Topic Date

POLITICAL PROCESSES
ANDTNSTITUTIONS
IN COMPARATIVE
PERSPECTIVE
Assignment Question
What do you undeustand oy a baudysusten o
u hink hat Hhe mulhpouety &stem i i bettu
houn two Pouuty a t m ? Jutky you an sue
wh u t a l l eamples.

Submited to -

Push pa Maam
Submited by-

Madhuu kumau
Sech on - A

Roll no 62/9020
Semester - L

Catizen
Prime
onse- B.A (Hons) Poluhra
Suente
 Date
Topic

PARTY SYSTEM
is stTUctured and GoMplen
Panty Sustem a
nd
Telationship betuween voters, government
relatonship mong dffeYent actoYs present

witminhe polithicad stems

is dfferent rom uwhat

Te Concept o part sem
PaYheg ae. Politicol Partieg ave importont not on
Partteg
hoY
boY he tunc ttong hat heyndertake to
Hep nesenteton, ute o r matton CLnd eorut ment

90o tor mulation,

interest aticulahon aa gveg -
nd
-ahion 20Ctauzaton d mobiuzaton and orqaniz
cuhion og govern ment bot dUb because hay Shr

C cOmle
C ople nelationship u t h othey ParHea pregen
* C o n t eshng the elechonA aund mauimising

Votes Hhemset veg The ole hat poliHcal

ParhHeg play+the oals Fhey y acueve
4he derieion making pro cedure2 h a t happen2
twitun and ou Bidehe parheg t h e banzat-|
-iona Atructwre og h e p o y ,h e Tole et l e -

-adeahp twituhh amd outsicle the structwe

he eustence eb mau and big tacho n withn
Hhe par
Parh nd Hhin inguence n he. decision
Makna PYoeclures Cannot be asgned n

autono nmous &tatus. They have vamous kr'nels

Patterns et politHioad interactiong The
Patterns inteTCLotHon im brocdey 3ense, a

Called PARTY 5YSTEMS

Pauny ustemi depedet on (o) a esponsible

Poua
Ctizen
Prime
 Topic Date

goveynnment (b) the healtty o elechon and Che est-

-ablushment ob Pavhe2 os 2ub&ys tema . As a
dependenk variable, he Pocess ot tor maion o
pary ystem has been attributed to h e 3ystem

e Contrast ond cleavage withui westesn

Bocuete 2
Lipaet Lipsek nd Rokkaan have de volopod t h invento-|
o bo 6 sdciad and politicad cleavages n s0 ciey
leadina to he forma.Hon eb Party ystem "They
beain with he cleavages h o t develope d durirg
he cosbtodlatien phase o atona Community
nd
and aubseauent conglict% in the phage ok centr-

rcultsatien and econo Mic oY8 wth that cLCcopanied

at.The mention abou ou imporBant cleavages
centre.-peripher state - chorch , loLnd - i n dvstr

ond Ownes -wokes eplain he hustott

ra traectory et the tur mation Part ystem
he so ciod ases where h e parties
They eplaih
drew +neis shre ng Hh from. Thel hree- fold cndly

Al state. hat he natom buildera when pene-

-rate imo he cal Jevel binde teritoral Jues-|
-stance .The local Heststances produce atvaetq |
o alonces Cumong and ccross h Communiteg

th he naton'. n tme third phasethese. resisfan|

ces aet channelized into hne fosmation ob purties
.Tne CYy staluzaton o parties led to tor-
Hon o o parh ystem dependirg on
allaceg Cumona oces

|Accordura to Lipset cund Rokkan, in comPaislo

ritaun, he French Revolution pioduced tha
MoS pro found cleovqesun s0ctety T ench
Cottzen
Prime
 Topic Date

Revoluton ahbected 4h Church tundameutaly|

by aising he, OHcU issue o he control ot
he communily mo mg ound 1ssu
issu e o Ha.

Cotrol ots educatton T u cleova{eR be twAn H

Chunch amd H SBeute wRre so oleep hout h e

tended into he domnestuè sphe re
bights wee

duvorce nd
such os
marrioge aveunting o
oganisahon ok chartHeg A+ +he educatona
evel theConttict tuCls ov imparg o 6ree
n d compuls.or educ.ation to chldren b he
Beculan stete and seserving netg tous preathir
wihun he purvieLo t he Church T s fraaer
ed natiomwide mass mobili'zaton mere weya

partes religioudb defence bovn out ot is

process cLnd t ares anto mass moveme nts ahter

h e intro duchon otsutbage tor nen

Counteing h e mobilizatoo b ueligioU Parttes we

he socalt'st par The tremendous pToducton hat

started following h e Andustrial Revoluhon aen
cuted befuwe enhe Primar producer2
n the YUrad cnd +ha treuderz and enterpren-
-eor in he b an area8. There. were Conlrcks

between ora estat eg and uan trading

otasses, bot theae Conflicts twre, harpened
atevqndustrial Revolution Thuis aot ueflecte.d in

4he national Leaislatures oucsoss he countez

o Nestesnn Europe

Cotizen
Prime
 Topic Date

TWO- PARTY SYSTEM

These is o plethosa of tegatuge avculable on h e pres

PHes ence and Conttnuation o atwo P ty
8ystem Al +he uteratu CLgee on h e follDur-
maun choro.cteyishic% o he two Pary

The e 0T a numbes o small paY ies Present

but only tuoo ehough telectora)
e en To
and deg is latie
Qnd
Atreng th to have he Teal

PAOSpeet bor winnng h e electi on ad ormi

n overnmend

2The lasgest porty basicaly On he leais lature

Stvength ules nd othes paxhy torm
opposition
3 Powe alternatez between tuoo PavHeg a both
Tetaun he Capcuetto be elected alter nafel
0 what teYmed as ovesnment h

wingg-

|CTveat eitain ond United States are often -cifed

modela
ok two -

party ystem There are Co unt

e uke Canada, Australuo and New Zealand

who have twopavty ystems Whn the two
Pot ystems Hheve. are vCrcfiong 9 n Brita
- j , he two- part as Piesent befween 1q4s
ao 1964 Thereabtex came Ob& utt to
the Ado oYty yster As ucke suaS
n AneriGa the ystemn hcs
oloustrnq nets, fstus he. tenet e
Citizen
Prime
 Date
Topic

0hginduty+hot o t w o - Pav 34stam

inscb ed in to 4he. electora ystern ot United
ub tenet o immutabiu'ty
Hcutes Secod t
hat Js t the bedrock e democracy hout
contest.. immune to
S unmo veo bb arisan
it s timeless and unchangig': The uwo
poli Hc
hailed tox t3 Tesponsiveness to
- party System is
he demands ok and etechive,
he votey 23
.9+ UD al0
ehticrent A Ond stable gove
and
t voter
paused for providtng chorces
ocCo untcubi u t parties power and Opposi t
in

onThe tuoo aOmpe ttng Parttez PYovi'dle gt raug stra

-ht oword choices about altenai ve PrOammez

94 i s belueved that
polcte and aove ments
votes Bupport and elect h e party o caYryirgA

out omiseg made m Hheir manntesto 9t

PYomote
also upposedHhat u0party s r e
n d accountalble
and
Sthong a gover m e t 4 encouY-

-auing compebrhion betueen Hhe goveTrir puty

CLnd
Une he oppositon.h e ruung pavt thus
emauns alerb and Can never rela becaub

eb he Constunt Presence eg 0Pposi tHon contron-

hing in t ad outside h e leaislatore Tha
moderation to
tuoo-pavty tem also gUranteez
ccphone he tlocting voBes and Prevents

etreme ideologlca polai zation . n wepocesS

it in some uay talls over con^lict o d aqu-
nen
in stead aluwcys betue ving Consens-

omd conupromise.
hccordnq to isch Hhe two pavy ystem as
|Oan ideole helps democreue to pAOgess 0
Caizen
Prime
 Date
Topic

HhYee. neaSo ns- Fist, he. presence o two payhes

eoues t compet hion o ormation ot vand co

CLccomodate. he. small payftez
- alttion hat
t as well. st enableg citizens to rust
Coithin
mal0
-he m not because Hhe have voted tor
AP e n t but to speak kor Hhe n a t o n as a ushol-

Second, by providrg choiceg ,it PAovides

elot ty to the voteT2 teymg ot y e s ' o r (no'

o continuuuy 0 chonge bavou oK a

Parh cuula party Twrd, it PAovicle s hov smooth

transitton and a esponsible opposifton by altevi-

-na control Dvey he Aoves n m e n t

The fw0- pavtH Sterm has h e Jollouoing draudba-

simultanecty o choice a n d nest-|
ckshYst, ,
+he

-iction makes it inherently paoblematue i onithe

and voters
one hond, it provides chotce to the and

n heothest t estricts the choice be toeen two

Porsties enly Second, it pYo mots
what Disch
that pe-
calls
yranny otuO part 4ystem
-sudes CHzenz to accept h i s one' oY hatE

ne ystem onl Third, it sometmes leads

|+o c l a s s n a t u r e ok the. part stem a n d ideol-
ogic polari zaton at t h e grassvoot tevel anel
ourth in d e Y to outdo each o-Hher's electoral
Pro u s e z he fwo paytes embark on pepuu'st
measureg.

Cazzen
Prime
 Topic Date

Multipaty System
s chavccteyis ed y the
A multiparty system pouty
Presence
mOte han tuo pahes The smalt
parteg Can co-etSst alo euvth+He biq Patteg
nd electoval aYYangeme nts
Hheugha coaltlons
mall
pavhes ith ,the Coclton
These are

h a t restrict the biggeY Paty from Ccomung t

Power.The empivical e vidence does mot
he morme nclouture ok what Conshtuteg a moltt.
E Can be
ParyIn er may{07 eoample ,

Caled a tu and half- pavy stem as both

Crishion DemecYCtue Union cbu) and Social
but
bemocratie fauty SDP) have eaual étrength,
ane orced
o Tce touoYk wih small demo
-a partiegs Coalu ton Partners

one 6the strong points in JaroUY e the mult-

Party stem is hat it reteetehefex ogenety
e soceal stYucture . The minor 6A a s o
Lgroup CanOTau2e hemaelveg to torm a

political party toraube heiy voiceg By doLng

His, he multpart ystem Pheve nts socèu
docé

ugidutyY and 'politcal immobiu'sm in the

pouHcal sqster

|he see o nd asgument in tavous ot mul fiparty

Aystem hat i t createg a sstem og check
amd balanceg and
CwIthn he
anog_ he parhes
debateg
goveTn ment 9 encoUraqes
du's cussiong and dussengio ns on Hhe one

Cizen
Prime
 Topic Date

hand and dialoge, reconciuations cmd conm

oises on he ohey hond 9 t helps aovern

m ernt be e s pon s i v e to compe ting viws

cLnd Contending res pongeg .

The tuid advantoa* B5 mulh pav y skem

hat tt cecteg Stenm e: a ohere + challen
es the tbpar 44stem bor tts assump hon
one Par oves
hat voters attdnat clnoose

he ohes.

The pit falla o the multi- p a r t sYstem a

nceytantty 6vey Hhe coalutton
first, +the
overnment ahter +he electong n
tormation
mult Part ysem he Post elechon a a n -
emeut bAlngs u n c e y tauny ecessive delay
eqonaions aw horse tvadirq This make8

coaluthons inheyently nstab le. The AOvernmm-

anages the
ent nstead ot g0verYL
sqmab&les dr h e Coalituon
leadinA to pouey|
Paralyses Second he mult-panky stem
clean ddeol oatcal alternative
Canno-t otfe a

Thered tend ency toward tmoderation and

Coaluhon poli'HeB does not betueve
eommbroruse".
in convicHon anepolítcs ob p r neis le 9E

belte v CDmmon OLd ox megoh'ation

ond oneconctuaton
toform h e OveTnmen

semse, a multipav syAtem s

democ autie but simu ltaneowsly pOLote POpu
-Jiem and abend ons sie polue iss e

Cticen
Prime
 Topic Date

ConclUsioo
The otuse oh the party Ayskem are wndergoirg
|tremenclous Change io the meo tberal era.
The bases o thetrad honad parhez ane shitting
as hexe is movement ek people acoss Hhe
he
wold The sBable two-
Part8SRms ar e &viT
wey to multi-paty Ayshom An eme es tabush
-e dermoc7a.cies becaue o taons for me.d
socad and polHcodituations 4t Jiemcuns to b
Aeen what a p e the payty4ystem would
would

take once Europecan Union witnesses the 1Brexit

n mamy postcoloniay countries , duffevent kinds

Paxty s t e m ase evolving h e pavysyskem

fs changirg fsom egional to natond, ethnue

to
to Togionalization, from clienttstta to PTocdm
mate

There has been maO shfF in h e nature ot

Tepre sentotion borm o aovernmert in estabu^k-

-ed democvacies vecently Some o the matuned
awd estabushed democvCLte es uke the

U S , Brazil , Jndta ane wtheSsi ng ¢ectora

Auhotarianicm', uwheje +he party leader aye
he estabushed
beun
beung elected btmanipulai
electood psacHees amd 1li bera Democvae wheve
teadlerss afey etttng lected are
supressi4 -
Minovthe O at hues .
n ws situation i t
AemainA to be een twhot uuld be h

nature e the parHeK md Pa system av

atu d,, esteblished
and tledai a epaessenta
Hve demoYaies CLeroSS

Cetizen
Prime