Artificial Intelligent

Faculty of Engineering
Department of Electronic Engineering
Semester 1 2021/2022

Introduction to Artificial Intelligent

Instructor: Ammar Haidar

Email: a.haidar.ust@gmail.com

OER Problem Solving by Noor Azida Binti Sahabudin work is under licensed Creative Commons Attribution-
NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Chapter Description

At the end of this topic , student should be able to:-

• Understand Intelligent System and its applications.

• Able to compare classical control system and modern intelligent
system.

Introduction to Artificial
Intelligent by N.M.A Ghani
Contents

1.1 Overview of Artificial Intelligence (AI)

1.2 Artificial Intelligence application
1.3 Comparison with classical controller

Introduction to Artificial
Intelligent by N.M.A Ghani
Overview of Artificial Intelligence (AI)

1.1

Introduction to Artificial
Intelligent by N.M.A Ghani
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE:
WHAT IS IT ALL ABOUT?

Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org

Introduction to Artificial
Intelligent by N.M.A Ghani
One way to understand “intelligence” is by looking at our
own capabilities, which means that humans are able to:

 think
 understand Source: https://www.flickr.com

 recognize
 perceive
 generalize
 adapt
 learn Source: https://pixabay.com

 make decisions
 solve daily problems

Introduction to Artificial
Intelligent by N.M.A Ghani
According to the Oxford and English Dictionaries the
word “intelligence” can be defined as follows:

 ability to understand
 reason
 perceive
 quickness in learning
 mental alertness
 ability to grasp relationships
 clever
 information
 news Source: https://en.wikipedia.org

Introduction to Artificial
Intelligent by N.M.A Ghani
 Artificial Intelligence (AI) ?
AI is a study about inventing
machines/computers that
capable of mimicking
human/animal intelligent
behavior.

Source: https://pixabay.com

The ultimate objective is to

develop a system that can
think and act rationally like
humans.
Source: https://pixabay.com
Introduction to Artificial
Intelligent by N.M.A Ghani
 How do we design Intelligence?
• Study from biological models (brain, genetic, DNA, life,
Molecular biology, ….)  neural nets, GA, Artificial Life, DNA
Computing, Quantum Computing, Robotics, etc.

• Study from human phenomena (common sense, reasoning,

predicting, observing, inference, …)  fuzzy logic, expert
systems, search techniques, etc.

• Need to develop mathematical/logical algorithms based on the

above biological models or phenomena

Introduction to Artificial
Intelligent by N.M.A Ghani
Artificial Intelligence application

1.2

Introduction to Artificial
Intelligent by N.M.A Ghani
Where AI can/should be applied?

Source: https://pixabay.com Introduction to Artificial

Intelligent by N.M.A Ghani
 Where AI can/should be applied?

• Data is overwhelming/abundance
• Too many manual operations/procedures
• Optimization is possible
• Parallel/Distributed procedures/architectures
are needed
• Decision making is required
• When current techniques are too complicated
to be used/designed Introduction to Artificial
Intelligent by N.M.A Ghani
 Where AI can/should be applied?
.. Cont’d
• Mathematical models are too
complex/impossible
• To increase efficiency
• To reduce cost
• To improve performance and reliability

Introduction to Artificial
Intelligent by N.M.A Ghani
Some Important Facts, you need to know….

• AI is not the only solution.

• AI is only one part of technology.
• AI is just a tool for improvement.
• You must know your domain/target
application.

Introduction to Artificial
Intelligent by N.M.A Ghani
 AI : Some of the approaches

• Expert system
• Fuzzy Logic
• Genetic Algorithm
• Swarm Intelligence
• Ant Colony
• etc

Introduction to Artificial
Intelligent by N.M.A Ghani
 Expert System

• Expert System (ES) is a branch of Artificial

Intelligence that attempt to mimic human experts
specifically in decision making process based on
prior knowledge.
 Expert systems can either support decision makers
or completely replace them.

 Expert systems are the most widely applied &

commercially successful AI technology.
Introduction to Artificial
Intelligent by N.M.A Ghani
 Types of ES

• Ruled Based Expert System

– Represented as a series of rules
• Frame-Based System
– Representation of the object-oriented programming approach
• Hybrid System
– Include several knowledge representation approach
• Model-Based System
– Structured around the model that stimulates the structure and
function of the system under study
• Ready-Made (Off-the-shelf) System
– Custom-made, similar to application package such as an accounting
general ledger or project management in operation mgmt.

Introduction to Artificial
Intelligent by N.M.A Ghani
Rules as a knowledge representation technique
 The term rule in AI, which is the most commonly
used type of knowledge representation, can be
defined as an IF-THEN structure that relates given
information or facts in the IF part to some action in
the THEN part. A rule provides some description of
how to solve a problem. Rules are relatively easy to
create and understand.

 Any rule consists of two parts: the IF part, called

the antecedent (premise or condition) and the THEN
part called the consequent (conclusion or action).
Introduction to Artificial
Intelligent by N.M.A Ghani
 Rules can represent relations, recommendations,
directives, strategies and heuristics:
 Relation
IF the ‘fuel tank’ is empty
THEN the car is dead
 Recommendation
IF the sea is very deep
AND the sky is cloudy
AND the forecast is danger
THEN the advice is ‘do not go to the sea’
 Directive
IF eat too much raya cakes, rendang
AND the stomach is always aching
THEN the action is ‘fasting in Syawal’
Introduction to Artificial
Intelligent by N.M.A Ghani
 Fuzzy logic : human reasoning process
(approximation)

• Differs from binary set • An element might have

theory(true or false, or 1 partial characteristics of
or 0) others or a subset of
• Similar to probability but something but non-fuzzy
not same in concept. is more deterministic.
– Fuzzy (degree of truth)
– Probability (likelihood)

Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org

Introduction to Artificial
Intelligent by N.M.A Ghani
 Source: http://archive.defense.gov

AI IN INDUSTRIES

Introduction to Artificial
Intelligent by N.M.A Ghani
 Advantages of Adding Intelligence in
Products/ Systems
• Better performance
• Longer Life
• Reliability
• Simpler operation
• Cost effective
• Higher efficiency
• Self-organizing / self-optimization
• Simpler design
Introduction to Artificial
Intelligent by N.M.A Ghani
 Is there really a need for AI?

 Manufacturers need to improve on their products

 Need to satisfy customers
 Need to improve products’ reliability
 Need to improve products’ performance
 Need to improve products’ features
 Need to distinguish their products away from their
competitors

Introduction to Artificial
Intelligent by N.M.A Ghani
 Future Research in Humanoids

ROBOT
• Speed (Fast) HUMAN
• Not tired-Can do repetitive job  Slow
(Fuel Cell)  Intelligent
• Not imaginative/Not creative  Easily tired
• Better speech and pattern  Imaginative/Creative
recognition
• Some emotion  Emotional
• Entertainment  Desire
• Personal Friend  Etc. ……

Introduction to Artificial
Intelligent by N.M.A Ghani
 ASIMO
Advanced Step in Innovative MObility

Antenna
Camera Eyes
Battery (Fuel Cell) [AI]

Gyro Sensor Measuring

Body Angle

Actuators and Other Peripheral

Systems Controlling leg
movements [AI]

Load Sensors In Leg

Intelligent Real-time
Introduction to Artificial
Flexible Walking [AI] Source: http://world.honda.com Intelligent by N.M.A Ghani
 Issues to be considered…

– Do not apply AI when

•Lack of Data
•Simpler techniques are available / sufficient
•Further optimization is not possible
– The AI Machine faulty
– Are Robots More Intelligent than Humans?
– Can Robots Replace Humans?
– Human vs Machine
Introduction to Artificial
Intelligent by N.M.A Ghani
Comparison with classical controller

1.3

Introduction to Artificial
Intelligent by N.M.A Ghani
 Intelligent Control  Classical Control

Classical Control Intelligent Control

Abstract Modeling - Designer input the
Mathematical Modeling - Designer
behavior to the system and then
Basic Concept designed the system which includes
system attempt to abstractly define the
system dynamics
system
Need to know prior information about Does not need to know all about the
the system dynamics system dynamics and conditions
Characteristics Suitable for system that can be
Appropriate for complex system
easily model

Open loop system Fuzzy logic

Closed loop system Artificial Neural Network
Examples of System Modeling Genetic Algorithm
Methods Bode plot Support vector machine
PID Controller Swarm Intelligence
Nyquist plot Particle Intelligence
Introduction to Artificial
Intelligent by N.M.A Ghani
Intelligent Control  Classical Control

Classical Control

Software Designer

INTELLIGENCE
Intelligent Control

Designer Software

Introduction to Artificial
Intelligent by N.M.A Ghani
AI Application

• Group Activity ( 1 hour ) – 4-5 person

• Freshen up your industrial attachments…
– List down industries application which use the
classical control in their company.
– Identify any of the application in the industries
that has applied AI in their system.
– Propose any one of the AI method for any
suitable/appropriate system in industries and
explain why did you choose the proposed
technique.
Introduction to Artificial
Intelligent by N.M.A Ghani