Levels of Automation
Levels of Automation
of automation
The oil and gas industry is becoming more technologically advanced every day. As automation, artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics improve, it may be increasingly tempting
to employ automatic means to accomplish industry goals. The degree to which a task is automated is referred to as levels of automation (LOA). The most comprehensive list
was developed by Thomas B. Sheridan and W. L. Verplank[1]. Levels of automation range from complete human control to complete computer control.
Contents
1 Gallery
2 Automation levels
3 Fourstage model of human information processing
4 Humancentered automation
5 References
6 Noteworthy papers in OnePetro
7 External links
8 See also
9 Category
Gallery
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Automation levels
Level 1
The human operator does the task and turns it over to the computer to implement.
Level 2
The computer helps by determining the options.
Level 3
The computer helps determine and suggests options. The human operator can choose to follow the recommendation,
Level 4
The computer selects the action and the human operator decides if it should or should not be done.
Level 5
The computer selects the action and implements it if the human operator approves the action.
Level 6
The computer selects the action and informs the human operator in case the operator wants to cancel the action.
Level 7
The computer does the action and tells the human operator what is did.
Level 8
The computer does the action and tells the human only if the human operator asks.
Level 9
The computer does the action when told and tells the human operator only if the computer decides the operator should be told.
Level 10
The computer does the action if it decides it should be done. The computer tells the human operator only if it decides the operator should be told.
Fourstage model of human information processing
Parasuraman, Sheridan, and Wickens[2] went on to introduce the idea of associating levels of automation to functions.
The fourstage model of human information processing includes:
1. Sensory processing
2. Perception and/or working memory[3]
3. Decision making
3. Decision making
4. Response selection
Sensory processing
Refers to the acquisition and registration of multiple sources of information. This stage includes the positioning and orienting of sensory receptors, sensory processing,
initial preprocessing of data prior to full perception, and selective attention.
Perception and/or working memory
Involves conscious perception,and manipulation of processed and retrieved information in working memory. This includes cognitive operations such as rehearsal,
integration and inference, but these operations occur prior to the point of decision.
Decision making
Decisions are reached based on such cognitive processing.
Response selection
Involves the implementation of a response or action consistent with the decision choice.
These functions are based on a fourstage model of human information processing and can be translated into equivalent system functions[4]:
1. Information acquisition
2. Information analysis
3. Decision and action selection
4. Action implementation
The four functions can provide an initial categorization for types of tasks in which automation can support the human operator.
Information acquisition
Automation of information acquisition applies to the sensing and registration of input data.[2]
Information analysis
Automation of information analysis involves cognitive functions such as working memory and inferential processes.[2]
Decision and action selection
This stage, decision and action selection, involves selection from among decision alternatives[2]
Action implementation
This final stage of action implementation refers to the actual execution of the action choice.[2]
Levels of automation across any of the above functional types do not need to be fixed at the system design stage. Instead, the level of automation could be designed to vary
depending on production demands during operational use.[2]
Humancentered automation
Automation should be humancentered. Billings detailed this in his book "Aviation automation: The search for a humancentered approach."[4]
Automation systems should be comprehensible.
Automation should ensure operators are not removed from command role.
Automation should support situation awareness.
Automation should never perform or fail silently.
Management automation should improve system management.
Designers must assume that operators will become reliant on reliable automation.
References
1. ↑ Sheridan, T. B., & Verplank, W. L. 1978. Human and computer control of undersea teleoperators. Cambridge, Mass: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Man
Machine Systems Laboratory. www.dtic.mil/cgibin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA057655 PDF
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers., & IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Society. 2000. A Model for Types and Levels of Human
Interaction with Automation. IEEE transactions on systems, man, and cybernetics: A publication of the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Society. New York, NY:
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Vol. 30. No. 3.
3. ↑ Baddeley, A. D. 1986. Working memory. Oxford [Oxfordshire: Clarendon Press.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Billings, C. E. 1997. Aviation automation: The search for a humancentered approach. Mahwah, N.J: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Noteworthy papers in OnePetro
Krome, J. D., Bloom, M. H., Swanson, A. B., Anthony, D., Derise, S., & Rightmire, L. (2015, September 28). Revealing the Benefits of the Intelligent Well Pad Program for
Onshore Shale Assets. Society of Petroleum Engineers. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/174826MS (http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/174826MS)
Martin, J. T. (1970, January 1). Lowlevel Automation For Marginal Leases. American Petroleum Institute. https://www.onepetro.org/conferencepaper/API70113
(https://www.onepetro.org/conferencepaper/API70113)
Million, C. L., & Bowler, D. L. (1969, November 1). Feasibility Study of Oilfield Automation. Society of Petroleum Engineers. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/2143PA
(http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/2143PA)
External links
Calefato, Caterina, Roberto Montanari, and Francesco Tesauri. "The Adaptive Automation Design." Human Computer Interaction: New Developments. 2008. The Human
Factors and Ergonomics Society. Web. http://www.hfeseurope.org/wpcontent/uploads/2014/06/Save.pdf (http://www.hfeseurope.org/wpcontent/uploads/2014/06/Save.pdf).
Endsley, Mica R. "Level of Automation Effects on Performance, Situation Awareness and Workload in a Dynamic Control Task." Ergonomics 42.3. 1999: 46292. North
Carolina State University. http://people.engr.ncsu.edu/dbkaber/papers/Endsley_Kaber_Ergo_99.pdf (http://people.engr.ncsu.edu/dbkaber/papers/Endsley_Kaber_Ergo_99.pdf).
"HumanCentered Systems Engineering Design Approaches." Human Supervisory Control. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/aeronauticsand
astronautics/16422humansupervisorycontrolofautomatedsystemsspring2004/lecturenotes/020504hmancenter.pdf (http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/aeronauticsand
astronautics/16422humansupervisorycontrolofautomatedsystemsspring2004/lecturenotes/020504hmancenter.pdf).
See also
Automated drilling (http://petrowiki.org/Automated_drilling)
Digital oilfields (http://petrowiki.org/Digital_oilfields)
Drilling automation (http://petrowiki.org/Drilling_automation)
Human factors (http://petrowiki.org/Human_factors)
Robotics (http://petrowiki.org/Robotics)
Category
Categories (/Special:Categories): 1.6.6 Drilling automation (/Category:1.6.6_Drilling_automation)
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