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Tom Two Mark Question

This document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts in mechanisms and kinematic analysis: 1. It defines kinematic links, structures, machines, and mechanisms, distinguishing between them. A machine transforms energy, while a structure only transmits forces. 2. It classifies kinematic pairs based on their relative motion (sliding, turning, rolling, etc.) and contact type (lower or higher pairs). Constrained motions can be completely, incompletely, or successfully constrained. 3. Kinematic chains transmit defined motion between links. Degree of freedom is the number of independent parameters needed to specify the configuration. Equations like Kutzbach and Grubler's are used to calculate degrees of freedom.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
458 views23 pages

Tom Two Mark Question

This document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts in mechanisms and kinematic analysis: 1. It defines kinematic links, structures, machines, and mechanisms, distinguishing between them. A machine transforms energy, while a structure only transmits forces. 2. It classifies kinematic pairs based on their relative motion (sliding, turning, rolling, etc.) and contact type (lower or higher pairs). Constrained motions can be completely, incompletely, or successfully constrained. 3. Kinematic chains transmit defined motion between links. Degree of freedom is the number of independent parameters needed to specify the configuration. Equations like Kutzbach and Grubler's are used to calculate degrees of freedom.

Uploaded by

Tamil Selvan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

ME3491 -THEORY OF MACHINES


UNIT 1 - BASICS OF MECHANISMS

1. Define Kinematic Link & Mention its characteristics.

Each part of a machine which moves relative to some other parts is called a kinematic link
or element. It need not be a rigid body, but it must be a resistant body.

Characteristics:
 It must be a resistant body.
 It should have relative motion.
2. Define Structure.

It is an assemblage of number of rigid resistant bodies having no relative motion between


them and meant for carrying loads having straining action. There is no energy
transformation within the structure and members are just for supporting and carrying loads.

eg: a railway bridge, a roof truss, frames, etc.,

3. Distinguish between a Machine and a Structure.

MACHINE STRUCTURE
1. The parts of the machine move relative to 1. The members of a structure do not move
one another. relative to one another.
2. A machine transforms the available energy 2. In a structure, no energy is transformed into
into some useful work. useful work.
The links of a machine may transmit both 3. The members of a structure transmit forces
power and motion. only.
Eg: shaper, planar, scooter, car, etc., Eg: bridge, truss, lathe bed, etc.,

4. Distinguish between a Machine and a Mechanism.

MACHINE MECHANISM
1. Machine transmits forces and couples . 1. Mechanism transmits and modifies motion.
2. Machine may have many mechanisms for 2. A mechanism is the skeleton outline of the
transmitting power or mechanical work. machine to produce definite motion between
various links.
Eg: Lathe, milling machine, shaper Eg: quick return mechanism, slider crank
mechanism, Geneva mechanism

5. Define Kinematic Pair.

Each part of a machine which moves relative to some other parts is called a kinematic
link. The two links or elements of a machine, when in contact with each other, are said to form a
pair.
If the relative motion between them is completely or successfully constrained (i.e, in a
definite direction),the pair is known as kinematic pair. Kinematic pair can classified based on
the relative motion between the elements, type of contact between the elements and type of
closure.

6. Write a note on classification of kinematic pairs.


1. According to the type of relative motion between the elements.
 Sliding pair
 Turning pair
 Rolling pair
 Screw pair
 Spherical pair
2. According to the type of contact between the elements.
 Lower pair
 Higher pair
3. According to the type of closure
 Self closed pair
 Force closed pair
7. What are the three types of constrained motions?
 Completely constrained motion- Relative motion between two links takes place in
definite direction.
 Incompletely constrained motion- Relative motion between two links takes place
in more than one direction.
 Successfully constrained motion- Relative motion between two links takes place
in definite direction, not completely by itself but by some other means.
8. Define Kinematic Chain.
The two links or elements of a machine, when in contact with each other, are said to form a pair.
When the kinematic pairs are coupled in such a way that the last link is joined to the first link to
transmit definite motion (i.e., completely or successfully constrained motion),it is called a
kinematic chain. Types of kinematic chain are four bar chain, single slider crank chain and
double slider crank chain.
9. What the different types of joints?
 Binary joint- Two links joined at the same point
 Ternary joint- Three links joined at the same point
 Quaternary joint- Four links joined at the same point
10. Define Mechanism.
When one of the links of a kinematic chain is fixed, the chin is known as mechanism. It may be
used for transmitting or transforming motion. A mechanism is the skeleton outline of the
machine to produce definite motion between various links by transmitting and modifying the
motion. Types of mechanisms are simple mechanisms and compound mechanisms. e.g: engine
indicators, typewriter, etc.,

11. What is meant by a Machine?


When a mechanism is required to transmit power or to do some particular type of work, then
that mechanism is called is called as machine. Machine is a device which converts the available
energy into some useful work by transmitting forces and couple.
eg: shaper, planar, lathe, scooter, car, etc.,

12. Define Degree of Freedom.

Degree of freedom is defined as the number of input parameters which must be independently
controlled in order to bring the mechanism into a particular position or useful engineering
purpose. It is also termed as mobility. Degree of freedom of simple mechanisms can be found out
by using the Kutzbach criterion.

n=3(l-1)-2j-h (Kutzbach equation is used to find the number of degree of freedom)

13. What is difference between Kutzbach equation and Grubler’s equation?

Kutzbach equation is used to find out number of degree of freedom in simple


mechanisms. Kutzbach criterion is given by

n = 3(l-1)-2j-h , where l- no.of links; j- no. of joints; h- no. of higher pair

Grubler’s equation is applicable to the mechanisms which have only one degree of
freedom and consists of only lower pair i.e, h = 0

n=3(l-1)-2j-h
1=3(l-1)-2j-0
3l-2j-4=0 (Grubler’s equation)
14. What is meant by inversion of mechanism?

If one link in a kinematic chain is fixed, then it is termed as mechanism. The method of
obtaining different mechanisms by fixing different links in a kinematic chain is known as
inversion of mechanism or Kinematic inversion.
Eg: Four bar chain – beam engine, locomotive engine, etc.,
Single slider crank chain- oscillating cylinder engine, rotary engine, etc.,
Double slider crank chain- oscillating cylinder engine, rotary engine, etc.,

15. State Grashoff’s law.


Grashoff’s law is applicable for four bar mechanisms. It states that, “The sum of the
shortest and longest link lengths should not be greater than the sum of the remaining two lengths
if there is to be continuous relative motion between the two links, in a four bar mechanism”

16. What are the different types of Kinematic Chain?


 Four bar chain or quadric cyclic chain- It consists of fixed link, crank, connecting rod and
output link or lever.
 Single slider crank chain- It consists of fixed link, crank, connecting rod and a slider.
 Double slider crank chain- It consists of fixed link, connecting links and two sliders
forming two sliding pairs and two turning pairs.

17. Differentiate Completely Constrained Motion and Incompletely Constrained Motion.

When the motion between a pair is limited to a definite direction irrespective of the
direction of force applied, then the motion is said to be a completely constrained motion. e.g,.
The motion of a piston is limited to a definite direction such that it will only reciprocate
irrespective of the direction of motion of the crank.

When the motion between a pair can take place in more than one direction, then the
motion is called an incompletely constrained motion. e.g., a circular bar or shaft either rotate or
slide in a circular hole.

18. Define Successfully Constrained Motion.

When the motion between the elements, forming a pair is such that the constrained
motion is not completed by itself, but by some other means, the motion is said to be successfully
constrained motion. Eg: a shaft in a foot step bearing in which the shaft may rotate in a bearing
or it may move upwards.

19. Explain the types of kinematic pair according to the type of relative motion between the
elements

Sliding pair- When the two elements of a pair are connected in such a way that one can
only slide relative to another, the pair is known as a sliding pair. It has a completely constrained
motion. Eg: piston and cylinder, cross-head and guides of a reciprocating steam engine
Turning pair- When two elements of a pair connected in such a way that one can only
turn or revolve about a fixed axis of another link, the pair is known as the turning pair. It also has
a completely constrained motion. Eg: the crankshaft in a journal bearing in an engine

Rolling pair- When the two elements in a pair are connected in such a way that one link
rolls over the fixed link, the pair is known as rolling pair. Eg: ball bearing and roller bearing

Screw pair- When the two elements in a pair are connected in such a way that one
element can turn about the other by screw threads, the pair is known as screw pair. Eg: the lead
screw of a lathe with nut.

Spherical pair- When the two elements in a pair are connected in such a way that one
element turns or swivels about the other fixed element, the pair formed is called a spherical pair.
Eg: ball and socket joint, pen stand, etc.,

20. Classify lower pair and higher pair.

When the two elements of a pair have a surface contact when relative motion takes place
and the surface of one element slides over the surface of the other, the pair formed is known as
lower pair. Eg: sliding pairs, turning pairs, screw pairs

When the two elements of a pair have a line or point of contact when relative motion
takes place and the motion between the two elements is partly turning and partly sliding, then the
pair is known as higher pair. Eg: a pair of friction discs, toothed gearing, cam and follower.

21. What are the types of kinematic pair based on the type of closure

Self closed pair- When the two elements of a pair are connected together mechanically in
such a way that only required kind of relative motion occurs, it is then known as self closed pair.
Eg: lower pairs.

Force closed pair- When the two elements of a pair are not connected mechanically but
are kept in contact by the action of external forces, the pair is said to be a force closed pair. Eg:
cam and the follower as it is kept in contact by the forces exerted by spring and gravity.

22. What is the use of Oldham’s coupling?

Oldham’s coupling is the inversion of double slider crank chain. It is used for connecting
two parallel shafts whose axes are at a small distance apart (not coaxial). The shafts are coupled
in such a way that if one shaft rotates, the other shaft also rotates at the same speed by the
flanges attached at each ends and intermediate piece.
23. Define the terms mechanical advantage and transmission angle.

Mechanical advantage of a mechanism is the ratio of output force or torque to the input
force or torque at any instant. Transmission angle is defined as the angle between the coupler or
connecting rod and output link or follower of a four bar mechanism.

25. What do you meant by pantograph?

Pantograph is an instrument used for reproducing a displacement or to make a drawing


exactly to an enlarged or reduced scale and as exactly as possible. It is an inversion of four bar
chain mechanism. This mechanism is generally used in copying devices like engraving or profile
machine, minting, milling, sculpture duplication, etc.,

26. What is straight line generators and write its types.

Mechanisms which are used to obtain straight line are termed as straight line
mechanisms. A particular point in the mechanism traces out the straight line for specific purpose
find its application in machine design. It was extensively used in classical machines like steam
engines.

Types of straight line generators are the Scott Russel mechanisms, Peaucillier mechanisms,
Hart’s mechanisms and Watt’s indicator mechanisms.

27. Describe the terms (i) Universal joint or Hooke’s joint and (ii) Toggle mechanisms.
A Hooke’s joint is used to connect two shafts which are intersecting at small angle. The
end of each shaft is forked to U-type and each fork provides two bearings. Applications of
Hooke’s joint are transmission from gear box to differential and knee joint in milling machines,
etc.,

Toggle mechanism- In slider crank mechanism, as the crank approaches one of its dead centre
position, the slider approaches zero. At the instant, the ratio of the crank movement to the slider
movement approaching infinity is proportional to the mechanical advantage. This principle is
used in toggle mechanisms.
28. Define Analysis of Mechanism.

Each link is subjected to definite displacement ,velocity and acceleration. Analyzing


various links in a mechanism to determine the velocity and acceleration is known as analysis of
mechanism. In kinematic analysis, a particular given mechanism is investigated based on the
mechanism geometry plus other known characteristics (such as input angular velocity, angular
acceleration, etc.).

29. What are the different methods of analyzing a mechanism?

 Reactive velocity & reactive acceleration,


 Instantaneous centre method,
 Klein’s construction method,
 Complex algebra method,
 Vector algebra method
 Analytical method

30. Define Rubbing Velocity.

Two links of a mechanism having turning point will be connected by pins. Velocity of rubbing of
pins depends on the angular velocity of links relative to each other as well as direction. The
rubbing velocity is defined as the algebraic sum between the angular velocity of two links which
are connected by pin, multiplied by the radius of the pin.

Rubbing Velocity = (ω1±ω2) * r

Where, r is the radius of the pin

ω1 and ω2 are angular velocities of link 1 and 2 connected by the pin.

31. Define Relative velocity

Relative velocity is a measurement of velocity between two objects moving in different


frames of reference. It is the vector difference between the velocities of two bodies : the velocity
of a body with respect to another regarded as being at rest. Consider two bodies A and B moving
along the parallel lines in the same direction with the absolute velocities V A and VB , then the
relative velocity of A with respect to B is given by

VAB = VB -VA
32. Differentiate between translation and rotation.

Translation: A slide or translation takes place in a body moves in one direction from one place
to another place. It appears like sliding motion.

Rotation: It is a circular movement of an object around a center of rotation. A rotation is a rigid


body movement, which unlike a translation keeps a point fixed.

33. What is a configuration diagram?

It is a skeleton or a line diagram which represents a machine or a mechanism, to study the


velocity and acceleration of any mechanisms. It is also called as space diagram. It is a line sketch
of a given mechanism drawn to a suitable scale & it is the basis for the construction of both
velocity and acceleration diagram.

34. In which case Coriolis component of acceleration is calculated?

When a point in one link is sliding along another rotating link is called as coincident
point. It may have its motion relative to the moving body. In such case, to find the total
acceleration of the mechanism, an additional component of acceleration to be considered, which
is termed as Coriolis component of acceleration.

35. Define Instantaneous centre.

The combined motion of rotation and translation of the link may be assumed to be a
motion of pure rotation about some centre I, known as Instantaneous centre of rotation (also
called centro or virtual centre)

N = n (n-1)/2

where, N- number of instantaneous centre; n- number of links

Types

 Fixed Instantaneous centre


 Permanent Instantaneous centre
 Neither Fixed nor Permanent Instantaneous centre

36. Define Kennedy’s theorem (Three centre inline theorem)

Kennedy’s theorem states that, if three bodies move relatively to each other, they have three
Instantaneous centre and lies on a straight line. Neither fixed nor permanent instantaneous
centers are located by Kennedy's theorem(Law of three centers).
37. Define Coriolis Component of acceleration.
When a point in one link is sliding along another rotating link is called as coincident point.
Whenever a coincident points exists in a mechanism, in order to find the acceleration at that
point, we have to calculate one more acceleration component which is known as Coriolis
component of acceleration.

38. What are the steps to be followed during the graphical method of analysis of
mechanisms?

Steps to be followed during the graphical method of analysis of mechanisms are:

(i) Draw the configuration diagram to the suitable scale.


(ii) Locate all fixed points in a mechanism as a common point in velocity diagram.
(iii) Choose a suitable scale for the velocity vector diagram.
(iv) Draw the velocity vector of each link perpendicular to the link.
(v) Measure the velocity vectors of each link and convert the same to the suitable scale
for respective velocity values.

39. Define angular velocity ratio theorem.


The theorem states that, the ratio of angular velocities of any two links moving in a
constrained system is inversely proportional to the ratio of distances of their common
instantaneous centre from their centre of rotation. When links move relative to each other,
angular velocity ratio theorem can be used to evaluate the angular velocity of different links.

40. List the steps required to locate the instantaneous centre.

(i) Calculate the number of instantaneous centres, N = n(n-1) / 2


(ii) List all possible instantaneous centres with respect to each link.
(iii) Locate the fixed instantaneous centres and permanent instantaneous centres.
(iv) Using of Kennedy's theorem for locating neither fixed nor permanent instantaneous centres.
41. Differentiate kinematic analysis and kinematic synthesis.
Kinematic analysis: the dimensions of the links are known and the output characteristics like
displacement, velocity and acceleration of a mechanism are determined.

Kinematic synthesis: It is the design or creation of a mechanism to obtain a set of required output
characteristics. Synthesis is opposite to the analysis.

42. Define 'Instantaneous Centre', 'Centrode' and 'Instantaneous Axis'.

• Instantaneous centre is the centre of rotation of a moving body which goes on changing from
one instant to other. Number of instantaneous centres = n(n-1) /2; where, n - Number of links.
• The locus (path) of all such instantaneous centers is known as the 'Centrode'.
• A line drawn through an instantaneous centre & perpendicular to the plane of motion is called
the 'Instantaneous Axis'.

43. How to represent the direction of linear velocity of any point on a link with respect to
another point on the same link? give its magnitude.
The direction of linear velocity of a joint on a link with respect to another point on the
same link is perpendicular to the line joining the points. The magnitude of linear velocity of a
point 'B' on a link AB which rotates with angular velocity ' ω' relative to 'A' is VBA= ω AB x AB

44. What type of links will have only radial, only tangential and both radial &
tangential components of acceleration?

* If the angular velocity is uniform, then, only radial component will be there.
* The link which moves in a linear direction, will have only linear, that is,
tangential component of acceleration.
* The links that do not rotate with uniform angular velocity (that is, angular
acceleration) will have both radial and tangential components of acceleration.

45. Differentiate Absolute velocity from Relative velocity. Give the relationship between
the angular velocity and linear velocity of a point moving in a curved path.

Absolute Velocity: The velocity of an object with respect to a stationary reference.


Relative Velocity: It is the velocity of an object with reference to another object.
If ' ω' is the angular velocity of a moving link of length(L) then,
the linear velocity of the link, v = ω x L
46. What is a cam? What are the different basic types of cam?
A cam is a rotating machine element that transmits reciprocating or oscillating motion to
another element, a follower. A cam may be defined as a machine element having a curved
outline or a curved groove, which, by its oscillation, rotation or reciprocating motion, gives a
predetermined specified motion to another element called the follower.
Types: Radial or Disc cam, Cylindrical Cam, Wedge Cam, Spiral Cam, Tangent Cam, Circular
Arc Cam
47. What are the important components of a cam and follower mechanism?
Any cam and follower mechanism essentially consists of three components;
(i) Cam - the driving member
(ii) Follower - the driven member and,
(iii) Guide (or) Frame - supporting and guiding member.
A cam may be defined as a machine element gives a predetermined specified motion to another
element called the follower.

48. Compare the knife edge, roller and mushroom follower of cam
Knife edge follower: used in low speed cams. The wear rate is high at the point of contact.
Roller follower : used where more space is available. The operation is smooth with less
vibration. Used in gas engine valves, oil engine valves, aircraft engine valves.
Mushroom follower : used where the space is limited. Used in automobile inlet & exhaust
valves.

49. Briefly explain important radial cam nomenclature:


Base circle : Smallest circle that can be drawn to the cam profile
Cam profile : The surface of the cam that comes in contact with the follower
Trace point: Is the reference point on the follower to trace the cam profile. In case of a knife
edge follower, the sharp end point is the trace point and in case of a roller follower, the centre of
the roller is the trace point
Pitch curve: Is the path of the tracing point Prime circle: Is the smallest circle drawn tangent to
the pitch curve Pitch point: Is the point on the pitch curve at which the pressure angle is the
maximum
Pitch circle: Is the circle passes through the pitch point & concentric with the base circle
Lift or stroke or throw: Is the maximum displacement of the follower from the base circle of
the cam

UNIT-2 GEARS
1. Define gear.
Gears are defined as toothed wheels which can transmit power and motion from one shaft
to another shaft by means or successive engagement of teeth.
2. Give advantages of gear drive.
 It can transmit large power with low velocity.
 It has high efficiency.
 It is compact in size.
 It is more reliable than other drives.
3. Give disadvantages of gear drive.
 Manufacturing cost of gear is high.
 Manufacturing process of gears is complicated.
 It requires precise alignment of shafts.
 It requires lubrication system.
4. What are the types of gears ?
1) Parallel shaft axes gears
2) Intersecting shaft axes gears
3) Non-intersecting and perpendicular shaft axes gears
4) Non-intersecting and non-perpendicular shaft axes gears.
5. Give types of parallel shaft axes gears.
1) Spur gears
2) Helical gears
3) Herringbone gears
4) Rack and pinion gears
5) Internal gears
6. Define addendum.
Addendum is defined as the radial distance of a gear tooth from the pitch circle to the top
of gear tooth. It is also defined as the radial height of the gear tooth above the pitch circle.
7. What is backlash ?
Backlash is the difference between the tooth space and the tooth thickness which is
measured along the pitch circle. Theoretically, it should be zero but practically some backlash
must be allowed to prevent jamming of the teeth due to tooth errors and thermal expansion
during manufacturing.
8. What is conjugate action?
When a pair of mating gear teeth act against each other, rotary motion is produced which
is transmitted from the driving gear to the driven gear. These gears have tooth profiles which are
so arranged that a constant angular velocity ratio is produced and maintained while meshing.
These gears are said to have conjugate action and the corresponding tooth profiles are said to
have conjugate profiles.
9. What is conjugate teeth?
If any arbitrary shape of the tooth is selected for tooth profile of one of the two gears in
mesh, the profile of the other gear may be found to satisfy the law of gearing. Such teeth are
called as conjugate teeth.
10. Differentiate between involute tooth profile and cycloidal tooth profile.
Sl. Involute tooth profile Cycloidal toooth profile
No.
The profile of cycloidal gears is the double
The profile of involute gears is
1. curvature i.e., combination of epicycloid and
the single curvature
hypo-cycloid.
Due to single curvature profile Due to double curvature profile its manufacturing
2.
its manufacturing is easy. is difficult.

11. Define path of contact.


Path of contact is defined as the path traced by the point of contact of two teeth from the
beginning to the end of engagement
12. What is length of path of contact?
The length of path of contact is the length of the common normal cut-off by the
addendum circles of the two gears.
13. Define arc of contact. [Dec. 2012]
Arc of contact is defined as the path traced by the point on a pitch circle from start to the
end of engagement of a given pair of teeth.
14. What is interference?
The phenomenon when the tip of tooth undercuts the root on its matting gear is known as
interference. It will occurs on mating of two non-involute or non-conjugate tooth profiles.
15. What is undercutting?
If the gear of pinion is cut with a standard tool like gear hob which will also interfere
with the portion of the tooth below the base circle and will cut away the interfering material, then
this process is called as undercutting.

16. What are the types of standard tooth profile?


1) 14. 5 ° composite system.
2) 14. S° full depth involute system
3) 20 ° full depth involute system
4) 20° stab involute system
17. What is the significance of contact ratio in gears? [Dec. 2010]
The ratio of the length of arc of' contact to the circular pitch is known as contact ratio.
For smooth and continuous operation contact ratio must be as high as possible. If the contact
ratio is 1.5 it means there are alternately one pair and two pairs of teeth in contact and on a time
basis average is 1. 5.
18.. List down the common forms of teeth. [Dec. 2012, May 2013]
The common forms of teeth are :
1) Cycloidal profile teeth
19. Involute profile teethWhat is the condition stated by law of gearing? [ May 2013, May 2014]
The condition stated by law of gearing is "The common normal at the point of contact
between a pair of teeth must always pass through the pitch point which is the fundamental
condition that must be satisfied while designing the profiles for the teeth of gear".

20. Define gear ratio. [ Dec. 2013]


The gear ratio is defined as the ratio of pinion speed to the gear speed. It is also defined
as the ratio of number of teeth on gear to the number of teeth on pinion or it is the ratio of
diameter of gear to the diameter of pinion.
𝐧𝐏 𝐝𝐆 𝐙𝐆
Gear Ratio G = = =
𝐧𝐆 𝐝𝐏 𝐙𝐏

21. What is a gear train? & applications of gear train?


Gear train is combination of two or more gears which is used to transmit motion from
one shaft to another shaft.
Applications of gear train
1) Automobiles 2) Clocks 3) Strips
22. What are the types of gear train?
2) Simple gear train 2) Compound gear train
3) Reverted gear train 4) Epicyclic gear train
23.What is the advantage of compound gear train over simple gear train?
The main advantage of compound gear train over simple gear train is that a higher speed
reduction from the first shaft to last shaft can be obtained by using small gears. Hence compound
gear train requires less space as compared to simple gear train for the given speed ratio.
24. What is epicyclic gear train?.& advantages
A gear train having relative motion of axes is called a planetary or an epicyclic gear train.
In an epicyclic gear train, the axis of at least one of the gears also moves relative to the frame.
Example-hoists.
3) It can be used to transmit high velocity ratio
4) They are compact.
25. What is the use of differential used in automobile?
Use of differential in automobile
5) To compensate for the difference in distance that the outer wheel travels while
the vehicle is taking a turn.
6) To avoid skidding.
26. What are the role of' idlers in gear trains?
7) To connect gears where a large centre distance is required idlers are used.
8) Idlers are used to obtain the desired direction or motion of the driven gear
27. Write short note on differentials.
Differentials is the application of the epicyclic gear train with bevel gear. The function of
a differential gear of an automobile is to transmit the motion from engine to rear wheels and
rotate the rear wheels at different speeds while the automobile is taking a turn.

UNIT-3 FRICTION

1. What is drive?
The mechanism used to transmit power and speed from the prime-mover to the driven
machine is called as drive.
2. What are the types of friction?
According to the nature of surface
a) Static friction b) Dynamic friction
According to the condition of surface
a) Dry friction b) Greasy friction c) Film friction.
3. What is frictional devices ? Give examples.
There are devices in which the friction is desirable and efforts are made maximize it, is
called as frictional devices. Example-1) Belts 2) Ropes 3) Brakes 4) Clutches
4. What is dry friction?
When there is relative motion between two completely un lubricated surfaces, then the
friction between them is called as dry friction.
Types of dry friction: i) Sliding friction (ii) Rolling friction.
5. Define film friction & Define greasy friction
When the two surfaces in contact are completely separated by a thick layer of lubricant
and the friction occurs due to the resistance to relative motion between the surfaces and
lubricant, then the friction is called as film or viscous or fluid friction.
When a very thin layer of lubricant is interposed between two contacting surfaces, then
the friction between them is known as greasy or skin or boundary friction.
6. Define sliding friction & rolling friction
If the two surfaces have sliding motion with respect to each other, the friction between
them is called as sliding or solid friction. Example-Nut and bolt.
If the two surfaces have rolling motion with respect to each other, the friction between
them is called as rolling friction. Example-Ball and roller bearings.

7. Define helix angle.


Helix angle is defined as angle made by helix of the thread with a plane perpendicular to
the axis of the screw.

It is given by, 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝑎 = 𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐝


𝟏
𝐜𝐢𝐫𝐜𝐮𝐦𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 = 𝛑𝐝𝐦
8. What is clutch? 𝐬𝐜𝐫𝐞𝐰

Clutch is a mechanism to transmit rotary motion from one shaft (driving shaft to another
coincident shaft (driven shaft) as and when required, without stopping the driver shaft.
Types of clutches:
1) Friction clutches 2) Positive clutches.
9. What are the functions of the clutch?
1) when clutch is engaged, the clutch transmits maximum power from engine crankshaft
gearbox input shaft.
2) When clutch is engaging (clutch pedal position-moving up), the clutch accommodates
minor slippages and hence provides smooth drive transmission without jerks.
10. Why shall self locking screw have lesser efficiency?
The self locking screws require friction in between the thread surface the nut. Thus it
requires more effort to lift the body. For this reason the self locking screw have lesser
efficiency.
11. What is meant by friction clutches?
Friction clutches are the clutches that work on the friction principle that when two
independent disc have relative motion between them, friction is caused.
Types of friction clutches.:
a) Disc Or plate clutches b) Cone clutches
c) Semi-centrifugal clutches d)Centrifugal clutches
12. Give advantages & disadvantages of single plate clutch.
Advantages of single plate clutch are
 Simple in design, construction and working.
 Better heat dissipation from single plate.
 Gear changing with single plate clutch is easier.
 It has better torsional vibration absorbing capacity.
Disadvantages of single plate clutch are
 For higher power transmission, the surface area of clutch plate increases and
thereby increasing the overall size of clutch.
 Clutch pedal force required is high.

13. Give advantages & disadvantage of multi-plate clutch.


Advantages :
1) The overall size of clutch is smaller.
2) It has higher torque transmitting capacity.
3) Drive transmission smoother.
4) Wear and tear of clutch is lower.
Disadvantages
1) The design or clutch-plate set is complicated.
2) It is difficult to service.
3) The cost or rnulti-plate clutch is higher.
14. Give applications of multi-plate clutch.
It is used where high torque transmission is required such as racing car's etc.
It is also used where overall space is constrained such as scooters, motorbikes, etc.
15. What are the significance of friction with regard to power transmission devices like
clutches and bearings?
The power transmission devices like clutches and bearings work on the principle of
friction. When two friction surfaces are brought in contact with each other and pressed, they are
united due to the friction between them.
16. Explain positive clutches.
These clutches are used when positive drive is required. The simplest type of positive
clutch is Jaw clutch which permits one shaft to drive another shaft through a direct contact
between interlocking jaws. These type of clutches are used in sprocket wheels, gears, pulleys,
etc.
17. What are the desirable properties of belt materials?
 High coefficient of friction to transmit the power from one pulley to another.
 High tensile strength to avoid tearing.
 High wear resistance and durability.
 High flexibility
18. What is meant by angle of contact (Lap angle)?
It is the angle made by a common normal drawn to the tangent line at the point of
engagement and at the point of disengagement of the belt on a pulley, at its centre
19. Give advantages of flat belt.
 Flat belts are easy to produce, hence have low cost.
 Flat belt are simple to design and manufacture.
 They have higher efficiency.
 Can be operated in dusty and abrasive atmosphere.
20. Give disadvantages of flat belt.
 Flat belts have limited frictional contact and hence have lower power transmitting
capacity.
 Used for limited speed reduction up to 4: 1.
 They are restricted to single belt usage
21. What are the disadvantages of V-belt drive over flat belt?
 V-belt cannot be used for large distance.
 It is not as durable as flat belt. Since the V-belt subjected to certain amount of creep
therefore it is not suitable for constant speed applications such as synchronous
machines timing devices.
 It is a costlier system
22. What is a brake?
A brake is a device with the help of which artificial frictional resistance is applied to a
moving machine or member, in order to stop or retard the motion of a body.

23. What is the difference between clutch and brake?


The main difference between clutch and brake is that, clutch is used to keep the driving
and driven member moving together whereas brake is used to stop or to control the speed of
moving member.
24. List out commonly used breaks.
 Hydraulic brakes, eg. Pumps.
 Electric brakes, eg. Eddy current brakes.
 Mechanical brakes, eg. Axial brakes.
25. Give desirable characteristics of brake lining material.
 A high and uniform co-efficient of friction.
 Should withstand high temperatures.
 Should have high resistance to wear.
 Adequate mechanical and thermal strengths.
UNIT - 4
1. Define logarithmic decrement?

Logarithmic decrement is defined as the natural logarithm of the amplitude reduction factor.
The amplitude reduction factor is the ratio of any two successive amplitudes on the same
side of the mean position.
2. What is meant by harmonic forcing?

The term harmonic refers to a spring-mass system with viscous damping, excited by
a sinusoidal harmonic force.

F = F0sinω t
3. Define transmissibility?
When a machine is supported by a spring, the spring transmits the force applied on the
machine to the fixed support or foundation. This is called transmissibility.
4. Briefly explain elastic suspension?
When machine components are suspended from elastic members, the vibrational force
produced by the machine components will not be transmitted to the foundation. This is
called elastic suspension.

5. Specify any two industrial application where the transmissibility effects of vibration
are important?
(a) All machine tools, and(b) All turbo machines.

6. What is vibration isolation?


The term vibration isolation refers to the prevention or minimisation of vibrations and
their transmission due to the unbalanced machines.

7. Specify the importance of vibration isolation?


When an unbalanced machine is installed on the foundation, it produces vibration in the
foundation. So, in order to prevent these vibrations or to minimize the transmission of
forces to the foundation, vibration isolation is important.

8. What are the methods of isolating the vibration?


 High speed engines/machines mounted on foundation and supports cause vibrations of
excessive amplitude because of the unbalanced forces. It can be minimized by
providing “spring -damper” , etc.
 The materials used for vibration isolation are rubber, felt cork, etc. These are placed
between the foundation and vibrating body.

9. Give Examples of forced vibrations.


 Ringing of electrical bell
 The vibrations of air compressors, internal combustion engines, machine tools and
various oth er machinery.

10.What are the types of external excitation?


 Periodic forces
 Impulsive forces and
 Random forces.
11.What are isolating materials?
 Rubber
 Felt
 Cork
 Metallic Springs

12.Define vibration isolation.


The process of reducing the vibrations of machines and hence reducing the transmitted force
to the foundation using vibration isolating materials is called vibration isolation.

13.What are the types of isolation?


 Isolation of force
 Isolation of motion.
14.Define Amplitude Transmissibility.
Amplitude transmissibility is defined as the ratio of absolute amplitude of the mass
( excitation amplitude(y).
15. What do you mean by inertia?
The property of matter offering resistance to any change of its state of rest or of uniform
motion in a straight line is known as inertia.

16. Define inertia force?


The inertia force is an imaginary force, which when acts upon a rigid body, brings it in an
equilibrium position.
Inertia force = - Acceleration force = - m. a

17. State D’ Alembert’s principle?


D’ Alembert’s principle states that the inertia forces and torques, and the external forces
and torques acting on a body together result in statically equilibrium.
18. State the principle of superposition?
The principle of superposition states that for linear systems the individual responses to
several disturbances or driving functions can be superposed on each other to obtain the
total response of the system.
19. Define: piston effort?
Piston effort is defined as the net or effective force applied on the piston, along the line of
stroke. It is also known as effective driving force (or) net load on the gudgeon pin.

20. Define crank effort and crank-pin effort?


* Crank effort is the net effort (force) applied at the crank pin perpendicular to the crank,
which gives the required turning moment on the crankshaft.
* The componentof force acting along the connecting rod (FQ) perpendicular to the crank is
known as crank-pin effort.
UNIT 5
1. Write the importance of balancing?

If the moving part of a machine are not balanced completely then the inertia forces are set
up which may cause excessive noise, vibration, wear and tear of the system. So balancing
of machine is necessary.

2. Why rotating masses are to be dynamically balanced?

If the rotating masses are not dynamically balanced, the unbalanced dynamic forces will
cause worse effects such as wear and tear on bearings and excessive vibrations on
machines. It is very common in cam shafts, steam turbine rotors, engine crank shafts, and
centrifugal pumps, etc.

3. Write different types of balancing?

a) Balancing of rotating masses


 Static balancing
 Dynamic balancing

b) Balancing of reciprocating masses.

4. State the conditions for complete balance of several masses revolving in different
planes of a shaft?

(a) The resultant centrifugal force must be zero, and

(b) The resultant couple must be zero.

5. Whether grinding wheels are balanced or not? If so why?

Yes, the grinding wheels are properly balanced by inserting some low density materials. If
not the required surface finish won’t be attained and the vibration will cause much noise.

6. Whether your watch needles are properly balanced or not?

Yes, my watch needles are properly balanced by providing some extra projection (mass) in
the opposite direction.

7. Why is only a part of the unbalanced force due to reciprocating masses balanced by

revolving mass? (Or) Why complete balancing is not possible in reciprocating

engine?
Balancing of reciprocating masses is done by introducing the balancing mass opposite to
the crank. The vertical component of the dynamic force of this balancing mass gives rise to
“Hammer blow”. In order to reduce the Hammer blow, a part of the reciprocating mass is
balanced. Hence complete balancing is not possible in reciprocating engines.

8. Can a single cylinder engine be fully balanced? Why?

 No. A single cylinder engine cannot be fully balanced.


cos
 Because the unbalanced forces due to reciprocating masses (i. e., m2rcos & m 2r
2 )

n
remains constant in direction but varies in magnitude.

9. Differentiate between the unbalanced force caused due to rotating and reciprocating
masses?

 Complete balancing of revolving mass can be possible. But fraction of


reciprocating mass only balanced.
 The unbalanced force due to reciprocating mass varies in magnitude but constant in
direction. But in the case of revolving masses, the unbalanced force is constant in
magnitude but varies in direction.

10.Why are the cranks of a locomotive, with two cylinders, placed 90° to each other?
In order to facilitate the starting of locomotive in any position (i.e., in order to have
uniformity in turning moment) the cranks of a locomotive are generally at 90° to one
another.

11.List the effects of partial balancing of locomotives?

 Variation in tractive force along the line of stroke,


 Swaying couple, and
 Hammer blow

12.Define tractive force?

The resultant unbalanced force due to the two cylinders along the line of stroke, is known as
tractive force.

13.Define swaying couple?

The unbalanced force acting at a distance between the line of stroke of two cylinders,
constitute a couple in the horizontal direction. The couple is known as swaying couple.
14.The swaying couple is maximum or minimum when the angle of inclination of the
crank to the line of stroke (Ө) is equal to ………. And ?

Ans : 45° and 225°

15.Define hammer blow with respect to locomotives?

The maximum magnitude of the unbalanced force along the perpendicular to the line of
stroke is known as hammer blow.

16.What are the effects of hammer blow and swaying couple?

 The effect of hammer blow is to cause the variation in pressure between the wheel
and the rail, such that vehicle vibrates vigorously.
 The effect of swaying couple is to make the leading wheels sway from side to side.

17.What are the condition to be satisfied for complete balance of in- line engine?

 The algebraic sum of the primary and secondary forces must be zero, and
 The algebraic sum of the couples due to primary and secondary forces must be zero.

18.Why radial engines are preferred?

In radial engines the connecting rods are connected to a common crank and hence
the plane of rotation of the various cranks is same, therefore there are no unbalanced
primary or secondary couples. Hence radial engines are preferred.

19.What are different types of balancing machines?

 Static balancing machines,


 Dynamic balancing machines, and
 Universal balancing machines.
20.Define resonance?

When the frequency of external force is equal to the natural frequency of a vibrating body,
the amplitude of vibration becomes excessively large. This phenomenon is known as
resonance.

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