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Drainage and Drainage Structures

The document discusses highway drainage design, including factors to consider like rainfall, soil characteristics, and surface runoff calculations. It describes different surface drainage methods like ditches, culverts, and bridges to direct water flow. Requirements for highway drainage systems are outlined, such as effectively draining surface water from the roadway and preventing flooding or erosion.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
212 views20 pages

Drainage and Drainage Structures

The document discusses highway drainage design, including factors to consider like rainfall, soil characteristics, and surface runoff calculations. It describes different surface drainage methods like ditches, culverts, and bridges to direct water flow. Requirements for highway drainage systems are outlined, such as effectively draining surface water from the roadway and preventing flooding or erosion.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 20

4/21/2009

Instractor: 
Eyassu Tesfamariam (PhD)

Assist. Instractor: 
Sophonyas Asrat (BSc)

Course contents
y Highway route selection 
y factors considered in highway route selection 
f d d h h l
y Steps in highway route selection
y Geometric design of highways: 
y Design controls and criteria
y Functional classification systems of highways 
y Vehicle and driver characteristics
y Highway cross‐section elements: 
y Lane and shoulders, sidewalks, medians, and pedestrian crossings
p g
y Elements of geometric design:
y Horizontal alignment, Transition and super‐elevation, Vertical 
alignment, Sight distance, Intersections and Interchanges
y Earthwork quantities and mass‐haul diagram
y Drainage and drainage structures

1
4/21/2009

Drainage and Drainage Structures
y Definition:
y Highway drainage is the process of collecting, transporting, and 
disposing of surface water and underground water encountered 
within the limits of the ROW and adjacent territory.
y The serviceability of a highway is greatly dependant upon the 
adequacy of its drainage system.
y Drainage costs 20 – 25% of the total highway cost.
y Proper drainage design is essential.
y It is an integral part of an economic road design.
g p g
y Good drainage design… good highway location that avoid
y Poorly drained areas
y Unstable soil
y Frequently flooded areas 
y Unnecessary stream crossings

Drainage and Drainage Structures
y Highways by their nature cut across natural drainage ways 
g y y g y
and streams…
y Adequate and economical drainage is absolutely essential for
y The protection of the environment
y Safeguarding the lives of the persons using the highway

y Problems resulting from poor drainage
y Standing water on pavements is a danger to traffic safety
y Seepage water into pavement and subgrade leads to… 
y Development of soft spots & breakup of the surfacing
y Streams have the power to…
y Destroy roadways by force & holdup traffic by flooding

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4/21/2009

Drainage and Drainage Structures

Drainage and Drainage Structures
y Requirements of highway drainage system
q g y g y
y Surface water from carriageway and shoulder should 
effectively be drained
y Surface water from adjoining land should be prevented from 
entering the roadway
y Flow of surface water across the road and shoulders and 
along slopes shouldn’t cause formation of cross ruts or 
erosion
y Seepage and other sources of underground water should be 
drained off by the subsurface drainage system
y In water logged areas special precautions should be taken

3
4/21/2009

Drainage and Drainage Structures
Environmental considerations

Environmental, Social, and 
Economic impacts…

Drainage and Drainage Structures
y Factors to be considered in drainage design
y Size of the area to be drained
y Expected maximum rainfall
y Slop of the surrounding terrain / possible rate of runoff
y Characteristics of the soil (incl.: permeability, tendency 
to erode)
y Presence of springs or other underground water
y General elevation of the ground water level
y Minimum depth of cover required to protect pipes from 
traffic loads

4
4/21/2009

Drainage and Drainage Structures
y Surface Drainageg
y The measure taken to control the flow of surface water is 
generally termed as surface drainage.
y Structures that provide for surface drainage include:
y Roadway Crown, Shoulder, Side Ditches, Cross‐sectional Ditches 
(Fords), Culverts, Bridges.

y The flow of surface water adjacent to highways is frequently 
accompanied by detrimental soil erosion resulting in
y Destruction of productive soils, Soil erosion is likely to happen if the 
velocity of water exceeds 0.61 m/s.
y Clogging of ditches and drainage structures

Drainage and Drainage Structures
y Surface Drainage
y Hydrological study:‐ To determine amount of water
y Hydraulic study:‐ To design the drainage facility

y Hydrological study
y Precipitation: Rain, Hail, or Snow
y Important – Rainfall intensity and duration

y Runoff: difference b/n amount of rainfall and loss due to 
infiltration, evaporation, transpiration, interception, & 
storage

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4/21/2009

Drainage and Drainage Structures
y Surface Drainage
g
y Methods to determine surface runoff
y Rational method (Lloyed‐Daves) [≤ 10 km2]
y Talbot method (10 – 100 km2)

y Rational method
Where: Q = 0.278 CIA Qd = 2Q
3
y Q = Discharge (m /sec)
y C = Runoff coefficient (represent rate of runoff to rainfall)
y I = Rainfall intensity (mm/hr)
y A = Catchment area (km2)    [If A is in ha, 1 ha = 100 km2]

Drainage and Drainage Structures
Surface Drainage
Values of runoff coefficient (C) – Rational method
Types of Surface Runoff Coefficient, C
RURAL AREAS
Concrete or sheet asphalt pavement 0.8 – 0.9
Asphalt macadam pavement 0.6 – 0.8
Gravel roadways or shoulders 0.4 – 0.6
Bare earth 0.2 – 0.9
Steep grass areas (slope 2 : 1) 0.5 – 0.7
Turf meadows 0.1 – 0.4
Forest area 0.1 – 0.3
C li
Cultivated fields
d fi ld 02 04
0.2 – 0.4
URBAN AREAS
Flat residential, ≈ 30% of area impervious 0.4
Flat residential, ≈ 60% of area impervious 0.55
Moderately steep residential, ≈ 50% of area impervious 0.65
Moderately steep residential, ≈ 70% of area impervious 0.8
Flat commercial, ≈ 90% of area impervious 0.8
              NB: For flat slopes or permeable soil, use the lower values
                     For steep slopes or impermeable soil, use the higher values

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4/21/2009

Drainage and Drainage Structures
y Surface Drainage
g
y Talbot method
y Discharge for middle size catchment areas (10 – 100 km2)

Q = 33.6 ⋅ k (C1 + C2 + C3 ) A
Where:
y Q = Discharge (m3/sec) Qd = 2Q
y A = Catchment area (km2)
y k = Coefficient depending on size of basin area
y C1 = Coefficient of vegetation
y C2 = Coefficient of slope
y C3 = Coefficient of shape of catchment area

Drainage and Drainage Structures
Surface Drainage
Values for different coefficients – Talbot formula
2
Size of catchment area (km ) Value of k
0 ‐ 50 1.20
50 ‐ 75 1.00
75 ‐ 500 0.90
500 ‐ 1000 0.75

Vegetation Cover Values of C1
Desert or Mountains, without Vegetation 0.20
Pasture grass, or scattered bush 0.17
scattered bush or dense bush 0.13
Heavy stand of trees 0.10

7
4/21/2009

Drainage and Drainage Structures
Surface Drainage
Values for different coefficients – Talbot formula

Slope of drainage area Values of C2
above 15% 0.50
5 ‐ 15% 0.37
1 ‐ 5% 0.23
below 1% 0.10

Shape of catchment area Value of C3
Length equals width 0.3
Length equals 2½ times width 0.2
Length equals 5 times width 0.1

Drainage and Drainage Structures
Surface Drainage
y Hydraulic Design
Once the peak runoff has been determined for a particular 
catchment, the next step is the hydraulic design of the drainage 
system to carry it. 

y The Manning equation:
R2 3 ⋅ S1 2
Qd = A ⋅ v = A ⋅
n
y Where:
Q = Design discharge (m3/sec)
A = Cross sectional area of the channel (m2)
A
v = Velocity of flow (m/sec)
R=
R = Hydraulic radius P
Sy = the slop of the channel
.
n = Manning’s roughness coefficient
P = wetted perimeter

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4/21/2009

Drainage and Drainage Structures
Surface Drainage
Values of Manning’s roughness coefficient

Drainage and Drainage Structures
Surface Drainage
Maximum safe velocity if channel erosion is to be prevented

9
4/21/2009

Drainage and Drainage Structures
Surface Drainage
y Best hydraulic sections
y a) Semi‐circular cross‐section
y This x‐section is the best hydraulic section
y for a given Q, S, and n  smallest A and P 
y for a given A, S, and n  max. Q and min. P
y b) Rectangular cross‐section
y c) Trapezoidal cross‐section
) T id l  ti
y d) Circular cross‐section
y full A = π r 2 , P = 2π r
A π r2 r
R= = =
P 2π r 2

Drainage and Drainage Structures
Surface Drainage
y Best hydraulic sections
y Rectangular section

A = bh ⇒ b = A / h
P = 2 h + b = 2h + A / h
dP A
h = 2− 2 = 0
dh h
⇒ A = 2h 2 and b = 2h
b
A 2h 2 h
R= = =
P 2 h + 2h 2

10
4/21/2009

Drainage and Drainage Structures
Surface Drainage A=⎜
⎛ B+b⎞ (b + 2mh + b ) ⋅ h
⎟h =
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
y Best hydraulic sections
⇒ A=
(2b + 2mh ) ⋅ h = (b + mh ) ⋅ h
y Trapezoidal section 2
⇒ b = A / h − mh
B a = (mh) 2 + h 2 = h 1 + m 2

a h 1 P = 2a + b = 2h 1 + m 2 + ( A / h − mh )
m
dP
= 2 1 + m2 − A / h2 − m = 0
b dh
⇒ A / h2 = 2 1 + m2 − m
(
⇒ A = h2 2 1 + m2 − m )
A
⇒ h=
2 1 + m2 − m

Drainage and Drainage Structures
Surface Drainage
P = 2h 1 + m 2 + ( A / h − mh )
y Best hydraulic sections
y Trapezoidal section P = 2h 1 + m 2 +
(
h2 2 1 + m2 − m
− mh
)
h
= 2h 1 + m 2 + 2h 1 + m 2 − mh − mh
B
= 4h 1 + m 2 − 2mh

a h 1 (
= 2h 2 1 + m 2 − m )
m
(
A h2 2 1 + m2 − m h )
b
R= =
( =
P 2h 2 1 + m 2 − m 2 )
b = A / h − mh
( )
= h 2 1 + m 2 − m − mh = 2h 1 + m 2 − m ( )
(
B = b + 2mh = 2h 1 + m 2 )

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4/21/2009

Drainage and Drainage Structures
Surface Drainage
y Best hydraulic sections
y Trapezoidal section P = 2h 1 + m 2 + A / h − mh

B
dP 1
(
= ⋅ 2h 1 + m 2
dm 2
)
−1/ 2
⋅ 2m − h = 0

2mh 2m
1 = −h =0 ⇒ =1
a h 1+ m 2
1 + m2
m
⇒ 2m = 1 + m 2
b ⇒ 4m 2 = 1 + m 2 ⇒ 3m 2 = 1
1 3
⇒ m= = = 0.577
3 3
⇒ α = 60 0

Drainage and Drainage Structures
Surface Drainage
y Example:
The drainage area which contributes runoff to a proposed 
culvert installation is 1.30 km2 in extent. The rainfall intensity 
of the area is 57 mm/hr. The area has an average slope of 
about 4%. Assuming a runoff coefficient of 0.25, determine 
the quantity of flow and design the size of the culvert. [NB: If 
slope of culvert is not given, use S = 10% as a default value]

y Solution: Given : C = 0.25 , I = 57 mm/hr , A = 1.3 km 2


Q = 0.278 C I A
= 0.278(0.25 × 57 × 1.30) = 5.15 m 3 /sec
y .
Qd = 2Q = 10.3 m 3 /sec

12
4/21/2009

Drainage and Drainage Structures
Surface Drainage
y Concrete Pipe
p navg = 0.0134

r
A 2 / 3 1/ 2
Qd = R S
n
π r2 ⎛ r ⎞ ⎛ 4 ⎞
2/3 1/ 2

⇒ 10.30 = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
0.0134 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 100 ⎠
⎛ π ⋅ (0.04)1/ 2 ⎞
= r 3 / 8 ⎜⎜ ⎟ = 29.54 r 8 / 3
2/3 ⎟
⎝ 0 .0134 × 2 ⎠

⇒ r = 0.67 m → say 0.70 m

Drainage and Drainage Structures
Surface Drainage
y Box Culvert
navg = 0.021 (masonry lining)

A 2 / 3 1/ 2
Qd = R S
n
2/3 1/ 2
2h 2 ⎛ h ⎞ ⎛ 4 ⎞
⇒ 10.30 = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
0.021 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 100 ⎠
1.11 m

1 0 m
1.0 m
= 12 h8 / 3
⇒ h = 0.944 m ≈ 1.0 m
2.0 m
→ take h = 1.10 m (to make it atm. flow)
b = 2 h = 2. 0 m

13
4/21/2009

Drainage and Drainage Structures
Surface Drainage
y Pressure due to external loads
a) Overburden pressure on the culvert
b) Traffic loading

B ≤ 1.5
D

Large Z implies………. ??
Small Z implies………. ??
B

Drainage and Drainage Structures
Surface Drainage
y Overburden pressure 
p
y Flexible pipes – steel pipe
p = kγ BD
y Ridged pipes – concrete, cast iron, etc…
p = k γ B2
Where:
p = Applied pressure per meter
k = A Coefficient (Value depends on type of pipe & characteristic 
 A C ffi i t (V l  d d    t   f  i  &  h t i ti  
of foundation and backfill)
B = Trench width (m)
γ = Unit weight of the back fill (KN/m3)
D = Diameter of pipe or culvert (m)

14
4/21/2009

Drainage and Drainage Structures
Surface Drainage
y Overburden pressure –
p Values of k
Unit Dry sand Saturated Saturated
weight & gravel top soil Clay clay
Z/B γ −−> 16 16 19.2 20.8
1 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.90
2 1.45 1.50 1.55 1.62
3 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.26
4 2.22 2.33 2.49 2.65
5 2 45
2.45 2 60
2.60 2 80
2.80 3 03
3.03
6 2.60 2.78 3.04 3.33
7 2.75 2.95 3.23 3.57
8 2.80 3.03 3.37 3.76
9 2.88 3.11 3.48 3.92
10 2.92 3.17 3.56 4.04

Drainage and Drainage Structures
Surface Drainage
y Traffic load transmitted to the culvert
Boussinesq’s Equation:
F 3z 3
σz = ⋅
F (
2π r 2 + z 2 )
5/ 2

or

F 3 / 2π
z σz = ⋅
σz z ⎛ ⎛ r ⎞ 2 ⎞5 / 2
2

⎜1 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎟
⎜ ⎝z⎠ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
r Where:
F = Concentrated load from traffic
σz = Stress induced to the culvert 

15
4/21/2009

Drainage and Drainage Structures
Surface Drainage
y Analysis of Thickness:
y
y Thin wall cylinder principles dR = p dA = pL(D 2 )dθ
dRV = dR Sinθ = pL(D 2 ) Sinθ dθ

[− Cosθ ]π0
π
pLD pLD
RV = ∫ Sinθ dθ =
A p A D 02 2
RV = pDL
P P
∑V = 0 ⇒ RV = pDL = 2 P
L

thickness, t
Stress in the longitudinal section
θ P pDL pD pD
dθ σ= = = ⇒ t=
Aw 2tL 2t 2σ
Section A‐A dR=PdA

Drainage and Drainage Structures
Example:
The catchment area which contributes runoff to the proposed 
culvert installation is 28.3 ha of bare earth, 40.5 ha of forested 
l  i ll i  i   8  h   f b   h   h   f f d 
area and 101.2 ha of cultivated fields. The rainfall intensity is 64 
mm/hr and the average slope of the terrain is 3%. Determine the 
quantity of flow and design a circular culvert if n=0.011. The pipe 
is buried in a trench 1.5 m wide and backfilled with dry sand. The 
top of the pipe is 3.2 m below the road. The pipe passes at a 
perpendicular direction under a two carriage way road which 
carries a critical vehicle whose loading is shown below. 
(Density of dry sand  γ = 16 KN/m3)
(Density of dry sand, γ

Find the required thickness of the pipe if 
a) the pipe is made of steel, σall = 25 MPa
b) the pipe is made of concrete, σall = 3 MPa

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4/21/2009

Drainage and Drainage Structures
Example:

6 Ton 10 Ton 2.4 m


5.2 m

Drainage and Drainage Structures
Example:
y Solution:
Weighted average CW
Q = 0.278 I ∑ Ai Ci
A1     = 28.3 Ha C1     = 0.55
A2     = 40.5 Ha C2     = 0.2 C1 A1 + C2 A2 + C3 A3
CW = = 0.318
A3     = 101.2 Ha C3     = 0.3 A1 + A2 + A3
Sum 170 Ha

Q = 0.278 CIA = 0.278 × 0.318 × 64 × (170 100) = 9.618 m 3 /sec


Qd = 2Q = 19.24 m 3 /sec
A 2 / 3 1/ 2 π r 2 ⎛ r ⎞
2/3
r8/3
Qd = R S = ⎜ ⎟ (0.10)1/ 2 =
n 0.011 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 0.0176
⇒ r = (0.3382) 3 / 8 = 0.665 → r = 0.65 m (b/c Q d = 2Q)
D = 2 r = 1.30 m

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4/21/2009

Drainage and Drainage Structures
Example:
y Overburden pressure:

Z 3.2 Value of k Æ 1.90


= = 2.13 1.45 x
B 1.5
2.0 2.13 3.0
x = 1.45 + (0.13 + 0.45) 1.0 = 1.51 = k

Steel pipe : pst = kγBD = 1.51× 16 × 1.5 × 1.30 = 47.112 KN/m 3


Concrete pipe : pc = kγB 2 = 1.51× 16 × 1.52 = 54.36 KN/m 3
⇒ σ st = pst D = 36.24 KN/m 2
σ c = pc D = 41.82 KN/m 2

Drainage and Drainage Structures
Example:
y Stress analysis:
y Case 1: Front axle on top of the pipe
50 KN

50 KN

30 KN

30 KN
30 KN
F 3 / 2π
σz =
3.2 m


z ⎛ ⎛ r ⎞ 2 ⎞5 / 2
2

A ⎜1 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎟
⎜ ⎝z⎠ ⎟
B ⎝ ⎠

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4/21/2009

Drainage and Drainage Structures
Example:
y Stress analysis:
y Case 1:
30 ⎛⎜ 0.417 0.477 ⎞

σZ = +
( ) ( )
Point A1 :
3.2 2 ⎜⎝ 1 + (0)2 5 / 2 1 + (2.4 3.2)2 5/ 2


⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟
50 ⎜ 0.417 0.477 ⎟ = 2.014 KN/m 2
+ 2 +
⎜ (
3.2 ⎜ 1 + (5.2 3.2)2 )
5/ 2
⎛1 +
⎜ ( 2

5.2 + 2.4 3.2 ⎟ ⎟
2 2
5
)
/ 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎝ ⎠ ⎠
Point B1 :
⎡ ⎛ ⎞⎤

30 ⎛ ⎞ 50 ⎜ ⎟⎥
σ Z = 2× ⎢ 2 ⎜
0.477 ⎟+ ⎜ 0.477 ⎟⎥ = 2.181 KN/m 2


3. 2 ⎜(
⎝ 1 + (1.2 3.2)
2
)
5/ 2
⎟ 3.2 2 ⎜ ⎛
⎠ ⎜ ⎜1 + ( 2

5
5.2 + 1.2 3.2 ⎟ ⎟⎥
2 2
)
/ 2 ⎟⎥
⎣ ⎝⎝ ⎠ ⎠⎦

Drainage and Drainage Structures
Example:
y Stress analysis:
y Case 2: Rear axle on top of the pipe
30 KN
F 3 / 2π
30 KN
σz = ⋅
z 2 ⎛ ⎛ r ⎞ 2 ⎞5 / 2
⎜1 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎟
⎜ ⎝z⎠ ⎟
50 KN ⎝ ⎠
50 KN
50 KN
3.2 m

Point A2 : σ Z = 3.189 KN/m 2


A Point B2 : σ Z = 3.456 KN/m 2
B

19
4/21/2009

Drainage and Drainage Structures
Example:
y Stress analysis:
y Case 3: Rear axle of vehicles moving in opposite direction on top 
of the pipe 30 KN

30 KN
50 KN

50 KN
50 KN
50 KN
50 KN
30 KN
σ Z = 2(σ Z ( A 2) )
3.2 m

Point A3 :
30 KN
A = 6.38 KN/m 2
B
Point B3 : σ Z = 5.51 KN/m 2

Drainage and Drainage Structures
Example:
y Stress analysis:
y Total stress (σ)
y On steel pipe: = 36.24 + 6.38 = 42.62 KN/m2
y On concrete pipe:  = 41.82 + 6.38 = 48.20 KN/m2

y Thickness of pipe required…
y Steel pipe:
Steel pipe:‐
pD 42.62 × 1.3
t= = = 1.11× 10 −3 m = 0.11 cm → provide 2 mm
( )
2 σ all 2 25 × 103
y Concrete pipe:‐
pD 48.20 × 1.3
t= = = 0.0104 m = 1.04 cm → provide 2 cm
2 σ all ( )
2 3 ×103

20

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