MIRPUR UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

(MUST), MIRPUR

MIRPUR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

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Communications Technology
ET-353

Lecture No.03:Communication System

Engr. Faisal Iqbal

Lecturer

Date: December 01,2021

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Lecture Outline
Communications System
Block diagram of communication system
Elements of Communication system
Losses in Communication System
Electromagnetic Waves/Spectrum

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Communications Systems

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 GENERAL CONCEPTS
Communication is the process of conveying or
transferring messages from one point to another.

Generally, it can be classified into two types

(i) Communication within line of sight
(ii) Communication beyond the line of sight between
point to point.

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 Communications
 Communications
Transfer of information from one place to another. Should be
efficient, reliable and secured.
“A communication system is a process of conveying information from a
source to a destination”

 Communication system Components/subsystems

act together to accomplish information
transfer/exchange
“An electronic communication system is transferring information
using an electrical field as a mean of signal”

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 Requirements
 Rate of information transfer
 The rate of information transfer is defined as the amount of
information that must be communicated from source to destination.
 It will determine the physical form and technique used to transmit
and receive information and therefore determines the way system
is designed and constructed.

 Purity of signal received

 The received signal must be the same as the transmitted signal.

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 Requirements
 Simplicity of the system
 Any communication system must be convenient in order to
be effective and efficient and easy to use.

 Reliability
 Users must be able to depend on a communication system.
It must work when needed and transmit and receive
information without errors or with an acceptable error.

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BLOCK DIA. Of Communication System

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1. Information source :
messages can be in the form of words, groups of words,
code, symbols, sound signal etc.
out of these messages, only the desired message is
selected and conveyed or communicated.
the function of information source is to produce the
required message, which must be transmitted.

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2. Transmitter
A transmitter comprises of electrical and electronic
components that convert the message signal into a
suitable form for propagating over the communication
medium.
This is often achieved by modulating the message signal
with a carrier signal (high frequency signal) to carry the
modulating or message signal.

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3. The channel and the noise:
channel means the medium through which the message travels
from the transmitter to the receiver.

The channel can be of many forms like coaxial cable, microwave

links radio wave links, or an optical fiber.

During the process of transmission and reception the signal gets

distorted due to noise introduced in the system.

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Noise is an unwanted signal which tends to interfere
with the required signal.

Noise signal is always random in nature.

Noise may interfere with signal at any point in a

communication system.

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4. Receiver:
The main function of the receiver is to reproduce the
message signal.
This reproduction of the original signal is accomplished by
a process known as the demodulation or detection.
Demodulation is the reverse process of modulation carried
out in transmitter.
The demodulated signal is in electrical form.

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5. Destination:
Destination is the final stage.
The demodulated electrical signal is converted into the
original message.

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Elements of Communication system

Input
Message Input Transmitter
Transducer

noise Channel

Output Transmission
Message Output medium
Receiver
Transducer

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 Elements of Communication system
 Input Transducer
To convert the message to a form suitable for the particular type of
communication system.

Eg: Speech waves are converted to voltage variation by a

microphone.

 Transmitter
Processes the input signal to produce a transmitted signal that suited the characteristic
of transmission channel.
eg: modulation, coding
Other functions performed: Amplification, filtering

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 Elements of Communication system
 Channel (Transmission medium)
A medium that bridges the distance from source to destination.
eg: Atmosphere (free space), coaxial cable, fiber optic, waveguide
Signal undergoes degradation from noise, interference and distortion.

Transmission systems can be evaluated according to five (5) main

criteria:

 Capacity Performance
 Distance Security
 Cost which include installation, operation and maintenance

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 Elements of Communication system
The two main categories of channel commonly used are:

 Line (conducted media)

 The channel is made up metallic cable (such as coaxial cable,
twisted pair, parallel wires, and others) or fibre optic cable.

 Free space or radiated media

 This is the medium where the transmission of signal is carried
out by the propagation of electromagnet wave.
 The main applications are in radio broadcasting, microwaves
and satellites transmission systems.
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 Elements of Communication system
Loses in medium of transmission
However, each medium introduces losses termed as
attenuation, distortion and adds noise to some degree to the
transmitted signal. The amount of attenuation, distortion and
noise depends on the type of transmission medium used.

There is normally no signal processing in the transmission

medium, it is just the medium where the transmitter is
connected to the receiver.

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 Elements of Communication system
 Receiver
To extract the desired signal from the output channel and to convert it
to a form suitable for the output transducer.
eg: Demodulation, decoding

Other functions performed:

Amplification, filtering.
 Output Transducer
Converts the electrical signal at its input into a form desired by the
system used.
Eg: Loudspeaker, PC and tape-recorders.
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 Losses in Communication System
Various unwanted undesirable effect crop up in transmissions

 Attenuation
 Reduces signal strength at the receiver

 Distortion
 Waveform perturbation caused by imperfect response of the system to the
desired signal itself
 Equalizer can be used to reduced the effect

 Interference
 Contamination by extraneous signals from human sources

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 Losses in Communication System
 Noise
 Random and unpredictable electrical signals from internal or
external to the system.
 The term SNR (signal to noise ratio) is used to measure
performance (noise) relative to an information analog signal.
 The term BER (Bit Error Rate) is used in digital system to
measure the deterioration of the signal.

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 Overview
Communication is the transfer of information from one place to another.

This should be done

- as efficiently as possible
- with as much fidelity/reliability as possible
- as securely as possible

Communication System: Components/subsystems act together to

accomplish information transfer/exchange.

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To be transmitted, Information (Data) must be transformed
to electromagnetic signals.

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 Electromagnetic Waves

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 Electromagnetic Waves

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Electromagnetic Spectrum

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Electromagnetic Spectrum

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Wave length Frequency Transmission Propagation Representative Frequency
Designations Media Modes Applications

Extra High Satellite,

1 cm Frequency (EHF) Microwave relay, 100 GHz
Wave guide Earth-satellite radar.
Super High
10 cm Frequency (SHF) 10 GHz
Line-of-sight radio
Ultra High Wireless comm.
1m Frequency (UHF) service, 1 GHz
Cellular, pagers, UHF
TV
Very High Coaxial Cable Mobile, Aeronautical,
10m Frequency (VHF) Sky wave radio VHF TV and FM,
mobile radio 100 MHz
High Frequency Amateur radio, Civil
100m (HF) Defense 10 MHz

Medium High AM broadcasting

1 km Frequency (MF) Ground wave 1 MHz
radio
Low Frequency Aeronautical,
10 km (LF) Submarine cable, 100 kHz
Wire pairs
Navigation,
Very Low Transoceanic radio
100km Frequency (VLF) 10 kHz

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 Radio Wave Propagation Modes
1 Ground Wave Propagation
Follows contour of the earth Can Propagate considerable
distances
Frequencies up to 2 MHz Example : AM radio

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2. Sky Wave Propagation Signal reflected from
ionized layer of atmosphere. Signal can travel
a number of hops, back and forth
Examples SW radio

3. Line-of-Sight Propagation Transmitting and

receiving antennas must be within line-of-sight
example
Satellite communication Ground
communication

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 Communication System Chart

Communication
System

Continuous Wave Digital Wave

Amplitude Angle Analogue Pulse Digital Pulse

Modulation Modulation Modulation Modulation
(AM)

Frequency Pulse
Modulation Modulation
(FM) (PM)

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Any Question?

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