Drainage and Drainage Structures
Drainage and Drainage Structures
Instractor:
Eyassu Tesfamariam (PhD)
Assist. Instractor:
Sophonyas Asrat (BSc)
Course contents
y Highway route selection
y factors considered in highway route selection
f d d h h l
y Steps in highway route selection
y Geometric design of highways:
y Design controls and criteria
y Functional classification systems of highways
y Vehicle and driver characteristics
y Highway cross‐section elements:
y Lane and shoulders, sidewalks, medians, and pedestrian crossings
p g
y Elements of geometric design:
y Horizontal alignment, Transition and super‐elevation, Vertical
alignment, Sight distance, Intersections and Interchanges
y Earthwork quantities and mass‐haul diagram
y Drainage and drainage structures
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Drainage and Drainage Structures
y Definition:
y Highway drainage is the process of collecting, transporting, and
disposing of surface water and underground water encountered
within the limits of the ROW and adjacent territory.
y The serviceability of a highway is greatly dependant upon the
adequacy of its drainage system.
y Drainage costs 20 – 25% of the total highway cost.
y Proper drainage design is essential.
y It is an integral part of an economic road design.
g p g
y Good drainage design… good highway location that avoid
y Poorly drained areas
y Unstable soil
y Frequently flooded areas
y Unnecessary stream crossings
Drainage and Drainage Structures
y Highways by their nature cut across natural drainage ways
g y y g y
and streams…
y Adequate and economical drainage is absolutely essential for
y The protection of the environment
y Safeguarding the lives of the persons using the highway
y Problems resulting from poor drainage
y Standing water on pavements is a danger to traffic safety
y Seepage water into pavement and subgrade leads to…
y Development of soft spots & breakup of the surfacing
y Streams have the power to…
y Destroy roadways by force & holdup traffic by flooding
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Drainage and Drainage Structures
Drainage and Drainage Structures
y Requirements of highway drainage system
q g y g y
y Surface water from carriageway and shoulder should
effectively be drained
y Surface water from adjoining land should be prevented from
entering the roadway
y Flow of surface water across the road and shoulders and
along slopes shouldn’t cause formation of cross ruts or
erosion
y Seepage and other sources of underground water should be
drained off by the subsurface drainage system
y In water logged areas special precautions should be taken
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Drainage and Drainage Structures
Environmental considerations
Environmental, Social, and
Economic impacts…
Drainage and Drainage Structures
y Factors to be considered in drainage design
y Size of the area to be drained
y Expected maximum rainfall
y Slop of the surrounding terrain / possible rate of runoff
y Characteristics of the soil (incl.: permeability, tendency
to erode)
y Presence of springs or other underground water
y General elevation of the ground water level
y Minimum depth of cover required to protect pipes from
traffic loads
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Drainage and Drainage Structures
y Surface Drainageg
y The measure taken to control the flow of surface water is
generally termed as surface drainage.
y Structures that provide for surface drainage include:
y Roadway Crown, Shoulder, Side Ditches, Cross‐sectional Ditches
(Fords), Culverts, Bridges.
y The flow of surface water adjacent to highways is frequently
accompanied by detrimental soil erosion resulting in
y Destruction of productive soils, Soil erosion is likely to happen if the
velocity of water exceeds 0.61 m/s.
y Clogging of ditches and drainage structures
Drainage and Drainage Structures
y Surface Drainage
y Hydrological study:‐ To determine amount of water
y Hydraulic study:‐ To design the drainage facility
y Hydrological study
y Precipitation: Rain, Hail, or Snow
y Important – Rainfall intensity and duration
y Runoff: difference b/n amount of rainfall and loss due to
infiltration, evaporation, transpiration, interception, &
storage
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Drainage and Drainage Structures
y Surface Drainage
g
y Methods to determine surface runoff
y Rational method (Lloyed‐Daves) [≤ 10 km2]
y Talbot method (10 – 100 km2)
y Rational method
Where: Q = 0.278 CIA Qd = 2Q
3
y Q = Discharge (m /sec)
y C = Runoff coefficient (represent rate of runoff to rainfall)
y I = Rainfall intensity (mm/hr)
y A = Catchment area (km2) [If A is in ha, 1 ha = 100 km2]
Drainage and Drainage Structures
Surface Drainage
Values of runoff coefficient (C) – Rational method
Types of Surface Runoff Coefficient, C
RURAL AREAS
Concrete or sheet asphalt pavement 0.8 – 0.9
Asphalt macadam pavement 0.6 – 0.8
Gravel roadways or shoulders 0.4 – 0.6
Bare earth 0.2 – 0.9
Steep grass areas (slope 2 : 1) 0.5 – 0.7
Turf meadows 0.1 – 0.4
Forest area 0.1 – 0.3
C li
Cultivated fields
d fi ld 02 04
0.2 – 0.4
URBAN AREAS
Flat residential, ≈ 30% of area impervious 0.4
Flat residential, ≈ 60% of area impervious 0.55
Moderately steep residential, ≈ 50% of area impervious 0.65
Moderately steep residential, ≈ 70% of area impervious 0.8
Flat commercial, ≈ 90% of area impervious 0.8
NB: For flat slopes or permeable soil, use the lower values
For steep slopes or impermeable soil, use the higher values
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Drainage and Drainage Structures
y Surface Drainage
g
y Talbot method
y Discharge for middle size catchment areas (10 – 100 km2)
Q = 33.6 ⋅ k (C1 + C2 + C3 ) A
Where:
y Q = Discharge (m3/sec) Qd = 2Q
y A = Catchment area (km2)
y k = Coefficient depending on size of basin area
y C1 = Coefficient of vegetation
y C2 = Coefficient of slope
y C3 = Coefficient of shape of catchment area
Drainage and Drainage Structures
Surface Drainage
Values for different coefficients – Talbot formula
2
Size of catchment area (km ) Value of k
0 ‐ 50 1.20
50 ‐ 75 1.00
75 ‐ 500 0.90
500 ‐ 1000 0.75
Vegetation Cover Values of C1
Desert or Mountains, without Vegetation 0.20
Pasture grass, or scattered bush 0.17
scattered bush or dense bush 0.13
Heavy stand of trees 0.10
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Drainage and Drainage Structures
Surface Drainage
Values for different coefficients – Talbot formula
Slope of drainage area Values of C2
above 15% 0.50
5 ‐ 15% 0.37
1 ‐ 5% 0.23
below 1% 0.10
Shape of catchment area Value of C3
Length equals width 0.3
Length equals 2½ times width 0.2
Length equals 5 times width 0.1
Drainage and Drainage Structures
Surface Drainage
y Hydraulic Design
Once the peak runoff has been determined for a particular
catchment, the next step is the hydraulic design of the drainage
system to carry it.
y The Manning equation:
R2 3 ⋅ S1 2
Qd = A ⋅ v = A ⋅
n
y Where:
Q = Design discharge (m3/sec)
A = Cross sectional area of the channel (m2)
A
v = Velocity of flow (m/sec)
R=
R = Hydraulic radius P
Sy = the slop of the channel
.
n = Manning’s roughness coefficient
P = wetted perimeter
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Drainage and Drainage Structures
Surface Drainage
Values of Manning’s roughness coefficient
Drainage and Drainage Structures
Surface Drainage
Maximum safe velocity if channel erosion is to be prevented
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Drainage and Drainage Structures
Surface Drainage
y Best hydraulic sections
y a) Semi‐circular cross‐section
y This x‐section is the best hydraulic section
y for a given Q, S, and n smallest A and P
y for a given A, S, and n max. Q and min. P
y b) Rectangular cross‐section
y c) Trapezoidal cross‐section
) T id l ti
y d) Circular cross‐section
y full A = π r 2 , P = 2π r
A π r2 r
R= = =
P 2π r 2
Drainage and Drainage Structures
Surface Drainage
y Best hydraulic sections
y Rectangular section
A = bh ⇒ b = A / h
P = 2 h + b = 2h + A / h
dP A
h = 2− 2 = 0
dh h
⇒ A = 2h 2 and b = 2h
b
A 2h 2 h
R= = =
P 2 h + 2h 2
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Drainage and Drainage Structures
Surface Drainage A=⎜
⎛ B+b⎞ (b + 2mh + b ) ⋅ h
⎟h =
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
y Best hydraulic sections
⇒ A=
(2b + 2mh ) ⋅ h = (b + mh ) ⋅ h
y Trapezoidal section 2
⇒ b = A / h − mh
B a = (mh) 2 + h 2 = h 1 + m 2
a h 1 P = 2a + b = 2h 1 + m 2 + ( A / h − mh )
m
dP
= 2 1 + m2 − A / h2 − m = 0
b dh
⇒ A / h2 = 2 1 + m2 − m
(
⇒ A = h2 2 1 + m2 − m )
A
⇒ h=
2 1 + m2 − m
Drainage and Drainage Structures
Surface Drainage
P = 2h 1 + m 2 + ( A / h − mh )
y Best hydraulic sections
y Trapezoidal section P = 2h 1 + m 2 +
(
h2 2 1 + m2 − m
− mh
)
h
= 2h 1 + m 2 + 2h 1 + m 2 − mh − mh
B
= 4h 1 + m 2 − 2mh
a h 1 (
= 2h 2 1 + m 2 − m )
m
(
A h2 2 1 + m2 − m h )
b
R= =
( =
P 2h 2 1 + m 2 − m 2 )
b = A / h − mh
( )
= h 2 1 + m 2 − m − mh = 2h 1 + m 2 − m ( )
(
B = b + 2mh = 2h 1 + m 2 )
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Drainage and Drainage Structures
Surface Drainage
y Best hydraulic sections
y Trapezoidal section P = 2h 1 + m 2 + A / h − mh
B
dP 1
(
= ⋅ 2h 1 + m 2
dm 2
)
−1/ 2
⋅ 2m − h = 0
2mh 2m
1 = −h =0 ⇒ =1
a h 1+ m 2
1 + m2
m
⇒ 2m = 1 + m 2
b ⇒ 4m 2 = 1 + m 2 ⇒ 3m 2 = 1
1 3
⇒ m= = = 0.577
3 3
⇒ α = 60 0
Drainage and Drainage Structures
Surface Drainage
y Example:
The drainage area which contributes runoff to a proposed
culvert installation is 1.30 km2 in extent. The rainfall intensity
of the area is 57 mm/hr. The area has an average slope of
about 4%. Assuming a runoff coefficient of 0.25, determine
the quantity of flow and design the size of the culvert. [NB: If
slope of culvert is not given, use S = 10% as a default value]
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Drainage and Drainage Structures
Surface Drainage
y Concrete Pipe
p navg = 0.0134
r
A 2 / 3 1/ 2
Qd = R S
n
π r2 ⎛ r ⎞ ⎛ 4 ⎞
2/3 1/ 2
⇒ 10.30 = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
0.0134 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 100 ⎠
⎛ π ⋅ (0.04)1/ 2 ⎞
= r 3 / 8 ⎜⎜ ⎟ = 29.54 r 8 / 3
2/3 ⎟
⎝ 0 .0134 × 2 ⎠
Drainage and Drainage Structures
Surface Drainage
y Box Culvert
navg = 0.021 (masonry lining)
A 2 / 3 1/ 2
Qd = R S
n
2/3 1/ 2
2h 2 ⎛ h ⎞ ⎛ 4 ⎞
⇒ 10.30 = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
0.021 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 100 ⎠
1.11 m
1 0 m
1.0 m
= 12 h8 / 3
⇒ h = 0.944 m ≈ 1.0 m
2.0 m
→ take h = 1.10 m (to make it atm. flow)
b = 2 h = 2. 0 m
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Drainage and Drainage Structures
Surface Drainage
y Pressure due to external loads
a) Overburden pressure on the culvert
b) Traffic loading
B ≤ 1.5
D
Large Z implies………. ??
Small Z implies………. ??
B
Drainage and Drainage Structures
Surface Drainage
y Overburden pressure
p
y Flexible pipes – steel pipe
p = kγ BD
y Ridged pipes – concrete, cast iron, etc…
p = k γ B2
Where:
p = Applied pressure per meter
k = A Coefficient (Value depends on type of pipe & characteristic
A C ffi i t (V l d d t f i & h t i ti
of foundation and backfill)
B = Trench width (m)
γ = Unit weight of the back fill (KN/m3)
D = Diameter of pipe or culvert (m)
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Drainage and Drainage Structures
Surface Drainage
y Overburden pressure –
p Values of k
Unit Dry sand Saturated Saturated
weight & gravel top soil Clay clay
Z/B γ −−> 16 16 19.2 20.8
1 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.90
2 1.45 1.50 1.55 1.62
3 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.26
4 2.22 2.33 2.49 2.65
5 2 45
2.45 2 60
2.60 2 80
2.80 3 03
3.03
6 2.60 2.78 3.04 3.33
7 2.75 2.95 3.23 3.57
8 2.80 3.03 3.37 3.76
9 2.88 3.11 3.48 3.92
10 2.92 3.17 3.56 4.04
Drainage and Drainage Structures
Surface Drainage
y Traffic load transmitted to the culvert
Boussinesq’s Equation:
F 3z 3
σz = ⋅
F (
2π r 2 + z 2 )
5/ 2
or
F 3 / 2π
z σz = ⋅
σz z ⎛ ⎛ r ⎞ 2 ⎞5 / 2
2
⎜1 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎟
⎜ ⎝z⎠ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
r Where:
F = Concentrated load from traffic
σz = Stress induced to the culvert
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Drainage and Drainage Structures
Surface Drainage
y Analysis of Thickness:
y
y Thin wall cylinder principles dR = p dA = pL(D 2 )dθ
dRV = dR Sinθ = pL(D 2 ) Sinθ dθ
[− Cosθ ]π0
π
pLD pLD
RV = ∫ Sinθ dθ =
A p A D 02 2
RV = pDL
P P
∑V = 0 ⇒ RV = pDL = 2 P
L
thickness, t
Stress in the longitudinal section
θ P pDL pD pD
dθ σ= = = ⇒ t=
Aw 2tL 2t 2σ
Section A‐A dR=PdA
Drainage and Drainage Structures
Example:
The catchment area which contributes runoff to the proposed
culvert installation is 28.3 ha of bare earth, 40.5 ha of forested
l i ll i i 8 h f b h h f f d
area and 101.2 ha of cultivated fields. The rainfall intensity is 64
mm/hr and the average slope of the terrain is 3%. Determine the
quantity of flow and design a circular culvert if n=0.011. The pipe
is buried in a trench 1.5 m wide and backfilled with dry sand. The
top of the pipe is 3.2 m below the road. The pipe passes at a
perpendicular direction under a two carriage way road which
carries a critical vehicle whose loading is shown below.
(Density of dry sand γ = 16 KN/m3)
(Density of dry sand, γ
Find the required thickness of the pipe if
a) the pipe is made of steel, σall = 25 MPa
b) the pipe is made of concrete, σall = 3 MPa
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Drainage and Drainage Structures
Example:
Drainage and Drainage Structures
Example:
y Solution:
Weighted average CW
Q = 0.278 I ∑ Ai Ci
A1 = 28.3 Ha C1 = 0.55
A2 = 40.5 Ha C2 = 0.2 C1 A1 + C2 A2 + C3 A3
CW = = 0.318
A3 = 101.2 Ha C3 = 0.3 A1 + A2 + A3
Sum 170 Ha
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Drainage and Drainage Structures
Example:
y Overburden pressure:
Drainage and Drainage Structures
Example:
y Stress analysis:
y Case 1: Front axle on top of the pipe
50 KN
50 KN
30 KN
30 KN
30 KN
F 3 / 2π
σz =
3.2 m
⋅
z ⎛ ⎛ r ⎞ 2 ⎞5 / 2
2
A ⎜1 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎟
⎜ ⎝z⎠ ⎟
B ⎝ ⎠
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Drainage and Drainage Structures
Example:
y Stress analysis:
y Case 1:
30 ⎛⎜ 0.417 0.477 ⎞
⎟
σZ = +
( ) ( )
Point A1 :
3.2 2 ⎜⎝ 1 + (0)2 5 / 2 1 + (2.4 3.2)2 5/ 2
⎟
⎠
⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟
50 ⎜ 0.417 0.477 ⎟ = 2.014 KN/m 2
+ 2 +
⎜ (
3.2 ⎜ 1 + (5.2 3.2)2 )
5/ 2
⎛1 +
⎜ ( 2
⎞
5.2 + 2.4 3.2 ⎟ ⎟
2 2
5
)
/ 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎝ ⎠ ⎠
Point B1 :
⎡ ⎛ ⎞⎤
⎢
30 ⎛ ⎞ 50 ⎜ ⎟⎥
σ Z = 2× ⎢ 2 ⎜
0.477 ⎟+ ⎜ 0.477 ⎟⎥ = 2.181 KN/m 2
⎢
⎢
3. 2 ⎜(
⎝ 1 + (1.2 3.2)
2
)
5/ 2
⎟ 3.2 2 ⎜ ⎛
⎠ ⎜ ⎜1 + ( 2
⎞
5
5.2 + 1.2 3.2 ⎟ ⎟⎥
2 2
)
/ 2 ⎟⎥
⎣ ⎝⎝ ⎠ ⎠⎦
Drainage and Drainage Structures
Example:
y Stress analysis:
y Case 2: Rear axle on top of the pipe
30 KN
F 3 / 2π
30 KN
σz = ⋅
z 2 ⎛ ⎛ r ⎞ 2 ⎞5 / 2
⎜1 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎟
⎜ ⎝z⎠ ⎟
50 KN ⎝ ⎠
50 KN
50 KN
3.2 m
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Drainage and Drainage Structures
Example:
y Stress analysis:
y Case 3: Rear axle of vehicles moving in opposite direction on top
of the pipe 30 KN
30 KN
50 KN
50 KN
50 KN
50 KN
50 KN
30 KN
σ Z = 2(σ Z ( A 2) )
3.2 m
Point A3 :
30 KN
A = 6.38 KN/m 2
B
Point B3 : σ Z = 5.51 KN/m 2
Drainage and Drainage Structures
Example:
y Stress analysis:
y Total stress (σ)
y On steel pipe: = 36.24 + 6.38 = 42.62 KN/m2
y On concrete pipe: = 41.82 + 6.38 = 48.20 KN/m2
y Thickness of pipe required…
y Steel pipe:
Steel pipe:‐
pD 42.62 × 1.3
t= = = 1.11× 10 −3 m = 0.11 cm → provide 2 mm
( )
2 σ all 2 25 × 103
y Concrete pipe:‐
pD 48.20 × 1.3
t= = = 0.0104 m = 1.04 cm → provide 2 cm
2 σ all ( )
2 3 ×103
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