A

SEMINAR TOPIC

ON

MODELING A TRANSITION DIAGRAM FOR A ROOM

TEMPERATURE REGULATOR
BY

GODSIEN, SIFON EDDY (AK19/PHS/CSC/031)

NKWONTA, CHIDERA ELIAS (AK19/PHS/CSC/047)

SUBMITTED TO

MRS. BLESSING EKONG

(COURSE LECTURER)
AKWA IBOM STATE UNIVERSITY
AKWA IBOM STATE

AUGUST 2022
 TABLE OF CONTENT
INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................3

ABSTRACT..............................................................................................................5

HISTORY OF TEMPERATURE CONTROL SYSTEMS.......................................7

HOME ENVIRONMENT OVERVIEW...................................................................9

WHAT IS AN AUTOMATIC ROOM TEMPERATURE REGULATOR............10

ALGORITHM FOR AUTOMATIC ROOM TEMPERATURE REGULATOR...15

CONCLUSIONS.....................................................................................................20

REFERENCES........................................................................................................21
 INTRODUCTION
With the advancement of technology, automation has become part of our lives. A
home is usually the most occupied place in any culture. Areas in the home that are
usually occupied by people, such as the living room and bedrooms need to be
maintained within habitable temperature ranges. These issues become more
pertinent in areas of the home that are occupied by infants. Adults could possibly
find their way around “thermal discomforts”, but infants may not. Other areas of
the home that are used as storage areas for perishable food items also need to be
thermally regulated in order to prevent accelerated decay of such items. This
makes it necessary the need for a Temperature Control System within the home.

The idea of programmed room heater control systems goes back in the eighteenth
century and this thought was first secured in Norman School, Oklahoma by an
educator named Warren S. Johnson. Before that time, Janitors were compelled to
go in every classroom to check the temperature of the classes, and after that,
control the dampers in the S-basement in like manner. Johnson looked for an
approach to end, or possibly limit the classroom intrusions of the janitors and
increment the solace level of the understudies. The Automatic Temperature
Control System was to meet this very need which prompts Warren S. Johnson
stopping instructing and beginning his electric administration organization which
was gone for outlining programmed control systems. Warren S. Johnson initially
built up the pneumatic temperature control framework which took into account
temperature control on a room by room premise in structures and homes. By the
mid twentieth century the Automatic Temperature Control System creation ended
up noticeably famous in enterprises and homes.
This paper presents an automatic room heater control system. This is an air-
conditioning system which monitors the room temperature and controls the
circulation of fresh air inside the room without human intervention. This design
uses a microcontroller and a temperature sensor to monitor and control the
temperature of a room. At first, the user will have to set the system temperature to
a reference value that he or she wants to maintain in that room. The temperature
sensor will then sense the surrounding temperature and communicates with the
microcontroller.

The microcontroller reads the temperature every 10 s and compares it with the
desired value. If the measured value is less than the desired value, then the heater
will be automatically triggered ON to warm up the temperature of the room until it
returns back to the desired value and turns OFF. Also, if the measured value is
greater than the desired value, then the Fan will be automatically triggered ON to
cool up the temperature of the room until it returns back to the desired value and
turns OFF. This work tends to design a simple but efficient system to solve a
complex system. The need for simple and cost effective system tends towards the
aspect of engineering design that looks into simple solutions that solve complex
systems and also minimizing cost of designing a system by minimizing equipment
and components in design. This is an aspect of the 10 Principles of Sustainable and
Cost-Effective Design.
 ABSTRACT

Temperature control refers to the processes that are aimed at maintaining the
temperature in a given area at certain maximum/minimum level or within a certain
range. This process is commonly used in most areas of the world. Recently,
globalization and industrialization has further necessitated the need for
Temperature Control applications in various daily activities, especially with the
advent of the green house effect.

Many Homes and Industries among other areas maintain certain sections of
operation that must be maintained within a certain temperature for process to work
successfully. In research laboratories, the lack of use of Temperature Control
Systems has lead to the purchase of chambers of various sizes where temperature
specific research work would be kept. This has also lead to an increase in overhead
cost. In areas that have electronic activities or machinery functioning constantly,
such as in server rooms and production plants. These are places where heavy
machinery and computers work continuously 24 hours every day.

During these processes, the temperature needs to be monitored frequently in order

to ensure that it doesn’t rise or fall below a value that would accelerate wearing out
of the systems. It is important also to monitor the level of temperature various
other places such as morgues, hospitals, aircrafts, living rooms, etc, to ensure that
thermal comfort is maintained. Thermal comfort is generally defined as that
condition of mind or functionality which expresses satisfaction with the thermal
environment (e.g. in ISO 1984). Dissatisfaction may be caused by the body /
equipment being too warm or cold as a whole, or by unwanted heating or cooling
of a particular part of the body (local (functional) discomfort).
Automatic temperature control is certified as the best method in any application
because the temperature is usually controlled automatically (no human intervention
involved) throughout the process. The results obtained from various applications of
the process across different regions and timelines shows the temperature is
controlled effectively and more accurately. In addition, this finding also makes
human work easier as an automatically controlled system worries about other
contingent weather issues for you. The major objective of this project would be to
create a Temperature Control System that would be able to automatically control
the temperature of the environment it is placed in by the timely activation of the
effector devices to influence the temperature in relation to the set point.
 HISTORY OF TEMPERATURE CONTROL SYSTEMS

The use of Automatic Temperature Control Systems began way back in the 18th
Century. The idea was conceived by Warren S. Johnson while he was teaching at
Norman School, Oklahoma. Before then, Janitors had to enter each classroom to
determine if it was too hot or too cold, and then adjust the dampers in the basement
accordingly. Johnson sought a way to end, or at least minimize the classroom
interruptions of the janitors and increase the comfort level of the students. The
Automatic Temperature Control System was to meet this very need. In 1883
Warren Johnson gave up teaching to fully devote his time to researching and
developing his ideas. He moved to Milwaukee and formed the Johnson Electric
Service Company in 1885. In 1895, Johnson patented the pneumatic temperature
control system.This allowed for temperature control on a room by room basis in
buildings and homes. It was the first such device of its kind. By the early 20th
century the Automatic Temperature Control System was being used in many
notable places including the New York Stock Exchange, Palaces of Spain and
Japan, West Point, the Smithsonian, the US Capitol Building, and the home of
Andrew Carnegie. The use of this system has increased continuously to this day.

Weather is forever varying and changes on short intervals, and as a result, the
external conditions always have an influence on the indoor conditions. The
temperature control systems that are currently in use have limitations. One of these
limitations is that the user has to adjust the system every time the external
conditions change. This is very tiring and proves out not to be an effective way of
controlling temperature of a room. Also, disabled people get to face a lot
challenges when they want to operate temperature control system in their houses
because this systems require them to use physical contact or some hand remote
devices to operate them. To reduce the need to do this, a system that works
automatically needs to be put in place.

HOME ENVIRONMENT OVERVIEW

The Home is usually the most inhabited place in any society. The need to keep the
home environment thermally conducive should be of paramount concern in any
society that wants to maintain happy and healthy citizens. Areas in the home that
are usually occupied by people, such as the living room and bedrooms need to be
maintained within habitable temperature ranges. The human body has a set-point
temperature of about 37°C. Extremely higher or lower temperatures can result in
damage to some body organs or tissues and eventual death. The issues become
more pertinent in areas of the home that are occupied by infants. Adults could
possibly find their way around “thermal discomforts”, but infants may not. Other
areas of the home that are used as storage areas for perishable food items also need
to be thermally regulated in order to prevent accelerated decay of such items. This
makes necessary the need for a Temperature Control System within the home. For
instance, during winter in most parts of Europe, the atmospheric / environmental
temperature sometimes drops to as low as -15°C during the day. This temperature
implies that few liquids can exist under such conditions (body fluids inclusive).
Therefore, a Temperature Control System is needed to act as a “watchdog” to
make sure that such a thermal condition never exists especially when people are in
the house.
WHAT IS AN AUTOMATIC ROOM TEMPERATURE
REGULATOR?
This system allows the user to set a desired temperature which is then compared to
the room temperature measured by a temperature sensor. With the help of a
microcontroller, the system responds by turning ON any of the two (2) loads (Fan
or a heater) automatically depending on the temperature difference.

This project was carried out by Ahmad Faris Bin Zulkifli, a student of the
University of Malaysia in May 2009. The automatic room temperature control
system utilized temperature sensors to detect the temperature of the server room.
When the current temperature exceeds the set-point temperature, the Controller
triggers on a cooling system made up of a set of brushless fans. These fans would
cool the server room until the current temperature fell below the set-point
temperature. The system is built with a temperature sensor that is placed in the
server room that detects the current temperature and displays the value on the
LCD. A PIC Microcontroller reads the data from the temperature sensor which is
in output voltage. The system will operate in three different conditions depending
on the range of temperature.

When the current temperature value reaches higher than the desired value, the fan
will start functioning and the LED indicator for high temperature turns on. As the
current temperature reaches the desired value, the fan stops functioning and the
LED indicator for normal state temperature will come on. Finally, if the current
temperature reaches lower than the desired value, the fan also stops functioning
and the LED indicator for cold temperature comes on. Any changes in temperature
in the room are continuously displayed on the LCD and the LEDs are used to
indicate the current state and range of temperature in the server room. The
hardware comprised a PIC Microcontroller Circuit, A Sensory Input Circuit, A
Driver Circuit, An LCD Display Module, LEDs and an Output Circuit. The system
board was designed using a Bootstrap Mode Connection due to the constraints of
size and finance. The Microcontroller is the Microchip PIC18F4550 owing to its
ease of use, built-in timers, and many digital inputs and outputs. The Temperature
Sensor used was the LM35DZ Sensor. An Alphanumeric LCD was chosen having
2 lines of 16 characters each.

The block diagram of the project is given below:

The automatic room heater control system

The Automatic Room Heater Control System comprises of three (3) main
subsystems: Power supply unit, the Sensor unit and the Control/Switching unit as
shown in the system block diagram below:
This diagram consists of six (6) different blocks, each housing several components:
Transmitter and Receiver subsystems. The sensor block consists of a temperature
sensor (LM35), the user defined input consists of a keypad, the comparator or
control unit which is basically the heart of the system that consists of the
microcontroller.

Generally, the system circuit comprises of the

1. PIC16F877A micro-controller

2. LM35 temperature sensor

3. LCD display

4. Crystal oscillator

5. 4 by 3 keypad for display

6. 2 transistors for switching purpose

7. 2 relays also used to support the transistor in the switching effect

8. A bulb modeled as a heater and

9. DC fan.
Step 1: The microcontroller is clocked by the crystal oscillator as it does not have
an internal clock.

Step 2: Connected to the microcontroller is a temperature sensor LM 35 which

measures the room temperature and give the value reading to the microcontroller.

Step 3: The 2 loads of the microcontroller switched on and off by the relays.

Step 4: The relays are not directly connected to the microcontroller but rather
transistors as switches are place in between the microcontroller and the relay to
prevent the relay from damaging the microcontroller.

Step 5: The resistors connected in every component of the system are used to limit
the amount of current passing to that particular component.

Step 6: The LCD is connected to the microcontroller for displaying the data feed
into the microcontroller. The figure below gives the logical operation of the
automatic room heater control system (flow chart). The complete list of the
materials used for the system is shown above:
ALGORITHM FOR AUTOMATIC ROOM TEMPERATURE
REGULATOR
Step 1: Heat is absorbed by the evaporator coil

The warm air inside your house is drawn in through a vent and blows over the cold
evaporator coil. The evaporator coil is the station located indoors and absorbs heat
from the air, cooling the air.

Step 2 : A fan blows the cold air into air ducts that distribute it throughout your
home. As the refrigerant absorbs the heat from the passing air,

Step 3: it changes from a liquid state to a gaseous state and continues to travel
along the loop system toward the compressor.

Step 4: Compressor raises the refrigerant temperature

Step 5: The compressor decreases the gas’ volume. Usually this is done by
squeezing the gas tightly between two solid objects. This raises the pressure and
temperature of the refrigerant, preparing it for the condensing process.

Step 6: Heat is transferred outside. The refrigerant, now a superheated vapor,

reaches the condenser (which is located outdoors) and is exposed to the outside air.

Step 7: The outside air absorbs the heat from the refrigerant, lowering the
temperature of the refrigerant and changing the state from a gas back into a liquid.

Step 8: Refrigerant gets cold; process repeats Once the heat from the refrigerant is
removed to the outdoors, the cold refrigerant travels back indoors to the evaporator
to repeat the process over again.

Step 9: The process continues until the inside temperature of your home reaches
your desired level. At this point, your thermostat tells your AC to shut off
PSEUDOCODE

print (”heat is absorbed by the evaporator coil “)

if step 1 :
print(“blows the cold air into air ducts that distribute it”)
else
return to step 1
if print(“changes from a liquid state to a gaseous state“)
continue
else return to previous step

if print(“ compressor raises the refrigerant temperature“)

continue
else return to previous step

if print(“the compressor decreases the gas’ volume. “)

continue
else return to previous step

if print(“heat is transferred outside“)

continue
else return to previous step

if print(“the outside air absorbs the heat from the refrigerant, lowering the
temperature of the refrigerant and changing the state from a gas back into a
liquid“)
continue
else return to previous step

if print(“refrigerant gets cold; process repeats once the heat from the refrigerant is
removed to the outdoors“)
continue
else return to previous step

print(“the process continues until the inside temperature of your home reaches your
desired level“)
end
A=: Heat is absorbed by the evaporator coil

B =The warm air inside your house is drawn in through a vent and blows over the
cold evaporator coil. The evaporator coil is the station located indoors and absorbs
heat from the air, cooling the air.

C = A fan blows the cold air into air ducts that distribute it throughout your home.
As the refrigerant absorbs the heat from the passing air,

D = it changes from a liquid state to a gaseous state and continues to travel along
the loop system toward the compressor.

E = Compressor raises the refrigerant temperature

F = The compressor decreases the gas’ volume. Usually this is done by squeezing
the gas tightly between two solid objects. This raises the pressure and temperature
of the refrigerant, preparing it for the condensing process.

Heat is transferred outside. The refrigerant, now a superheated vapor, reaches the
condenser (which is located outdoors) and is exposed to the outside air.

Step 7: The outside air absorbs the heat from the refrigerant, lowering the
temperature of the refrigerant and changing the state from a gas back into a liquid.
Refrigerant gets cold; process repeats Once the heat from the refrigerant is
removed to the outdoors, the cold refrigerant travels back indoors to the evaporator
to repeat the process over again.
 G = The process continues until the inside temperature of your home reaches your
desired level. At this point, your thermostat tells your AC to shut off.

TRANSITION DIAGRAM

1
B C D E F
A
2 3 4 5 6 7

8
 H

10

CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, we present the design, simulation and analysis of an Automatic
Room Heater Control System. The system uses PIC 16F877A microcontroller for
the control unit and LM35 as the temperature sensor. The output was varied by
setting the temperature at various levels and it was discovered that the Fan was
triggered ON when the room temperature was higher than the reference
temperature and the heater was triggered ON while the Fan triggered OFF when
the room temperature was lower than the reference temperature. The system is
exceptionally helpful for people who are disabled. This system can be used in the
industry or any enclosure where temperature is needed to be maintaining at a
particular value. The system was designed using Proteus and Multisim Software.
The system was simulated and working according to the design specifications. In
future a GSM module can be integrated with the system so that one can be able to
operate their temperature control system from a distance.
 REFERENCES
 Ahmad Faris Bin Zulkifli, A Project on Automatic Room Temperature
Control with SecuritySystem, University of Malaysia (May 2009)
 Ogu Emmanuel C
 Ekundayo John
 Oyetesu Olumide
 J.E. Johnson, P.F. Maccarini, D. Neuman, P.R. Stauffer Automatic
temperature controller for multi element array hyperthermia systemsIEEE
Trans. Biomed. Eng., 53 (6) (2006).
 B. Ian, Self-programmable temperature control system for a heating and
cooling system. United States of America Patent US5088645 A, 24 June
1992.