Geostationary Satellite

Introduction
Slovene rocket engineer Herman Potonik devised geostationary Earth orbits in 1929, which are
especially helpful for space stations. There are two labels for the orbit: geosynchronous or
geostationary equatorial, and they're interchangeable. (Jiang, 2019)

This first geostationary satellite was created when Harold Rosen was a Hughes Aircraft
employee in the mid-1950s. He made the decision to use a geostationary satellite after witnessing
Sputnik 1 in order to expand communication throughout the globe. During this time period, a
total of 136 persons from the United States and Europe could interact with one another
concurrently. Radios and an underwater cabling were used to broadcast the 1964 Summer
Olympics from the International Date Line. (Kurzrock, 2018)

Satellite Syncom 3 was launched on August 19, 1964 at Cape Canaveral after a Delta D rocket
from Tokyo sent it there. It was on April 13, 1974, that the first commercially launched
geostationary communications satellite in the United States was launched by Western Union and
NASA. Satellites for remote sensing and communication numbered 446 during the year 2018.
Satellites orbiting in orbit around the Earth's axis are the topic of this article.

Paul Fleet/Shutterstock provided the picture for the cover.

Geostationary Satellite
35,800 kilometers above the equator and spanning one longitude of the planet's equator is a
geostationary satellite. Around and around it goes as the earth travels west to east. According to
data from NASA's International Space Station, a satellite completes a full revolution around the
Earth's axis every 24 hours. In part, this is due to the fact that geostationary satellites seem to
remain almost static in the sky when seen from the ground. (Lee, 2019)

According to NASA, a single geostationary satellite is capable of monitoring around 40% of the
Earth's surface from its orbital position. With the exception of a few small circular zones in the
north and south poles, it is feasible to cover the whole planet with three geostationary satellites if
they are spaced 120 degrees apart in longitude. In order to communicate with satellites, it may be
required to use a directional antenna, using a tiny dish targeted at the area of the sky where a
given satellite seems to be currently hovering.

Pro and Cons:

When geostationary satellites are used to steer and maintain an Earth-bound directional antenna,
there are no ground station changes necessary. An antenna for tracking is too expensive. Antenna
arrays with a high density of elements might lessen interference from the earth and other
satellites (HCA). This system's accurate data collection has made ground station monitoring of a
satellite easier than ever before.

Geostationary satellites have a variety of drawbacks when compared to other kinds of spacecraft.
This makes it impossible for many satellites to remain in a geostationary orbit for lengthy
periods of time. A geostationary satellite's real-time position changes every day due to gravity
interactions with the Earth, the sun, the moon's outer planets, and the spacecraft itself. A direct
result is a reduction in the sharpness of the directed pattern, as well as a reduction in the amount
of power that can be given by earth-based antennas. A significant increase in background
electromagnetic noise as the satellite approaches the sun, as perceived from a ground receiving
station, is a fourth drawback of using a satellite to track the sun since the sun is a significant
source of electromagnetic radiation. Only a few days before and after the autumn and spring
equinoxes, respectively, does the sun set. Solar fading occurs just once a day and lasts only a few
minutes even now.

Application
Geographic satellite technology has a wide range of applications, from global communications
and television transmission to weather forecasting and intelligence gathering. Satellites that
circle the Earth Firefighters have used them for more than three decades to keep track of fires
and educate the public. Satellite data from the GOES-7 and GOES-8 satellites were used by
South American scientists in the 1990s to develop an automated biomass burning algorithm
(ABBA). Data about the location and features of fires, such as radioactivity, size, and
temperature may be obtained from geostationary satellites, which are located at an altitude of
more than 2,000 miles above Earth.

In order to monitor the atmosphere, seas, and weather, global geostationary meteorological
satellite networks are necessary. Through the use of both visible and infrared light, the Earth's
surface and atmosphere may be captured by orbiting satellites. Geostationary satellite images can
be used to track volcanic ash, in addition to measuring cloud top temperatures and water vapour
and predicting cyclone paths. Geostationary weather satellite pictures have a large field of view,
are constantly monitored, and have a lesser resolution than those used for long-term forecasting.

Geostationary satellites in geostationary orbit offer ground-based reference signals such as

ephemeris, ionosphere error corrections, and clock updates. All of these readings are derived
from ground-based standards. Satellites in geostationary orbit are utilised as an additional
reference point.
Description
Geostationary satellites are used by scientists to study the Earth's atmosphere. It is impossible for
a geostationary satellite to move. Geostationary satellites travel in a circular orbit around the
Earth and do not rotate with the Earth's rotation. Data "movies" may be generated from a single
place using this strategy. To cover the whole world, satellites must be in geostationary orbit
22,300 miles above sea level. Keeping a geostationary satellite in orbit requires a speed of
around 7000 mph. Satellites GOES-East and GOES-West cover the eastern and western areas of
the United States. In theory, a number of these satellites might be located all over the world."

Use this dataset to learn more about how GOES satellites work. The images from five
geostationary satellites may be combined into a single global image for analysis. In this way,
each satellite may be seen clearly on its own. You'll discover satellite photos from geostationary
satellites at the conclusion of this text, depicting areas throughout the globe. It's vital to keep in
mind that there is no data on either side. Polar orbiting satellites are used to collect information
from the poles. EUMETSAT's GOES-9, NOAA's GOES-West, and GOES-7 are the four
spacecraft presently in service as GOES satellites (JMA). MTSAT is located at a latitude of 140
degrees east (JMA).
Numerical:
It is possible to have a geostationary satellite with an orbit that matches the rotation of our globe.
Geostationary orbit has circular trajectories that cross the Earth's equator.

A geostationary satellite's exact position in orbit remains a mystery.

ANSWER

Gravitational field of a satellite television is determined by Newton's equation, which also

explains how much gravitational force is exerted between a satellite and the Earth in a radial
direction.

F= GMm/r2

When the gravitational constant is denoted by G, the common people of the Earth and the
satellite are denoted by M and M, singly, and the radius of the orbit is denoted by R.

Calculating net force in a circular motion may be done using the formula for mass times
acceleration ω2r, Where is ω the angular velocity?

Thus,

F = ma = mω2r.   (2)

Generally speaking, the angular velocity is measured in terms of degrees per second

ω = 2π/T,   (3)

T is the time interval between each rotation.

When we substitute (3) with (2), we get better results.

F = m4π2r/T2.   (4)

It follows that, using Equation 4 and Equation 1, we may discover how to solve Equation 5.

M 4π2r/T2 = GMm/r2

r3 = GMT2/4π2.   (5)

We do a value substitution to get at

r3 = 6.67*10-11*5.972*1024*864002/4π2

And finally,

r = 4.22*107 m.

The circumference of our planet is 6.37*106 m.

By subtracting the Earth's radius from the orbit's radius, one may arrive at the height h above the
Earth's surface.

h = 4.22*107 – 6.37*106 = 3.583*107 m.

Summary
Geostationary satellite television are discussed briefly before going on to the following section,
along with some of its benefits and drawbacks. There is more information about business and
management as well as the space programme. More than 500,000 commercial and industrial
suppliers are listed alphabetically on this page.

Since geostationary satellites are so close to the surface of the earth, they fly in a circular orbit. A
geostationary satellite completes a full orbit of the Earth at 35,800 kilometers above longitude
equatorial. A geostationary satellite travels 35,800 kilometers (22,300 miles) to orbit above the
equator. The geostationary satellite's true position changes every 24 hours due to gravitational
interactions with the Earth, the Sun, the Moon, and other planets. Satellites in geostationary orbit
are called "geostrategically synchronous satellites" because their orbital period is equivalent to
the Earth's rotation period. A geostationary orbit is one in which a satellite's orbital period is
identical to the time during which the Earth rotates, hence the name.

References
Jiang, H. L. (2019). A deep learning algorithm to estimate hourly global solar radiation from
geostationary satellite data. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 114, 109327.

Kurzrock, F. C.-M. (2018). A review of the use of geostationary satellite observations in

regional-scale models for short-term cloud forecasting. Meteorologische Zeitschrift,
27(4),.
Lee, J. I. (2019). Tropical cyclone intensity estimation using multi-dimensional convolutional
neural networks from geostationary satellite data. Remote Sensing, 12(1), 108.

Sowden, M. M. (2018). Review of surface particulate monitoring of dust events using

geostationary satellite remote sensing. Atmospheric Environment, 183, 154-164.