B.A. (CA) / B Com (CA) / B.Sc.

(CA)
SEMESTER -II
Domain Subject: Commerce
Semester-wise Syllabus under CBCS (w.e.f. 2020-21 Admitted Batch)
Course 2C: E- COMMERCE & WEB DESIGNING

I Unit I: Introduction:

Introduction to Internet:Internet Terminology – History of the

Internet – Advantages& disadvantages of Internet – How internet
works
Electronic Commerce: Definition, types, advantages and

B disadvantages, E-Commerce transaction on World Wide Web.

Electronic Market-Online shopping, Three models of Electronic
Market - E-Business.
RH
II Unit-II: E-payment System:
Models and methods of e–payments (Debit Card, Credit Card, Smart
Cards, e-money), Digital Signatures (Procedure, Working And Legal
Position), Payment Gateways, Online Banking (Meaning, Concepts,
Importance), Risks Involved in e-payments.

III Unit-III: On-line Business Transactions:

Meaning, Purpose, Advantages and Disadvantages of Transacting
Online, E-Commerce Applications in Various Industries Like
(Banking, Insurance, Payment of Bills), Benefits, Problems and
Features, Online Services (Financial, Travel and Career), Online

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 Learning, Online Shopping (Amazon, Flipkart, etc.)

IV Unit-IV: Website Designing

Introduction to HTML: Basic HTML – HTML document structure
– HTML tags – Basefont tag – title tag – body tag – Horizontal Rule
Tag - Text formatting tags – Character tags, HTML Lists : Ordered
List , Unordered List & Definition List – Using colors – Using
Images

V Unit V: Website Designing:

Hyperlinks: Textual links, Graphical links, types of document links,

B anchor tagHTML Tables – table creations tags, Nested Tables,

Frames: Frame introduction - frame creation tags – Nested Frames.

Practical Component:@ 2 hours/week/batch

RH
1. Creation of simple web page using formatting tags
2. Creation of lists and
3. Creation of web page with text tags
4. Creation of tables with attributes
5. Creation of hyperlinks
6. Creation of hyperlinks and including images
7. Creation of forms
8. Creation of framesets

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 B.A. (CA) / B Com (CA) / B.Sc. (CA)
SEMESTER- II
PAPER – 2C: E-COMMERCE & WEB DESIGNING

MODEL QUESTION PAPER

Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks : 75

SECTION-A

B
Answer any FIVE of the following Questions: (5 x 5= 25 Marks)
1. Define Internet. Write disadvantages of Internet
2. Write about e-business
3. Define e-payment system
4. Explain briefly the methods of e-payment system
RH
5. Write the purpose of online business transaction
6. Write about online learning
7. Briefly explain HTML document structure
8. Write about Horizontal rule tag
9. Define table. Explain table creation tags.
10. Define Hyperlink

SECTION - B

Answer any FIVE of the following Questions (5 × 10 =50 Marks)

11. Explain the working of Internet.
12. What is e-commerce? Write about the three models of e-market
13. Explain about Payment gateways
14. Write about various risks involved in e-payment system
15. Write and explain advantages of online transactions
16. Explain the features of online shopping with an example
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 17. Write in detail about text formatting tags in HTML
18. Write about lists in HTML
19. Explain different types hyperlinks used in a web page
20. Explain about frames in HTM

Unit I: Introduction:

I. Introduction to Internet:

Internet Terminology – History of the

Internet – Advantages& disadvantages of Internet – How internet
works
II. Electronic Commerce:

B Definition, types, advantages and

disadvantages, E-Commerce transaction on World Wide Web.
Electronic Market-Online shopping, Three models of Electronic
RH
Market - E-Business.

Answer any FIVE of the following Questions: (5 x 5= 25 Marks)

1. Define Internet. Write disadvantages of Internet?

2. Write short notes on history on internet?
3. Explain about web server?

4. Write about transaction take place over World Wide Web?

5. Write about e-business?

Answer any FIVE of the following Questions (5 × 10 =50 Marks)

1. Explain the working of Internet?

4
 2. Define Internet. Write the advantages and disadvantages of Internet?
3. Discuss about various terms used in web. (Web Terminology)?

4. What are advantages and disadvantages of E-Commerce?

5. What is e-commerce? Write about the three models of e-market?
6. Write about E-commerce models
7.
UNIT – I

1. What is Internet? Write short notes on history of internet?

Definition:
The internet is a network of networks that connects millions of computers all over

B
the world. Internet can link different organizations, government offices, home users etc.
It contains huge amount of information. This information is accessed using the web
pages. Each computer on the internet is called a Host. To connect to the Internet, the
user must get access through Internet Service Provider (ISP).
RH
History of Internet:

●In the early 1960’s American defense department developed a Network for
information exchange.
●In 1969, The ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) was
designed by United States Defense Department for their military purpose.
●In 1972, a program developed for E-mail used to send and receive messages over the
Internet. It uses two important tools to transfer files. They are FTP (File Transfer
Protocol) and TELNET.
●In 1979, a group of students and programmers started Usenet (Users News
Network). That provides NEWS through network.
●In 1980’s Companies used computers to construct their own internal networks.

5
 ●In 1983, the protocols TCP/IP were developed to route the messages properly.
●In 1990, commercial organization started, HTML programming language was
developed.
●In 1991, WWW (World Wide Web) was created by Tim Berner’s Lee.

2. Define Internet. Write the advantages and disadvantages of Internet?

Definition:
The internet is a network of networks that connects millions of computers all over
the world. Internet can link different organizations, government offices, home users etc.
It contains huge amount of information. This information is accessed using the web
pages. Each computer on the internet is called a Host. To connect to the Internet, the
user must get access through Internet Service Provider (ISP).

B
Advantages:

Electronic Mail (E-Mail):

RH
●The E-mail is used to sending or receiving messages through Internet.
●It is one of the most commonly used services on the Internet.
●Anyone who has an E-mail account can send an E-mail to any other person.
Eg: principal@gmail.com

Download Facility:
●Any kind of information on any topic is available on the internet.
●It is possible to download games, software, movies, songs etc. freely from the
Internet.

Online Banking:
●It is also known as Internet banking or e-banking or virtual banking.

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 ●It provides the users do financial transactions like balance enquiry, fund transfer etc.,

Online Ticketing:
●Using Internet, tickets can be purchased for movies, travelling like railways, airlines
etc.,
●An online ticket is also called e-ticket or digital ticket.

Online Shopping:
●The Online Shopping refers to buying or selling products such as books, cloths etc.
on the Internet.
●The people can visit websites any time as per their convenience while sitting in their

Bhome, office or while travelling.

Search Engines:
Eg: Flipkart.com, Amazon.com etc.
RH
●A Search Engines is special website used to find information stored on various
websites.
●Some of the search engines are Google, Yahoo etc.

Disadvantages:

Spam Mail:
●The unauthorized users may send a large number of unwanted E-mails.
●These E-mails full its disk space.

Addiction to Internet:
●Some people spend most of their valuable time in browsing the internet.
●Internet addiction has been leads to various diseases.
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 Virus:
●Viruses are computer programs that spoil the normal functionality of the computer
systems.
●

3. What is Internet? Explain the Tools of Internet (Or) WWW Tools?

Definition:

The internet is a network of networks that connects millions of computers all over
the world. Internet can link different organizations, government offices, home users etc.
It contains huge amount of information. This information is accessed using the web

B
pages. Each computer on the internet is called a Host. To connect to the Internet, the
user must get access through Internet Service Provider (ISP).

Tools of Internet:
RH
Electronic Mail (E-Mail):
●E-mail is one of the most inexpensive and popular services of the Internet.
●The E-mail is used to sending or receiving messages through Internet.
●E-mail uses protocols like SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), POP (Post Office
Protocol) etc.

World Wide Web:

●WWW is a software application through Internet users can access global data in the
form of web pages.
●These web pages can be transferred through the Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
(HTTP).
IRC:
8
 ●Internet Relay Chat (IRC) protocol is used to chat on the web.
●A user must require an IRC program for chatting.
●IRC connects to an IRC server and allows the user to visit IRC channels.

File Transfer Protocol (FTP):

●The FTP is most commonly used Internet tool to transfer files from client’s computer
to web server.
●It provides security to the stored files and programs.
●It is used to upload and download the files.
Gopher:
●It is a protocol designed for searching and retrieving documents over the Internet. 
●Gopher is one of the protocol used for search and retrieval information of Internet.

B
WAP:
●The WAP stands for Wireless Application Protocol.
●The WAP is used for accessing information on wireless devices like mobile phones.
RH
●It supports Internet services like e-mail, searching etc.

4. Explain how Internet works?

●The Internet is a network of networks. Each computer connected to the Internet must
have a unique address.
●Internet addresses are in the form nnn.nnn.nnn.nnn where nnn is a number between 0
and 255. This address is called as an IP address (IP stands for Internet Protocol).
●To connect to the Internet, the user must get access from Internet Service Provider
(ISP).
●For Example, The picture below illustrates two computers connected to the Internet.

9
 If we send the message from one computer (1.2.3.4) to another computer
(5.6.7.8) through Internet, it is transmitted as shown below: 
●The message which is in digital form on sender’s computer (1.2.3.4) sends to Modem.
●The Modem converts digital signals into analog signals.

B
●Then Modem sends the analog signals to ISP through telephone lines.
●Now ISP transmitted the message to receiver’s computer’s modem through telephone
lines.
●The modem on receiver’s computer converts analog signals into digital signals.
RH
●Finally the receiver’s computer (5.6.7.8) receives the original message.

5. Write short notes on World Wide Web?

●The World Wide Web is a global information service for publishing information on the
Internet.
●WWW is a software application through which Internet users can access global data in
the form of web pages.
●These web pages can be transferred through the Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
(HTTP).
●Information on the WWW is published in the form of web pages.
●These web pages are created by Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML).
●Each web page can be referred by their corresponding URL.

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 ●The Web servers transfer these web pages to other through the Hyper Text Transfer
Protocol (HTTP).
●The WWW contains huge amount of information in the form of web sites.
●This information can be obtained easily by using some search engines.

6. Discuss about various terms used in web. (Web Terminology)?

The WWW is the most widely used Internet. It is based on URL and HTTP, and
allows hyperlinks to a large amount of information. The following are various terms
used frequently on Internet.

ISP:

B
●An ISP is an organization that provides internet access to the customers for monthly
or yearly fee.
●It provides individuals and other companies to access the Internet
RH
Browser:
●A web browser is an interface between user and internet.
●A browser is software for sending and retrieving information on the Internet.
●It allows users to view or browse web pages on Internet.
●The most popular browsers are Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, and Microsoft
Internet Explorer.

URL:
●The Uniform Resource Locator is the global web address of web page.
●The URL is displayed in address bar of a browser.
●The URL address contains two parts. Namely, protocol and IP address.
●The first part of the address indicates the protocol, and second part specifies the IP
address.

11
WWW:
●The World Wide Web is a global information service for publishing information on
the Internet.
●It is software through Internet users can access global data in the form of web pages.
●These web pages can be transferred through the Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
(HTTP).

HTTP:
●The HTTP is the set of rules for transferring files on the WWW.
●It is the essential protocol used by the WWW.
●When a user opens their web browser, the user is indirectly making use of HTTP.

B
HTML:
●The HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language. It is used to create web pages.
●These web pages can be viewed using any web browser.
RH
●HTML contains many tags to design web pages.
●

Web Page:
●A webpage is a document written in HTML.
●It is accessible through the Internet using a web browser. 
●Every web page is identified by a unique URL.

Website:
●A collection of web pages is called website.
●Each website has unique web address.
●The opening page of a website is usually called homepage, which contains
hyperlinks to other web pages.

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7. What is Web Browser? Explain how it helps to work with the Internet?
Web Browser:
●Web browser is an interface between user and internet.
●A browser is software for sending and retrieving information on the Internet.
●It allows users to view or browse web pages on WWW.
●The Web browser software is built on the concept of hyperlinks,
●Which allows users to point and click with a mouse to jump from one web page to
another web page.
●Most web browsers are also able to downloading and transferring files.
●The most popular browsers are Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox and Microsoft
Internet Explorer.

B
Types of Web Browsers:

Netscape Navigator:
RH
●Netscape Navigators was developed by Netscape Corporation Communication in
1994.
●It is used to visual display about downloading process and identification of No. of
bytes downloaded.

Internet Explorer:
●Internet Explorer (IE) is the most commonly used browser in the world. It was
developed by Microsoft in 1995.
●IE is a part of the Microsoft Windows operating system.
●It increases the speed of the execution, because it has just-in-time compiler.

Firefox:
●Firefox is a new browser developed by Mozilla in 2004.

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 ●It has grown to be the second most popular browser on the Internet.

Google Chrome:
●This browser was developed by Google Inc in 2008.
●The browser options are similar to Safari and settings are similar to IE

Components of Web Browser:

The components of a browser may differ from one browser to another. But the
latest browsers have the following components.
Title Bar: It shows the browser name, default website name, minimize, maximize and

B
close buttons.
Tabs: Tabs are used to view various websites in a single browser. Each tab shows only
one website.
RH
Address Bar: It shows the website address.
Document Area: It shows the web page of the website

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8. What is Web Server? Explain the role of web servers?

Web Server?

●A web server is a computer that runs websites.

●It contains server software that uses HTTP to serve web pages requested by the web
browser.
●The main function of a web server is to store, process and deliver web pages to
users.
●The web pages may include text, images and style sheets etc.
●When anyone requests for a website by adding the web address on a web browser’s

B
address bar.
●Then the browser sends a request to the Internet for viewing the web page for that
address.
●Apart from HTTP, a web server also supports SMTP and FTP protocols for emailing
RH
and transferring files.
●A web server needs TCP/IP, it was installed computer’s modem.

Types of Web Servers:

Personal Web Server (PWS):

●PWS was developed by Microsoft Corporation, it can be installed in Windows 95,
windows 98 or Windows NT.
●PWS is used to create websites and test their programs and web pages.

Internet Information Server (IIS):

●IIS was developed by Microsoft Corporation, it can be installed in Windows
Operating System.
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 ●It is used to creating, managing and securing websites.

------END------

B
II ) Electronic Commerce:

1. Explain about Introduction to E-commerce?

RH
Introduction:
Before the introduction of E-Commerce, all the transactions were carried
on the paper. Purchase orders, invoices, bills of loading, cheques and other forms were
used to document business transactions. All this type of transactions is very expensive and
time consuming. So business organizations allowed advanced technologies in data
communication like orders, transfer of funds etc.

Definition:
Conducting all the business activities such as marketing, selling, purchasing ,
payment and advertising using computers, internet and technology is called as E-
Commerce.

2. List out the different types of E-Commerce?

E – Business can be defined as any form of business
transactions in which party interact electronically. Much of e-business success depends on
the intelligence of the sellers and the knowledge of the buyers. Much of the businesses
16
depend on how cleverly the company puts its product for sale through electronic media.
However business models are categorized in the following six types. They are,

a) Business-to-Business (B2B)
b) Business-to-Consumer (B2C)
c) Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C)
d) Consumer-to-Business (C2B)
e) Business-to-Administration (B2A)
f) M-Commerce

a) Business-to-Business (B2B):
E-commerce encompasses all electronic transactions
of goods or services conducted ​between companies. Producers and traditional
commerce wholesalers typically operate with this type of electronic commerce.
b) Business-to-Consumer (B2C):
B 2 C E–Commerce is more than just an online

Bstore. It is really managing the entire process by just using the technology as a tool
for order processing and customer support. Here the process is explained in more
detail.
RH

c) Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C):
Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C) type E-commerce
encompasses all electronic transactions of goods or services conducted ​between

17
 consumers. Generally, these transactions are conducted through a third party, which
provides the online platform where the transactions are actually carried out.
d) Consumer-to-Business (C2B):
The C to B model is also called as reverse
auction or demand collection model. In this model, the end users or consumers make
products or services that are purchased and consumed by business parities.
e) Business-to-Administration (B2A):
This part of e-commerce encompasses all
transactions conducted online between companies and public administration or
government. These types of services have increased considerably in recent years
with investments made in e-government. This is an area that involves a large amount
and a variety of services such as social security, employment, legal documents and
registers, e-pass etc.
f) M-Commerce:
It refers to the use of mobile devices for conducting the
transactions. The mobile device holders and business people can contact each other

B
and can conduct the business. Even the web design and development companies
optimize the websites to be viewed on mobiles with their personally designed apps.
RH
3. List out the Advantages and Disadvantages of E-Commerce?

Advantages:

E-Commerce provides several advantages, which empowers(gives

strength to) the Business process. Some of them are:

1. 24 Hours x 7 Days:
With the Internet, it is possible to do business around the clock. That is, 24 hours per
day and 7 days a week. This advantage gives a great convenience of doing business at
anytime from anywhere in the world.
2. Global Reach:
It is very easy to reach the global customers in the Internet compared to the
traditional business.
3. Cost of acquiring, serving and retaining (maintaining) customers is low:
Comparatively it is very easy to acquire new customers through the Internet. It is
also possible to serve and retain more customers with minimum investment.
4. Enterprise Expansion is easy to build:
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 Every enterprise is connected to economy in the world today. So there is a need to
expand the enterprise in all the ways like supplies, distributions, relations and end-users.
The Internet provides an effective way like resource planning, supply chain management
and customer relationship management to expand business.
5. Avoidance of Intermediary:
One can directly approach the customer and suppliers through the Internet. So in this
process, the no.of levels can be cut down. Hence the cost can be reduced.
6. Customer Service Improving:
E-Business provides higher customer satisfaction and hence sales can be increased.

Disadvantages:

E-Commerce has some limitations that force us to use the technology limitedly.

1. Strong dependence on information and communication technologies (ICT)

2. Lacks personal watch and touch. That is we cannot physically see and touch the

Bproduct.
3. It is not possible to transfer the physical quantities like fruits, food items and
jewellaries the customers over the Internet directly.
4. It is difficult to estimate the returns while committing to a new technology.
5. To create effective E-Commerce environment we need additional or expertised
personnel (staff) with design and business processing skills.
RH
6. The legal environment in which E-Commerce is conducted is full of confusion and
conflicting laws.
7. Many business face legal objection in conduction E-Commerce.
8. Only educated people can use E-commerce i.e., it is limited to literate people only.

4. Discuss how a transaction takes place over the web?

E-commerce customers interact with the site, through a series

of consecutive and related requests made during a single visit called SESSION. Within
the session customers can issue different types of requests such as Login, Browse, Search
etc. Different customers may exhibit different patterns of travel through an E-commerce
site. They may call for different functions provided by the site in different ways and in
different frequencies.

Some customers may be high buyers while others may be occasional buyers who
do extensive, searching and browsing but very rarely buy from the site. The customer's
behavior while interacting with an E-Commerce site has impacts on the resources of the
19
site and on the revenue of the E-store. So it is necessary to characterize the behavior of
the customers or customer groups of an E-commerce site.

A customer model captures elements of user behavior. A customer model can be

useful for navigational and work load prediction so that better websites can be modeled.

The nodes of the BBMG (Browser Behavior Model Group), represented by the
rectangles, depict the states of a customer during a visit to the E-commerce site. Arrows

B
connecting the states indicate possible transaction between them.

1) Entry: Customer’s entry in to the online store. This does not show any action
initiated by the customer.
2) Home: This is the stage the customer is in Universal Resource Locators (URL) for
the site’s home page.
RH
3) Register: If the user is not having any account with the seller, he needs to register
with the seller.
4) Login: The customer moves to this stage after requesting a login to the site.
Sometimes even a home page may ask him to login.
5) Search: After logging in successfully, the customer searches for the desired item in
the site.
6) Select: The customer can select one or more items from the list which he desire to
buy.
7) Add to cart: The customer moves to this state upon selecting the button that adds
a selected product to the shopping cart.
8) Pay: When ready to pay for the items on the shopping cart, the customer moves to
the billing section.
9) Exit: The customer may leave the site at any stage. There is transition from all
states except the entry state to the exit state.
In general, we label each transition in the BBMG. In order to find the success
of the business site we have to calculate the popularity of the site.

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Metrics (units) for E-business sites:

Many metrics are used to decide the success of sites in terms of popularity or revenue
generated. Some of the standard metrics are as follows:

1. Hits/sec: This measure the number of requests for objects served in each Second by a
web site.
2. Page views/Day: This reflects the number of individual pages served per day. A
company paying for a banner advertisement to be posted on a page will naturally be
interested to know the number of times its advertisement is shown. Very popular sites
can display hundred million-page views per day.
3. Click through: This measure the percentages of users who not only view online add,
but also click on it to get the web page behind it.
4. Unique visitors: This indicates how many different people visited a web site during a
certain period of time.

B
5. Revenue through out: This indicates the amount of money derived by sales from a
E-commerce site.
6. Potential loss throughout: It measures the amount of money lost, as no sales were
made because the customer leaves the site due to poor performance or other reasons.
RH
5. Explain about Electronic Market Online Shopping?
Online shopping is the process where consumer
directly buy goods or services from a sell in real time, without an intermediary
services over the internet. An online shop, e-shop, e-store, internet shop web shop,
web store, online store, or virtual shop reminds the physical analogy of buying
products or services in a shopping center.

☞ The process is called business-to-consumer (B2C) online shopping. When a business

buys from another business it is called business-to-business (B2B) online shopping.

☞ In order to shop online, one must be able to have access to a computer, a bank
account and debit card.

☞ Online shoppers commonly use credit card to make payments , however some
systems enable users to create accounts and pay by alternative means ,such as

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o Billing to mobile phones and
landline.
o Cheque.
o Debit cards.
o Gift cards
o Postal money order.
o Net Banking
o Cash on delivery etc.

B
RH

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 Online stores are usually available 24 hours a day, and many consumers
have internet access both at work and at home.

Advantages of Online Shopping:

a) Save Time – If we have the specific list that we want to buy, we can buy them just with a
couple of clicks of the mouse, we can purchase our shopping orders and instantly move to
other important works, which saves time. 
b) Save Fuel – One of the advantages of shopping online is that there is no need for vehicles,
so no purchase of fuel necessary. 
c) Save Energy – In online shopping, we do not need to waste our precious energy when
buying. We can just order by sitting in a chair from home also. 
d) Comparison of Prices – The advanced search engines allow us to easily check prices and
compare with just a few clicks.  

B
e) 24/7 Availability – Online shopping stores are open round the clock of 24/7, that means 7
days a week and 365 days. 
f) Hate Waiting in Lines – By making purchases online, we can avoid waiting in lines at
shops to pay bills or even at ATM’s also.
g) Too Ashamed to Buy – There are times that we want to purchase something out of the
ordinary that can be a bit embarrassing when seen by other people. In online shopping, we
RH
do not need to be ashamed; our online transactions are basically done privately.
h) Easy to Search Merchandise You Want to Buy – We are able to look for specific
merchandise that includes required model number, style, size, and color that we want to
purchase. In addition, it is easy to determine whether the products are available or out of
stock.

Disadvantages of Online Shopping:

The disadvantages of online shopping will not delay or stop its
growth, Online shopping helped businesses to recover from the recession (collapse). Customers
have to be careful in revealing their personal information. Some of the e-tailers are unreliable.
The major disadvantages of online shopping are as follows.

a) Delay in delivery: Though the duration of selecting, buying and paying for an online
product may not take more than 15 minutes; the delivery of the product to customer’ s
doorstep takes minimum 3 to 4 business days. This frustrates the customer and prevents
them from shopping online.

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 b) Lack of significant discounts in online shops: Physical stores offer discounts to
customers and attract them. Also customers have no chance to bargain.
c) Lack of touch and feel of merchandise in online shopping: Lack of touch and feel
frustrates in some kind of goods. For example, it is not quite suitable for clothes as the
customers cannot try them on.

d) Lack of interactivity in online shopping: Physical stores allow price negotiations

between buyers and the seller. The show room sales attendant representatives provide
personal attention to customers and help them in purchasing goods. Certain online
shopping mart offers service to talk to a sales representative.

e) Lack of shopping experience: The traditional shopping exercise provides lot of fun in the
form of show-room atmosphere. This cannot be experienced through a website. Generally
Indians enjoy shopping. Consumers look forward to it as an opportunity to go out and
shop.

B
f) Lack of close examination in online shopping: The electronic images of a product are
sometimes misleading. The colour, appearance in real may not match with the electronic
images. The electronic images vary from physical appearance when people buy goods
based on electronic images.
RH
g) Frauds in online shopping: Sometimes, there is disappearance of shopping site itself. In
addition to above, the online payments are not much secured. The rate of cyber crimes has
been increasing and customers’ credit card details and bank details have been misused
which raise privacy issues.

6. Explain about the three models of E-Market?

There are several types of E-Marketing. The following are the
three commonly used models of E-Market.

E-shop:
This is Web marketing of a company or a shop. At the beginning this is done to
improve sales of goods or services. Later, increasingly added the features like possibility to pay,
often cancel or even return the product, complaint, receive services, and maintain customer
relationship etc. Benefits for the customers can be lower prices compared to the traditional offer,
wider choice, better information, and convenience of selecting, buying and delivery, including
24-hour availability.

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E- procurement:
This is electronic tendering and procurement of goods and services. Large
companies or public authorities implement some form of e-procurement on the Web. Benefits
expected are to have a wider choice of suppliers which is expected to lead to lower cost, better
quality, improved delivery, reduced cost of procurement. For suppliers the benefits are in more
tendering opportunities, possibly on a global scale, lower cost of submitting a tender, and
possibly tendering in parts which may be better suited for smaller enterprises. The main source of
income is reduction of cost.

E-auction:
The electronic auction (E-auction) is an e-business between auctioneers and bidders,
which takes place on an electronic marketplace. It is an electronic commerce which is of business
to business (B2B), business to consumer (B2C), or consumer-to-consumer (C2C) model. The
auctioneer offers his goods, commodities or services on an auction side on the internet. Interested
parties can submit their bid for the product to be auctioned in certain specified periods. The

B
auction is transparent; all interested parties are allowed to participate in auction. The two major
types of the electronic auctions are forward auction in which several buyers bid for one seller's
goods and reverse auction in which several sellers bid for one buyer's order.
RH
7. Explain briefly about E-Business?

E-business is the conduct of business on the internet, in

supply chain planning, tracking, fulfillment, invoicing, and payment. It includes buying and
selling as well as servicing customers and collaborating with business partners.

E-Business goes beyond a website on the Internet to affect all aspects of

business from strategy and process to trading partners and the ultimate consumer. It combines the
resources of traditional information systems with the global reach of the web.

In Business, organizations have several goals in mind:

25
1. Reach new markets
2. Create new products or services.
3. Build customer loyalty.
4. Enrich human assets.
5. Make the best use of existing and emerging technologies
6. Achieve market leadership and competitive advantage.

------END-----

Unit-II:
E-payment System:

B Models and methods of e–payments (Debit Card, Credit

Card, Smart Cards, e-money), Digital Signatures (Procedure, Working And
Legal Position), Payment Gateways, Online Banking (Meaning, Concepts,
RH
Importance), Risks Involved in e-payments.

Answer the following Questions:(5 x 5= 25 Marks)

1. Define e-payment system

2. Explain briefly the methods of e-payment system

Answer the following Questions (5 × 10 =50 Marks)

1. Explain about Payment gateways

2. Write about various risks involved in e-payment system

26
 UNIT – II

1)

B 1. ELECTRONIC PAYMENT SYSTEM (EPS)

Definition of E-Payment:
An E-Payment system is a system in which merchant and customer making
transaction on internet and completes the entire process of purchasing electronically.
RH
2) Electronic payment system came with the development of EFT (Electronic Fund
Transfer) technology.
3) EFT is a technology (one of the electronic commerce technologies) that allows the
transfer of funds from the bank account of the one person or organization to another.

Types of EPS:
a) Traditional Payment System:
The payment system is defined as a system which does not use internet and technology
to transfer money from one person to another or one account to another account. The
following are the most commonly used traditional payment systems:

Barter System:
● A barter system is an old method of exchange.
● This system has been used for centuries and long before money was invented.
● In this method, People exchanged services and goods for other services and goods in
return.
27
 Direct Cash:
● Exchange of paper or coins currency from hand to hand or person to person directly is
called direct cash.

Money Order:
● A money order is an order issued by the Post Office for the payment of a sum of money
to the person whose name the money order is sent through the agency of the Post
Office.
● A 'Payee' is the person named in money order as the person to whom the money is to be
paid.

Cheque:
● A cheque is an important document that an individual, companies, government, and

B
many others use to transact their business.
● By definition, cheque can be termed as a negotiable document to transfer money in
physical form.

Demand Draft (DD):

RH
● Demand Draft is issued by bank on individual or firm’s request infavour of someone else.

b) Modern Payment System:

E-commerce sites use electronic payment, where electronic payment refers to
paperless monetary transactions. Electronic payment has revolutionized the business
processing by reducing the paperwork, transaction costs, and labor cost. Being user
friendly and less time-consuming than manual processing, it helps business organization to
expand its market. Listed below are some of the modes of electronic payments:

PC-banking:
● Banking system is accessible externally through the personal computer is called
PC-banking.
● PC banking requires electronic signature of the customer.

Credit Card:
● The most popular form of payment for e-commerce transactions is through credit cards.

28
● A credit card allows borrowing money from a bank to make purchases.
● The borrowed money will pay within the “grace period” of 25-30 days.

Debit Card:
● Debit cards are the second largest e-commerce payment medium in India.
● A debit card is a payment card that deducts money directly from a consumer's account
to pay for a purchase.
● Debit cards eliminate the need to carry cash or physical checks to make purchases

Smart Card:
● It is a plastic card embedded with a microprocessor.
● It is capable to store the personal information of customers such as transaction details,
bill payments, available funds etc.

B
E-Wallet:
● E-Wallet is a prepaid account that allows the customer to store multiple credit cards,
debit card and bank account numbers in a secure environment.
● This eliminates the entering of account information every time while making payments.
RH

29
 Net Banking:
● It is a simple way of paying for online purchases directly from the customer’s bank.
● Net banking does not require a card for payment but the user needs to register with the
net banking facility.

Mobile Payment:
● Making payments through the mobile is called mobile payment.
● The customer sends the payment information to the seller via text message.

2. ELECTRONIC CASH

In olden days exchange of goods or services for other goods or

services is used as payment. This is called as barter system. After inventing money, paper and

B
coin currency exchanges came into existence. But now a day’s slowly paper and coin
currency exchanges are reducing and transferring of electronic cash is increasing.
Transferring money from one account to another account using electronic technology is
defined as e-cash. It increases security, saves time and effort.
RH
Types of Electronic Cash:

Anonymous:
● This kind of e-cash works just like cash.
● Once a specific amount is withdrawn from an account, it can be used without leaving a visible
trail.

Identified:
● We know this category popularly as PayPal or Web Money.
● The usage and transfer of money in these systems is not entirely untraceable.

Online:
● Obviously, it means that one needs to correspond with a bank (via the internet). The bank,
then, gets in touch with the third party.

Offline:
30
 ● One can directly conduct the transaction without any interference from the bank.

Smart Card:
● Smart cards are like credit cards with a computer chip in them that stores the holder's
money-related information.
● They are used in digital cash applications.

3. STEPS IN ELECTRONIC PAYMENTS

Electronically exchanging money from one account to another account using internet is
called as E-payment or Online Payment. Electronic payments use Computers, Internet and
Digital Stored Value (DSV) system for exchanging (transferring) the payment information.
The following diagram shows the overview of the online payment system with four nodes
and six steps.

B
RH
Step1: The customer submits order, provides his/her payment information
(Visa/Master/Credit/Debit card) to the merchant through the merchants website or
through mail.
Step2: The customer’s order and payment information is transmitted securely to the
Authorization Gateway for the authorization.
Step3: The Authorization Gateway provides the authorization for the merchant after
verifying the customer’s payment information such as Card_No, Bal_Amount etc.
Step4: On approval of the customer payment information by the Authorization Gateway, the
merchant fulfills the customer order.
Step5: The Authorization Gateway sends the settlement request to the Financial Institution
(Bank).
Step6: Finally the Financial Institution (Bank) deposits the funds in the merchant’s account
and the same amount will be debited to the customer account.

31
Advantages or Merits or Benefits of Online Payments:
● Online payments are very convenient for the customer
● It reduces the product or service cost as there are no intermediaries.
● Customer need not to carry money, go and search for products, etc
● Time can be saved.

B
RH

32
 4. E-PAYMENTS SECURITY

Password Security:
Security means to control access to computer or system with the help of password. The
system preserves the password in encrypted manner. Password is a secret code to a person.
Generally no one can know this password other than authorized person. It is an easy and
simple system of security control measures to prevent access to payment information.

Biometric Security:
Biometrics is a mechanism of providing security based on physical parameters and
behaviour. Some of them are signature, voice, facial, eye scan etc. Authentication with the
help of biometric system needs special hardware and software for scanning and image

B
processing. The identifications or authentications are stored in databases, which are checked
at the time of allowing financial access.

Firewall:
Firewall is a software or hardware that protects the private network form the public
RH
network. The main feature of firewall is to protect data while it is transmitting over the
network. So any unauthorized user or intruder or hacker cannot get access the important
financial data while it is transmitting. The protection by firewall software may delay the
transmission process but ensures proper security.

Limitations:
● Passing on information by internal employees through Internet cannot be checked.
● Firewall cannot protect the system from virus.

Database Security:
Database administrator is the responsible person for the entire database. Access to
database is controlled by the administrator based on the degree of sensitivity of the data in the
database. Users are categorized on the basis of permission to be given for access to different
levels of data on the basis of sensitivity.

33
 5. E-SECURITY

E-Security:
Security is an essential part of any transaction that takes place over the internet.
Customers will lose his/her faith in e-business if its security is compromised. Following are
the essential requirements for safe e-payments/transactions:

1) Confidentiality: Information should not be accessible to an unauthorized person. It

should not be interrupted during the transmission.
2)
3)

4)
BIntegrity: Information should not be altered during its transmission over the network.
Availability: Information should be available wherever and whenever required
within a time limit specified.
Authenticity: There should be a mechanism to authenticate a user before giving
him/her an access to the required information.
RH
5) Non-Repudiability: It is the protection against the denial of order or denial of
payment. Once a sender sends a message, the sender should not be able to deny sending
the message. Similarly, the recipient of message should not be able to deny the receipt.
6) Encryption: Information should be encrypted and decrypted only by an authorized
user.

6. SECURE ELECTRONC TRANSACTION(SET)

Secure Electronc Transaction:

Secure Electronic Transaction (SET) is a system for ensuring the security of financial
transactions on the Internet. It was supported initially by Mastercard, Visa, Microsoft,
Netscape, and others. With SET, a user is given an electronic wallet (digital certificate) and a
transaction is conducted and verified using a combination of digital certificates and digital
signatures among the purchaser, a merchant, and the purchaser's bank in a way that ensures
privacy and confidentiality.

34
Working Mechanism of SET:
The following diagram explains the working mechanism of Secure Electroinc
Transaction (SET) in nine steps.
Step1: First customer browses for his needs and selects the required product and decides to
purchase.
Step2: Then SET sends this order and payment information to merchant’s site.

B
RH
Step3: By receiving order and payment information, the merchant processes the order and sends
the payment information to his bank.

Step4: Then merchant’s bank checks this payment information with customer’s bank account
for payment authorization.

Step5: If customer is valid and has sufficient funds to purchase, then his bank confirms
customer’s authorization with merchant’s bank.

35
Step6: Then merchant bank gives green signal to merchant site to complete customer’s order.

Step7: On acceptance of bank, the merchant completes customer’s order.

Step8: Merchant captures the transaction information and submits to bank to get payment.

Step9: Then customer’s bank sends credit card bill to customer.

B
RH

36
 7. SECURE SOCKET LAYER (SSL)
Secure Socket Layer:
It is the most commonly used protocol and is widely used across the industry. SSL
(Secure Sockets Layer) is a standard security protocol for establishing encrypted links
between a web server and a browser in an online communication. The usage of SSL
technology ensures that all data transmitted between the web server and browser remains
encrypted.
It meets following security requirements.
1. Integrity: Information should not be altered during its transmission over the network.
2. Authenticity: There should be a mechanism to authenticate a user before giving
him/her an access to the required information.
3. Non-Repudiability: It is the protection against the denial of order or denial of
payment. Once a sender sends a message, the sender should not be able to deny sending

4.

B
the message. Similarly, the recipient of message should not be able to deny the receipt.

user.
Encryption: Information should be encrypted and decrypted only by an authorized

Working Mechanism:
RH
The working mechanism of SSL is explained in the following diagram. In this diagram
the steps involved are:
Step1: First the browser requests the secure socket from the client system.
Step2: Then the server sends the SSL Certificate as a response to the client.
Step3: The time taken to complete the client and server communication is called as session. The
client sends one time encryption key for the session.
Step4: Server indicates all future transactions are encrypted.

37
Step5: Now, Server and Client can send and receive encrypted messages.

B
RH

38
 RH
B
39
Unit-IV:

Website Designing:

Introduction to HTML: Basic HTML – HTML document

structure – HTML tags – Basefont tag – title tag – body tag –
Horizontal Rule Tag - Text formatting tags – Character tags,
HTML Lists : Ordered List , Unordered List & Definition
List – Using colors – Using Images

Answer the following Questions:

B
1.
2.
3.
4.
Briefly explain HTML document structure?
Write about Horizontal rule tag?
Write short notes on HTML?
Write about list tags?
(5 x 5= 25 Marks)
RH
5. Explain about <TR> and <TD> tags?

Answer the following Questions (5 × 10 =50 Marks)

1. Write in detail about text formatting tags in HTML?

2. Write about lists in HTML?
3. List and explain about text formatting tags?
4. Discuss about using images?
5. Discuss in detail about various types of linking in HTML?

40
 UNIT – IV

1. EXPLAIN ABOUT INTRODUCTION TO HTML BASICS?

●HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language. It was developed by Tim
Berners-Lee.
●HTML is used for designing web pages. The web pages are also called HTML
documents.
●The webpage contains text, graphics, pictures, images, video and hyperlinks.
●The extension of HTML documents is .html or .htm.

B
●HTML documents are created by using text editor such as Notepad.
●The HTML documents must be viewed in a web browser, such as Internet
Explorer.
RH
2. DEFINE HTML DOCUMENT STRUCTURE?

HTML documents can be created by using any text editor

such as notepad. HTML document files must be saved with the extension .html or
.htm. HTML document is also called as a Webpage. The basic structure of the
HTML document is as follows:

<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE> Title of the Webpage </TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
Actual content of the Webpage

41
 </BODY>
</HTML>
Every HTML document has two sections. They are Head Section and Body
Section.

Head Section:
The head section code is executed before loading a webpage. In this section
we use <title> tag to display the title of the webpage.
Eg: <HEAD>
<TITLE> Welcome </TITLE>
</HEAD>

B
Body Section:
The body section includes actual content of a webpage. The <body> tag has
no. of attributes. Some of them are as follows.
RH
●Text: Used to change the text color of a HTML document.

Eg: <BODY text=”Red”>

●Bgcolor: Used to change the background color of a HTML document.

Eg: <BODY bgcolor=”Blue”>

●Background: Used to set an image as a background of a HTML document.

Eg: <BODY background =”image1.jpg”>

Program:
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE> Sample website </TITLE>
</HEAD>

42
 <BODY>
This is the sample webpage
</BODY>
</HTML>

3. LIST OUT THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF HTML TAGS?

Tag is nothing but a text enclosed between angular brackets (<

and >). HTML tag tells the browser how to format the web page. The syntax is

B Syn: <Tag Attribute=”Value” …>

Eg:
</Tag>
Item to be formatted

<font color=”red” size=”10”>

RH
Srivema Degree College
</font>

HTML tags are two types. They are Semantic Tags and Syntactic Tags.

Semantic Tags:
The Semantic tags are also called content-based tags. These are used to
indicate the content of the text. Some of them are
●Emphasis Tag: The <EM> tag is used to highlight the text.

Eg: <EM> August 15 th </EM> is important day for all Indians.

●Strong Tag: The <Strong> tag is used to indicate higher level of emphasis.

Eg: <Strong> India </Strong> is my country.

43
 ●Address Tag: The <Address> tag is used to indicate an address in the webpage.

Eg: <Address>

----------

</Address>
●Small Tag: The <Small> tag is used to reduce the relative font size.

Eg: I got <Small> 40% </Small> of marks.

●Big Tag: The <Big> tag is used to increase the relative font size.

Eg: I got <Big> 90% </Big> of marks.

Syntactic Tags:

B The Syntactic tags are also called style type tags. These tags allow the user,
how the text to be appears in the webpage. Some of them are
RH
●Bold Tag: The <B> is used to display the text in bold style.

Eg: I am studying <B> Degree </B> course.

●Italic Tag: The <I> is used to display the text in Italic style.

Eg: <I> India </I> is great.

●Underline Tag: The <U> is used to display the text with underline.

Eg: <U> India </U> is great.

●Strike Tag: The <Strike> is used for crossing out a word by a line.

Eg: Now shirt is <Strike> 50 </ Strike > 60 percent off.

●Subscript Tag: The <SUB> is used to generate a subscript.

Eg: H <SUB> 2 </SUB> O

44
 ●Superscript Tag: The <SUP> is used to generate a superscript.

Eg: X <SUP> 2 </SUP>

●Blink Tag: The <Blink> tag is used to create flashing text.

Eg: This is a <Blink> New </Blink> product.

4. LIST OUT THE BASEFONT TAG?

HTML <BASEFONT> tag is used for specify a font

color, size, face for all text in a document. This tag used in either in head section or
body section. The <BASEFONT> tag is only supported by Internet Explorer. The

B
<BASEFONT> tag has following attributes.

Attribute
Face
Description
Defines a basefont face
RH
Color Defines a basefont color
Size Defines a basefont size

Eg: <BASEFONT face=”Arial” color=”red” size=”10”>

This is sample test

</BASEFONT>

5. DEFINE TEXT FORMATTING TAGS / CHARACTER TAGS?

●Basefont Tag: The <BASEFONT> tag is used to specify a font color, size, face
for all text in a document.

Eg: <BASEFONT face=”Arial” color=”red” size=”10”>

45
 This is sample test
</BASEFONT>

●Paragraph Tag: The <P> tag is used to display text in the form of paragraphs.
Eg: <P> This is paragraph </P>

●Break Tag: The <BR> tag is used to insert a line break. It has no closing tag.
Eg: <Body>
Our College Courses <BR>
B.Sc <BR>
B.Com <BR>

B </Body>

●Horizontal Rule Tag: The <HR> tag is used to inserts a horizontal line on the
webpage.
RH
Eg: <HR>
<HR width=”50%” Align=“left”>

●Headings Tags: HTML supports 6 levels of heading tags, numbered from H1 to

H6. The <H1> tag uses the largest font size, and <H6> tag uses smallest font size.
By default, heading tags are always left aligned.
Eg: <H1>Welcome</H1>
<H2>Welcome</H2>
<H3>Welcome</H3>
<H4>Welcome</H4>
<H5>Welcome</H5>
<H6>Welcome</H6>
●Bold Tag: The <B> is used to display the text in bold style.

46
 Eg: I am studying <B> Degree </B> course.

●Italic Tag: The <I> is used to display the text in Italic style.

Eg: <I> India </I> is great.

●Underline Tag: The <U> is used to display the text with underline.

Eg: <U> India </U> is great.

●Strike Tag: The <Strike> is used for crossing out a word by a line.

B Eg: Now shirt is <Strike> 50 </ Strike > 60 percent off.

●Superscript Tag: The <Sup> is used to generate a superscript.

RH
Eg: X <SUP> 2 </SUP>
●Subscript Tag: The <Sub> is used to generate a subscript.

Eg: H <SUB> 2 </SUB> O

------END------

II ) HTML LISTS:

47
 6. EXPLAIN THE TYPES OF HTML LISTS?
A list is a collection of items, which may be displayed in
specific order. HTML supports 3 kinds of lists. They are

●Ordered list
●Unordered list
●Definition list

Ordered list:
An Ordered list is a list of items, which contains Alphabet or

B
Number in front of each item. The Ordered list is defined by using <OL> and
</OL> tags. Each list item in an ordered list is defined by using < LI> tag. The
<OL> tag has following attributes.
RH
Attribute Description
Specify the type of numbering like ‘A’, ‘a’, ‘I’. By
Type
default, it is a number.
Start Specify the starting point of numbering.

Syn: <OL Type=“A/a/I” Start=“value”>

<LI> List item1
<LI> List item2
------------------
</OL>
Eg: <OL Type=“A” Start=“6”>
<LI> BSc

48
 <LI> BCom
<LI> BA
</OL>
Output:
F. BSc
G. BCom
H. BA

Unordered list:
An Unordered list is a list of items, which contains Bullets

B
in front of each item. The Unordered list is defined by using <UL> and </UL>
tags. Each list item in an unordered list is defined by using <LI> tag. The <UL>
tag has following attribute.
RH
Attribute Description
Specify the type of bullet like square, circle,
Type
disc. By default, it is a disc.

Syn: <UL Type=“Circle/Square/Disc” >

<LI> List item1
<LI> List item2
------------------
------------------
</UL>
Eg: <UL Type=“Circle”>
<LI> BSc

49
 <LI> BCom
<LI> BA
</UL>
Output:
o BSc
o BCom
o BA
o

Definition list:

B Definition list is a list of items, in which each item has two parts. Namely,
Data Term and Data Definition. The Definition list is defined by using <DL> and
</DL> tags. The Data Term is defined by using <DT> tag, and the Data Definition
is defined by using <DD> tag.
RH
Eg: <DL>
<DT> RAM
<DD> Random Access Memory
<DT> ROM
<DD> Read Only Memory
</DL>

Output:

RAM
Random Access Memory

50
 ROM
Read Only Memory

7. EXPLAIN ABOUT HTML USING COLORS?

Colors are used to make web pages more beautiful

and attractive. We can specify colors by using <BODY> tag. The <BODY> tag has
following attributes.

Attribute Description

B Bgcolor
Text
Sets a color for the background of the page.
Sets a color for the body text.

Colors are used by three different methods. They are color

RH
names, color codes and color RGB values.

Color Names:
We can specify color names directly to set background or text color. HTML
has listed 16 basic color names. Some of them are Red, Green, Blue, Yellow etc.

Eg: <HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>Color by names</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY bgcolor=”green” text=”red”>
<H1>India is a great country</H1>
</BODY>

51
 </HTML>

Color Codes:
Color codes are 6 digit hexadecimal values preceded by a hash symbol (#).
The first two digits represents a red value, the next two are a green value, and the
last are the blue value.

Eg: <HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>Color by codes</TITLE>
</HEAD>

B </HTML>
<BODY bgcolor=”#00ffab” text=”#ff1200”>

</BODY>
<H1>India is a great country</H1>
RH
Color RGB Values:
Color value is specified by using the rgb() property. This
property takes three values red, green and blue. The value can be an integer
between 0 and 255.

Eg: <HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>Color by RGB values</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY bgcolor=”rgb(0,255,0)” text=”rgb(255,0,0)”>
<H1>India is a great country</H1>
</BODY>

52
 </HTML>
Note: All the browsers does not support rgb() property. So it is not recommended
to use it.

8. DEFINE HTML USING IMAGES?

An image can be used as foreground as well as

background of a webpage. To set the image as a foreground we use the <IMG> tag
and it has no closing tag. The <IMG> tag has several attributes such as src, height,
width, alt, align and border.

Attribute Description

B Src

Height
Specifies the path of the image file
Specifies the image size in vertical
dimension.
Specifies the image size in horizontal
RH
Width
dimension.
Alt Specifies an alternate text for an image
Align Specifies the image in the center or right.
Border Specifies the border size of the image.

Syn: <IMG src=”image address”...attribute_list>

Eg: <HTML>

<HEAD>

<TITLE>Foreground Images</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<IMG src=”winter.jpg” height=”100” width=”50”

53
 alt=”SVMDC” align=”center” border=”5”>
</BODY>
</HTML>
To set the image as a background of a webpage we use “background”
attribute of <BODY> tag. The syntax is

Syn: <BODY background=”image address”>

Eg: <HTML>

<HEAD>

B <TITLE>Background Images</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY background=”winter.jpg”>
<H1>India is a great country</H1>
RH
</BODY>
</HTML>

------END-----

Unit V:
54
Website Designing:

1. Hyperlinks: Textual links, Graphical links, types of

document links, anchor tagHTML Tables – table
creations tags, Nested Tables, Frames: Frame
introduction - frame creation tags – Nested Frames.

Answer the following Questions: (5 x 5= 25 Marks)

B
1.
2.
3.
4.
Write about Horizontal rule tag?
Define table. Explain table creation tags?
Define Hyperlink?
What is a frame? What are its advantages?
RH
Answer the following Questions (5 × 10 =50 Marks)

1. Explain different types hyperlinks used in a web page?

2. Explain about frames in HTML?
3. Discuss in detail about various types of linking in HTML?
4. Discuss about forms?

55
 UNIT -5

1. DEFINE HORIZONTAL RULE TAG?

The <hr> tag is used to draw a horizontal line on the web page. It has no
closing tag. It contains different attributes such as width, size and align. The
default alignment of horizontal line is center.
Attribute Value Description
Specifies the width of the
Width pixels or %
Horizontal rule.
Specifies the height of the

B Size

Align
pixels or %

Left
right
center
Horizontal rule.

Specifies the alignment of the

Horizontal rule.
RH
Specifies in one solid
Noshade Noshade
Color

Syn: <hr width=”value” size=”value” align=”value” noshade>

Eg: <html>
<head>
<title>Horizontal Rule </title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>SVMDC</h1>
<hr width=”25%” size=”10%”>
<hr width=”50%” align=”left”>
<hr width=”75%” size=”5%” noshade>

56
 </body>
</html>

2. DEFINE HTML TABLES AND THEIR TAGS?

In HTML, tables are used to represent the data in the form of rows and
columns. HTML provides different tags to design a table. They are
●<Table> tag
●<TR> tag
●<TH> tag
●<TD> tag

B
<Table> tag:
The <Table> tag is used to create a table on the webpage. This tag has the
following attributes.
●border : Specify the border for the table.
RH
●bordercolor : Specify the border color for the table.
●bgcolor : Specify the background color for the table.
●align : Specify the position of the table. i.e., center or left or
right.
●cellspacing : Specify the space between cells in a table.
●cellpadding : Specify the space around the cell in a table.

<TR> tag:
The <TR> tag is used create a row in the table. This tag has the following
attributes.
●align : Specify the position of the data in a row horizontally. i.e., left
or center or right.

57
 ●valign : Specify position of the data in a row vertically. i.e., top or
bottom or center.

<TH> tag:
The table headings can be defined by using <TH> tag. This tag is used to
display cell data in bold by default.

<TD> tag:
The <TD> tag is used to display cell data. Both <TH> and <TD> tags has
the following attributes.
●rowspan : Merge the specified no.of rows.

B Eg:
●colspan : Merge the specified no.of columns.

<html>
<head>
RH
<title> Table Creation</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border=“3”>
<TR>
<TH>Course
<TH>Strength
<TR>
<TD>BSc
<TD>60
<TR>
<TD>Bcom
<TD>72

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 </table>
</body>
</html>

3. DEFINE NESTED TABLES?

In HTML, tables are used to represent the data in the form of rows and
columns. HTML provides different tags to design a table. They are <Table>,
<TR>, <TH> and <TD> tag. We can use one table inside another table is called
nested table. Here we can use all the tags inside the <TD> tag.

<Table> tag:

B The <Table> tag is used to create a table on the webpage. This tag has the
following attributes.
●border : Specify the border for the table.
●bordercolor : Specify the border color for the table.
RH
●bgcolor : Specify the background color for the table.
●align : Specify the position of the table. i.e., center or left or
right.
●cellspacing : Specify the space between cells in a table.
●cellpadding : Specify the space around the cell in a table.
<TR> tag:
The <TR> tag is used create a row in the table. This tag has the following
attributes.
●align : Specify the position of the data in a row horizontally. i.e., left
or center or right.
●valign : Specify position of the data in a row vertically. i.e., top or
bottom or center.

59
<TH> tag:
The table headings can be defined by using <TH> tag. This tag is used to
display cell data in bold by default.

<TD> tag:
The <TD> tag is used to display cell data. Both <TH> and <TD> tags has
the following attributes.
●rowspan : Merge the specified no.of rows.
●colspan : Merge the specified no.of columns.

Eg: <html>

B <head>

</head>
<body>
<title> Table Creation</title>
RH
<table border=“3”>
<TR>
<TD>
<table border="3">
<TR>
<TH>Course
<TH>Strength
<TR>
<TD>BSc
<TD>60
<TR>
<TD>Bcom
<TD>72

60
 </table>
</TD>
</TR>
</table>
</body>
</html>

4. DEFINE HYPERLINKS?
The <a> tag is used to create hyperlinks in the webpage. Hyperlink is a text
or image that links other webpage. Hyperlinks are usually underlined text and
displayed in blue color.

B Syn: <a href=“URL”> Text or Image </a>

The href attribute specifies the address of the webpage to be loaded. URL
means Uniform Resource Locator.
Eg: <a href= “college.html”> Click </a>
RH
Types of Hyperlinks:
●Textual hyperlink
●Graphical hyperlink

Textual hyperlink:
A hyperlink that contains text is called as textual hyperlink. When we click
on the text, it will open the web page that is associated with it. Most browsers will
change the text color and underline color of the hyperlink.
Eg: <a href= “college.html”> Click </a>

Graphical hyperlink:
A hyperlink that contains image is called as graphical hyperlink. When we
click on the image, it will open the web page that is associated with it.

61
 Eg: <a href= “college.html”>
<IMG src=”winter.jpg”>
</a>
Program:
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE> Hyperlinks </TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<H2> Textual Hyperlink </H2>
<a href="college.html"> Click </a>

B </HTML>
</BODY>
<H2> Graphical Hyperlink </H2>
<a href="college.html"> <IMG src="winter.jpg"> </a>
RH
5. DEFINE FRAMES?
Generally we display one web page in a window. We can also display
multiple web pages in a single window at a time. This feature is called Frames.

<FRAMESET> Tag:
This tag is included after the <HEAD> tag. The <FRAMESET> tag is used
to divide the Browser’s window into multiple frames. These frames can be either
horizontal or vertical frames.
Syn: <FRAMESET cols=”%,%” rows=“%,%”> ....</FRAMESET>
●cols : Specifies the number of vertical frames
●rows : Specifies the number of horizontal frames

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<FRAME> Tag:
The <FRAME> tag is used to specify the content of the frame. Each
Frameset must include a <FRAME> definition. It has no closing tag.
Syn: <FRAME src=”URL” scrolling=”Yes/No”>
●src : Specifies path of the file
●scrolling : Specifies the scrollbars for each frame
Ex: <HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>Frames </TITLE>
</HEAD>
<FRAMESET cols="50%,50%">

B <FRAME src="one.html">
<FRAME src="two.html">
</FRAMESET>
</HTML>
RH
Nested Frames:
We can use one frame inside another frame is called nested frame.
Ex: <HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>Frames </TITLE>
</HEAD>
<FRAMESET cols="25%,75%">
<FRAME src="one.html">
<FRAMESET rows="50%,50%">
<FRAME src="two.html">
<FRAME src="three.html">
</FRAMESET>

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 </FRAMESET>
</HTML>

6. DEFINE FORMS?
A form is used to take input from the user and then the information is passed
to the web server. A form contains several fields such as textboxes, password
boxes, check boxes, radio buttons, buttons etc. The <FORM> tag is used to create
a form in a webpage. The syntax is
Syn: <FORM name=”value” action=”URL” method=”GET/POST”>
Form Elements
</FORM>

B Attribute
Name
Action
Method
Description
Specifies the name of the form
Script ready to process our passed data
It is used to upload data
RH
Form Controls:
There are different types of form controls that we can use to take input from
the user. Some of them are

Textbox Control:
The textbox control allows the user to give textual input in only one line
such as name, age etc. This control is created by using <INPUT> tag.
Eg: <FORM>
Name : <INPUT type=”textbox”>
</FORM>
Password box Control:
It is similar to textbox, but it displays only asterisk (*) symbols in the place
of any character. This control is created by using <INPUT> tag.

64
 Eg: <FORM>
Password : <INPUT type=”password”>
</FORM>

Checkbox Control:
The checkbox control allows the user to select more than one option from a
group of options. This control is created by using <INPUT> tag.
Eg: <FORM>
Hobbies : <INPUT type=”checkbox” name=”cb”>Watching
TV
<INPUT type=”checkbox” name=”cb”>Reading

B
Books

Cricket
</FORM>
<INPUT type=”checkbox” name=”cb”>Playing
RH
Radio Button Control:
The radio button control allows the user to select only one option from a
group of options. This control is created by using <INPUT> tag.
Eg: <FORM>
Gender : <INPUT type=”radio” name=”cb”>Male
<INPUT type=”radio” name=”cb”>Female

</FORM>

Select Box Control:

The select box, is also called drop-down list box, that provides multiple
options which user can select only one option. This control is created by using

65
<SELECT> tag.
Eg: <FORM>
Country : <SELECT>
<OPTION>India
<OPTION>Japan
<OPTION>USA
</SELECT>
</FORM>

Textarea Control:
The textarea control allows the user to give textual input in multiple lines

B
such as address. This control is created by using <TEXTAREA> tag.
Eg: <FORM>
Address : <TEXTAREA rows=”5” cols=”10”>
</TEXTAREA>
RH
</FORM>

Program:
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE> Forms Controls </title>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<FORM>
Name : <INPUT type="text"> <br>

66
 Gender : <INPUT type="radio" name="rd"> Male
<INPUT type="radio" name="rd"> Female <br>
Hobbies : <INPUT type="checkbox"> Reading Books
<INPUT type="checkbox"> Watching TV
<INPUT type="checkbox"> Playing Cricket<br>
Address : <TEXTAREA cols="10" rows="5">
</TEXTAREA> <br>
Select Country : <SELECT>
<OPTION> India
<OPTION> USA
<OPTION> Canada

B </SELECT> <br>
<INPUT type="button" value="SUBMIT">
<INPUT type="reset" value="CLEAR">
</FORM>
RH
</BODY>
</HTML>

Output:

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 ---------END------

B
RH
Unit-II: E-payment System:

Models and methods of e–payments (Debit Card, Credit

Card, Smart Cards, e-money), Digital Signatures (Procedure,
Working And Legal Position), Payment Gateways, Online
Banking (Meaning, Concepts, Importance), Risks Involved in
e-payments.

68
 RH
B
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