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Statistics and Probability 4TH Quarter

This document discusses key concepts in statistical inference including: - Point estimates and interval estimates are used to estimate population parameters based on sample statistics. - A confidence interval provides a range of values that is likely to contain the population parameter based on the margin of error. - Hypothesis testing involves a null and alternative hypothesis and aims to reject or fail to reject the null based on a test statistic and significance level. - The t-distribution and z-distribution are common test statistics used depending on whether the population standard deviation is known. - Correlation and regression analysis examine the relationship between two variables.

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152 views7 pages

Statistics and Probability 4TH Quarter

This document discusses key concepts in statistical inference including: - Point estimates and interval estimates are used to estimate population parameters based on sample statistics. - A confidence interval provides a range of values that is likely to contain the population parameter based on the margin of error. - Hypothesis testing involves a null and alternative hypothesis and aims to reject or fail to reject the null based on a test statistic and significance level. - The t-distribution and z-distribution are common test statistics used depending on whether the population standard deviation is known. - Correlation and regression analysis examine the relationship between two variables.

Uploaded by

Haru
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CONFIDENCE INTERVAL

Estimation is the process of determining parameter values. The objective of estimation is to


determine the approximate value of a parameter based on a statistic.
Point estimate - A single number designed to estimate a quantitative parameter of a population.
It is a statistic value that is an estimate of a population parameter.
• The sample mean is the point estimate of the population mean.
Interval estimate - It is the values which serve as an interval boundary in variable X and used to
estimate the population parameter. An interval estimate is a range of values which may contain
the parameter.
The margin of error is the maximum likely difference of sample mean and population mean.
Properties of t-distribution
• It is bell-shaped and symmetric about 0.
• The standard deviation is a bit larger than 1.
• The shape depends on the degrees of freedom.
• Gets narrower and more closely resembles standard normal distribution as df increases.

COMPUTING THE CONFIDENCE INTERVAL (WITH KNOWN σ)

COMPUTING THE CONFIDENCE INTERVAL (WITH UNKNOWN σ)

TEST OF HYPOTHESIS
Null hypothesis (H0) is a claim that there is no significant difference between the population
mean and the hypothesized value.
Alternative hypothesis (H1) is a claim that there is a significant difference between the
population mean and the hypothesized value.
Type I error is committed when the null hypothesis is true, but we decided to go in contradiction.
Type II error is committed when researchers decided to favor null hypothesis that is actually
false.
A Rejection region (Critical region) refers to the region which contains the set of values for the
test statistic that leads to rejection of H0.
The alternative hypothesis (H1) determines the test of hypothesis to be used, that is, two-tailed,
right-tailed, or left-tailed. One-tailed test can be right-tailed or left-tailed. The direction will
depend on the alternative hypothesis.
• Not equal – two tailed
• Greater than- right tailed
• Less than – left tailed

TEST STATISTICS
Test statistic is a random variable that is calculated from sample data and used in a hypothesis
test
t-distribution is to be used if the population standard deviation is unknown.
If the test statistic (z or t) falls within the region of rejection, the null hypothesis is rejected. If the
test statistic falls within the region of acceptance, the null hypothesis is not rejected. In such
cases, we say that the hypothesis has been rejected at the α level of significance.
Decision Rule
• Left Tailed: Reject H0 if zcomp ≤ -zcrit . Otherwise, do not reject H0.
• Right Tailed: Reject H0 if zcomp ≥ zcrit. Otherwise, do not reject H0.
• Two Tailed: Reject H0 if zcomp ≤ -zcrit or zcomp ≥ zcrit. Otherwise, do not reject H0.
*Change z to t for t-test.
The two test statistics are z and t, but only one should be used in hypothesis testing.
• If the population standard deviation (σ) is known or given, then we use z-test.
• If the population standard deviation (σ) is unknown, but the sample standard
deviation (s) is given, then we use t-test.

Where
x̅= sample mean
σ = population standard deviation
s = sample standard deviation
n = sample size
µ = hypothesized value of population mean

HYPOTHESIS TESTING ON POPULATION PROPORTION


Proportion is a fraction expression with the number of favorable responses in the numerator and
the total number or respondents in the denominator.

For a sample proportion, we shall use the following formulas:

where
n = number of observations in a simple random sample
p̂ = sample proportion (read “p hat”)
X = desired outcomes

z-test statistic for proportions

CORRELATIONAL ANALYSIS
The goal of a correlation analysis is to see the strength and the direction of the relationship
between two variables.
• Two variables are positively correlated if the values of one variable increase while the
values of the other increases.
• Two variables are negatively correlated if the values of one variable increase while the
values of the other decreases.
Scatter diagram is the graphing method used to illustrate the relationship between two
quantitative variables.

Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient (Pearson r)


REGRESSION ANALYSIS
Regression analysis is a statistical method used to predict the value of a dependent variable
based on the given value of an independent variable.
The following describe the Linear Regression Analysis
• The "best-fit" line for a certain data set.
• Uses a known (X) variable to predict an unknown (Y) variable.
• It determines the slope and intercept of a line to form the linear regression equation.
• It can only be performed if there is a significant relationship between the two variables.

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