the carrier wave is kept constant.
FM(cont’d)

• Mathematical analysis:
• Let message signal:

• And carrier signal:

FM (cont’d)
• During the process of frequency modulations the
frequency of carrier signal is changed in accordance
with the instantaneous amplitude of message signal
.Therefore the frequency of carrier after modulation is
written as

• To find the instantaneous phase angle of modulated signal,

integrate equation above w.r.t. t
FM(cont’d)
• Thus, we get the FM wave as:

• Where modulation index for FM is given by

 FM(cont’d)
• In practice the modulating, signal varies in amplitude and frequency

Một số sách ký
hiệu  là mf

▪ fm(max) : a maximum value of the modulating signal

▪ fd: maximum allowable frequency shift, which is defined as the frequency
deviation
• The frequency-modulated wave can be written as
Example (FM)
Example (FM)
Example (FM)
Example (FM)

• Determine the peak frequency deviation (∆f) and

modulation index (m) for an FM modulator with
a deviation sensitivity k = 5 kHz/V and a
modulating signal,
𝑣𝑚 (𝑡) = 2 cos( 2𝜋2000𝑡) (V)
 FM&PM (Bessel function)

• The analysis of FM signal:

 Bessel function

These coefficients Jn() are called Bessel functions, which vary as  varies
B.F. (cont’d)

• It is seen that each pair of side band is preceded by J coefficients.

The order of the coefficient is denoted by subscript m. The Bessel
function can be written as

𝑛
𝛿 1 𝛿/2 2 𝛿/2 4
𝐽𝑛 (𝛿) = − + −. . . .
2 𝑛 1! 𝑛 + 1 ! 2! 𝑛 + 2 !

• n = number of the side frequency

• 𝛿 = modulation index
B.F. (cont’d)

 = mf
B.F. (cont’d)

 = mf
 Bessel Functions of the First Kind, Jn(m)
for some value of modulation index

 = mf
Spectrum of FM signal
Example
Example
 Example

• For an FM modulator with a modulation index m = 1, a modulating

signal vm(t) = Vmsin(2π1000t), and an unmodulated carrier vc(t) =
10sin(2π500kt). Determine the number of sets of significant side
frequencies and their amplitudes. Then, draw the frequency
spectrum showing their relative amplitudes.
FM Bandwidth

• Theoretically, the generation and transmission of FM requires

infinite bandwidth. Practically, FM system have finite bandwidth
and they perform well.
• The value of modulation index determine the number of sidebands
that have the significant relative amplitudes
• If n is the number of sideband pairs, and line of frequency
spectrum are spaced by fm, thus, the bandwidth is:

𝐵𝑊 = 2𝑛𝑓𝑚
For n≥1
 FM Bandwidth (cont’d)
• Generally an acceptable performance can be obtained with a finite
number of side frequencies, and this may be considered satisfactory
when not less than 98% of the power is contained in the carrier and
its adjacent frequencies.
• Since the amplitude of the nth side frequency is given as JnVc, the
power dissipated in a load (R) by the modulated wave is
 FM Bandwidth (cont’d)
• The required number of pairs of side frequencies for the 98%
criterion: BW = (δ + 1) pairs of side frequencies, i.e.

BW = 2fm(max)(δ + 1)

• Equations express a relationship known as Carson’s rule for

determining the bandwidth of an FM system requiring the requisite
number of side frequencies tosatisfy the 98% criterion.
Example
Example
• For an FM modulator with a peak frequency deviation, Δf = 10 kHz, a
modulating-signal frequency fm = 10 kHz, Vc = 10 V and a 500 kHz
carrier, determine
• Actual minimum bandwidth from the Bessel function table.
• Approximate minimum bandwidth using Carson’s rule.
Then
Plot the output frequency spectrum for the Bessel approximation.
Deviation Ratio (DR)

• The worse case modulation index which produces the widest output
frequency spectrum.

f (max)
DR = f m (max)

• Where
• ∆f(max) = max. peak frequency deviation
• fm(max) = max. modulating signal frequency
Example
• Determine the deviation ratio and bandwidth for the worst-case
(widest-bandwidth) modulation index for an FM broadcast-band
transmitter with a maximum frequency deviation of 75 kHz and a
maximum modulating-signal frequency of 15 kHz.
• Determine the deviation ratio and maximum bandwidth for an equal
modulation index with only half the peak frequency deviation and
modulating-signal frequency.
 FM Power Distribution

• As seen in Bessel function table, it shows that as the sideband relative

amplitude increases, the carrier amplitude,J0 decreases.

• This is because, in FM, the total transmitted power is always constant and the
total average power is equal to the unmodulated carrier power, that is the
amplitude of the FM remains constant whether or not it is modulated.
 FM Power Distribution (cont’d)

• In effect, in FM, the total power that is originally in the carrier is redistributed
between all components of the spectrum, in an amount determined by the
modulation index, mf, and the corresponding Bessel functions.
• At certain value of modulation index, the carrier component goes to zero,
where in this condition, the power is carried by the sidebands only.
 Average Power

Vc2
• The average power in unmodulated carrier Pc =
2R
• The total instantaneous power in the angle modulated carrier.
m( t ) 2 Vc2
Pt = = cos 2 [c t + ( t )]
R R
Vc2  1 1  Vc
2
Pt =  + cos[ 2c t + 2( t )] =
R 2 2  2R

• The total modulated power

Vc2 2(V1 ) 2 2(V2 ) 2 2(Vn ) 2
Pt = P0 + P1 + P2 + .. + Pn = + + + .. +
2R 2R 2R 2R
Example
• For an FM modulator with a modulation index m = 1, a modulating
signal
vm(t) = Vmsin(2π1000t),
and an unmodulated carrier
vc(t) = 10sin(2π500kt).
Determine the unmodulated carrier power for the FM modulator
given with a load resistance, RL = 50Ω. Determine also the total power
in the angle-modulated wave.
Quiz
• For an FM modulator with modulation index,
m = 2, modulating signal,
vm(t) = Vmcos(2π2000t),
and an unmodulated carrier,
vc(t) = 10 cos(2π800kt).
Assume, RL=50Ω
a) Determine the number of sets of significant sidebands.
b) Determine their amplitudes.
c) Draw the frequency spectrum showing the relative
amplitudes of the side frequencies.
d) Determine the bandwidth.
e) Determine the total power of the modulated wave.
Generation of FM
• Two major FM generation:
i) Direct method:
i) straight forward, requires a VCO whose oscillation frequency has linear dependence
on applied voltage.
ii) Advantage: large frequency deviation
iii) Disadvantage: the carrier frequency tends to drift and must be stabilized.
iv) Common methods:
i) FM Reactance modulators
ii) Varactor diode modulators
Generation of FM (cont’d)
1) Reactance modulator
Generation of FM (cont’d)
2) Varactor diode modulator
Generation of FM (cont’d)
ii) Indirect method:
i. Frequency-up conversion.
ii. Two ways:
a. Heterodyne method
b. Multiplication method
iii. One most popular indirect method is the Armstrong modulator
Wideband Armstrong Modulator
 Armstrong Modulator

A complete Armstrong modulator is supposed to provide a

75kHz frequency deviation. It uses a balanced modulator
and 90o phase shifter to phase-
modulate a crystal oscillator. Required deviation is
obtained by combination of multipliers and mixing, raise
the signal from 400 kHz  14.47 Hz to 90.2MHz  75kHz
suitable for broadcasting.
 FM Detection/Demodulation

• FM demodulation

• is a process of getting back or regenerate the original

modulating signal from the modulated FM signal.

• It can be achieved by converting the frequency deviation of

FM signal to the variation of equivalent voltage.

• The demodulator will produce an output where its

instantaneous amplitude is proportional to the
instantaneous frequency of the input FM signal.
FM detection (cont’d)
• To detect an FM signal, it is necessary to have a circuit whose output
voltage varies linearly with the frequency of the input signal.

• The most commonly used demodulator is the PLL demodulator. Can

be use to detect either NBFM or WBFM.
PLL Demodulator

V0(t)
FM input
fi
Phase Low pass
Amplifier
detector filter

fvco
Vc(t)
VCO
 PLL Demodulator

• The phase detector produces an average output voltage that is linear function of the phase
difference between the two input signals. Then low frequency component is pass through the LPF
to get a small dc average voltage to the amplifier.

• After amplification, part of the signal is fed back through VCO where it results in frequency
modulation of the VCO frequency. When the loop is in lock, the VCO frequency follows or tracks
the incoming frequency.
 PLL Demodulator

• Let instantaneous freq of FM Input,

fi(t)=fc +k1vm(t),
and the VCO output frequency,
f VCO(t)=f0 + k2Vc(t);
f0 is the free running frequency.
• For the VCO frequency to track the instantaneous incoming
frequency,
fvco = fi; or
PLL Demodulator

• f0 + k2Vc(t)= fc +k1vm(t), so,

Vc (t )  f c − f 0 + k1vm (t )

• If VCO can be tuned so that fc=f0, then

Vc (t )  k1vm (t )

• Where Vc(t) is also taken as the output voltage, which

therefore is the demodulated output
Comparison AM and FM
• Its the SNR can be increased without increasing transmitted power about
25dB higher than in AM

• Certain forms of interference at the receiver are more easily to

suppressed, as FM receiver has a limiter which eliminates the amplitude
variations and fluctuations.

• The modulation process can take place at a low level power stage in the
transmitter, thus a low modulating power is needed.

• Power content is constant and fixed, and there is no waste of power

transmitted

• There are guard bands in FM systems allocated by the standardization

body, which can reduce interference between the adjacent channels.
 Application of FM

• FM is commonly used at VHF radio frequencies for high-fidelity broadcasts of

music and speech (FM broadcasting). Normal (analog) TV sound is also broadcast
using FM. The type of FM used in broadcast is generally called wide-FM, or W-FM
• A narrowband form is used for voice communications in commercial and amateur
radio settings. In two-way radio, narrowband narrow-fm (N-FM) is used to
conserve bandwidth. In addition, it is used to send signals into space.
 PHASE MODULATION(PM)

• The process by which changing the phase of carrier signal in

accordance with the instantaneous of message signal. The
amplitude remains constant after the modulation process.
• Mathematical analysis:
Let message signal:

 m (t ) = Vm cos mt
And carrier signal:
 c (t ) = Vc cos[ ct +  ]
 PM (cont’d)
• Where  phase angle of carrier signal. It is changed in accordance with
the amplitude of the message signal;
• i.e.  = KVm (t ) = KVm cos mt
• After phase modulation the instantaneous voltage will be
or
v pm ( t ) = VC cos(C t + KVm cos m t )
v pm ( t ) = VC cos(C t + m p cos m t )
• Where mp = Modulation index of phase modulation
• K is a constant and called deviation sensitivities of the phase
Summary of angle modulation
-what you need to be familiar with
Summary (cont’d)
Summary (cont’d)

• Bandwidth:
a) Actual minimum bandwidth from Bessel
table:
B = 2(n  f m )

b) Approximate minimum bandwidth using

Carson’s rule:
B = 2(f + f m )
 Summary (cont’d)

• Multitone modulation (equation in general):

i = c + Kvm1 + Kvm2

i = c + 2f1 cos 1t + 2f 2 cos 2t....

f1 f 2
i = C t + sin 1t + sin 2t......
f1 f2
Summary (cont’d)

v fm (t ) = VC cos i
f1 f 2
v fm (t ) = VC cos[C t + sin 1t + sin 2t ]
f1 f2
= VC cos[C t + m f 1 sin 1t + m f 2 sin 2t ]...........
Summary (cont’d)-
Comparison NBFM&WBFM
ANGLE MODULATION

Part 3
◼Advantages
◼Disadvantages
 Advantages

• Wideband FM gives significant improvement in the SNR at the output of the

RX which proportional to the square of modulation index.
• Angle modulation is resistant to propagation-induced selective fading since
amplitude variations are unimportant and are removed at the receiver using a
limiting circuit.
• Angle modulation is very effective in rejecting interference. (minimizes the
effect of noise).
• Angle modulation allows the use of more efficient transmitter power in
information.
• Angle modulation is capable of handing a greater dynamic range of
modulating signal without distortion than AM.
 Disadvantages
• Angle modulation requires a transmission bandwidth much larger
than the message signal bandwidth.
• Angle modulation requires more complex and expensive circuits than
AM.
END OF ANGLE MODULATION
Exercise
• Determine the deviation ratio and worst-case bandwidth for an FM
signal with a maximum frequency deviation 25 kHz and maximum
modulating signal 12.5 kHz.
Exercise 2
• For an FM modulator with 40-kHz frequency deviation and a
modulating-signal frequency 10 kHz, determine the bandwidth using
both Carson’s rule and Bessel table.
Exercise 3
• For an FM modulator with an unmodulated carrier amplitude 20 V, a
modulation index, m = 1, and a load resistance of 10-ohm, determine
the power in the modulated carrier and each side frequency, and
sketch the power spectrum for the modulated wave.
Exercise 4

• A frequency modulated signal (FM) has the

following expression:

v fm (t ) = 38 cos( 400  106 t + m f sin 10 103 t )

The frequency deviation allowed in this

system is 75 kHz. Calculate the:
• Modulation index
• Bandwidth required, using Carson’s rule