STRUCTURAL STEEL

CONSTRUCTION
 Structural Steel 4.0
Construction 4. STRUCTURAL STEEL
Structural Steel 4.1
Shapes
CONSTRUCTION
Structural Steel
Framing
4.1 STRUCTURAL STEEL SHAPES
Steel Columns & The most common shapes of structural steel used in buildings are the
Connections
American Standard Steel Shapes such as:
Steel Beams &
Connection 1. Square Bars
Open-Web Steel 2. Round Bars
Joists 3. Plate Bars
4. Angle Bars
Metal Decking
5. Channels – The standard channel has the shape of unsymmetrical
Steel Trusses and balance consisting of two flanges on one side. It requires lateral support
Rigid Frames to prevent its tendency to buckle. Channels are generally used as parts of
Structural Steel built-up sections for columns and are also suitable for framing around
Framing Systems floor openings, spandrels and lintels attributed to the absence of flanges
on the other side. The channel section is identified as C 15 x 20 which
Joining of Steel
Members means that the channel has a depth of 20 cm and weights 15 kg per
meter length.
6. I-Beams – The use of a standard I-beam as a column is uneconomical
because the whirl or revolving action of the member about an axis through
the centroid of the web is comparatively small.
 Structural Steel 4.0
Construction

Structural Steel 4.1

Shapes

Structural Steel 7. Tee Beams

Framing

Steel Columns & 8. H-Columns

Connections

Steel Beams & 9. Wide Flanges – Wide Flange sections are designated as W 12 x 24
Connection which mean that the flange has a depth of 24 cm and weighs 12 kg per
meter length. All wide flange sections are generally with parallel face
Open-Web Steel
Joists flange except those with 5% slope inside face produced by Bethlehem
Steel Company. Comparatively, wide flange sections are more efficient
Metal Decking than standard I-beams with respect to bending resistance.
Steel Trusses and
Rigid Frames 10. Zees – The zee section is another structural form in a letter Z which is
not frequently used in building construction except for the fabrication of
Structural Steel
Framing Systems steel windows and other frames.

Joining of Steel
Members
 Structural Steel 4.0
Construction 4.2 STRUCTURAL STEEL FRAMING
Structural Steel
Structural steel girders, beams, and columns are used to construct a
Shapes
4.2 skeleton frame for structures ranging in size from one-story to
Structural Steel skyscrapers. Because structural steel is difficult to work with on
Framing
site, it is normally cut, shaped, and drilled in a fabrication shop
Steel Columns & according to design specifications; this can result in relatively fast,
Connections precise construction of a structural frame. Structural steel may be
left exposed in unprotected non-combustible construction, but
Steel Beams &
Connection because steel can lose strength rapidy in a fire, fire-rated
assemblies or coatings are required to qualify as fire-resistive
Open-Web Steel
construction.
Joists The three major types of framing systems are the following:
Metal Decking 4.2.1 One-Way Beam System – each
pair of external columns supports a
Steel Trusses and
Rigid Frames long-spanning beam or girders. This
form of construction is suitable for
Structural Steel long, narrow buildings, especially when
Framing Systems
a column-free space is desired. The
Joining of Steel absence of columns in the interior is an
Members advantage in structures such as car
parks, as freedom from obstruction
makes for greater and safer
maneuverability, besides allowing the
layout of the parking spaces to be
altered at any time.
 Structural Steel 4.0
Construction
4.2.2 Two-Way Beam System – a two-layer system, where beams
Structural Steel frame into girders, increases floor depth considerably and provides
Shapes
4.2 more space for mechanical systems. Steel girders span the short
Structural Steel axis of a building bay thus contributing to the lateral stability of the
Framing structure.
Steel Columns &
Connections

Steel Beams &

Connection

Open-Web Steel
Joists

Metal Decking

Steel Trusses and

Rigid Frames

Structural Steel
Framing Systems

Joining of Steel
Members
 Structural Steel 4.0
Construction

Structural Steel 4.2.3 Three-Way Beam System – is used when a large

Shapes
4.2 column-free space is required, where long-spanning plate
Structural Steel girders or trusses can be used to carry the primary beam,
Framing
which in turn support a layer of secondary beams.
Steel Columns &
Connections

Steel Beams &

Connection

Open-Web Steel
Joists

Metal Decking

Steel Trusses and

Rigid Frames

Structural Steel
Framing Systems

Joining of Steel
Members
 Structural Steel 4.0
Construction

Structural Steel 4.3 STEEL COLUMNS AND CONNECTIONS

Shapes

Structural Steel 4.3.1 STEEL COLUMNS

Framing 4.3

Steel Columns & Steel columns are of the following types:

Connections

Steel Beams & a. Struts of one or two angles. These

Connection are used for compression members in
roof trusses, light towers, and lattice
Open-Web Steel
Joists girders. The two angles of a double
struts are riveted together by rivets
Metal Decking driven through washers placed between
Steel Trusses and the two angles at intervals of 4 to 6 ft.
Rigid Frames

Structural Steel
Framing Systems
b. Starred angles of two or four
Joining of Steel connected by batten plate spaced at
Members
intervals of 3 to 4ft. These are used to
support the light loads.
 Structural Steel 4.0
Construction

Structural Steel c. Latticed Columns made up of channels or

Shapes angles connected by lattice bars are often used
Structural Steel
where light loads are to be supported on long
Framing 4.3 columns.
Steel Columns &
Connections

Steel Beams &

Connection
d. Rolled H-columns. These are obtainable
Open-Web Steel with depths ranging from 6” to 16” and are
Joists
now commonly used instead of built-up
Metal Decking columns in steel skeleton construction.
Steel Trusses and
Rigid Frames
e. Built-up Columns. These are usually of H-shaped section formed by a
Structural Steel combination of plates and angles although box columns with two or more
Framing Systems
webs are not uncommonly used in heavy building frames.
Joining of Steel
Members
 Structural Steel 4.0
Construction
f. Top Chord sections of heavy trusses are usually
Structural Steel unsymmetrical and are made of two rolled or
Shapes
built-up channel sections and a cover plate. The
Structural Steel open (bottom) side of the section is latticed.
Framing 4.3

Steel Columns &

g. Columns for bents are sometimes made up of a
Connections pair of channels and an I – beam with batten
plates at intervals of 3 to 4 ft. connecting the
Steel Beams &
Connection
flanges of the channels. Columns made of four
angles and a web-plate are commonly used in mill
Open-Web Steel building bents.
Joists

Metal Decking

Steel Trusses and h. Battened columns are those in which two

Rigid Frames component parts of the column are connected
only by batten plates. They are decidedly inferior
Structural Steel
Framing Systems to latticed columns and should be avoided if a
continuous plate or latticing can be used instead.
Joining of Steel
Members
 Structural Steel 4.0
Construction

Structural Steel
Shapes In the design of steel columns the following should be taken into
Structural Steel
consideration: No part of a steel column should be less than 1/4” thick. No
Framing 4.3 material whether in a body of the column or used as a lattice bar or stay
plate, shall be of less thickness than 1/32 of its unsupported width,
Steel Columns &
Connections
measured between centers of rivets transversely, or 1/6 of the distance
between center of rivets in the direction of stress. Tie-plates are to have not
Steel Beams & less than 4 rivets and are to be spaced so that the ratio of length to the least
Connection
radius of gyration of the parts connected does not exceed 40, the distance
Open-Web Steel between nearest rivets of two stay plates in this case being considered as
Joists length. In built-up columns the thickness of any outstanding member (for
Metal Decking
example, the outstanding legs of angles) shall not be less than 1/12 of the
width of the outstanding portion.
Steel Trusses and
Rigid Frames
Base plates for steel column are usually made of steel plates and shapes.
Structural Steel Cast-iron bases are sometimes used for very heavy columns. Ribbed cases
Framing Systems may also be used instead of plates and when bolted to the columns, add
Joining of Steel
greatly to the stability of the supporting members because of their greater
Members width.
 Structural Steel 4.0
Construction

Structural Steel 4.3.2 LALLY COLUMNS

Shapes

Structural Steel These are columns made up of a cylindrical steel

Framing 4.3 pipe shell filled with 1:1-1/2:3 Portland cement
concrete. The standard type of lally column is
Steel Columns &
Connections reinforced with only the steel pipe shell. Special
types of columns are obtainable with additional
Steel Beams & reinforcement consisting of steel pipe, reinforcing
Connection
bars or structural steel shapes. The light weight
Open-Web Steel column is 4” in outside diameter with a shell
Joists thickness of 0.134”, while the heavy-weight
Metal Decking columns are from 3-1/2 to 12-3/4 inches in
outside diameter with shell thicknesses of 0.216
Steel Trusses and to 0.375 inches.
Rigid Frames

Structural Steel
Framing Systems 4.3.3 COMPOSITE COLUMNS
Joining of Steel
Members These are columns in which a concrete core is further reinforced with
a steel or cast-iron core designed to support a part of the load.
Steel cores may be structural H-sections or four angles, latticed or
battened; cast-iron cores are usually either solid shafts or hollow
pipe sections. The column may be further reinforced by vertical
rods or bars placed at the circumference and enclosed by spirals.
 Structural Steel 4.0
Construction 4.3.4 STEEL COLUMN CONNECTIONS
Structural Steel
Shapes

Structural Steel
Framing 4.3

Steel Columns &

Connections

Steel Beams &

Connection

Open-Web Steel
Joists

Metal Decking

Steel Trusses and

Rigid Frames

Structural Steel
Framing Systems

Joining of Steel
Members
 Structural Steel 4.0
Construction

Structural Steel 4.4 STEEL BEAMS AND CONNECTIONS

Shapes

Structural Steel
Framing 4.4.1 STEEL BEAMS

Steel Columns & Steel beams may be rolled in the shape of the letter I (I-beams), channel
Connections 4.4
beams or angles. Beams of T shape were formerly used but have now been
Steel Beams & restricted to minor uses. The I-beam is the ideal type of steel beam. The
Connection horizontal portion is the web. Channels are sections of this shape: They vary
Open-Web Steel in depth from 3” to 15”, and in weight from 4.1lb. per ft. to 55lb. per ft.
Joists

Metal Decking

Steel Trusses and

Rigid Frames

Structural Steel
Framing Systems

Joining of Steel
Members
 Structural Steel 4.0
Construction
Girders may be built up of angles and plates riveted together for long spans
Structural Steel and for unusual cases of very heavy loading. Those are of two types:
Shapes

Structural Steel
Framing a. Plate Girders. A plate girder is a beam
Steel Columns & composed of a wide plate, known as a web,
Connections 4.4 at the top and bottom of which are riveted
angles and plates. The simplest type of
Steel Beams &
Connection plate girder consists of a web and four
flange angles. If this does not give sufficient
Open-Web Steel flange area, cover plates may be added. The
Joists
web may be frequently reinforced against
Metal Decking buckling by angles riveted to its sides,
known as stiffener angles.
Steel Trusses and
Rigid Frames

Structural Steel
Framing Systems
b. Box Girders. This is a built up beam
Joining of Steel in which more than one web plate is
Members used.
 Structural Steel 4.0
Construction Beams and girders may be connected to columns by either seated connections or
framed connections.
Structural Steel In a seated connection the bottom flange of the beam rests on and is field-riveted to
Shapes an angle shop-riveted to the flange or web of the column. Another angle is field-riveted
to the column and to the top flange of the beam.
Structural Steel In a framed connection the web of the beam or girder is connected by angles or by
Framing
gusset-plates to the column. In framed connections, angle seats are usually shop-
Steel Columns & riveted to the columns to hold the beam or girder during erection.
Connections 4.4
4.4.2 STEEL BEAM CONNECTIONS
Steel Beams &
Connection
Moment Connections – AISC Type 1 – also called Rigid Frame connections are
Open-Web Steel able to hold their original angle under loading by developing a specified resisting
Joists moment, usually by means of plates welded or bolted to the beam flanges and
Metal Decking the supporting column.

Steel Trusses and

Rigid Frames

Structural Steel
Framing Systems

Joining of Steel
Members
 Structural Steel 4.0
Construction 2. Shear Connections – AISC Type 2 – Simple Frame connections are made to
Structural Steel
resist only shear and are free to rotate under gravity loads. Shear walls or diagonal
Shapes bracing is required for lateral stability of the structure.
Structural Steel
Framing

Steel Columns &

Connections 4.4

Steel Beams &

Connection

Open-Web Steel
Joists

Metal Decking
3. Semi Rigid Connections – AISC Type 3 – Semi-Rigid Frame
Steel Trusses and connections assume beam and girder connections possess a limited but
Rigid Frames
known moment resisting capacity.
Structural Steel
Framing Systems

Joining of Steel
Members
 Structural Steel 4.0
Construction

Structural Steel
4.5 OPEN-WEB STEEL JOISTS
Shapes

Structural Steel
Open web joists are lightweight, shop fabricated steel members having
Framing a trussed web. A K series joist has a web consisting of a single bent
bar, running in a zigzag pattern between the upper and lower
Steel Columns &
Connections
chords. The LH and DLH series joists have heavier web and chord
members and are for increased loads and spans.
Steel Beams &
Connection 4.5

Open-Web Steel
Joists

Metal Decking

Steel Trusses and

Rigid Frames

Structural Steel
Framing Systems

Joining of Steel
Members
 Structural Steel 4.0
Construction
4.6 METAL DECKING
Structural Steel
Shapes

Structural Steel
Metal decking are corrugated steel panels used as a working platform
Framing during construction and eventually as formwork for sitecast concrete
slab. The decking panels are secured with puddle-welds or shear
Steel Columns &
Connections
welded through the decking to the supporting steel joists or beams.
The panels are fastened to each other along their sides with screws,
Steel Beams & weld, or button punching standing seams. If the deck is to serve as a
Connection
structural diaphragm and transfer lateral loads to shear walls, its
Open-Web Steel 4.6 entire perimeter is welded to steel supports. In addition, more
Joists stringent requirements to support and side lap fastening may apply.
Metal Decking
There are three major types of metal decking:

Steel Trusses and

Rigid Frames

Structural Steel
Framing Systems

Joining of Steel
Members
 Structural Steel 4.0
Construction
4.6.1 Form Decking – serves as a
Structural Steel permanent formwork for a reinforced
Shapes concrete slab until the slab can support
Structural Steel itself and its live load.
Framing
4.6.2 Composite Decking – serves
Steel Columns & as a tensile reinforcement for the
Connections concrete slab to which it is bonded
Steel Beams & with embossed rib pattern.
Connection Composite action between the
concrete slab and the floor beams
Open-Web Steel 4.6
Joists or joists can be achieved by welding
shear studs through the decking to
Metal Decking the supporting beam below.
Steel Trusses and
Rigid Frames
4.6.3 Cellular Decking – is
Structural Steel manufactured by welding a corrugated
Framing Systems
sheet to a flat steel sheet, forming a
Joining of Steel series of spaces or raceways for
Members electrical and communications wiring;
special cutouts are available for floor
outlets. The decking may serve as an
acoustic ceiling when the perforated
cells are filled with glass fiber.
 Structural Steel 4.0
Construction 4.7 STEEL TRUSSES AND RIGID FRAMES
Structural Steel
Shapes
4.7.1 ROOF TRUSSES

Structural Steel A truss is a structural framework composed of a series of straight members so

Framing
arranged and fastened together that external loads applied to it will cause
Steel Columns & only direct stress in the members. The upper and lower members of a truss
Connections are called the top chord and bottom chord respectively. The members of the
Steel Beams &
truss which are framed between and join the top and bottom members are
Connection called web members.
Open-Web Steel
Joists
When the external loads act downward and the truss is supported at the
4.7
ends, the top chord is always in compression and the lower chord always in
Metal Decking tension, similar to the upper and lower flanges of a beam. The web-members
Steel Trusses and
are subjected to stresses of either tension or compression. Web-members
Rigid Frames subjected to tensile stresses are called tension web-members; those which
are subjected to compression are called compression web-members. In
Structural Steel
Framing Systems
certain positions, a web-member may be subjected to tension through the
action of a load applied at one point, and when applied at another point that
Joining of Steel load may produce compression in the member so that at one time it will be
Members
subjected to tension and at another time to compression. Such a member,
design to resist either tension or compression, is called a counterbrace. A
member of a truss system which acts only for a particular partial loading, and
which has a zero stress when the truss is completely loaded is called a
counter.
 Structural Steel 4.0
Construction

Structural Steel When a truss is supported at its ends by columns, the truss together with its
Shapes
columns, considered as a unit, is called a bent.
Structural Steel
Framing The intersection between two or more members of the truss is called a joint
Steel Columns & or panel joint and the distance between two adjacent joints along either the
Connections top or bottom chords is known as the panel or panel length. The
quadrangular space, crossed by an inclined web-member, is also referred to
Steel Beams &
Connection as a panel. The axes of all members at each joint should always meet in a
common point.
Open-Web Steel
Joists
The span of a roof truss is the distance between the centers of the supports
4.7
Metal Decking and its rise is the distance between the apex of the truss and the line joining
the points of support. The pitch of a roof truss is the ratio of the rise to the
Steel Trusses and
Rigid Frames span for a truss symmetrical about its center line. The slope of an inclined
member is the tangent of the angle of inclination with the horizontal, usually
Structural Steel specified in inches rise per 12” run.
Framing Systems

Joining of Steel The portion of the roof between two adjacent trusses is called a bay.
Members
 Structural Steel 4.0
Construction

Structural Steel
Shapes

Structural Steel
Framing

Steel Columns &

Connections

Steel Beams &

Connection

Open-Web Steel
Joists
4.7
Metal Decking

Steel Trusses and

Rigid Frames

Structural Steel
Framing Systems

Joining of Steel
Members
 Structural Steel 4.0
Construction
4.7.2 TYPES OF TRUSSES
Structural Steel
Shapes

Structural Steel A. RELATIVE TO THE NUMBER AND ARRANGEMENT OF THE

Framing
MEMBERS COMPOSING THE TRUSS.
Steel Columns &
Connections 1. Complete Frame. A complete structural frame, or truss, is one in
Steel Beams &
which is made up of the minimum number of members required to
Connection provide a complete system of triangles fixing the relative positions
of a given number of panel joints. If the number of panel points in
Open-Web Steel
Joists
the given structure and n = the number of necessary members.
4.7
n = 2p – 3
Metal Decking 2. Incomplete Frame. One in which the number of members is less
Steel Trusses and
than that required by the equation given above.
Rigid Frames
3. Redundant Frame. A redundant frame is one which contains more
Structural Steel
Framing Systems
members than that required by the equation given above.

Joining of Steel
Members
 Structural Steel 4.0
Construction
B. RELATIVE TO FORM
Structural Steel
Shapes 1. Triangular
Structural Steel
Framing

Steel Columns &

Connections
2. Quadrangular
Steel Beams &
Connection

Open-Web Steel
Joists
4.7
Metal Decking
3. Crescent
Steel Trusses and
Rigid Frames

Structural Steel
Framing Systems

Joining of Steel 4. Scissors

Members

5. Arched
 Structural Steel 4.0
Construction C. RELATIVE TO METHOD OF SUPPORT
Structural Steel
Shapes 1. Simple Truss. A truss supported at each end-point.
Structural Steel
Framing 2. Overhanging end span. A truss supported at one end-joint and other joint not an
end-joint.
Steel Columns &
Connections
3. Cantilever span. A truss where the entire support is at one end only.
Steel Beams &
Connection
Panel Length
Open-Web Steel Peak
Joists
4.7
Metal Decking Truss Plate Continuous Lateral Brace

Steel Trusses and Top Chord

Rigid Frames Slope
Heel Pitch
Structural Steel Web
Framing Systems

Joining of Steel Splice

Bottom Chord Wedge Block
Members
Bearing Point Panel Point

Span (Out to Out of Bearings) Cantilever

Overhang Bottom Chord Length

 Structural Steel 4.0
Construction D. RELATIVE TO ARRANGEMENT OF THE WEB-BRACING SYSTEM
Structural Steel 1. Fink 5. Hammer-beam
Shapes 2. Howe 6. Sawtooth
3. Pratt 7. Warren
Structural Steel 4. Scissors 8. Pettit
Framing

Steel Columns &

Connections

Steel Beams &

Connection
FINK
SAWTOOTH
Open-Web Steel
Joists
4.7
Metal Decking
HOWE
Steel Trusses and
Rigid Frames

Structural Steel WARREN

Framing Systems
PRATT
Joining of Steel
Members

SCISSORS
PETTIT
 Structural Steel 4.0
Construction

Structural Steel
Shapes

Structural Steel
Framing

Steel Columns &

Connections

Steel Beams &

Connection

Open-Web Steel
Joists
4.7
Metal Decking

Steel Trusses and

Rigid Frames

Structural Steel
Framing Systems

Joining of Steel
Members
 Structural Steel 4.0
Construction 4.6.3 RIGID FRAMES
Structural Steel
Shapes Rigid frames consist of two columns and a beam or girder that are rigidly connected
at their joints. Applied loads produce axial, bending and shear forces in all members
Structural Steel of the frame since the rigid joints restrain the ends of the members from rotating
Framing
freely. In addition, vertical loads cause a rigid frame to develop horizontal thrusts at
Steel Columns & its base. A rigid frame is statically indeterminate and rigid only in its plane.
Connections

Steel Beams &

Connection

Open-Web Steel
Joists
4.7
Metal Decking

Steel Trusses and

Rigid Frames

Structural Steel
Framing Systems

Joining of Steel
Members
 Structural Steel 4.0
Construction

Structural Steel
4.8 STRUCTURAL STEEL FRAMING SYSTEMS
Shapes
4.8.1 ARRANGEMENT OF VERTICAL COMPONENTS
Structural Steel
Framing

Steel Columns &

Connections

Steel Beams &

Connection

Open-Web Steel
Joists

Metal Decking

Steel Trusses and 4.8

Rigid Frames

Structural Steel
Framing Systems

Joining of Steel
Members
 Structural Steel 4.0
Construction

Structural Steel
Shapes

Structural Steel
Framing

Steel Columns &

Connections

Steel Beams &

Connection

Open-Web Steel
Joists

Metal Decking

Steel Trusses and 4.8

Rigid Frames

Structural Steel
Framing Systems

Joining of Steel
Members
 Structural Steel 4.0
Construction 4.8.2 STRENGTHENING THE FRAMING SYSTEM
Structural Steel
Shapes The framing system can be stiffened against horizontal forces in the
following three (3) methods:
Structural Steel
Framing
1. The structure is composed of rigid frames which may comprise some
Steel Columns & hinged joints but there must be sufficient rigid joints to ensure that none
Connections
of the nodes of the frame is free to move sideways. The members may
Steel Beams & be straight or curved and a variety of shapes may be chosen for such
Connection framed structure.
Open-Web Steel
Joists

Metal Decking

Steel Trusses and 4.8

Rigid Frames

Structural Steel
Framing Systems

Joining of Steel
Members
 Structural Steel 4.0
Construction
2. A bracing system which consists of a triangulated framework of
Structural Steel rolled sections will hold the joints together and further strengthen the
Shapes framework against lateral loads. The center lines of members
Structural Steel converging at a joint should intersect at one point. The joints
Framing themselves are conventionally assumed to be hinged, so that the
members are either ties or struts, loaded purely in tension or
Steel Columns &
Connections compression, respectively. However, the overall bracing effect of a
lattice system can be enhances by constructing it with tiff members
Steel Beams & and rigid joints.
Connection

Open-Web Steel
Joists

Metal Decking

Steel Trusses and 4.8

Rigid Frames

Structural Steel
Framing Systems

Joining of Steel
Members
 Structural Steel 4.0
Construction
3. Finally, shear walls in the form of more or less solid diaphragms,
Structural Steel usually of reinforced concrete, transmit the wind and earthquake
Shapes
forces by shear and bending.
Structural Steel
Framing

Steel Columns &

Connections

Steel Beams &

Connection

Open-Web Steel
Joists

Metal Decking

Steel Trusses and 4.8

Rigid Frames

Structural Steel
Framing Systems

Joining of Steel
Members
 Structural Steel 4.0
Construction

Structural Steel
Shapes 4.8.3 The Ultimate Structures for Skyscrapers –
Structural Steel
Framing THE TUBULAR FRAME
Steel Columns &
Connections

Steel Beams &

The high-rise building conceived as a rigid tube ---
Connection

Open-Web Steel
Joists
If a high-rise building is of suitably compact shape on plan
(circular, square, not too narrow a rectangle), the external
Metal Decking columns can be structurally merged with the external lattice
Steel Trusses and 4.8
bracing or with spandrel girders so as to form a vast rigid tube.
Rigid Frames This stiffening system is particularly effective and economical.
This is due not only to the optimum distribution of the bracing,
Structural Steel
Framing Systems
but also more particularly to the co-operation of all the columns
and bracing or spandrel girders in the external walls.
Joining of Steel
Members
 Structural Steel 4.0
Construction The John Hancock Center, Chicago (architects:
Graham and Skidmore, Owings and Merrill) employs
Structural Steel
Shapes the tube in its framing system. In this 335 m high
100-story building, all the horizontal forces are
Structural Steel transmitted through external bracing, whereby a
Framing
substantial saving has been achieved in comparison
Steel Columns & with a bracing system located in the interior. The
Connections external lattice members form a distinctive
Steel Beams & architectural feature.
Connection

Open-Web Steel
Joists

Metal Decking

Steel Trusses and 4.8

Rigid Frames

Structural Steel
Framing Systems

Joining of Steel
Members
 Structural Steel 4.0
Construction

Structural Steel 4.9 JOINING OF STEEL MEMBERS

Shapes

Structural Steel
Steel shapes can be joined in the building frame using any of the
Framing following fastening methods:
Steel Columns &
Connections
4.9.1 RIVETING
Steel Beams &
Connection
A rivet is a short pin, of malleable metal such as iron, steel, or copper,
Open-Web Steel with a head at one end; used to unite two metal plates by passing
Joists
it through a hole in both plates and then hammering down the
Metal Decking point to for a second head.
Steel Trusses and
Rigid Frames
In structural riveting, a hot steel rivet with a formed head is inserted in
holes through two members to be joined; its head is then held with
Structural Steel 4.9 a hand hammer with a cup shaped depression, while a pneumatic
Framing Systems
hammer drives a rivet set repeatedly against the other end to
Joining of Steel form a second head. The rivet shrinks as it cools, drawing
Members members tightly together.

Rivet set, rivet snap, settoing punch, snap – a tool for shaping the head of a rivet.
 Structural Steel 4.0
Construction

Structural Steel The types of rivet heads are:

Shapes
• Countersunk, raised
Structural Steel
Framing • Countersunk, flat
• Button, coned neck
Steel Columns & • Button, straight neck
Connections
• Pan, coned neck
Steel Beams & • Pan, straight neck
Connection

Open-Web Steel 4.9.2 BOLTING

Joists

Metal Decking The bolts commonly used in steel frame construction falls into two
Steel Trusses and
general categories:
Rigid Frames
Carbon-steel bolts – or common bolts; are similar to the ordinary
Structural Steel 4.9
Framing Systems
machine bolts. Carbon steel is steel having no specified minimum
content of alloying elements; minimum copper content not
Joining of Steel exceeding 0.40%.
Members

High-strength bolts – are bolts made of either high-strength carbon

steel or quenched and tempered alloy steel; tempered meaning,
heat treated during manufacture to develop the necessary
strength. It is usually tightened using pneumatic or electric impact
wrench.
 Structural Steel 4.0
Construction

Structural Steel A major problem in high strength bolting or friction type connections is how
Shapes to verify the necessary tension has been achieved in all the bolts in a
Structural Steel
connection.
Framing There are several ways to achieve proper tightening:
Steel Columns &
Connections
Turn-of-nut method
Steel Beams & Load indicator washer
Connection
Tension control bolts
Open-Web Steel
Joists

Metal Decking

Steel Trusses and

Rigid Frames

Structural Steel 4.9

Framing Systems

Joining of Steel
Members
 Structural Steel 4.0
Construction

Structural Steel 4.9.3 WELDING

Shapes

Structural Steel Welding has become fully accepted as a means of joining steel
Framing structural members in buildings because it has the inherent
advantage of fusing the metals to be joined, thereby simplifying
Steel Columns &
Connections connections and fabricating operations.

Steel Beams &

Connection
A. DEFINITION OF FUSION WELDING (ELECTRIC ARC WELDING)
Open-Web Steel
Joists The fusion welding process employs an electric arc, wherein energy in
Metal Decking the form of heat is supplied by establishing an arc between the
base or parent metal (the parts to be joined) and a metal electrode.
Steel Trusses and As the arc is formed, tremendous heat is concentrated at the point
Rigid Frames
of welding. Instantly, the materials are at melting-point
Structural Steel 4.9 temperature.
Framing Systems

Joining of Steel The parent metal melts in a small pool and additional metal supplied
Members by the electrode is transferred through the arc an deposited in the
pool. As the electrode continues along the joint, the molten metal
left behind solidifies to form the weld.
 Structural Steel 4.0
Construction
4.8.2 COATED ELECTRODES
Structural Steel
Shapes Most welding is done with coated electrodes. The function of the
Structural Steel
coating is to form a gaseous shield, which protects the arc and
Framing molten metal from contact with the air. Oxides and nitrides
resulting from contact with the air tend to produce brittle welds.
Steel Columns &
Connections
The coating also forms a slag-fuse shield, which floats above the
molten metal, protecting it from the atmosphere. The slag is
Steel Beams & easily removed after the weld has cooled.
Connection

Open-Web Steel The size and strength of weld is determined by the length of its leg.
Joists

Metal Decking
For an E60 electrode on A36 steel, the allowable stress may be
computed on the basis of 800 pounds per linear inch per 1/16
Steel Trusses and inch of leg size.
Rigid Frames

Structural Steel 4.9 For A36 steel or higher-strength steels up to Fy = 60 ksi, an E70
Framing Systems electrode should be used and the the allowable stress may be
Joining of Steel
computed on the basis of 930 pounds per linear inch per 1/16
Members inch of leg size.
 Structural Steel 4.0
Construction

Structural Steel
Shapes

Structural Steel
Framing

Steel Columns &

Connections

Steel Beams &

Connection

Open-Web Steel
Joists

Metal Decking

Steel Trusses and

Rigid Frames

Structural Steel 4.9

Framing Systems

Joining of Steel
Members
 Structural Steel 4.0
Construction

Structural Steel C. TYPES OF WELD

Shapes

Structural Steel
Framing FILLET WELD – is of approximately triangular section joining two
Steel Columns &
surfaces approximately at right angles to each other. The fillet weld is
Connections the most common type of weld used in structural work.
Steel Beams &
Connection
GROOVE WELD – is made by depositing filler material in a groove
between two members to be joined. The standard types of grooves
Open-Web Steel are square, V, bevel-U, and J. With the exception of the square
Joists
groove, all grooves may be either single or double.
Metal Decking
PLUG or SLOT WELD – is made of a circular hole (plug) or an
Steel Trusses and
Rigid Frames
elongated hole (slot) in one member of a lap joint, joining that
member to the portion of the surface of the other member that is
Structural Steel 4.9 exposed through the hole.
Framing Systems

Joining of Steel
Members
 Structural Steel 4.0
Construction

Structural Steel
Shapes

Structural Steel
Framing

Steel Columns &

Connections

Steel Beams &

Connection

Open-Web Steel
Joists

Metal Decking

Steel Trusses and

Rigid Frames

Structural Steel 4.9

Framing Systems

Joining of Steel
Members
 Structural Steel 4.0 D. WELD POSITIONS
Construction

Structural Steel There are four positions in welding. In order of economy, they are the flat, horizontal,
Shapes vertical, and overhead positions. Overhead welds, which is the most difficult, should
be avoided whenever possible.
Structural Steel
Framing
E. WELD JOINTS
Steel Columns &
Connections The three most common joints used in structural work are the butt, T, and lap
joints. Other types are the edge and corner joints. Fillet welds are applicable to T,
Steel Beams &
Connection lap, and corner joints; groove welds are applicable to all joints with the exception of
lap joints.
Open-Web Steel
Joists

Metal Decking

Steel Trusses and

Rigid Frames

Structural Steel 4.9

Framing Systems

Joining of Steel
Members
 Structural Steel 4.0
Construction

Structural Steel
Shapes STANDARD WELDING SYMBOLS
Structural Steel
Framing

Steel Columns &

Connections

Steel Beams &

Connection

Open-Web Steel
Joists

Metal Decking

Steel Trusses and

Rigid Frames

Structural Steel 4.9

Framing Systems

Joining of Steel
Members
 Structural Steel 4.0
Construction WELDING SYMBOLS – Examples of use
Structural Steel
Shapes

Structural Steel
Framing

Steel Columns &

Connections

Steel Beams &

Connection

Open-Web Steel
Joists

Metal Decking

Steel Trusses and

Rigid Frames

Structural Steel 4.9

Framing Systems

Joining of Steel
Members
END OF PRESENTATION