Tom Two Mark Question
Tom Two Mark Question
Each part of a machine which moves relative to some other parts is called a kinematic link
or element. It need not be a rigid body, but it must be a resistant body.
Characteristics:
It must be a resistant body.
It should have relative motion.
2. Define Structure.
MACHINE STRUCTURE
1. The parts of the machine move relative to 1. The members of a structure do not move
one another. relative to one another.
2. A machine transforms the available energy 2. In a structure, no energy is transformed into
into some useful work. useful work.
The links of a machine may transmit both 3. The members of a structure transmit forces
power and motion. only.
Eg: shaper, planar, scooter, car, etc., Eg: bridge, truss, lathe bed, etc.,
MACHINE MECHANISM
1. Machine transmits forces and couples . 1. Mechanism transmits and modifies motion.
2. Machine may have many mechanisms for 2. A mechanism is the skeleton outline of the
transmitting power or mechanical work. machine to produce definite motion between
various links.
Eg: Lathe, milling machine, shaper Eg: quick return mechanism, slider crank
mechanism, Geneva mechanism
Each part of a machine which moves relative to some other parts is called a kinematic
link. The two links or elements of a machine, when in contact with each other, are said to form a
pair.
If the relative motion between them is completely or successfully constrained (i.e, in a
definite direction),the pair is known as kinematic pair. Kinematic pair can classified based on
the relative motion between the elements, type of contact between the elements and type of
closure.
Degree of freedom is defined as the number of input parameters which must be independently
controlled in order to bring the mechanism into a particular position or useful engineering
purpose. It is also termed as mobility. Degree of freedom of simple mechanisms can be found out
by using the Kutzbach criterion.
Grubler’s equation is applicable to the mechanisms which have only one degree of
freedom and consists of only lower pair i.e, h = 0
n=3(l-1)-2j-h
1=3(l-1)-2j-0
3l-2j-4=0 (Grubler’s equation)
14. What is meant by inversion of mechanism?
If one link in a kinematic chain is fixed, then it is termed as mechanism. The method of
obtaining different mechanisms by fixing different links in a kinematic chain is known as
inversion of mechanism or Kinematic inversion.
Eg: Four bar chain – beam engine, locomotive engine, etc.,
Single slider crank chain- oscillating cylinder engine, rotary engine, etc.,
Double slider crank chain- oscillating cylinder engine, rotary engine, etc.,
When the motion between a pair is limited to a definite direction irrespective of the
direction of force applied, then the motion is said to be a completely constrained motion. e.g,.
The motion of a piston is limited to a definite direction such that it will only reciprocate
irrespective of the direction of motion of the crank.
When the motion between a pair can take place in more than one direction, then the
motion is called an incompletely constrained motion. e.g., a circular bar or shaft either rotate or
slide in a circular hole.
When the motion between the elements, forming a pair is such that the constrained
motion is not completed by itself, but by some other means, the motion is said to be successfully
constrained motion. Eg: a shaft in a foot step bearing in which the shaft may rotate in a bearing
or it may move upwards.
19. Explain the types of kinematic pair according to the type of relative motion between the
elements
Sliding pair- When the two elements of a pair are connected in such a way that one can
only slide relative to another, the pair is known as a sliding pair. It has a completely constrained
motion. Eg: piston and cylinder, cross-head and guides of a reciprocating steam engine
Turning pair- When two elements of a pair connected in such a way that one can only
turn or revolve about a fixed axis of another link, the pair is known as the turning pair. It also has
a completely constrained motion. Eg: the crankshaft in a journal bearing in an engine
Rolling pair- When the two elements in a pair are connected in such a way that one link
rolls over the fixed link, the pair is known as rolling pair. Eg: ball bearing and roller bearing
Screw pair- When the two elements in a pair are connected in such a way that one
element can turn about the other by screw threads, the pair is known as screw pair. Eg: the lead
screw of a lathe with nut.
Spherical pair- When the two elements in a pair are connected in such a way that one
element turns or swivels about the other fixed element, the pair formed is called a spherical pair.
Eg: ball and socket joint, pen stand, etc.,
When the two elements of a pair have a surface contact when relative motion takes place
and the surface of one element slides over the surface of the other, the pair formed is known as
lower pair. Eg: sliding pairs, turning pairs, screw pairs
When the two elements of a pair have a line or point of contact when relative motion
takes place and the motion between the two elements is partly turning and partly sliding, then the
pair is known as higher pair. Eg: a pair of friction discs, toothed gearing, cam and follower.
21. What are the types of kinematic pair based on the type of closure
Self closed pair- When the two elements of a pair are connected together mechanically in
such a way that only required kind of relative motion occurs, it is then known as self closed pair.
Eg: lower pairs.
Force closed pair- When the two elements of a pair are not connected mechanically but
are kept in contact by the action of external forces, the pair is said to be a force closed pair. Eg:
cam and the follower as it is kept in contact by the forces exerted by spring and gravity.
Oldham’s coupling is the inversion of double slider crank chain. It is used for connecting
two parallel shafts whose axes are at a small distance apart (not coaxial). The shafts are coupled
in such a way that if one shaft rotates, the other shaft also rotates at the same speed by the
flanges attached at each ends and intermediate piece.
23. Define the terms mechanical advantage and transmission angle.
Mechanical advantage of a mechanism is the ratio of output force or torque to the input
force or torque at any instant. Transmission angle is defined as the angle between the coupler or
connecting rod and output link or follower of a four bar mechanism.
Mechanisms which are used to obtain straight line are termed as straight line
mechanisms. A particular point in the mechanism traces out the straight line for specific purpose
find its application in machine design. It was extensively used in classical machines like steam
engines.
Types of straight line generators are the Scott Russel mechanisms, Peaucillier mechanisms,
Hart’s mechanisms and Watt’s indicator mechanisms.
27. Describe the terms (i) Universal joint or Hooke’s joint and (ii) Toggle mechanisms.
A Hooke’s joint is used to connect two shafts which are intersecting at small angle. The
end of each shaft is forked to U-type and each fork provides two bearings. Applications of
Hooke’s joint are transmission from gear box to differential and knee joint in milling machines,
etc.,
Toggle mechanism- In slider crank mechanism, as the crank approaches one of its dead centre
position, the slider approaches zero. At the instant, the ratio of the crank movement to the slider
movement approaching infinity is proportional to the mechanical advantage. This principle is
used in toggle mechanisms.
28. Define Analysis of Mechanism.
Two links of a mechanism having turning point will be connected by pins. Velocity of rubbing of
pins depends on the angular velocity of links relative to each other as well as direction. The
rubbing velocity is defined as the algebraic sum between the angular velocity of two links which
are connected by pin, multiplied by the radius of the pin.
VAB = VB -VA
32. Differentiate between translation and rotation.
Translation: A slide or translation takes place in a body moves in one direction from one place
to another place. It appears like sliding motion.
When a point in one link is sliding along another rotating link is called as coincident
point. It may have its motion relative to the moving body. In such case, to find the total
acceleration of the mechanism, an additional component of acceleration to be considered, which
is termed as Coriolis component of acceleration.
The combined motion of rotation and translation of the link may be assumed to be a
motion of pure rotation about some centre I, known as Instantaneous centre of rotation (also
called centro or virtual centre)
N = n (n-1)/2
Types
Kennedy’s theorem states that, if three bodies move relatively to each other, they have three
Instantaneous centre and lies on a straight line. Neither fixed nor permanent instantaneous
centers are located by Kennedy's theorem(Law of three centers).
37. Define Coriolis Component of acceleration.
When a point in one link is sliding along another rotating link is called as coincident point.
Whenever a coincident points exists in a mechanism, in order to find the acceleration at that
point, we have to calculate one more acceleration component which is known as Coriolis
component of acceleration.
38. What are the steps to be followed during the graphical method of analysis of
mechanisms?
Kinematic synthesis: It is the design or creation of a mechanism to obtain a set of required output
characteristics. Synthesis is opposite to the analysis.
• Instantaneous centre is the centre of rotation of a moving body which goes on changing from
one instant to other. Number of instantaneous centres = n(n-1) /2; where, n - Number of links.
• The locus (path) of all such instantaneous centers is known as the 'Centrode'.
• A line drawn through an instantaneous centre & perpendicular to the plane of motion is called
the 'Instantaneous Axis'.
43. How to represent the direction of linear velocity of any point on a link with respect to
another point on the same link? give its magnitude.
The direction of linear velocity of a joint on a link with respect to another point on the
same link is perpendicular to the line joining the points. The magnitude of linear velocity of a
point 'B' on a link AB which rotates with angular velocity ' ω' relative to 'A' is VBA= ω AB x AB
44. What type of links will have only radial, only tangential and both radial &
tangential components of acceleration?
* If the angular velocity is uniform, then, only radial component will be there.
* The link which moves in a linear direction, will have only linear, that is,
tangential component of acceleration.
* The links that do not rotate with uniform angular velocity (that is, angular
acceleration) will have both radial and tangential components of acceleration.
45. Differentiate Absolute velocity from Relative velocity. Give the relationship between
the angular velocity and linear velocity of a point moving in a curved path.
48. Compare the knife edge, roller and mushroom follower of cam
Knife edge follower: used in low speed cams. The wear rate is high at the point of contact.
Roller follower : used where more space is available. The operation is smooth with less
vibration. Used in gas engine valves, oil engine valves, aircraft engine valves.
Mushroom follower : used where the space is limited. Used in automobile inlet & exhaust
valves.
UNIT-2 GEARS
1. Define gear.
Gears are defined as toothed wheels which can transmit power and motion from one shaft
to another shaft by means or successive engagement of teeth.
2. Give advantages of gear drive.
It can transmit large power with low velocity.
It has high efficiency.
It is compact in size.
It is more reliable than other drives.
3. Give disadvantages of gear drive.
Manufacturing cost of gear is high.
Manufacturing process of gears is complicated.
It requires precise alignment of shafts.
It requires lubrication system.
4. What are the types of gears ?
1) Parallel shaft axes gears
2) Intersecting shaft axes gears
3) Non-intersecting and perpendicular shaft axes gears
4) Non-intersecting and non-perpendicular shaft axes gears.
5. Give types of parallel shaft axes gears.
1) Spur gears
2) Helical gears
3) Herringbone gears
4) Rack and pinion gears
5) Internal gears
6. Define addendum.
Addendum is defined as the radial distance of a gear tooth from the pitch circle to the top
of gear tooth. It is also defined as the radial height of the gear tooth above the pitch circle.
7. What is backlash ?
Backlash is the difference between the tooth space and the tooth thickness which is
measured along the pitch circle. Theoretically, it should be zero but practically some backlash
must be allowed to prevent jamming of the teeth due to tooth errors and thermal expansion
during manufacturing.
8. What is conjugate action?
When a pair of mating gear teeth act against each other, rotary motion is produced which
is transmitted from the driving gear to the driven gear. These gears have tooth profiles which are
so arranged that a constant angular velocity ratio is produced and maintained while meshing.
These gears are said to have conjugate action and the corresponding tooth profiles are said to
have conjugate profiles.
9. What is conjugate teeth?
If any arbitrary shape of the tooth is selected for tooth profile of one of the two gears in
mesh, the profile of the other gear may be found to satisfy the law of gearing. Such teeth are
called as conjugate teeth.
10. Differentiate between involute tooth profile and cycloidal tooth profile.
Sl. Involute tooth profile Cycloidal toooth profile
No.
The profile of cycloidal gears is the double
The profile of involute gears is
1. curvature i.e., combination of epicycloid and
the single curvature
hypo-cycloid.
Due to single curvature profile Due to double curvature profile its manufacturing
2.
its manufacturing is easy. is difficult.
UNIT-3 FRICTION
1. What is drive?
The mechanism used to transmit power and speed from the prime-mover to the driven
machine is called as drive.
2. What are the types of friction?
According to the nature of surface
a) Static friction b) Dynamic friction
According to the condition of surface
a) Dry friction b) Greasy friction c) Film friction.
3. What is frictional devices ? Give examples.
There are devices in which the friction is desirable and efforts are made maximize it, is
called as frictional devices. Example-1) Belts 2) Ropes 3) Brakes 4) Clutches
4. What is dry friction?
When there is relative motion between two completely un lubricated surfaces, then the
friction between them is called as dry friction.
Types of dry friction: i) Sliding friction (ii) Rolling friction.
5. Define film friction & Define greasy friction
When the two surfaces in contact are completely separated by a thick layer of lubricant
and the friction occurs due to the resistance to relative motion between the surfaces and
lubricant, then the friction is called as film or viscous or fluid friction.
When a very thin layer of lubricant is interposed between two contacting surfaces, then
the friction between them is known as greasy or skin or boundary friction.
6. Define sliding friction & rolling friction
If the two surfaces have sliding motion with respect to each other, the friction between
them is called as sliding or solid friction. Example-Nut and bolt.
If the two surfaces have rolling motion with respect to each other, the friction between
them is called as rolling friction. Example-Ball and roller bearings.
Clutch is a mechanism to transmit rotary motion from one shaft (driving shaft to another
coincident shaft (driven shaft) as and when required, without stopping the driver shaft.
Types of clutches:
1) Friction clutches 2) Positive clutches.
9. What are the functions of the clutch?
1) when clutch is engaged, the clutch transmits maximum power from engine crankshaft
gearbox input shaft.
2) When clutch is engaging (clutch pedal position-moving up), the clutch accommodates
minor slippages and hence provides smooth drive transmission without jerks.
10. Why shall self locking screw have lesser efficiency?
The self locking screws require friction in between the thread surface the nut. Thus it
requires more effort to lift the body. For this reason the self locking screw have lesser
efficiency.
11. What is meant by friction clutches?
Friction clutches are the clutches that work on the friction principle that when two
independent disc have relative motion between them, friction is caused.
Types of friction clutches.:
a) Disc Or plate clutches b) Cone clutches
c) Semi-centrifugal clutches d)Centrifugal clutches
12. Give advantages & disadvantages of single plate clutch.
Advantages of single plate clutch are
Simple in design, construction and working.
Better heat dissipation from single plate.
Gear changing with single plate clutch is easier.
It has better torsional vibration absorbing capacity.
Disadvantages of single plate clutch are
For higher power transmission, the surface area of clutch plate increases and
thereby increasing the overall size of clutch.
Clutch pedal force required is high.
Logarithmic decrement is defined as the natural logarithm of the amplitude reduction factor.
The amplitude reduction factor is the ratio of any two successive amplitudes on the same
side of the mean position.
2. What is meant by harmonic forcing?
The term harmonic refers to a spring-mass system with viscous damping, excited by
a sinusoidal harmonic force.
F = F0sinω t
3. Define transmissibility?
When a machine is supported by a spring, the spring transmits the force applied on the
machine to the fixed support or foundation. This is called transmissibility.
4. Briefly explain elastic suspension?
When machine components are suspended from elastic members, the vibrational force
produced by the machine components will not be transmitted to the foundation. This is
called elastic suspension.
5. Specify any two industrial application where the transmissibility effects of vibration
are important?
(a) All machine tools, and(b) All turbo machines.
If the moving part of a machine are not balanced completely then the inertia forces are set
up which may cause excessive noise, vibration, wear and tear of the system. So balancing
of machine is necessary.
If the rotating masses are not dynamically balanced, the unbalanced dynamic forces will
cause worse effects such as wear and tear on bearings and excessive vibrations on
machines. It is very common in cam shafts, steam turbine rotors, engine crank shafts, and
centrifugal pumps, etc.
4. State the conditions for complete balance of several masses revolving in different
planes of a shaft?
Yes, the grinding wheels are properly balanced by inserting some low density materials. If
not the required surface finish won’t be attained and the vibration will cause much noise.
Yes, my watch needles are properly balanced by providing some extra projection (mass) in
the opposite direction.
7. Why is only a part of the unbalanced force due to reciprocating masses balanced by
engine?
Balancing of reciprocating masses is done by introducing the balancing mass opposite to
the crank. The vertical component of the dynamic force of this balancing mass gives rise to
“Hammer blow”. In order to reduce the Hammer blow, a part of the reciprocating mass is
balanced. Hence complete balancing is not possible in reciprocating engines.
n
remains constant in direction but varies in magnitude.
9. Differentiate between the unbalanced force caused due to rotating and reciprocating
masses?
10.Why are the cranks of a locomotive, with two cylinders, placed 90° to each other?
In order to facilitate the starting of locomotive in any position (i.e., in order to have
uniformity in turning moment) the cranks of a locomotive are generally at 90° to one
another.
The resultant unbalanced force due to the two cylinders along the line of stroke, is known as
tractive force.
The unbalanced force acting at a distance between the line of stroke of two cylinders,
constitute a couple in the horizontal direction. The couple is known as swaying couple.
14.The swaying couple is maximum or minimum when the angle of inclination of the
crank to the line of stroke (Ө) is equal to ………. And ?
The maximum magnitude of the unbalanced force along the perpendicular to the line of
stroke is known as hammer blow.
The effect of hammer blow is to cause the variation in pressure between the wheel
and the rail, such that vehicle vibrates vigorously.
The effect of swaying couple is to make the leading wheels sway from side to side.
17.What are the condition to be satisfied for complete balance of in- line engine?
The algebraic sum of the primary and secondary forces must be zero, and
The algebraic sum of the couples due to primary and secondary forces must be zero.
In radial engines the connecting rods are connected to a common crank and hence
the plane of rotation of the various cranks is same, therefore there are no unbalanced
primary or secondary couples. Hence radial engines are preferred.
When the frequency of external force is equal to the natural frequency of a vibrating body,
the amplitude of vibration becomes excessively large. This phenomenon is known as
resonance.