Compactspacest

n analysis we learn that a b is compact and more generally

any closed bounded subset of IR is compact

Good properties of compact spaces

generalize the metric space notion of boundedness

Any continuous map f 9k IR achieves its maximum

compact

Def X a topological space A collection of open sets Ui ie

is an
opencover if Ui X

Def X is compact if every open cover contains a finite

subcollection that also covers X
i e F A E Ui finite sit Ut X
ies
f
subcollection
of opensets

Exi IR is not compact The covering IR Uz n ht2 has

no finite subcover
O l is not compact Yu I has no finite sub cover

Exe X o U Yul heh is compact

If X U Ui covers X there is some Uj containing O

Uj contains all pbut finitely many of the remaining points

 so choose an open neighborhood Of each of the
remaining
points Th se and Ug form a finite subcover

Some basic results about compactspaces

This If A is compact and fA X continuous then

f A is compact

UUi f Ui
PI let be an open cover of f A Then
is an open coven of A which has a finite subcover
U f Uj
jeJefinite

Uj f f Uj so the sets Uj jet cover f A D

Them 0,1 is compact

PI let Ui be an open coven of Co D

Let A xc 0,1 I7 a finite subcover of Co x

Clearly OEA so At 4
We'll show A is open and closed Since 0,1 is connected this
will imply A 0,1

If a cover works for CO X then Xc Ui for some i so

Br x Elli some r O
So xeB x C A so A is open

To show A is closed suppose x is a limit point of A

XE Ui some i so x c Br E Ui some r

0 x 42 and.imits a finite cover so if we add Ui to the

finite cover we finite

get a cover of Co X D

You may recall from analysis that A C IR is compact A is closed and

bounded

In general how do closed sets relate to compact sets

Thin tf X is compact then

any closed A EX
is compact

PI let 1 be an open covering of A by sets open

in X Then AU X A is an open covering of X

Let B be a finite subcovering Then B covers A

after possibly removing X A so B is a finite subcover D

Are all compact setsclosed Sadly not ingeneral

E XE IR w the co finite topology is always compact

by a HW problem but not always closed
In Hausdorff spaces it is truethough

The tf X is a Hausdorff then compact set

space any
KEX is closed

PI We'll show Xlk is open

let x c Xlk For every yet there are disjoint neighborhoods

Uys y and Vy2x K is covered by Uy

Thus K has a finite subcover U U UzU VUK w

say
corresponding neighborhoods V Vz Vk of x w Ui disjointfrom
Vi Then V V h Nr is a finite intersection of open sets and

is thus an open neighborhood of

Moreover V is disjoint from U U Ulla so x c VE X K

Thus Xlk is open so K is closed D

It's much easier to check if mapsbetween compactHausdorff spaces

are homeomorphisms

Thmi A continuous bijection f X Y between compact Hausdorff

 Spaces is a homeomorphism

PI We want to show that the images of open sets are open

so it suffices toshow the imagesof closed sets are closed

let A EX be closed Then A is compact Thus f A is compact

f A is closed since Y is Hausdorff D

Norte This onlyworks for compactHausdorff spaces

Consider the bijection

Hausdorff compact
notcompact Hausdorff
b b
f o 1 S defined x cos 2ITx Sin 21Tx

This is continuous but certainly not a homeomorphism

ProductsotcompactspacesI

This If X and Y are compact thenX Y is compact

PI let it be an open cover of X Y Eachelement of it

is the union of basis elements of the form U V where

UE X and EY are open

 If those basiselements have a finite subcover then it does as well

by replacing U V w the open set in it in which it is contained

Thus we can assume it consists of basiselements of form Ui Vi

For x cX 3 4 is homeomorphic to 4 see HW so x Y is compact

So it has a finite subcover of the form i

Ui Vi

Where xc Ui Vi

ThenWIN Ui is a neighborhood of X and Ui Vi is a finite

cover of W Y

Thus for each xe X There's a finite subcover of Wx Y But the

Wx cover X so finitely many of them coven X

Thus F m xmeX st W U UW m
X and there is a finite
subcovering at it that covers Wx Y The union of these is
a finite subcovering of Xx Y D

Cori The product of finitely manycompact spaces is compact

In fact the product of infinitely many compact spaces given

the product topology is compact This is a deepresult called
Tychonoff's Theorem Proof requires Axiom of choice see section
37 of Munkresforproof
Uncountability of R

We can use properties of compact Hausdorff spacesto

give a slick
proof that IR is uncountable

Def X a topological
space x c X is an isolated point if x is open
in X

Isolated
points

theorem If X is a nonempty compact Hausdorff space

with no isolated points thin X is uncountable

0
PI Elgin If U C X open x cX F V open set V EU
and x T
I
I
1 x I
y
u

PImonfflamim choose ye U s t xt y This is possible since U

can't be a one point set
 We can find W 2x andWy y disjoint neighborhoods Then
set Wy AU xy T since Wx is open and disjoint fromV

t y
o
V
I b lU
I it x i
s
et
k i l
Wii v
Wy

Now we use the claim to show uncountability

let f ft X be some function

By the claim set U X and find V EX sit T doesn't contain

f i

For n 1 apply the claim to f n and U Vn 1

Then I I 3 are nonemptyclosed sets w f n In

If Xlvi X any finite subcover would leaveout some

nonempty Ti Thus Xlvi f X so f Vi 4

Take Xe Afi Xt f n for any n so f I X is Ket

surjective so X is uncountable D
Cer Every closedinterval in IR is uncountable