Drill Stem Test 1
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Suleiman BaruniDrill Stem Test 1
Uploaded by
Suleiman BaruniDrill Stream Test
Petroleum Seminar
Introduction
The primary purpose of testing a well is to determine whether the
formation contains oil, gas or water. One of these Testes is Drill Stem
Test, DST is short term open hole production tests, run while drilling,
to evaluate potential producing zones, DST data is used to predict the
commercial productivity of a specific zone and is useful in proving
reserves and is used to provide extrapolations and clues to reservoir
characteristics such as damage and permeability.
History
The history of the DST goes back to1926, when E.C and
M.O .Johnston developed the first commercial down hole testing tools.
The two brothers were working in the Oil Fields in Arkansas, USA.
Information available from DST
Productivity Index (PI).
Possible detection of barriers (Faults, pinchouts, etc.).
The radius of investigation (re).
Oil Rate (STB/day).
Net pay thickness (ft).
Design the optimum completion.
Static and flowing bottom-hole pressure this pressure
Transient Data informs the following calculations:
1. The average effective permeability of the zone.
2. A well bore damage ratio.
3. Skin factor.
4. Depletion.
5. The transmissibility of the formation.
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How the Test is Run ?
1. Hole filled with drilling mud.
2. Drill stem pipe is lowered down the well.
3. The packers are then expanded to close the well above and below
the formation.
4. The perforated pipe is opened in DST and the formation fluids
into and up DST.
5. The pressure is continuously being measured by DST.
6. The perforated pipe is opened and closed several times and fluid
pressure builds up and drops are recorded.
7. These records used to calculate (K, P, and S).
The Main Components of DST
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The Main Function of Components
Function Tool
Provides flow path to surface Tubing or drill pipe
Compensates for expansion or contraction of the
Slip joint
string
Provides weight for Downhole tools Drill Collar
Provides an independent method of circulation and
secondary reversing circulates out string contents at Circulating valve
end of the test
Monitors downhole pressure and temperature events Surface readout
Controls formation flow, isolates cushion and
Downhole valve
performs other functions
Minimizes surge or swab effects and traps reference
Reference tool
hydrostatic pressure in PCT valve.
Records pressure and temperature versus time
Recorder
during the test
Provides up strain to free stuck tools Jar
Provides back off facility if string becomes stuck Safety joint
Isolates between annuals and formation Packer
Provides flow path for formation fluids Perforated pipe
Avoids accumulation of debris on top of the firing
Debris sub
head
Spaces out tools Tubing
Initiates the firing sequence Firing head
Separates guns from the firing head(safety device) Spacer
Contains perforating charges Perforating gun
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Basic theory and analysis procedure.
It has been found that the pressure buildup theory basic
assumptions which are radial flow, infinite reservoir, and single
compressible fluid are fairly well suited to DST conditions ands the
procedures of analysis is as follows:
Procedure Step
Plot the pws .vs. log[(t+∆t)/t] where t is in hours 1
Fit the data points to straight line 2
Determine the value of the slope, m, psi/cycle 3
Extrapolate the plot to get the static formation pressure. 4
Calculate the product of kh as follows
162 . 6qμB 5
m
kh=
Calculate skin factor
S=
1.151
[ P1hr−Pwf ( Δt=0)
m
+log(
tp+1
tp
)−log
k
φμc rw
2
+3 . 23
] 6
Calculate pressure drop across the skin as following:
141 . 2qμB S 7
kh
∆ps=
Calculate damage ratio:
Jideal = P − pwf
Jactual p − pwf −Δps
8
( tp+ Δt )
=1
P Δt
is the extrapolated line to
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r D =0 .029×
√ kt
φμct 9
Pressure charts
The DST Chart
A drill stem pressure chart is simply a graphical record of Downhole
pressure versus time. It shows:
Line AB - increasing hydrostatic pressure of the mud column as
the tools are run to test depth, The initial hydrostatic pressure
is read at point B, Packers are set.
Line BC - the tool is opened.
Line CD The initial flow period.
Line DE The initial shut in period (static reservoir pressure can
be obtained using the Horner method),The use of real time can
tailor the shut-in to obtain maximum amount of data in the
shortest time.
Line EF The tool is opened (re-opened following initial shut-
in).
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Line FG The final flow period.
Line GH Final shut in (can be analyzed using Horner method).
Line HI After final shut-in, the mud column or hydrostatic
pressure is allowed back into the test interval and the packers
unseated.
Line IJ Shows decreasing hydrostatic pressure as tools are
removed from the Wellbore
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Typical DST Charts
Virtually no permeability
The lack of pressure buildup during the two
shut-in periods (lines DE and GH) and the
accompanying low flow pressure during the final
flow period (line FG) suggests virtually no
permeability within the interval tested.
Excellent permeability
The initial and final shut-in curves (lines DE
and GH) stabilize almost immediately after the
tool is closed, and the two flow periods (lines CD
and FG) indicate high flow pressures and a high
rate of fluid entry to the test tool.
Deep Formation Damage
The drastic difference in shut-in curve
development between the first (line DE) and final
(line GH) shut-in periods indicates that damage is
not confined to the well bore but extends out into
the tested formation. The formation has cleaned
up during the final flow period (line FG), so
pressure buildup response is faster and more
evident on the final shut in that on the first.
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Average Permeability
Average permeability is suggested by the
shape of the two shut-in curves (lines DE and
GH) and the indicated influx of fluid during
the final flow period (line FG).
Well bore Damage
With some exceptions, wellbore damage may
be indicated by the shape of the shut-in curves
(lines DE and GH) – specifically by a very
sharp rise following the flow period (1), a
shore curve radius (2), a reasonable flat slop
(3), and a high differential between the flow
pressure and the shut-in pressure (4).
Drawdown
A decrease of three percent or more
between the initial shut-in pressure (E) and the
final shut-in pressure (H), combined with rapid
decline in final flow pressure (F,G) indicates
substantial reservoir depletion and warrants
careful evaluation. This chart is the result of a
gas test. If liquid were being recovered the
bottom-hole flow pressure would increase.
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Field Example
First Shut In
Full Test Diagram
Diagnostic Diagram
Horner Plot
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Second Shut In
Full Test Diagram
Log-log plot (Diagnostic Plot)
Horner plot
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Linear plot
Results From Analysis
Properties First Shut-in Second Shut-in
Permeability (md) 43 17
Skin (Dimensionless) -7.35 302
Productivity Index (STB/D/PSI) 0.2 0.027
Flowing Bottom Hole Pressure
3318 541
(PSI)
Oil Rate (STB/DAY) 200 100
Net Pay Thickness (FT) 100 389
Kh (md.ft) 3690 1588
Recommendation regarding flowing and shut-in periods.
1. For accurate pressure readings, use proper clock
speeds and pressure elements to get the maximum
size pressure curve on the DST chart.
2. Take a double shut-in Test. This will permit a much
more accurate extrapolated formation pressure.
3. The final shut-in time should be as long as possible
but should also be consistent with rig time cost and
safe hole conditions.
4. Measure the mud weight several times during the
circulation period immediately prior to running the
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DST in order to get in accurate and representative
mud weight over the entire length of the well.
5. Record accurately inside diameter of drill collars and
drill pipe used in the testing string; the location,
relative to the bottom of the hole, of all pressure
gauges used; and the number and location of packers
used.
Conclusions
1. Formation capacity (Kh) can be determined by DST
long before completion and before any drawdown due
to production takes place.
2. Effective permeability and well pore damage can be
calculated at the well site by using DST.
3. Barriers such as faults, pinchouts, changes in formation
permeability, can sometimes be detected by proper
analysis of DST charts
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Reference
1. Google search
2. Pressure build up & flow test in well, by D.G RUSSEL
3. SPE papers
4. Shlumberger papers
5. Well file, Viba co