Max Webber’s Theory of Power and

Authority

Submitted to: Dr. Ayan Hazra

(Assistant Professor Sociology)

Name: Aakriti Srivastava

Section: A

Roll NO.: 04

Id No.: 1920192097

Hidayatullah National Law University

NAVA RAIPUR, C. G.
 DECLARATION

I, Aakriti Srivastava hereby declare that, this project entitled, ‘Max Weber’s Theory of
Power & Authority’ submitted to Hidayatullah National Law University (Nava Raipur), is
record of an original work done by me under the guidance of Dr. Ayan Hazra, Faculty
Member, H.N.L.U., Nava Raipur and that no part of this work has been plagiarized.

Aakriti Srivastava
Semester II

i
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I feel highly elated to work on the topic “Max Weber’s Theory of Power & Authority.”

No creation in this world is a sole effort, nor is this work of mine. The practical realization of
this project has obligated the assistance of many persons. First of all, I want to thank my
faculty teacher Dr. Ayan Hazra for his invaluable suggestions and guidance. It would have
not been possible for me to frame this project of mine without his support.

I would like to thank my family and friends without whose support and encouragement, this
project would not have been a reality.

I take this opportunity to also thank the University and the Vice Chancellor for providing
extensive database resources in the Library and through Internet.

Aakriti Srivastava

Semester II

ii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION........................................................................................................................i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.........................................................................................................ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS..........................................................................................................iii
INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE....................................................................................................2
OBJECTIVE..............................................................................................................................3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...............................................................................................4
MAX WEBBER & POWER......................................................................................................5
TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY................................................................................................8
CHARISMATIC AUTHORITY..............................................................................................10
RATIONAL- LEGAL AUTHORITY......................................................................................12
CONCLUSION........................................................................................................................15
REFFERENCES......................................................................................................................16

iii
 INTRODUCTION

Max Weber was born in 1864, in Erfurt, Province of Saxony, Prussia. Max Webber was a
German sociologist, lawyer, philosopher, and economist. He is one of the leading theorists on
the evolution of modern Western society. His theories have had a profound influence on
social theory and science. Max Weber, arguably the twentieth century's leading social
thinker, is regarded along with Karl Marx and Emil Durkheim as the principal architect of
modern social science. In this project, I have tried to analyse two sociological concepts of
power and authority. In 1894, Weber was appointed professor of economics at the university
and resigned in 1903. Max Weber contracted the Spanish flu and died of pneumonia in
Munich on 14 June 1920.

In this project, I have tried to analyse the difference between English literature meaning and
the sociological meaning of Power. Power refers to the ability to have one’s will be carried
out despite the resistance of others. Authority, refers to the right of ruler within an
“established order” to issue commands to others and expect them to obey. Power as defined
by weber as the likelihood that an individual will realise his or her will in a situation of social
action. On other hand authority refers to the ‘probability’ that a specific command will “be
obeyed by a given group of persons” by virtue of the legitimate right of a ruler to issue
commands.

Charismatic domination is characterised by the concept of charisma. Charismatic authority

points to a person possessing certain characteristics which make a leader extraordinary. This
recognizes the influence of charismatic leadership as followers are attracted to the personal
qualities of the leader. It includes some elements such as Recognition of Duty, Renunciation
of the Past and Routinisation of Charisma.

Authority made valid by legislation, written rules, and regulations is called rational-legal
authority, according to Weber. In this form of authority, power is bestowed upon a specific
theory, method, or philosophy and not necessarily upon the individual applying the
particulars of that doctrine. A rational-legal system consists of an interrelated set of formal
rules defining what must, should or should not be done by whom and under what
circumstances. Included are specific procedural rules to be followed by authorities so that any
substantive commands given by them are legitimate. Weber wrote that the modern state based

1
on rational-legal authority arose uniquely in Western civilisation from the patrimonial and
feudal struggle for power. These aspects are discussed in detail in the project.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

 Wallimann, I., Tatsis, N. C., & Zito, G. V, On Max Weber’s Definition of Power,
13(3) The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Sociology, 231–235, (1977).
This paper helped me to understand the concept of power as formulated by Max
Webber. This paper helped me understand that the sociological meaning of power is
different from the English meaning of the word power. The difference between power
and might and the effect of it. This paper is an excellent account of what is the
meaning of power in the original German sense as defined by the paper. The paper
analyses the concept of power on a tabular basis and present an excellent account of
the same.

 Norman Uphoff, Distinguishing Power, Authority & Legitimacy: Taking Max

Weber at His Word by Using Resources-Exchange Analysis, Vol. 22 The
University of Chicago Press, 295,295-322, (1989)
This paper helped me understand the basic conceptual meaning of the sociological
terms power, legitimacy & authority. To understand the difference between the three
was of great importance for this project. The paper analyses the original concepts
given by Max Webber and not an interpretation of it. In this paper the author has tried
to present an original understanding of the sociological concepts of power, authority
and legitimacy as given originally by Max Webber.

 Christopher Ryan Maboloc, Max Weber’s three types of authority,

INQUIRER.NET, (May 29 2015), https://opinion.inquirer.net/85293/max-
webers-3-types-of-authority
This online article helped me understand different categories of authority as originally
classifies by Max Webber. Max Webber had given originally three types of authority:
Charismatic, Traditional and rational-legal authorities. It presents an account of the
differences between the three types and the areas in which they overlap. It helped me
understand the contemporary examples of the present political- social system.

2
 OBJECTIVE

I. To understand the concept of Max Weber’s Power

II. To understand the concept of Traditional Authority

III. To understand the concept of Charismatic Authority

IV. To understand the concept of Rational-Legal Authority

3
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The project is of a non-empirical nature and is descriptive and analytical in nature. This
project analyses the concept of Power & Authority. It further analyses the three types of
authority namely traditional, charismatic and rational-legal authority.

This study is done with the help of secondary data. This secondary information has been
obtained from published sources such as books, journals, newspapers, official websites and
government publications. I have used 19th edition of Bluebook for citation purpose.

4
 MAX WEBBER & POWER

Max Webber was a German sociologist, lawyer, philosopher, and economist. He is one of the
leading theorists on the evolution of modern Western society. His theories have had a
profound influence on social theory and science. Weber is often cited among the three
pioneers of sociology, along with Émile Durkheim and Karl Marx. Max Weber was born in
1864, in Erfurt, Province of Saxony, Prussia. In 1882 Weber enrolled as a law student at
Heidelberg University1. He moved to the University of Berlin after a year of military service.
After his first few years as a student, during which he spent a great deal of time "drinking
beer and fencing," Weber gradually took the side of his mother in family disputes and
became distant from his father. He worked as a junior lawyer, at the same time as his studies.
In 1886 Weber passed the Referenda test, equivalent to the British and American legal
systems bar association review. Weber went on to study law and history throughout the late
1880s. In 1894, Weber was appointed professor of economics at the university and resigned
in 1903. Max Weber contracted the Spanish flu and died of pneumonia in Munich on 14 June
1920.

In his lifetime max weber pen downed a number of books and novels. Max Webber’s major
sociological works are present in The Protestant Ethic and the Sprit of Capitalism (1905), The
Religion of China (1916), The Religion of India (1916-17), Anciant Judaism (1917-19),
Economy and Society (1921), Sociology of Religion (1922), The City (1922), general
Economic History (1923), The theory of Social and Economic Organisation (1925), The
Methodology of Social Sciences (1949), The Rational Foundations of Music (1958), Max
Weber on Law in Economy and Society and From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology.

Max Weber, arguably the twentieth century's leading social thinker, is regarded along with
Karl Marx and Emil Durkheim as the principal architect of modern social science. Weber's
wide-ranging efforts have given vital impetus to the birth of new academic disciplines such as
sociology, as well as major reorientation in law, economics, political science 2, and religious
studies. His analytical works have been instrumental in defining the self-identity of modern

1
Bendix, Reinhard, Max Weber: An Intellectual Portrait, University of California Press,1, (1977)
2
Kim, Sung Ho, Max Webber, Encyclopaedia of Philosophy. Stanford, (17 February 2010),

5
social science as a distinct field of inquiry; empirical positivists and their hermeneutic critics
continue to claim it as the source of inspiration.3

POWER

Power can be used in English other than its social significance: we're talking about a
powerful engine, electrical power, and the like. However, when we speak of social power, we
most often use the word in its English sense of power, a sense directly derived from the
German power Match, just as the word might itself. One could therefore translate power as
powerfully as possible; however, English commentators avoided power and offered power
almost universally. We don't speak in English about the redundant use of political might but
about the redundant use of political power. We reserve the use of might not for daily use but
to an aggregate of power, an excess of power, and the like.

Power refers to the ability to have one’s will be carried out despite the resistance of others. 4 It
can be understood with the help of an example when a person is driving a car and he sees a
police officer in the rear-view mirror. The police officer exerts power on the individual.
Whether the driver pf the car wants or not he will reduce his speed or increase it to adjust it
according to the prescribed speed limit and if the police honks the driver has to stop his car
on a side and talk to the police officer politely. Another example can be seen in the
relationship of teacher and student. When the teacher assigns a project or homework the
student will do it in the time limit. What the student feel is the power of the teacher. Another
example is parents’s power over children. When considering the concept of power by Max
Weber, we find that it is limited to a non-teleological kind of purely human social
relationships. It is the chance to bring within a social relationship the will of an individual, or
of a group of persons. The basis of this chance and the presence or absence of resistance are
insignificant. Weber's definition of power doesn't include the notion of legitimacy.
Legitimacy becomes a factor in formal authority, or Herrschaft, discussions only. Macht
(Power) includes, but is not limited to, Herrschaft (Authority).5

Though Webber has given the concept of power, he himself was not shown much interest it
in while giving his social theory. He took the opinion that power does not have the quality of
being distinctive enough to be suitable for an empirical research. He refers to power as
3
Max Webber, Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy, (Aug 24, 2007), https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/weber/
4
Power and Authority, https://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/sociology-comprehensive-edition/s17-01-power-
and-authority.html
5
Wallimann, I., Tatsis, N. C., & Zito, G. V, On Max Weber’s Definition of Power, 13(3) The Australian and
New Zealand Journal of Sociology, 231–235, (1977).

6
amorphous, since all imaginable qualities of a human action and all possible situational
constellations can provide this chance to impose one’s will6. Weber preferred to work on the
sub category of power which is called as domination / rule/ authority which he defined as “an
expressed will (‘order/command’) of the dominating actors intends to influence the action of
the subordinates and actually influences them in a way such that the latter act ... as if they had
turned the content of the command, for its own sake, into a maxim of their action
(‘obedience’).”7

Max Weber has also identified second type of system in traditional authority called as
patriarchalism. The central idea underlining patriarchalism is that authority is exercised by
joint rights and in interest of all members. An example of this form of system is found in
households in which master obtains legitimacy and governs by rule of inheritance.

6
Max Webber, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft. Grundriss der verstehenden Soziologie, , 11–30
7
Weber, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft. Grundriss der verstehenden Soziologie, p. 544.

7
 TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY

Authority, refers to the right of ruler within an “established order” to issue commands to
others and expect them to obey. Power as defined by weber as the likelihood that an
individual will realise his or her will in a situation of social action. On other hand authority
refers to the ‘probability’ that a specific command will “be obeyed by a given group of
persons” by virtue of the legitimate right of a ruler to issue commands. In simple words,
power gets transformed into authority when it gets legitimacy. Webber has used domination
and authority as interchangeably. Webber has identified three types of authority
(domination): Traditional, charismatic and Rational-Legal authority8.

TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY

According to Weber, the influence of traditional authority is recognized because that has been
the case traditionally; its validity persists because it has long been accepted. For example,
Britain's Queen Elizabeth occupies a role which she inherited on the basis of the monarchy's
traditional rules of succession. Individuals adhere to traditional authority because they are
invested in the past and feel obliged to continue it. In this type of authority, a ruler typically
has no real force to execute his will or maintain his position, but is primarily dependent on
respect for a group.

A more modern form of traditional authority is patrimonialism, which is feudal dominance

encouraged by a master's purely personal instruments of administration and military
(Eisenberg 1998). In this form of authority, the emperor appoints all officials as personal
favourites. Such officials have no freedoms, and can raise or revoke their privileges
depending on the leader's caprices. Such a structure was typified by the political organization
of ancient Egypt: when the royal household decreed the building of a pyramid, every
Egyptian was forced to work towards its completion.

Traditional authority can be intertwined with race, class, and gender. In most societies, for
instance, men are more likely to be privileged than women and thus are more likely to hold
roles of authority. Similarly, members of dominant racial groups or upper-class families also
win respect more readily. In the United States, the Kennedy family, which has produced
many prominent politicians, exemplifies this model.9
8
Norman Uphoff, Distinguishing Power, Authority & Legitimacy: Taking Max Weber at His Word by Using
Resources-Exchange Analysis, Vol. 22 The University of Chicago Press, 295,295-322, (1989)
9
Power and Authority, Lumen, https://courses.lumenlearning.com/sociology/chapter/power-and-authority/

8
Max weber has identified another system under traditional form of authority called as the
patriarchalism. This is based on the concept of authority is exercised by “joint rights” and in
interest of all members. An example of this form of system is found in households in which
the masters obtains legitimacy and governs by rule of inheritance.

In simple words, traditional authority is characterised by customs and traditions rather than
by any legal rules. In traditional authority commands are issued on the basis of edicts. Edict is
said to be the personal decree issued by the leader which are arbitrary in nature of traditional
powers.

CHARISMATIC AUTHORITY

9
Charismatic domination is characterised by the concept of charisma. Charismatic authority
points to a person possessing certain characteristics which make a leader extraordinary. Not
only does this type of leader possess the superior power of persuasion to unite diverse and
conflict-prone people behind him, but he does possess it. His power comes from the immense
trust that people put in him, and almost unbreakable faith.10

This recognizes the influence of charismatic leadership as followers are attracted to the
personal qualities of the leader. A charismatic leader's popularity may be exceptional,
encouraging followers to make remarkable sacrifices or persevere despite great difficulties
and persecution. Charismatic leaders typically emerge and propose revolutionary or
progressive ideas in times of crisis. I could even be giving a glimpse of a new world order.
The rise of Hitler to power in Germany's post-war economic depression is a case in point.
This recognizes the influence of charismatic leadership as followers are attracted to the
personal qualities of the leader. 11

Charismatic leaders tend to hold power for short durations, and according to Weber they are
as likely as noble to be tyrannical. Various male leaders like Stalin, Napoleon, Jesus Christ,
César Chávez, Malcolm X and Winston Churchill are all known as charismatic leaders.
Because so few women have historically held prominent leadership positions, the list of
inspiring female leaders is comparatively short. Most historians consider charismatic leaders
to be figures such as Joan of Arc, Margaret Thatcher and Mother Teresa.

There are some important elements or concepts which are involved in charismatic
domination. These are:

1) Recognition of Duty
This is the believe which empowers the authority of a charismatic leader. The
followers should believe that it is their responsibility to make the vision of the leader
a reality and undertake to fulfil such responsibility. This is a type of affective action
where the followers are affected by the leader to such an extent that they undertake to
fulfil the action. There is highly emotionally charged environment among the
followers because of teachings and activities of the leader.

2) Renunciation of the Past

10
Christopher Ryan Maboloc, Max Weber’s three types of authority, INQUIRER.NET, (May 29 2015),
https://opinion.inquirer.net/85293/max-webers-3-types-of-authority
11
What is Charismatic Authority? HRZone, https://www.hrzone.com/hr-glossary/what-is-charismatic-authority

10
 The charisma of the leader is the ability which mobilise legitimacy. It is a
revolutionary form of change. The charismatic leader challenges all the contemporary
notions of daily life. The leader rejects social norms and obligations. An appearance is
created that leader is above every day needs and routines anmd adopts an ascetic way
of life.

3) Routinisation of Charisma
By routinisation we mean the transformation of charismatic leadership into
institutionalised leadership where one office takes place of a personality. This means
it is the personality which defines the authority of the office and not the office itself.
And after the death or disappearance of the leader, a new person who may not have
the same power takes the office. In order to convey the message of the original leader
an institution is born.

RATIONAL- LEGAL AUTHORITY

11
Authority made valid by legislation, written rules, and regulations is called rational-legal
authority, according to Weber. In this form of authority, power is bestowed upon a specific
theory, method, or philosophy and not necessarily upon the individual applying the
particulars of that doctrine. His form of authority is applied by a nation which follows a
constitution. On a smaller scale, you can find rational-legal authority in the workplace
through the standards set out in the employee manual, which offers a different type of
authority than your boss's.

In the real-world values are, of course, never repeated. Few governments or leaders may
categorize themselves neatly. Many leaders can be considered figures of charismatic and
legal-rational authority, such as Mohandas Gandhi for example. Similarly, a leader or
government may begin to exemplify one form of authority and slowly evolve or transform
into another.12

It is bureaucracy that is the purest form – the ideal type – of Weber's legal-rational authority.
Legal-rational authority means that power is rooted in a set of rules and rules-bound bodies,
and that establishing and changing the rules is beyond the influence of those who enforce
them; however, this does not mean that the authority is democratic. Monarchs and even
authoritarian leaders who accept the use of legal-rational authority to govern a set of laws
which are beyond their powers. Bureaucracy features include a fixed salary, positions based
on technical abilities rather than personal connections, a well-defined hierarchy, and ongoing
laws that link the actions of both managers and people and clients alike.13

A rational-legal system consists of an interrelated set of formal rules defining what must,
should or should not be done by whom and under what circumstances. Included are specific
procedural rules to be followed by authorities so that any substantive commands given by
them are legitimate. There are also rules under the principles of legality which define how
authority figures come to occupy their positions, and thus have the right and duty to issue any
commands at all. Under the terms of lawfulness, rulers are subject to the rules just as they are
the ones that they command. Likewise, action of subordinates and superordinate is
circumscribed, taking place by rules.14

12
Power and Authority, CNX, https://cnx.org/contents/r-QzKsl_@17.1:MtCi-wHz@9/Power-and-Authority
13
SOCY 151: Foundations of Modern Social Theory, Open Yale Courses, https://oyc.yale.edu/sociology/socy-

151/lecture-20
14
Legitimacy, Science Direct, https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/computer-science/rational-legal-authority

12
In rational-legal systems, people and subjects embrace authority, because it is consistent with
historical and established legal doctrines. Uprisings and resentment emerge when people
view government action as inconsistent with established legal principles and the relationship
between the individual and the state. States using a rational-legal system also have the right to
use the lawful use of force to ensure compliance.15

Weber's coined legal-rational authority reflects a belief in the substance of law (legal) or
natural law (rationality). Obedience is not conformed to a person because of its conventional
links to authority or its charismatic skills but because of a collection of universal
principles .Weber envisaged a moral-rational authority based on a legal code that would
protect everybody in a given territory, including the rulers, both economically and politically.

In comparison to authoritarian authority and conventional authority, rational-legal authority

derives its powers from the bureaucratic and legal system. Weber described legal order as a
structure in which the rules are enforced and obeyed as valid because they are in accordance
with other laws on how to enforce them and how to obey them. A government that
monopolizes their execution, while retaining the legal use of physical force, enforces these
laws.

Weber wrote that the modern state based on rational-legal authority arose uniquely in
Western civilisation from the patrimonial and feudal struggle for power The preconditions for
the modern Western State are the monopoly of the means of administration and regulation by
a central authority; the monopoly of legislative authority; and the organisation of officialdom,
based upon the central authority.

According to Max Weber, there is a modern state where there are three components to a
political community. Second, an administrative and legal order that has been established and
that law that also governs its position will alter. Third, it must have legal power over its
jurisdiction over the people and acts. Finally, it must have the right to use the physical force
legally within its jurisdiction.16

In conclude, the consequences of the legal-rational authority principle are relevant in modern-
day mass democracy. While Weber originally believed that democracy is only compatible
15
What is Rational- Legal Authority, HRZone, https://www.hrzone.com/hr-glossary/what-is-rational-legal-
authority
16
Rational- Legal Authority, LibreTexts, https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Sociology/Book
%3A_Sociology_(Boundless)/15%3A_Government/15.1%3A_Politics%2C_Power%2C_and_Authority/15.1F
%3A_Rational-Legal_Authority

13
with limited communities, his definitions of a democracy's main areas such as parliament,
political parties, and principles such as equality are relevant to the global trend towards
democratization. Most importantly, the idea of objective legal authority is fundamental to the
development of a democratic and functional democracy.

14
 CONCLUSION

After analysing the sociological concepts of power and authority. We can conclude that
power is the ability of an individual to enforce his/her will. Whereas authority or domination
is the right of an individual within an authoritative structure to issue commands which is
expected to be followed by others. The difference between authority and power is legitimacy.
Legitimacy is some form of recognised rational behind an action which make it socially
acceptable. Authority has also been referred as the sub category of power. Power can become
authority if its legitimised.

Further we can conclude that there are three categories of authorities. These are not exclusive
but can also be overlapping. First is traditional authority. Traditional authority is based on
custom and traditions and not on some individual personality. Its validity persists because it
has long been accepted. Individuals adhere to traditional authority because they are invested
in the past and feel obliged to continue it. In this type of authority, a ruler typically has no
real force to execute his will or maintain his position, but is primarily dependent on respect
for a group. Patrimonialism or feudal dominance is one of the two subcategories of traditional
authority. Max weber has identified another system under traditional form of authority called
as the patriarchalism. An example of this form of system is found in households, in the
authority of the master.

Second is charismatic authority. Charismatic domination is characterised by the concept of

charisma. This type of leader possess the superior power of persuasion to unite diverse and
conflict-prone people behind him, but he does possess it. His power comes from the immense
trust that people put in him, and almost unbreakable faith. Charismatic leaders typically
emerge and propose revolutionary or progressive ideas in times of crisis. Charismatic leaders
tend to hold power for short duration and is converted into traditional authority by a process.

Third Authority made valid by legislation, written rules, and regulations is called rational-
legal authority. In this form of authority, power is bestowed upon a specific theory, method,
or philosophy and not necessarily upon the individual applying the particulars of that
doctrine. A rational-legal system consists of an interrelated set of formal rules defining what
must, should or should not be done by whom and under what circumstances. Obedience is not
conformed to a person because of its conventional links to authority or its charismatic skills
but because of a collection of universal principles.

15
 REFFERENCES

 Bendix, Reinhard, Max Weber: An Intellectual Portrait, University of California

Press,1, (1977)

 Kim Sung Ho, Max Webber, Encyclopaedia of Philosophy. Stanford, (17 February

2010),

 Max Webber, Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy, (Aug 24, 2007),

https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/weber/

 Power and Authority, https://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/sociology-

comprehensive-edition/s17-01-power-and-authority.html

 Wallimann, I., Tatsis, N. C., & Zito, G. V, On Max Weber’s Definition of Power,

13(3) The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Sociology, 231–235, (1977).

 Power and Authority, https://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/sociology-

comprehensive-edition/s17-01-power-and-authority.html

 Wallimann, I., Tatsis, N. C., & Zito, G. V, On Max Weber’s Definition of Power,

13(3) The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Sociology, 231–235, (1977).

 Norman Uphoff, Distinguishing Power, Authority & Legitimacy: Taking Max Weber

at His Word by Using Resources-Exchange Analysis, Vol. 22 The University of

Chicago Press, 295,295-322, (1989)

 Power and Authority, Lumen,

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/sociology/chapter/power-and-authority/

 Christopher Ryan Maboloc, Max Weber’s three types of authority, INQUIRER.NET,

(May 29 2015), https://opinion.inquirer.net/85293/max-webers-3-types-of-authority

 What is Charismatic Authority? HRZone, https://www.hrzone.com/hr-glossary/what-

is-charismatic-authority

16
 Power and Authority, CNX,

https://cnx.org/contents/r-QzKsl_@17.1:MtCi-wHz@9/Power-and-Authority

 SOCY 151: Foundations of Modern Social Theory, Open Yale Courses,

https://oyc.yale.edu/sociology/socy-151/lecture-20 Legitimacy, Science Direct,

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/computer-science/rational-legal-authority

 What is Rational- Legal Authority, HRZone,

https://www.hrzone.com/hr-glossary/what-is-rational-legal-authority

 Rational- Legal Authority, LibreTexts,

https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Sociology/Book

%3A_Sociology_(Boundless)/15%3A_Government/15.1%3A_Politics%2C_Power

%2C_and_Authority/15.1F%3A_Rational-Legal_Authority

17