ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation

ASxxxx Assemblers

and

ASLINK Relocating Linker

Version 2.0
August 1998

Page 2

P R E F A C E

The ASxxxx assemblers were written following the style of

several cross assemblers found in the Digital Equipment Corpora−
tion Users Society (DECUS) distribution of the C programming
language. The DECUS code was provided with no documentation as
to the input syntax or the output format. Study of the code
revealed that the unknown author of the code had attempted to
formulate an assembler with attributes similiar to those of the
PDP−11 MACRO assembler (without macro's). The incomplete code
from the DECUS C distribution has been largely rewritten, only
the program structure, and C source file organization remains
relatively unchanged. However, I wish to thank the author for
his contribution to this set of assemblers.

The ASLINK program was written as a companion to the ASxxxx

assemblers, its design and implementation was not derived from
any other work.

The ASxxxx assemblers and the ASLINK relocating linker are

placed in the Public Domain. Publication or distribution of
these programs for non−commercial use is hereby granted with the
stipulation that the copyright notice be included with all
copies.

I would greatly appreciate receiving the details of any

changes, additions, or errors pertaining to these programs and
will attempt to incorporate any fixes or generally useful
changes in a future update to these programs.

Alan R. Baldwin
Kent State University

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 1

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
Physics Department
Kent, Ohio 44242
U.S.A.

http://shop−pdp.kent.edu/ashtml/asxxxx.htm

baldwin@shop−pdp.kent.edu
tel: (330) 672 2531
fax: (330) 672 2959

Page 3

C O N T R I B U T O R S

Thanks to Marko Makela for his contribution of the AS6500

cross assembler.

Marko Makela
Sillitie 10 A
01480 Vantaa
Finland
Internet: Marko.Makela@Helsinki.Fi
EARN/BitNet: msmakela@finuh

Thanks to John Hartman for his contribution of the AS8051

cross assembler and updates to the ASxxxx and ASLINK internals.

John L. Hartman
jhartman@compuserve.com
http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/jhartman/

Thanks to G. Osborn for his contributions to LKS19.C and

LKIHX.C.

G. Osborn
gary@s−4.com

Page 4

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 2

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
ASxxxx Cross Assemblers, Version 2.00, August 1998

Submitted by Alan R. Baldwin,

Kent State University, Kent, Ohio

Operating System: TSX+, RT−11, MS/DOS, PDOS

or other supporting K&R C.

Source Langauge: C

Abstract:

The ASxxxx assemblers are a series of microprocessor assem−

blers written in the C programming language. This collection
contains cross assemblers for the 6800(6802/6808), 6801(hd6303),
6804, 6805, 68HC08, 6809, 68HC11, 68HC12, 68HC16, 8051,
8085(8080), z80(hd64180), H8/3xx, and 6500 series microproces−
sors. Each assembler has a device specific section which
includes: (1) device description, byte order, and file exten−
sion information, (2) a table of assembler general directives,
special directives, assembler mnemonics and associated operation
codes, (3) machine specific code for processing the device
mnemonics, addressing modes, and special directives.

The assemblers have a common device independent section which

handles the details of file input/output, symbol table genera−
tion, program/data areas, expression analysis, and assembler
directive processing.

The assemblers provide the following features: (1) alpha−

betized, formatted symbol table listings, (2) relocatable object
modules, (3) global symbols for linking object modules, (4) con−
ditional assembly directives, (5) reusable local symbols, and
(6) include−file processing.

The companion program ASLINK is a relocating linker perform−

ing the following functions: (1) bind multiple object modules
into a single memory image, (2) resolve inter−module symbol
references, (3) resolve undefined symbols from specified
librarys of object modules, (4) process absolute, relative, con−
catenated, and overlay attributes in data and program sections,
(5) perform byte and word program−counter relative (pc or pcr)
addressing calculations, (6) define absolute symbol values at
link time, (7) define absolute area base address values at link
time, (8) produce Intel Hex or Motorola S19 output file, (9)
produce a map of the linked memory image, and (10) update the
ASxxxx assembler listing files with the absolute linked ad−
dresses and data.

The assemblers and linker have been tested using DECUS C

under TSX+ and RT−11, PDOS C V5.4b, and Symantec C/C++ V6.1/V7.2
under DOS/Windows 3.x/95. Complete source code and documenta−
tion for the assemblers and linker is included with the distri−
bution. Additionally, test code for each assembler and several
microprocessor monitors ( ASSIST05 for the 6805, MONDEB and
ASSIST09 for the 6809, and BUFFALO 2.5 for the 6811) are in−
cluded as working examples of use of these assemblers.

CHAPTER 1 THE ASSEMBLER 1−1

1.1 THE ASXXXX ASSEMBLERS 1−1
1.1.1 Assembly Pass 1 1−2

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 3

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
1.1.2 Assembly Pass 2 1−2
1.1.3 Assembly Pass 3 1−2
1.2 SOURCE PROGRAM FORMAT 1−3
1.2.1 Statement Format 1−3
1.2.1.1 Label Field 1−3
1.2.1.2 Operator Field 1−5
1.2.1.3 Operand Field 1−5
1.2.1.4 Comment Field 1−6
1.3 SYMBOLS AND EXPRESSIONS 1−6
1.3.1 Character Set 1−6
1.3.2 User−Defined Symbols 1−10
1.3.3 Local Symbols 1−11
1.3.4 Current Location Counter 1−12
1.3.5 Numbers 1−14
1.3.6 Terms 1−14
1.3.7 Expressions 1−15
1.4 GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES 1−16
1.4.1 .module Directive 1−16
1.4.2 .title Directive 1−17
1.4.3 .sbttl Directive 1−17
1.4.4 .page Directive 1−17
1.4.5 .byte and .db Directives 1−17
1.4.6 .word and .dw Directives 1−18
1.4.7 .blkb, .blkw, and .ds Directives 1−18
1.4.8 .ascii Directive 1−18
1.4.9 .ascis Directive 1−19
1.4.10 .asciz Directive 1−19
1.4.11 .radix Directive 1−20
1.4.12 .even Directive 1−20
1.4.13 .odd Directive 1−20
1.4.14 .area Directive 1−21
1.4.15 .org Directive 1−22
1.4.16 .globl Directive 1−23
1.4.17 .if, .else, and .endif Directives 1−23
1.4.18 .include Directive 1−24
1.4.19 .setdp Directive 1−25
1.5 INVOKING ASXXXX 1−27
1.6 ERRORS 1−28
1.7 LISTING FILE 1−29
1.8 SYMBOL TABLE FILE 1−30
1.9 OBJECT FILE 1−31

CHAPTER 2 THE LINKER 2−1

2.1 ASLINK RELOCATING LINKER 2−1
2.2 INVOKING ASLINK 2−2
2.3 LIBRARY PATH(S) AND FILE(S) 2−3
2.4 ASLINK PROCESSING 2−4
2.5 LINKER INPUT FORMAT 2−6
2.5.1 Object Module Format 2−6
2.5.2 Header Line 2−6
2.5.3 Module Line 2−7
2.5.4 Symbol Line 2−7
2.5.5 Area Line 2−7

Page ii

2.5.6 T Line 2−7

2.5.7 R Line 2−8
2.5.8 P Line 2−8

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 4

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
2.6 LINKER ERROR MESSAGES 2−9
2.7 INTEL HEX OUTPUT FORMAT 2−11
2.8 MOTORLA S1−S9 OUTPUT FORMAT 2−12

CHAPTER 3 BUILDING ASXXXX AND ASLINK 3−1

3.1 BUILDING AN ASSEMBLER 3−1
3.2 BUILDING ASLINK 3−2

APPENDIX A AS6800 ASSEMBLER A−1

A.1 6800 REGISTER SET A−1
A.2 6800 INSTRUCTION SET A−1
A.2.1 Inherent Instructions A−2
A.2.2 Branch Instructions A−2
A.2.3 Single Operand Instructions A−3
A.2.4 Double Operand Instructions A−4
A.2.5 Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions A−4
A.2.6 Long Register Instructions A−5

APPENDIX B AS6801 ASSEMBLER B−1

B.1 .hd6303 DIRECTIVE B−1
B.2 6801 REGISTER SET B−1
B.3 6801 INSTRUCTION SET B−1
B.3.1 Inherent Instructions B−2
B.3.2 Branch Instructions B−2
B.3.3 Single Operand Instructions B−3
B.3.4 Double Operand Instructions B−4
B.3.5 Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions B−5
B.3.6 Long Register Instructions B−5
B.3.7 6303 Specific Instructions B−5

APPENDIX C AS6804 ASSEMBLER C−1

C.1 6804 REGISTER SET C−1
C.2 6804 INSTRUCTION SET C−1
C.2.1 Inherent Instructions C−2
C.2.2 Branch Instructions C−2
C.2.3 Single Operand Instructions C−2
C.2.4 Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions C−2
C.2.5 Bit Test Instructions C−2
C.2.6 Load Immediate data Instruction C−3
C.2.7 6804 Derived Instructions C−3

APPENDIX D AS6805 ASSEMBLER D−1

D.1 6805 REGISTER SET D−1
D.2 6805 INSTRUCTION SET D−1
D.2.1 Control Instructions D−2
D.2.2 Bit Manipulation Instructions D−2
D.2.3 Branch Instructions D−2
D.2.4 Read−Modify−Write Instructions D−3
D.2.5 Register\Memory Instructions D−3

Page iii

D.2.6 Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions D−4

APPENDIX E AS6808 ASSEMBLER E−1

E.1 68HC08 REGISTER SET E−1
E.2 68HC08 INSTRUCTION SET E−1
E.2.1 Control Instructions E−2
E.2.2 Bit Manipulation Instructions E−2

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 5

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
E.2.3 Branch Instructions E−3
E.2.4 Complex Branch Instructions E−3
E.2.5 Read−Modify−Write Instructions E−4
E.2.6 Register\Memory Instructions E−5
E.2.7 Double Operand Move Instruction E−5
E.2.8 16−Bit <H:X> Index Register Instructions E−5
E.2.9 Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions E−5

APPENDIX F AS6809 ASSEMBLER F−1

F.1 6809 REGISTER SET F−1
F.2 6809 INSTRUCTION SET F−1
F.2.1 Inherent Instructions F−3
F.2.2 Short Branch Instructions F−3
F.2.3 Long Branch Instructions F−3
F.2.4 Single Operand Instructions F−4
F.2.5 Double Operand Instructions F−5
F.2.6 D−register Instructions F−5
F.2.7 Index/Stack Register Instructions F−5
F.2.8 Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions F−6
F.2.9 Register − Register Instructions F−6
F.2.10 Condition Code Register Instructions F−6
F.2.11 6800 Compatibility Instructions F−6

APPENDIX G AS6811 ASSEMBLER G−1

G.1 68HC11 REGISTER SET G−1
G.2 68HC11 INSTRUCTION SET G−1
G.2.1 Inherent Instructions G−2
G.2.2 Branch Instructions G−2
G.2.3 Single Operand Instructions G−3
G.2.4 Double Operand Instructions G−4
G.2.5 Bit Manupulation Instructions G−4
G.2.6 Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions G−5
G.2.7 Long Register Instructions G−5

APPENDIX H AS6812 ASSEMBLER H−1

H.1 68HC12 REGISTER SET H−1
H.2 68HC12 INSTRUCTION SET H−1
H.2.1 Inherent Instructions H−3
H.2.2 Short Branch Instructions H−3
H.2.3 Long Branch Instructions H−3
H.2.4 Branch on Decrement, Test, or Increment H−4
H.2.5 Bit Clear and Set Instructions H−4
H.2.6 Branch on Bit Clear or Set H−4
H.2.7 Single Operand Instructions H−5
H.2.8 Double Operand Instructions H−6

Page iv

H.2.9 Move Instructions H−6

H.2.10 D−register Instructions H−6
H.2.11 Index/Stack Register Instructions H−7
H.2.12 Jump and Jump/Call to Subroutine
Instructions H−7
H.2.13 Other Special Instructions H−7
H.2.14 Register − Register Instructions H−7
H.2.15 Condition Code Register Instructions H−7
H.2.16 M68HC11 Compatibility Mode Instructions H−8

APPENDIX I AS6816 ASSEMBLER I−1

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 6

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
I.1 68HC16 REGISTER SET I−1
I.2 68HC16 INSTRUCTION SET I−1
I.2.1 Inherent Instructions I−2
I.2.2 Push/Pull Multiple Register Instructions I−3
I.2.3 Short Branch Instructions I−3
I.2.4 Long Branch Instructions I−3
I.2.5 Bit Manipulation Instructions I−3
I.2.6 Single Operand Instructions I−4
I.2.7 Double Operand Instructions I−5
I.2.8 Index/Stack Register Instructions I−5
I.2.9 Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions I−6
I.2.10 Condition Code Register Instructions I−6
I.2.11 Multiply and Accumulate Instructions I−6

APPENDIX J ASH8 ASSEMBLER J−1

J.1 H8/3XX REGISTER SET J−1
J.2 H8/3XX INSTRUCTION SET J−1
J.2.1 Inherent Instructions J−2
J.2.2 Branch Instructions J−2
J.2.3 Single Operand Instructions J−3
J.2.4 Double Operand Instructions J−4
J.2.5 Mov Instructions J−5
J.2.6 Bit Manipulation Instructions J−6
J.2.7 Extended Bit Manipulation Instructions J−7
J.2.8 Condition Code Instructions J−7
J.2.9 Other Instructions J−8
J.2.10 Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions J−8

APPENDIX K AS8051 ASSEMBLER K−1

K.1 ACKNOWLEDGMENT K−1
K.2 8051 REGISTER SET K−1
K.3 8051 INSTRUCTION SET K−2
K.3.1 Inherent Instructions K−2
K.3.2 Move Instructions K−3
K.3.3 Single Operand Instructions K−3
K.3.4 Two Operand Instructions K−4
K.3.5 Call and Return Instructions K−4
K.3.6 Jump Instructions K−4
K.3.7 Predefined Symbols: SFR Map K−5
K.3.8 Predefined Symbols: SFR Bit Addresses K−6
K.3.9 Predefined Symbols: Control Bits K−7

Page v

APPENDIX L AS8085 ASSEMBLER L−1

L.1 8085 REGISTER SET L−1
L.2 8085 INSTRUCTION SET L−1
L.2.1 Inherent Instructions L−2
L.2.2 Register/Memory/Immediate Instructions L−2
L.2.3 Call and Return Instructions L−2
L.2.4 Jump Instructions L−2
L.2.5 Input/Output/Reset Instructions L−3
L.2.6 Move Instructions L−3
L.2.7 Other Instructions L−3

APPENDIX M ASZ80 ASSEMBLER M−1

M.1 .hd64 DIRECTIVE M−1
M.2 Z80 REGISTER SET AND CONDITIONS M−1
M.3 Z80 INSTRUCTION SET M−2

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 7

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
M.3.1 Inherent Instructions M−3
M.3.2 Implicit Operand Instructions M−3
M.3.3 Load Instruction M−4
M.3.4 Call/Return Instructions M−4
M.3.5 Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions M−4
M.3.6 Bit Manipulation Instructions M−5
M.3.7 Interrupt Mode and Reset Instructions M−5
M.3.8 Input and Output Instructions M−5
M.3.9 Register Pair Instructions M−5
M.3.10 HD64180 Specific Instructions M−6

APPENDIX N AS6500 ASSEMBLER N−1

N.1 ACKNOWLEDGMENT N−1
N.2 6500 REGISTER SET N−2
N.3 6500 INSTRUCTION SET N−2
N.3.1 Processor Specific Directives N−3
N.3.2 65xx Core Inherent Instructions N−3
N.3.3 65xx Core Branch Instructions N−3
N.3.4 65xx Core Single Operand Instructions N−3
N.3.5 65xx Core Double Operand Instructions N−4
N.3.6 65xx Core Jump and Jump to Subroutine
Instructions N−4
N.3.7 65xx Core Miscellaneous X and Y Register
Instructions N−4
N.3.8 65F11 and 65F12 Specific Instructions N−5
N.3.9 65C00/21 and 65C29 Specific Instructions N−5
N.3.10 65C02, 65C102, and 65C112 Specific
Instructions N−6

CHAPTER 1

THE ASSEMBLER

1.1 THE ASXXXX ASSEMBLERS

The ASxxxx assemblers are a series of microprocessor assem−

blers written in the C programming language. Each assembler has
a device specific section which includes:

1. device description, byte order, and file extension in−

formation

2. a table of the assembler general directives, special

device directives, assembler mnemonics and associated

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 8

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
operation codes

3. machine specific code for processing the device mnemon−

ics, addressing modes, and special directives

The device specific information is detailed in the appendices.

The assemblers have a common device independent section which

handles the details of file input/output, symbol table genera−
tion, program/data areas, expression analysis, and assembler
directive processing.

The assemblers provide the following features:

1. Command string control of assembly functions

2. Alphabetized, formatted symbol table listing

3. Relocatable object modules

4. Global symbols for linking object modules

5. Conditional assembly directives

THE ASSEMBLER PAGE 1−2

THE ASXXXX ASSEMBLERS

6. Program sectioning directives

ASxxxx assembles one or more source files into a single relo−

catable ascii object file. The output of the ASxxxx assemblers
consists of an ascii relocatable object file(*.rel), an assembly
listing file(*.lst), and a symbol file(*.sym).

1.1.1 Assembly Pass 1

During pass 1, ASxxxx opens all source files and performs a

rudimenatry assembly of each source statement. During this pro−
cess all symbol tables are built, program sections defined, and
number of bytes for each assembled source line is estimated.

At the end of pass 1 all undefined symbols may be made global

(external) using the ASxxxx switch −g, otherwise undefined sym−
bols will be flagged as errors during succeeding passes.

1.1.2 Assembly Pass 2

During pass 2 the ASxxxx assembler resolves forward refer−

ences and determines the number of bytes for each assembled
line. The number of bytes used by a particular assembler in−
struction may depend upon the addressing mode, whether the in−
struction allows multiple forms based upon the relative distance
to the addressed location, or other factors. Pass 2 resolves
these cases and determines the address of all symbols.

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 9

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation

1.1.3 Assembly Pass 3

Pass 3 by the assembler generates the listing file, the relo−

catable output file, and the symbol tables. Also during pass 3
the errors will be reported.

The relocatable object file is an ascii file containing sym−

bol references and definitions, program area definitions, and
the relocatable assembled code, the linker ASLINK will use this
information to generate an absolute load file (Motorola or Intel
formats).

THE ASSEMBLER PAGE 1−3

SOURCE PROGRAM FORMAT

1.2 SOURCE PROGRAM FORMAT

1.2.1 Statement Format

A source program is composed of assembly−language statements.

Each statement must be completed on one line. A line may con−
tain a maximum of 128 characters, longer lines are truncated and
lost.

An ASxxxx assembler statement may have as many as four

fields. These fields are identified by their order within the
statement and/or by separating characters between fields. The
general format of the ASxxxx statement is:

[label:] Operator Operand [;Comment(s)]

The label and comment fields are optional. The operator and
operand fields are interdependent. The operator field may be an
assembler directive or an assembly mnemonic. The operand field
may be optional or required as defined in the context of the
operator.

ASxxxx interprets and processes source statements one at a

time. Each statement causes a particular operation to be per−
formed.

1.2.1.1 Label Field −

A label is a user−defined symbol which is assigned the value

of the current location counter and entered into the user de−
fined symbol table. The current location counter is used by
ASxxxx to assign memory addresses to the source program state−
ments as they are encountered during the assembly process. Thus
a label is a means of symbolically referring to a specific
statement.

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 10

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
When a program section is absolute, the value of the current
location counter is absolute; its value references an absolute
memory address. Similarly, when a program section is relocat−
able, the value of the current location counter is relocatable.
A relocation bias calculated at link time is added to the ap−
parent value of the current location counter to establish its
effective absolute address at execution time. (The user can
also force the linker to relocate sections defined as absolute.
This may be required under special circumstances.)

If present, a label must be the first field in a source

statement and must be terminated by a colon (:). For example,

THE ASSEMBLER PAGE 1−4

SOURCE PROGRAM FORMAT

if the value of the current location counter is absolute

01F0(H), the statement:

abcd: nop

assigns the value 01F0(H) to the label abcd. If the location

counter value were relocatable, the final value of abcd would be
01F0(H)+K, where K represents the relocation bias of the program
section, as calculated by the linker at link time.

More than one label may appear within a single label field.
Each label so specified is assigned the same address value. For
example, if the value of the current location counter is
1FF0(H), the multiple labels in the following statement are each
assigned the value 1FF0(H):

abcd: aq: $abc: nop

Multiple labels may also appear on successive lines. For ex−

ample, the statements

abcd:
aq:
$abc: nop

likewise cause the same value to be assigned to all three la−

bels.

A double colon (::) defines the label as a global symbol.

For example, the statement

abcd:: nop

establishes the label abcd as a global symbol. The distinguish−

ing attribute of a global symbol is that it can be referenced
from within an object module other than the module in which the
symbol is defined. References to this label in other modules
are resolved when the modules are linked as a composite execut−
able image.

The legal characters for defining labels are:

A through Z
a through z

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 11

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
0 through 9
. (Period)
$ (Dollar sign)
_ (underscore)

A label may be any length, however only the first 79

characters are significant and, therefore must be unique among
all labels in the source program (not necessarily among

THE ASSEMBLER PAGE 1−5

SOURCE PROGRAM FORMAT

separately compiled modules). An error code(s) (m or p) will be

generated in the assembly listing if the first 79 characters in
two or more labels are the same. The m code is caused by the
redeclaration of the symbol or its reference by another state−
ment. The p code is generated because the symbols location is
changing on each pass through the source file.

The label must not start with the characters 0−9, as this
designates a local symbol with special attributes described in a
later section.

The label must not start with the sequence $$, as this
represents the temporary radix 16 for constants.

1.2.1.2 Operator Field −

The operator field specifies the action to be performed. It

may consist of an instruction mnemonic (op code) or an assembler
directive.

When the operator is an instruction mnemonic, a machine in−

struction is generated and the assembler evaluates the addresses
of the operands which follow. When the operator is a directive
ASxxxx performs certain control actions or processing operations
during assembly of the source program.

Leading and trailing spaces or tabs in the operator field

have no significance; such characters serve only to separate
the operator field from the preceeding and following fields.

An operator is terminated by a space, tab or end of line.

1.2.1.3 Operand Field −

When the operator is an instruction mnemonic (op code), the

operand field contains program variables that are to be
evaluated/manipulated by the operator.

Operands may be expressions or symbols, depending on the

operator. Multiple expressions used in the operand fields may
be separated by a comma. An operand should be preceeded by an
operator field; if it is not, the statement will give an error
(q or o). All operands following instruction mnemonics are
treated as expressions.

The operand field is terminated by a semicolon when the field

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 12

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
is followed by a comment. For example, in the following
statement:

label: lda abcd,x ;Comment field

THE ASSEMBLER PAGE 1−6

SOURCE PROGRAM FORMAT

the tab between lda and abcd terminates the operator field and
defines the beginning of the operand field; a comma separates
the operands abcd and x; and a semicolon terminates the operand
field and defines the beginning of the comment field. When no
comment field follows, the operand field is terminated by the
end of the source line.

1.2.1.4 Comment Field −

The comment field begins with a semicolon and extends through

the end of the line. This field is optional and may contain any
7−bit ascii character except null.

Comments do not affect assembly processing or program execu−

tion.

1.3 SYMBOLS AND EXPRESSIONS

This section describes the generic components of the ASxxxx

assemblers: the character set, the conventions observed in con−
structing symbols, and the use of numbers, operators, and ex−
pressions.

1.3.1 Character Set

The following characters are legal in ASxxxx source programs:

1. The letters A through Z. Both upper− and lower−case

letters are acceptable. The assemblers, by default,
are not case sensitive, i.e. ABCD and abcd are the
same symbols. (The assemblers can be made case sensi−
tive by using the −z command line option.)

2. The digits 0 through 9

3. The characters . (period), $ (dollar sign), and _ (un−

derscore).

4. The special characters listed in Tables 1 through 6.

Tables 1 through 6 describe the various ASxxxx label and

field terminators, assignment operators, operand separators, as−
sembly, unary, binary, and radix operators.

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 13

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
THE ASSEMBLER PAGE 1−7
SYMBOLS AND EXPRESSIONS

Table 1 Label Terminators and Assignment Operators

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−

: Colon Label terminator.

:: Double colon Label Terminator; defines the

label as a global label.

= Equal sign Direct assignment operator.

== Double equal Direct assignment operator;

sign defines the symbol as a global
symbol.

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−

Table 2 Field Terminators and Operand Separators

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−

Tab Item or field terminator.

Space Item or field terminator.

, Comma Operand field separator.

; Semicolon Comment field indicator.

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−

Table 3 Assembler Operators

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−

# Number sign Immediate expression indicator.

. Period Current location counter.

( Left parenthesis Expression delimiter.

) Right parenthesis Expression delimeter.

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−

THE ASSEMBLER PAGE 1−8

SYMBOLS AND EXPRESSIONS

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 14

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation

Table 4 Unary Operators

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−

< Left bracket <FEDC Produces the lower byte

value of the expression.
(DC)

> Right bracket >FEDC Produces the upper byte

value of the expression.
(FE)

+ Plus sign +A Positive value of A

− Minus sign −A Produces the negative

(2's complement) of A.

~ Tilde ~A Produces the 1's comple−

ment of A.

' Single quote 'D Produces the value of

the character D.

" Double quote "AB Produces the double byte

value for AB.

\ Backslash '\n Unix style characters

\b, \f, \n, \r, \t
or '\001 or octal byte values.

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−

THE ASSEMBLER PAGE 1−9

SYMBOLS AND EXPRESSIONS

Table 5 Binary Operators

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−

<< Double 0800 << 4 Produces the 4 bit

Left bracket left−shifted value of
0800. (8000)

>> Double 0800 >> 4 Produces the 4 bit

Right bracket right−shifted value of
0800. (0080)

+ Plus sign A + B Arithmetic Addition

operator.

− Minus sign A − B Arithmetic Subtraction

operator.

* Asterisk A * B Arithmetic Multiplica−

tion operator. (signed

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 15

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
16−bit)

/ Slash A / B Arithmetic Division

operator. (signed
16−bit quotient)

& Ampersand A & B Logical AND operator.

| Bar A | B Logical OR operator.

% Percent sign A % B Modulus operator.

(16−bit value)

^ Up arrow or A ^ B EXCLUSIVE OR operator.

circumflex

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−

THE ASSEMBLER PAGE 1−10

SYMBOLS AND EXPRESSIONS

Table 6 Temporary Radix Operators

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−

$%, 0b, 0B Binary radix operator.

$&, 0o, 0O, 0q, 0Q Octal radix operator.

$#, 0d, 0D Decimal radix operator.

$$, 0h, 0H, 0x, 0X Hexidecimal radix operator.

Potential ambiguities arising from the use of 0b and 0d

as temporary radix operators may be circumvented by pre−
ceding all non−prefixed hexidecimal numbers with 00.
Leading 0's are required in any case where the first
hexidecimal digit is abcdef as the assembler will treat
the letter sequence as a label.

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−

1.3.2 User−Defined Symbols

User−defined symbols are those symbols that are equated to a

specific value through a direct assignment statement or appear
as labels. These symbols are added to the User Symbol Table as
they are encountered during assembly.

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 16

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation

The following rules govern the creation of user−defined symbols:

1. Symbols can be composed of alphanumeric characters,

dollar signs ($), periods (.), and underscores (_)
only.

2. The first character of a symbol must not be a number

(except in the case of local symbols).

3. The first 79 characters of a symbol must be unique. A

symbol can be written with more than 79 legal
characters, but the 80th and subsequent characters are
ignored.

4. Spaces and Tabs must not be embedded within a symbol.

THE ASSEMBLER PAGE 1−11

SYMBOLS AND EXPRESSIONS

1.3.3 Local Symbols

Local symbols are specially formatted symbols used as labels

within a block of coding that has been delimited as a local sym−
bol block. Local symbols are of the form n$, where n is a
decimal integer from 0 to 255, inclusive. Examples of local
symbols are:

1$
27$
138$
244$

The range of a local symbol block consists of those state−

ments between two normally constructed symbolic labels. Note
that a statement of the form:

ALPHA = EXPRESSION

is a direct assignment statement but does not create a label and

thus does not delimit the range of a local symbol block.

Note that the range of a local symbol block may extend across
program areas.

Local symbols provide a convenient means of generating labels

for branch instructions and other such references within local
symbol blocks. Using local symbols reduces the possibility of
symbols with multiple definitions appearing within a user pro−
gram. In addition, the use of local symbols differentiates
entry−point labels from local labels, since local labels cannot
be referenced from outside their respective local symbol blocks.
Thus, local symbols of the same name can appear in other local
symbol blocks without conflict. Local symbols require less sym−
bol table space than normal symbols. Their use is recommended.

The use of the same local symbol within a local symbol block

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 17

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
will generate one or both of the m or p errors.

THE ASSEMBLER PAGE 1−12

SYMBOLS AND EXPRESSIONS

Example of local symbols:

a: ldx #atable ;get table address

lda #0d48 ;table length
1$: clr ,x+ ;clear
deca
bne 1$

b: ldx #btable ;get table address

lda #0d48 ;table length
1$: clr ,x+ ;clear
deca
bne 1$

1.3.4 Current Location Counter

The period (.) is the symbol for the current location coun−
ter. When used in the operand field of an instruction, the
period represents the address of the first byte of the
instruction:

AS: ldx #. ;The period (.) refers to

;the address of the ldx
;instruction.

When used in the operand field of an ASxxxx directive, it

represents the address of the current byte or word:

QK = 0

.word 0xFFFE,.+4,QK ;The operand .+4 in the .word

;directive represents a value
;stored in the second of the
;three words during assembly.

If we assume the current value of the program counter is

0H0200, then during assembly, ASxxxx reserves three words of
storage starting at location 0H0200. The first value, a hex−
idecimal constant FFFE, will be stored at location 0H0200. The
second value represented by .+4 will be stored at location
0H0202, its value will be 0H0206 ( = 0H0202 + 4). The third
value defined by the symbol QK will be placed at location
0H0204.

At the beginning of each assembly pass, ASxxxx resets the lo−

cation counter. Normally, consecutive memory locations are as−
signed to each byte of object code generated. However, the
value of the location counter can be changed through a direct
assignment statement of the following form:

THE ASSEMBLER PAGE 1−13

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 18

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
SYMBOLS AND EXPRESSIONS

. = . + expression

The new location counter can only be specified relative to

the current location counter. Neglecting to specify the current
program counter along with the expression on the right side of
the assignment operator will generate the (.) error. (Absolute
program areas may use the .org directive to specify the absolute
location of the current program counter.)

The following coding illustrates the use of the current location

counter:

.area CODE1 (ABS) ;program area CODE1

;is ABSOLUTE

.org 0H100 ;set location to

;0H100 absolute

num1: ldx #.+0H10 ;The label num1 has

;the value 0H100.
;X is loaded with
;0H100 + 0H10

.org 0H130 ;location counter

;set to 0H130

num2: ldy #. ;The label num2 has

;the value 0H130.
;Y is loaded with
;value 0H130.

.area CODE2 (REL) ;program area CODE2

;is RELOCATABLE

. = . + 0H20 ;Set location counter

;to relocatable 0H20 of
;the program section.

num3: .word 0 ;The label num3 has

;the value
;of relocatable 0H20.

. = . + 0H40 ;will reserve 0H40

;bytes of storage as will
.blkb 0H40 ;or
.blkw 0H20

The .blkb and .blkw directives are the preferred methods of

allocating space.

THE ASSEMBLER PAGE 1−14

SYMBOLS AND EXPRESSIONS

1.3.5 Numbers

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 19

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation

ASxxxx assumes that all numbers in the source program are to

be interpreted in decimal radix unless otherwise specified. The
.radix directive may be used to specify the default as octal,
decimal, or hexidecimal. Individual numbers can be designated
as binary, octal, decimal, or hexidecimal through the temporary
radix prefixes shown in table 6.

Negative numbers must be preceeded by a minus sign; ASxxxx

translates such numbers into two's complement form. Positive
numbers may (but need not) be preceeded by a plus sign.

Numbers are always considered to be absolute values, therefor

they are never relocatable.

1.3.6 Terms

A term is a component of an expression and may be one of the

following:

1. A number.

2. A symbol:
1. A period (.) specified in an expression causes the
current location counter to be used.
2. A User−defined symbol.
3. An undefined symbol is assigned a value of zero and
inserted in the User−Defined symbol table as an un−
defined symbol.

3. A single quote followed by a single ascii character, or

a double quote followed by two ascii characters.

4. An expression enclosed in parenthesis. Any expression

so enclosed is evaluated and reduced to a single term
before the remainder of the expression in which it ap−
pears is evaluated. Parenthesis, for example, may be
used to alter the left−to−right evaluation of expres−
sions, (as in A*B+C versus A*(B+C)), or to apply a un−
ary operator to an entire expression (as in −(A+B)).

5. A unary operator followed by a symbol or number.

THE ASSEMBLER PAGE 1−15

SYMBOLS AND EXPRESSIONS

1.3.7 Expressions

Expressions are combinations of terms joined together by

binary operators. Expressions reduce to a 16−bit value. The
evaluation of an expression includes the determination of its
attributes. A resultant expression value may be one of three

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 20

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
types (as described later in this section): relocatable, ab−
solute, and external.

Expressions are evaluate with an operand hierarchy as follows:

* / % multiplication,
division, and
modulus first.

+ − addition and
subtraction second.

<< >> left shift and

right shift third.

^ exclusive or fourth.

& logical and fifth.

| logical or last

except that unary operators take precedence over binary

operators.

A missing or illegal operator terminates the expression

analysis, causing error codes (o) and/or (q) to be generated
depending upon the context of the expression itself.

At assembly time the value of an external (global) expression

is equal to the value of the absolute part of that expression.
For example, the expression external+4, where 'external' is an
external symbol, has the value of 4. This expression, however,
when evaluated at link time takes on the resolved value of the
symbol 'external', plus 4.

Expressions, when evaluated by ASxxxx, are one of three

types: relocatable, absolute, or external. The following dis−
tinctions are important:

1. An expression is relocatable if its value is fixed re−

lative to the base address of the program area in which
it appears; it will have an offset value added at link
time. Terms that contain labels defined in relocatable
program areas will have a relocatable value;

THE ASSEMBLER PAGE 1−16

SYMBOLS AND EXPRESSIONS

similarly, a period (.) in a relocatable program area,

representing the value of the current program location
counter, will also have a relocatable value.

2. An expression is absolute if its value is fixed. An

expression whose terms are numbers and ascii characters
will reduce to an absolute value. A relocatable ex−
pression or term minus a relocatable term, where both
elements being evaluated belong to the same program
area, is an absolute expression. This is because every
term in a program area has the same relocation bias.

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 21

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
When one term is subtracted from the other the reloca−
tion bias is zero.

3. An expression is external (or global) if it contains a

single global reference (plus or minus an absolute ex−
pression value) that is not defined within the current
program. Thus, an external expression is only par−
tially defined following assembly and must be resolved
at link time.

1.4 GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

An ASxxxx directive is placed in the operator field of the

source line. Only one directive is allowed per source line.
Each directive may have a blank operand field or one or more
operands. Legal operands differ with each directive.

1.4.1 .module Directive

Format:

.module string

The .module directive causes the string to be included in the

assemblers output file as an identifier for this particular ob−
ject module. The string may be from 1 to 79 characters in
length. Only one identifier is allowed per assembled module.
The main use of this directive is to allow the linker to report
a modules' use of undefined symbols. At link time all undefined
symbols are reported and the modules referencing them are
listed.

THE ASSEMBLER PAGE 1−17

GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

1.4.2 .title Directive

Format:

.title string

The .title directive provides a character string to be placed

on the second line of each page during listing.

1.4.3 .sbttl Directive

Format:

.sbttl string

The .sbttl directive provides a character string to be placed

on the third line of each page during listing.

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 22

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation

1.4.4 .page Directive

Format:

.page

The .page directive causes a page ejection with a new heading

to be printed. The new page occurs after the next line of the
source program is processed, this allows an immediately follow−
ing .sbttl directive to appear on the new page. The .page
source line will not appear in the file listing. Paging may be
disabled by invoking the −p directive.

1.4.5 .byte and .db Directives

Format:

.byte exp ;Stores the binary value

.db exp ;of the expression in the
;next byte.

.byte exp1,exp2,expn ;Stores the binary values

.db exp1,exp2,expn ;of the list of expressions
;in successive bytes.

where: exp, represent expressions that will be

exp1, truncated to 8−bits of data.
. Each expression will be calculated
. as a 16−bit word expression,
. the high−order byte will be truncated.
. Multiple expressions must be

THE ASSEMBLER PAGE 1−18

GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

expn separated by commas.

The .byte or .db directives are used to generate successive

bytes of binary data in the object module.

1.4.6 .word and .dw Directives

Format:

.word exp ;Stores the binary value

.dw exp ;of the expression in
;the next word.

.word exp1,exp2,expn ;Stores the binary values

.dw exp1,exp2,expn ;of the list of expressions
;in successive words.

where: exp, represent expressions that will occupy two

exp1, bytes of data. Each expression will be
. calculated as a 16−bit word expression.
. Multiple expressions must be
expn separated by commas.

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 23

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation

The .word or .dw directives are used to generate successive

words of binary data in the object module.

1.4.7 .blkb, .blkw, and .ds Directives

Format:

.blkb N ;reserve N bytes of space

.blkw N ;reserve N words of space
.ds N ;reserve N bytes of space

The .blkb and .ds directives reserve byte blocks in the ob−
ject module; the .blkw directive reserves word blocks.

1.4.8 .ascii Directive

Format:

.ascii /string/

where: string is a string of printable ascii characters.

/ / represent the delimiting characters. These

delimiters may be any paired printing
characters, as long as the characters are not
contained within the string itself. If the

THE ASSEMBLER PAGE 1−19

GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

delimiting characters do not match, the .ascii

directive will give the (q) error.

The .ascii directive places one binary byte of data for each
character in the string into the object module.

1.4.9 .ascis Directive

Format:

.ascis /string/

where: string is a string of printable ascii characters.

/ / represent the delimiting characters. These

delimiters may be any paired printing
characters, as long as the characters are not
contained within the string itself. If the
delimiting characters do not match, the .ascis
directive will give the (q) error.

The .ascis directive places one binary byte of data for each
character in the string into the object module. The last
character in the string will have the high order bit set.

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 24

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
1.4.10 .asciz Directive

Format:

.asciz /string/

where: string is a string of printable ascii characters.

/ / represent the delimiting characters. These

delimiters may be any paired printing
characters, as long as the characters are not
contained within the string itself. If the
delimiting characters do not match, the .asciz
directive will give the (q) error.

The .asciz directive places one binary byte of data for each
character in the string into the object module. Following all
the character data a zero byte is inserted to terminate the
character string.

THE ASSEMBLER PAGE 1−20

GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

1.4.11 .radix Directive

Format:

.radix character

where: character represents a single character specifying the

default radix to be used for succeeding numbers.
The character may be any one of the following:

B,b Binary

O,o Octal
Q,q

D,d Decimal
'blank'

H,h Hexidecimal
X,x

1.4.12 .even Directive

Format:

.even

The .even directive ensures that the current location counter

contains an even boundary value by adding 1 if the current loca−
tion is odd.

1.4.13 .odd Directive

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 25

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
Format:

.odd

The .odd directive ensures that the current location counter

contains an odd boundary value by adding one if the current lo−
cation is even.

THE ASSEMBLER PAGE 1−21

GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

1.4.14 .area Directive

Format:

.area name [(options)]

where: name represents the symbolic name of the program sec−

tion. This name may be the same as any
user−defined symbol as the area names are in−
dependent of all symbols and labels.

options specify the type of program or data area:

ABS absolute (automatically invokes OVR)
REL relocatable
OVR overlay
CON concatenate
PAG paged area

The .area directive provides a means of defining and separat−

ing multiple programming and data sections. The name is the
area label used by the assembler and the linker to collect code
from various separately assembled modules into one section. The
name may be from 1 to 79 characters in length.

The options are specified within parenthesis and separated by

commas as shown in the following example:

.area TEST (REL,CON) ;This section is relocatable

;and concatenated with other
;sections of this program area.

.area DATA (REL,OVR) ;This section is relocatable

;and overlays other sections
;of this program area.

.area SYS (ABS,OVR) ;(CON not allowed with ABS)

;This section is defined as
;absolute. Absolute sections
;are always overlayed with
;other sections of this program
;area.

.area PAGE (PAG) ;This is a paged section. The

;section must be on a 256 byte
;boundary and its length is
;checked by the linker to be

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 26

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
;no larger than 256 bytes.
;This is useful for direct page
;areas.

THE ASSEMBLER PAGE 1−22

GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

The default area type is REL|CON; i.e. a relocatable sec−

tion which is concatenated with other sections of code with the
same area name. The ABS option indicates an absolute area. The
OVR and CON options indicate if program sections of the same
name will overlay each other (start at the same location) or be
concatenated with each other (appended to each other).

Multiple invocations of the .area directive with the same

name must specify the same options or leave the options field
blank, this defaults to the previously specified options for
this program area.

The ASxxxx assemblers automatically provide two program

sections:

'. .ABS.' This dumby section contains all absolute

symbols and their values.

'_CODE' This is the default program/data area.

This program area is of type (REL,CON).

The ASxxxx assemblers also automatically generate two symbols

for each program area:

's_<area>' This is the starting address of the pro−

gram area.

indent −16 'l_<area>' This is the

length of the program area.

The .area names and options are never case sensitive.

1.4.15 .org Directive

Format:

.org exp

where: exp is an absolute expression that becomes the cur−

rent location counter.

The .org directive is valid only in an absolute program section

and will give a (q) error if used in a relocatable program area.
The .org directive specifies that the current location counter
is to become the specified absolute value.

THE ASSEMBLER PAGE 1−23

GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 27

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation

1.4.16 .globl Directive

Format:

.globl sym1,sym2,...,symn

where: sym1, represent legal symbolic names. When

sym2,... When multiple symbols are specified,
symn they are separated by commas.

A .globl directive may also have a label field and/or a com−

ment field.

The .globl directive is provided to define (and thus provide

linkage to) symbols not otherwise defined as global symbols
within a module. In defining global symbols the directive
.globl J is similar to:

J == expression or J::

Because object modules are linked by global symbols, these

symbols are vital to a program. All internal symbols appearing
within a given program must be defined at the end of pass 1 or
they will be considered undefined. The assembly directive (−g)
can be be invoked to make all undefined symbols global at the
end of pass 1.

1.4.17 .if, .else, and .endif Directives

Format:

.if expr
. ;}
. ;} range of true condition
. ;}
.else
. ;}
. ;} range of false condition
. ;}
.endif

The conditional assembly directives allow you to include or

exclude blocks of source code during the assembly process, based
on the evaluation of the condition test.

The range of true condition will be processed if the expres−

sion 'expr' is not zero (i.e. true) and the range of false con−
dition will be processed if the expression 'expr' is zero (i.e
false). The range of true condition is optional as is the .else
directive and the range of false condition. The following are
all valid .if/.else/.endif constructions:

THE ASSEMBLER PAGE 1−24

GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

.if A−4 ;evaluate A−4

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 28

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
.byte 1,2 ;insert bytes if A−4 is
.endif ;not zero

.if K+3 ;evaluate K+3

.else
.byte 3,4 ;insert bytes if K+3
.endif ;is zero

.if J&3 ;evaluate J masked by 3

.byte 12 ;insert this byte if J&3
.else ;is not zero
.byte 13 ;insert this byte if J&3
.endif ;is zero

The .if/.else/.endif directives may be nested upto 10 levels.

The .page directive is processed within a false condition

range to allow extended textual information to be incorporated
in the source program with out the need to use the comment
delimiter (;):

.if 0

.page
This text will be bypassed during assembly
but appear in the listing file.
.
.
.

.endif

1.4.18 .include Directive

Format:

.include string

where: string represents a delimited string that is the file

specification of an ASxxxx source file.

The .include directive is used to insert a source file within

the source file currently being assembled. When this directive
is encountered, an implicit .page directive is issued. When the
end of the specified source file is reached, an implicit .page
directive is issued and input continues from the previous source
file. The maximum nesting level of source files specified by a
.include directive is five.

THE ASSEMBLER PAGE 1−25

GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

The total number of separately specified .include files is

unlimited as each .include file is opened and then closed during
each pass made by the assembler.

1.4.19 .setdp Directive

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 29

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation

Format:

.setdp [base [,area]]

The set direct page directive has a common format in all the
AS68xx assemblers. The .setdp directive is used to inform the
assembler of the current direct page region and the offset ad−
dress within the selected area. The normal invocation methods
are:

.area DIRECT (PAG)

.setdp

or

.setdp 0,DIRECT

for all the 68xx microprocessors (the 6804 has only the paged
ram area). The commands specify that the direct page is in area
DIRECT and its offset address is 0 (the only valid value for all
but the 6809 microprocessor). Be sure to place the DIRECT area
at address 0 during linking. When the base address and area are
not specified, then zero and the current area are the defaults.
If a .setdp directive is not issued the assembler defaults the
direct page to the area "_CODE" at offset 0.

The assembler verifies that any local variable used in a

direct variable reference is located in this area. Local vari−
able and constant value direct access addresses are checked to
be within the address range from 0 to 255.

External direct references are assumed by the assembler to be

in the correct area and have valid offsets. The linker will
check all direct page relocations to verify that they are within
the correct area.

The 6809 microprocessor allows the selection of the direct

page to be on any 256 byte boundary by loading the appropriate
value into the dp register. Typically one would like to select
the page boundary at link time, one method follows:

THE ASSEMBLER PAGE 1−26

GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

.area DIRECT (PAG) ; define the direct page

.setdp
.
.
.
.area PROGRAM
.
ldd #DIRECT ; load the direct page register
tfr a,dp ; for access to the direct page

At link time specify the base and global equates to locate the
direct page:

−b DIRECT = 0x1000
−g DIRECT = 0x1000

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 30

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation

Both the area address and offset value must be specified (area
and variable names are independent). The linker will verify
that the relocated direct page accesses are within the direct
page.
The preceeding sequence could be repeated for multiple paged
areas, however an alternate method is to define a non−paged area
and use the .setdp directive to specify the offset value:

.area DIRECT ; define non−paged area

.
.
.
.area PROGRAM
.
.setdp 0,DIRECT ; direct page area
ldd #DIRECT ; load the direct page register
tfr a,dp ; for access to the direct page
.
.
.setdp 0x100,DIRECT ; direct page area
ldd #DIRECT+0x100 ; load the direct page register
tfr a,dp ; for access to the direct page

The linker will verify that subsequent direct page references

are in the specified area and offset address range. It is the
programmers responsibility to load the dp register with the cor−
rect page segment corresponding to the .setdp base address
specified.

For those cases where a single piece of code must access a

defined data structure within a direct page and there are many
pages, define a dumby direct page linked at address 0. This
dumby page is used only to define the variable labels. Then
load the dp register with the real base address but donot use a
.setdp directive. This method is equivalent to indexed

THE ASSEMBLER PAGE 1−27

GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

addressing, where the dp register is the index register and the

direct addressing is the offset.

1.5 INVOKING ASXXXX

The ASxxxx assemblers are command line oriented. The PC as−

semblers are started with the appropriate option(s) and file(s)
to assemble following the assembler name:

as6809 [−dqxgalosff] file1 [file2 file3 ... file6]

The options are:

d decimal listing
q octal listing
x hex listing (default)

The listing radix affects the

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 31

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
.lst, .rel, and .sym files.

g undefined symbols made global

a all user symbols made global

l create list output file1.lst

o create object output file1.rel
s create symbol output file1.sym

p disable listing pagination

w wide listing format for symbol table

z enable case sensitivity for symbols

relocatable reference flagging:

f by ` in the listing file

ff by mode in the listing file

The file name for the .lst, .rel, and .sym files is the first
file name specified in the command line. All output files are
ascii text files which may be edited, copied, etc. The output
files are the concatenation of all the input files, if files are
to be assembled independently invoke the assembler for each
file.

The .rel file contains a radix directive so that the linker

will use the proper conversion for this file. Linked files may
have different radices.

THE ASSEMBLER PAGE 1−28

INVOKING ASXXXX

If the list (l) option is specified without the symbol table

(s) option, the symbol table is placed at the end of the listing
file.

1.6 ERRORS

The ASxxxx assemblers provide limited diagnostic error codes

during the assembly process, these errors will be noted in the
listing file and printed on the stderr device.

The assembler reports the errors on the stderr device as

?ASxxxx−Error−<*> in line nnn of filename

where * is the error code, nnn is the line number, and filename
is the source/include file.

The errors are:

(.) This error is caused by an absolute direct assign−

ment of the current location counter
. = expression (incorrect)
rather than the correct
. = . + expression

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 32

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation

(a) Indicates a machine specific addressing or address−

ing mode error.

(b) Indicates a direct page boundary error.

(d) Indicates a direct page addressing error.

(i) Caused by an .include file error or an .if/.endif

mismatch.

(m) Multiple definitions of the same label, multiple

.module directives, or multiple conflicting attri−
butes in an .area directive.

(o) Directive or mnemonic error or the use of the .org

directive in a relocatable area.

(p) Phase error: label location changing between passes

2 and 3. Normally caused by having more than one
level of forward referencing.

(q) Questionable syntax: missing or improper operators,

terminators, or delimiters.

(r) Relocation error: logic operation attempted on a

THE ASSEMBLER PAGE 1−29

ERRORS

relocatable term, addition of two relocatable terms,

subtraction of two relocatable terms not within the
same programming area or external symbols.

(u) Undefined symbol encountered during assembly.

1.7 LISTING FILE

The (−l) option produces an ascii output listing file. Each

page of output contains a four line header:

1. The ASxxxx program name and page number

2. Title from a .title directive (if any)

3. Subtitle from a .sbttl directive (if any)

4. Blank line

Each succeeding line contains five fields:

1. Error field (first three characters of line)

2. Current location counter

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 33

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation

3. Generated code in byte format

4. Source text line number

5. Source text

The error field may contain upto 2 error flags indicating any
errors encountered while assembling this line of source code.

The current location counter field displays the 16−bit pro−

gram position. This field will be in the selected radix.

The generated code follows the program location. The listing

radix determines the number of bytes that will be displayed in
this field. Hexidecimal listing allows six bytes of data within
the field, decimal and octal allow four bytes within the field.
If more than one field of data is generated from the assembly of
a single line of source code, then the data field is repeated on
successive lines.

THE ASSEMBLER PAGE 1−30

LISTING FILE

The source text line number is printed in decimal and is fol−

lowed by the source text.

Two special cases will disable the listing of a line of

source text:

1. Source line with a .page directive is never listed.

2. Source line with a .include file directive is not

listed unless the .include file cannot be opened.

Two data field options are available to flag those bytes

which will be relocated by the linker. If the −f option is
specified then each byte to be relocated will be preceeded by
the '`' character. If the −ff option is specified then each
byte to be relocated will be preceeded by one of the following
characters:

1. * paged relocation

2. u low byte of unsigned word or unsigned byte

3. v high byte of unsigned word

4. p PCR low byte of word relocation or PCR byte

5. q PCR high byte of word relocation

6. r low byte relocation or byte relocation

7. s high byte relocation

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 34

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation

1.8 SYMBOL TABLE FILE

The symbol table has two parts:

1. The alphabetically sorted list of symbols and/or labels

defined or referenced in the source program.

2. A list of the program areas defined during assembly of

the source program.

The sorted list of symbols and/or labels contains the follow−

ing information:

1. Program area number (none if absolute value or exter−

nal)

THE ASSEMBLER PAGE 1−31

SYMBOL TABLE FILE

2. The symbol or label

3. Directly assigned symbol is denoted with an (=) sign

4. The value of a symbol, location of a label relative to

the program area base address (=0), or a **** indicat−
ing the symbol or label is undefined.

5. The characters: G − global, R − relocatable, and X −

external.

The list of program areas provides the correspondence between

the program area numbers and the defined program areas, the size
of the program areas, and the area flags (attributes).

1.9 OBJECT FILE

The object file is an ascii file containing the information

needed by the linker to bind multiple object modules into a com−
plete loadable memory image. The object module contains the
following designators:

[XDQ][HL]
X Hexidecimal radix
D Decimal radix
Q Octal radix

H Most significant byte first

L Least significant byte first

H Header
M Module
A Area
S Symbol
T Object code

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 35

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
R Relocation information
P Paging information

Refer to the linker for a detailed description of each of the

designators and the format of the information contained in the
object file.

CHAPTER 2

THE LINKER

2.1 ASLINK RELOCATING LINKER

ASLINK is the companion linker for the ASxxxx assemblers.

The program ASLINK is a general relocating linker performing

the following functions:

1. Bind multiple object modules into a single memory image

2. Resolve inter−module symbol references

3. Combine code belonging to the same area from multiple

object files into a single contiguous memory region

4. Search and import object module libraries for undefined

global variables

5. Perform byte and word program counter relative

(pc or pcr) addressing calculations

6. Define absolute symbol values at link time

7. Define absolute area base address values at link time

8. Produce Intel Hex or Motorola S19 output file

9. Produce a map of the linked memory image

10. Produce an updated listing file with the relocated ad−

dresses and data

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 36

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation

THE LINKER PAGE 2−2

INVOKING ASLINK

2.2 INVOKING ASLINK

The linker may run in the command line mode or command file
modes. The allowed startup linker commands are:

−c/−f command line / command file modes

−p/−n enable/disable echo file.lnk input to stdout

If command line mode is selected, all linker commands come

from stdin, if the command file mode is selected the commands
are input from the specified file (extension must be .lnk).

Most sytems require the initial options to be entered on the

command line:

ASLINK −[cfpn]

Some systems may request the arguments after the linker is

started at a system specific prompt:

ASLINK
argv: −[cfpn]

After invoking the linker the valid options are:

1. −i/−s Intel Hex (file.ihx) or Motorola S19 (file.s19)

image output file.

2. −z Specifies that symbol names are case sensitive.

3. −m Generate a map file (file.map). This file con−

tains a list of the symbols (by area) with absolute ad−
dresses, sizes of linked areas, and other linking
information.

4. −w Specifies that a wide listing format be used

for the map file.

5. −xdq Specifies the number radix for the map file

(Hexidecimal, Decimal, or Octal).

6. −u Generate an updated listing file (file.rst)

derived from the relocated addresses and data from the
linker

7. fileN Files to be linked. Files may be on the same

line as the above options or on a separate line(s) one
file per line or multiple files separated by spaces or
tabs.

THE LINKER PAGE 2−3

INVOKING ASLINK

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 37

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation

8. −b area = expression (one definition per line)

This specifies an area base address where the expres−
sion may contain constants and/or defined symbols from
the linked files.

9. −g symbol = expression (one definition per line)

This specifies the value for the symbol where the ex−
pression may contain constants and/or defined symbols
from the linked files.

10. −k library directory path

(one definition per line) This specifies one possible
path to an object library. More than one path is al−
lowed.

11. −l library file specification

(one definition per line) This specifies a possible
library file. More than one file is allowed.

12. −e or null line, terminates input to the linker.

2.3 LIBRARY PATH(S) AND FILE(S)

The process of resolving undefined symbols after scanning the

input object files includes the scanning of object module
libraries. The linker will search through all combinations of
the library path specifications (input by the −k option) and the
library file specifications (input by the −l option) that lead
to an existing library file. Each library file contains a list
(one file per line) of modules included in this particular
library. Each existing object module is scanned for a match to
the undefined symbol. The first module containing the symbol is
then linked with the previous modules to resolve the symbol de−
finition. The library object modules are rescanned until no
more symbols can be resolved. The scanning algorithm allows
resolution of back references. No errors are reported for non
existant library files or object modules.

The library file specification may be formed in one of two

ways:

1. If the library file contained an absolute path/file

specification then this is the object module's
path/file.
(i.e. C:\...)

2. If the library file contains a relative path/file

specification then the concatenation of the path and

THE LINKER PAGE 2−4

LIBRARY PATH(S) AND FILE(S)

this file specification becomes the object module's

path/file.
(i.e. \...)

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 38

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation

As an example, assume there exists a library file termio.lib

in the syslib directory specifying the following object modules:

\6809\io_disk first object module

d:\special\io_comm second object module

and the following parameters were specified to the linker:

−k c:\iosystem\ the first path

−k c:\syslib\ the second path

−l termio the first library file

−l io the second library file (no such file)

The linker will attempt to use the following object modules to

resolve any undefined symbols:

c:\syslib\6809\io_disk.rel (concatenated path/file)

d:\special\io_comm.rel (absolute path/file)

all other path(s)/file(s) don't exist. (No errors are reported

for non existant path(s)/file(s).)

2.4 ASLINK PROCESSING

The linker processes the files in the order they are

presented. The first pass through the input files is used to
define all program areas, the section area sizes, and symbols
defined or referenced. Undefined symbols will initiate a search
of any specified library file(s) and the importing of the module
containing the symbol definition. After the first pass the −b
(area base address) definitions, if any, are processed and the
areas linked.

The area linking proceeds by first examining the area types

ABS, CON, REL, OVR and PAG. Absolute areas (ABS) from separate
object modules are always overlayed and have been assembled at a
specific address, these are not normally relocated (if a −b com−
mand is used on an absolute area the area will be relocated).
Relative areas (normally defined as REL|CON) have a base address
of 0x0000 as read from the object files, the −b command speci−
fies the beginning address of the area. All subsequent relative
areas will be concatenated with proceeding relative areas.
Where specific ordering is desired, the first linker input file
should have the area definitions in the desired order. At the

THE LINKER PAGE 2−5

ASLINK PROCESSING

completion of the area linking all area addresses and lengths

have been determined. The areas of type PAG are verified to be
on a 256 byte boundary and that the length does not exceed 256
bytes. Any errors are noted on stderr and in the map file.

Next the global symbol definitions (−g option), if any, are

processed. The symbol definitions have been delayed until this

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 39

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
point because the absolute addresses of all internal symbols are
known and can be used in the expression calculations.

Before continuing with the linking process the symbol table

is scanned to determine if any symbols have been referenced but
not defined. Undefined symbols are listed on the stderr device.
if a .module directive was included in the assembled file the
module making the reference to this undefined variable will be
printed.

Constants defined as global in more than one module will be

flagged as multiple definitions if their values are not identi−
cal.

After the preceeding processes are complete the linker may

output a map file (−m option). This file provides the following
information:

1. Global symbol values and label absolute addresses

2. Defined areas and there lengths

3. Remaining undefined symbols

4. List of modules linked

5. List of library modules linked

6. List of −b and −g definitions

The final step of the linking process is performed during the

second pass of the input files. As the xxx.rel files are read
the code is relocated by substituting the physical addresses for
the referenced symbols and areas and may be output in Intel or
Motorola formats. The number of files linked and symbols de−
fined/referenced is limited by the processor space available to
build the area/symbol lists. If the −u option is specified then
the listing files (file.lst) associated with the relocation
files (file.rel) are scanned and used to create a new file
(file.rst) which has all addresses and data relocated to their
final values.

THE LINKER PAGE 2−6

LINKER INPUT FORMAT

2.5 LINKER INPUT FORMAT

The linkers' input object file is an ascii file containing

the information needed by the linker to bind multiple object
modules into a complete loadable memory image.

The object module contains the following designators:

[XDQ][HL]
X Hexidecimal radix

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 40

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
D Decimal radix
Q Octal radix

H Most significant byte first

L Least significant byte first

H Header
M Module
A Area
S Symbol
T Object code
R Relocation information
P Paging information

2.5.1 Object Module Format

The first line of an object module contains the [XDQ][HL]

format specifier (i.e. XH indicates a hexidecimal file with
most significant byte first) for the following designators.

2.5.2 Header Line

H aa areas gg global symbols

The header line specifies the number of areas(aa) and the

number of global symbols(gg) defined or referenced in this ob−
ject module segment.

THE LINKER PAGE 2−7

LINKER INPUT FORMAT

2.5.3 Module Line

M name

The module line specifies the module name from which this
header segment was assembled. The module line will not appear
if the .module directive was not used in the source program.

2.5.4 Symbol Line

S string Defnnnn

or

S string Refnnnn

The symbol line defines (Def) or references (Ref) the symbol

'string' with the value nnnn. The defined value is relative to
the current area base address. References to constants and ex−
ternal global symbols will always appear before the first area
definition. References to external symbols will have a value of
zero.

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 41

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation

2.5.5 Area Line

A label size ss flags ff

The area line defines the area label, the size (ss) of the
area in bytes, and the area flags (ff). The area flags specify
the ABS, REL, CON, OVR, and PAG parameters:

OVR/CON (0x04/0x00 i.e. bit position 2)

ABS/REL (0x08/0x00 i.e. bit position 3)

PAG (0x10 i.e. bit position 4)

2.5.6 T Line

T xx xx nn nn nn nn nn ...

The T line contains the assembled code output by the assem−

bler with xx xx being the offset address from the current area
base address and nn being the assembled instructions and data in
byte format.

THE LINKER PAGE 2−8

LINKER INPUT FORMAT

2.5.7 R Line

R 0 0 nn nn n1 n2 xx xx ...

The R line provides the relocation information to the linker.

The nn nn value is the current area index, i.e. which area the
current values were assembled. Relocation information is en−
coded in groups of 4 bytes:

1. n1 is the relocation mode and object format, for the

adhoc extension modes refer to asxxxx.h or aslink.h
1. bit 0 word(0x00)/byte(0x01)
2. bit 1 relocatable area(0x00)/symbol(0x02)
3. bit 2 normal(0x00)/PC relative(0x04) relocation
4. bit 3 1−byte(0x00)/2−byte(0x08) object format for
byte data
5. bit 4 signed(0x00)/unsigned(0x10) byte data
6. bit 5 normal(0x00)/page '0'(0x20) reference
7. bit 6 normal(0x00)/page 'nnn'(0x40) reference
8. bit 7 LSB byte(0x00)/MSB byte(0x80) with 2−byte
mode

2. n2 is a byte index into the corresponding (i.e. pre−

ceeding) T line data (i.e. a pointer to the data to be
updated by the relocation). The T line data may be
1−byte or 2−byte byte data format or 2−byte word
format.

3. xx xx is the area/symbol index for the area/symbol be−

ing referenced. the corresponding area/symbol is found

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 42

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
in the header area/symbol lists.

The groups of 4 bytes are repeated for each item requiring relo−
cation in the preceeding T line.

2.5.8 P Line

P 0 0 nn nn n1 n2 xx xx

The P line provides the paging information to the linker as

specified by a .setdp directive. The format of the relocation
information is identical to that of the R line. The correspond−
ing T line has the following information:
T xx xx aa aa bb bb

Where aa aa is the area reference number which specifies the

selected page area and bb bb is the base address of the page.
bb bb will require relocation processing if the 'n1 n2 xx xx' is
specified in the P line. The linker will verify that the base

THE LINKER PAGE 2−9

LINKER INPUT FORMAT

address is on a 256 byte boundary and that the page length of an

area defined with the PAG type is not larger than 256 bytes.

The linker defaults any direct page references to the first

area defined in the input REL file. All ASxxxx assemblers will
specify the _CODE area first, making this the default page area.

2.6 LINKER ERROR MESSAGES

The linker provides detailed error messages allowing the pro−

grammer to quickly find the errant code. As the linker com−
pletes pass 1 over the input file(s) it reports any page
boundary or page length errors as follows:

?ASlink−Warning−Paged Area PAGE0 Boundary Error

and/or

?ASlink−Warning−Paged Area PAGE0 Length Error

where PAGE0 is the paged area.

During Pass two the linker reads the T, R, and P lines per−
forming the necessary relocations and outputting the absolute
code. Various errors may be reported during this process
The P line processing can produce only one possible error:

?ASlink−Warning−Page Definition Boundary Error

file module pgarea pgoffset
PgDef t6809l t6809l PAGE0 0001

The error message specifies the file and module where the .setdp
direct was issued and indicates the page area and the page

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 43

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
offset value determined after relocation.

The R line processing produces various errors:

?ASlink−Warning−Byte PCR relocation error for symbol bra2

file module area offset
Refby t6809l t6809l TEST 00FE
Defin tconst tconst . .ABS. 0080

?ASlink−Warning−Unsigned Byte error for symbol two56

file module area offset
Refby t6800l t6800l DIRECT 0015
Defin tconst tconst . .ABS. 0100

THE LINKER PAGE 2−10

LINKER ERROR MESSAGES

?ASlink−Warning−Page0 relocation error for symbol ltwo56

file module area offset
Refby t6800l t6800l DIRECT 000D
Defin tconst tconst DIRECT 0100

?ASlink−Warning−Page Mode relocation error for symbol two56

file module area offset
Refby t6809l t6809l DIRECT 0005
Defin tconst tconst . .ABS. 0100

?ASlink−Warning−Page Mode relocation error

file module area offset
Refby t Pagetest PROGRAM 0006
Defin t Pagetest DIRECT 0100

These error messages specify the file, module, area, and offset
within the area of the code referencing (Refby) and defining
(Defin) the symbol. If the symbol is defined in the same module
as the reference the linker is unable to report the symbol name.
The assembler listing file(s) should be examined at the offset
from the specified area to located the offending code.

The errors are:

1. The byte PCR error is caused by exceeding the pc rela−

tive byte branch range.

2. The Unsigned byte error indicates an indexing value was

negative or larger than 255.

3. The Page0 error is generated if the direct page vari−

able is not in the page0 range of 0 to 255.

4. The page mode error is generated if the direct variable

is not within the current direct page (6809).

THE LINKER Page 2−11

INTEL HEX OUTPUT FORMAT

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 44

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
2.7 INTEL HEX OUTPUT FORMAT

Record Mark Field − This field signifies the start of a

record, and consists of an ascii colon
(:).

Record Length Field − This field consists of two ascii

characters which indicate the number of
data bytes in this record. The
characters are the result of converting
the number of bytes in binary to two
ascii characters, high digit first. An
End of File record contains two ascii
zeros in this field.

Load Address Field − This field consists of the four ascii

characters which result from converting
the the binary value of the address in
which to begin loading this record. The
order is as follows:

High digit of high byte of address.

Low digit of high byte of address.
High digit of low byte of address.
Low digit of low byte of address.

In an End of File record this field con−

sists of either four ascii zeros or the
program entry address. Currently the
entry address option is not supported.

Record Type Field − This field identifies the record type,

which is either 0 for data records or 1
for an End of File record. It consists
of two ascii characters, with the high
digit of the record type first, followed
by the low digit of the record type.

Data Field − This field consists of the actual data,

converted to two ascii characters, high
digit first. There are no data bytes in
the End of File record.

Checksum Field − The checksum field is the 8 bit binary

sum of the record length field, the load
address field, the record type field,
and the data field. This sum is then
negated (2's complement) and converted
to two ascii characters, high digit
first.

THE LINKER Page 2−12

MOTOROLA S1−S9 OUTPUT FORMAT

2.8 MOTORLA S1−S9 OUTPUT FORMAT

Record Type Field − This field signifies the start of a

record and identifies the the record
type as follows:

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 45

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
Ascii S1 − Data Record
Ascii S9 − End of File Record

Record Length Field − This field specifies the record length

which includes the address, data, and
checksum fields. The 8 bit record
length value is converted to two ascii
characters, high digit first.

Load Address Field − This field consists of the four ascii

characters which result from converting
the the binary value of the address in
which to begin loading this record. The
order is as follows:

High digit of high byte of address.

Low digit of high byte of address.
High digit of low byte of address.
Low digit of low byte of address.

In an End of File record this field con−

sists of either four ascii zeros or the
program entry address. Currently the
entry address option is not supported.

Data Field − This field consists of the actual data,

converted to two ascii characters, high
digit first. There are no data bytes in
the End of File record.

Checksum Field − The checksum field is the 8 bit binary

sum of the record length field, the load
address field, and the data field. This
sum is then complemented (1's comple−
ment) and converted to two ascii
characters, high digit first.

CHAPTER 3

BUILDING ASXXXX AND ASLINK

The assemblers and linker have been successfully compiled us−

ing the DECUS C (PDP−11) compiler (patch level 9) with
RT−11/TSX+, Eyring Research Institute, Inc. PDOS (680x0) C
V5.4b compiler, and Symantec C/C++ V6.1/V7.2.

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 46

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
The device specific header file (i.e. m6800.h, m6801.h,
etc.) contains the DECUS C 'BUILD' directives for generating a
command file to compile, assemble, and link the necessary files
to prepare an executable image for a particular assembler.

3.1 BUILDING AN ASSEMBLER

The building of a typical assembler (6809 for example) re−

quires the following files:

1. M6809.H
2. M09EXT.C
3. M09MCH.C
4. M09ADR.C
5. M09PST.C
6. ASXXXX.H
7. ASMAIN.C
8. ASLEX.C
9. ASSYM.C
10. ASSUBR.C
11. ASEXPR.C
12. ASDATA.C
13. ASLIST.C
14. ASOUT.C

The first five files are the 6809 processor dependent sec−
tions which contain the following:

BUILDING ASXXXX AND ASLINK PAGE 3−2

BUILDING AN ASSEMBLER

1. m6809.h − header file containing the machine specific

definitions of constants, variables, structures, and
types

2. m09ext − device description, byte order, and file ex−

tension information

3. m09pst − a table of the assembler general directives,

special device directives, and assembler mnemonics with
associated operation codes

4. m09mch / m09adr − machine specific code for processing

the device mnemonics, addressing modes, and special
directives

The remaining nine files provide the device independent sec−

tions which handle the details of file input/output, symbol
table generation, program/data areas, expression analysis, and
assembler directive processing.

3.2 BUILDING ASLINK

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 47

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation

The building of the linker requires the following files:

1. ASLINK.H
2. LKMAIN.C
3. LKLEX.C
4. LKAREA.C
5. LKHEAD.C
6. LKSYM.C
7. LKEVAL.C
8. LKDATA.C
9. LKLIST.C
10. LKRLOC.C
11. LKLIBR.C
12. LKS19.C
13. LKIHX.C

APPENDIX A

AS6800 ASSEMBLER

A.1 6800 REGISTER SET

The following is a list of the 6800 registers used by AS6800:

a,b − 8−bit accumulators

x − index register

A.2 6800 INSTRUCTION SET

The following tables list all 6800/6802/6808 mnemonics recog−

nized by the AS6800 assembler. The designation [] refers to a
required addressing mode argument. The following list specifies
the format for each addressing mode supported by AS6800:

#data immediate data

byte or word data

*dir direct page addressing

(see .setdp directive)
0 <= dir <= 255

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 48

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
,x register indirect addressing
zero offset

offset,x register indirect addressing

0 <= offset <= 255

ext extended addressing

label branch label

The terms data, dir, offset, ext, and label may all be expres−
sions.

AS6800 ASSEMBLER PAGE A−2

6800 INSTRUCTION SET

Note that not all addressing modes are valid with every in−
struction, refer to the 6800 technical data for valid modes.

A.2.1 Inherent Instructions

aba cba
clc cli
clv daa
des dex
ins inx
nop rti
rts sba
sec sei
sev swi
tab tap
tba tpa
tsx txs
wai

psha pshb
psh a psh b
pula pulb
pul a pul b

A.2.2 Branch Instructions

bra label bhi label

bls label bcc label
bhs label bcs label
blo label bne label
beq label bvc label
bvs label bpl label
bmi label bge label
blt label bgt label
ble label bsr label

AS6800 ASSEMBLER PAGE A−3

6800 INSTRUCTION SET

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 49

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
A.2.3 Single Operand Instructions

asla aslb
asl a asl b
asl []

asra asrb
asr a asr b
asr []

clra clrb
clr a clr b
clr []

coma comb
com a com b
com []

deca decb
dec a dec b
dec []

inca incb
inc a inc b
inc []

lsla lslb
lsl a lsl b
lsl []

lsra lsrb
lsr a lsr b
lsr []

nega negb
neg a neg b
neg []

rola rolb
rol a rol b
rol []

rora rorb
ror a ror b
ror []

tsta tstb
tst a tst b
tst []

AS6800 ASSEMBLER PAGE A−4

6800 INSTRUCTION SET

A.2.4 Double Operand Instructions

adca [] adcb []
adc a [] adc b []

adda [] addb []
add a [] add b []

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 50

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation

anda [] andb []
and a [] and b []

bita [] bitb []
bit a [] bit b []

cmpa [] cmpb []
cmp a [] cmp b []

eora [] eorb []
eor a [] eor b []

ldaa [] ldab []
lda a [] lda b []

oraa [] orab []
ora a [] ora b []

sbca [] sbcb []
sbc a [] sbc b []

staa [] stab []
sta a [] sta b []

suba [] subb []
sub a [] sub b []

A.2.5 Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions

jmp [] jsr []

AS6800 ASSEMBLER PAGE A−5

6800 INSTRUCTION SET

A.2.6 Long Register Instructions

cpx []
lds [] sts []
ldx [] stx []

APPENDIX B

AS6801 ASSEMBLER

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 51

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation

B.1 .hd6303 DIRECTIVE

Format:

.hd6303

The .hd6303 directive enables processing of the HD6303 specific

mnemonics not included in the 6801 instruction set. HD6303
mnemonics encountered without the .hd6303 directive will be
flagged with an 'o' error.

B.2 6801 REGISTER SET

The following is a list of the 6801 registers used by AS6801:

a,b − 8−bit accumulators

d − 16−bit accumulator <a:b>
x − index register

B.3 6801 INSTRUCTION SET

The following tables list all 6801/6303 mnemonics recognized

by the AS6801 assembler. The designation [] refers to a re−
quired addressing mode argument. The following list specifies
the format for each addressing mode supported by AS6801:

#data immediate data

byte or word data

*dir direct page addressing

(see .setdp directive)
0 <= dir <= 255

AS6801 ASSEMBLER PAGE B−2

6801 INSTRUCTION SET

,x register indirect addressing

zero offset

offset,x register indirect addressing

0 <= offset <= 255

ext extended addressing

label branch label

The terms data, dir, offset, ext, and label may all be expres−
sions.

Note that not all addressing modes are valid with every in−
struction, refer to the 6801/6303 technical data for valid

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 52

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
modes.

B.3.1 Inherent Instructions

aba abx
cba clc
cli clv
daa des
dex ins
inx mul
nop rti
rts sba
sec sei
sev swi
tab tap
tba tpa
tsx txs
wai

B.3.2 Branch Instructions

bra label brn label

bhi label bls label
bcc label bhs label
bcs label blo label
bne label beq label
bvc label bvs label
bpl label bmi label
bge label blt label
bgt label ble label
bsr label

AS6801 ASSEMBLER PAGE B−3

6801 INSTRUCTION SET

B.3.3 Single Operand Instructions

asla aslb asld

asl a asl b asl d
asl []

asra asrb
asr a asr b
asr []

clra clrb
clr a clr b
clr []

coma comb
com a com b
com []

deca decb
dec a dec b
dec []

eora eorb

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 53

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
eor a eor b
eor []

inca incb
inc a inc b
inc []

lsla lslb lsld

lsl a lsl b lsl d
lsl []

lsra lsrb lsrd

lsr a lsr b lsr d
lsr []

nega negb
neg a neg b
neg []

psha pshb pshx

psh a psh b psh x

pula pulb pulx

pul a pul b pul x

rola rolb
rol a rol b
rol []

AS6801 ASSEMBLER PAGE B−4

6801 INSTRUCTION SET

rora rorb
ror a ror b
ror []

tsta tstb
tst a tst b
tst []

B.3.4 Double Operand Instructions

adca [] adcb []
adc a [] adc b []

adda [] addb [] addd []

add a [] add b [] add d []

anda [] andb []
and a [] and b []

bita [] bitb []
bit a [] bit b []

cmpa [] cmpb []
cmp a [] cmp b []

ldaa [] ldab []

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 54

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
lda a [] lda b []

oraa [] orab []
ora a [] ora b []

sbca [] sbcb []
sbc a [] sbc b []

staa [] stab []
sta a [] sta b []

suba [] subb [] subd []

sub a [] sub b [] sub d []

AS6801 ASSEMBLER PAGE B−5

6801 INSTRUCTION SET

B.3.5 Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions

jmp [] jsr []

B.3.6 Long Register Instructions

cpx [] ldd []
lds [] ldx []
std [] sts []
stx []

B.3.7 6303 Specific Instructions

aim #data, [] eim #data, []

oim #data, [] tim #data, []

xgdx slp

APPENDIX C

AS6804 ASSEMBLER

Requires the .setdp directive to specify the ram area.

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 55

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation

C.1 6804 REGISTER SET

The following is a list of the 6804 registers used by AS6804:

x,y − index registers

C.2 6804 INSTRUCTION SET

The following tables list all 6804 mnemonics recognized by

the AS6804 assembler. The designation [] refers to a required
addressing mode argument. The following list specifies the
format for each addressing mode supported by AS6804:

#data immediate data

byte or word data

,x register indirect addressing

dir direct addressing

(see .setdp directive)
0 <= dir <= 255

ext extended addressing

label branch label

The terms data, dir, and ext may be expressions. The label for
the short branchs beq, bne, bcc, and bcs must not be external.

Note that not all addressing modes are valid with every in−
struction, refer to the 6804 technical data for valid modes.

AS6804 ASSEMBLER PAGE C−2

6804 INSTRUCTION SET

C.2.1 Inherent Instructions

coma decx
decy incx
incy rola
rti rts
stop tax
tay txa
tya wait

C.2.2 Branch Instructions

bne label beq label

bcc label bcs label

C.2.3 Single Operand Instructions

add []
and []

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 56

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
cmp []
dec []
inc []
lda []
sta []
sub []

C.2.4 Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions

jsr []
jmp []

C.2.5 Bit Test Instructions

brclr #data,[],label
brset #data,[],label

bclr #label,[]
bset #label,[]

AS6804 ASSEMBLER PAGE C−3

6804 INSTRUCTION SET

C.2.6 Load Immediate data Instruction

mvi [],#data

C.2.7 6804 Derived Instructions

asla
bam label
bap label
bxmi label
bxpl label
bymi label
bypl label
clra
clrx
clry
deca
decx
decy
inca
incx
incy
ldxi #data
ldyi #data
nop
tax
tay
txa
tya

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 57

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation

APPENDIX D

AS6805 ASSEMBLER

D.1 6805 REGISTER SET

The following is a list of the 6805 registers used by AS6805:

a − 8−bit accumulator
x − index register

D.2 6805 INSTRUCTION SET

The following tables list all 6805 mnemonics recognized by

the AS6805 assembler. The designation [] refers to a required
addressing mode argument. The following list specifies the
format for each addressing mode supported by AS6805:

#data immediate data

byte or word data

*dir direct page addressing

(see .setdp directive)
0 <= dir <= 255

,x register indirect addressing

zero offset

offset,x register indirect addressing

0 <= offset <= 255 −−− byte mode
256 <= offset <= 65535 −−− word mode
(an externally defined offset uses the
word mode)

ext extended addressing

label branch label

AS6805 ASSEMBLER PAGE D−2

6805 INSTRUCTION SET

The terms data, dir, offset, and ext may all be expressions.

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 58

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation

Note that not all addressing modes are valid with every in−
struction, refer to the 6805 technical data for valid modes.

D.2.1 Control Instructions

clc cli
nop rsp
rti rts
sec sei
stop swi
tax txa
wait

D.2.2 Bit Manipulation Instructions

brset #data,*dir,label
brclr #data,*dir,label

bset #data,*dir
bclr #data,*dir

D.2.3 Branch Instructions

bra label brn label

bhi label bls label
bcc label bcs label
bne label beq label
bhcc label bhcs label
bpl label bmi label
bmc label bms label
bil label bih label
bsr label

AS6805 ASSEMBLER PAGE D−3

6805 INSTRUCTION SET

D.2.4 Read−Modify−Write Instructions

nega negx
neg []

coma comx
com []

lsra lsrx
lsr []

rora rorx
ror []

asra asrx
asr []

lsla lslx
lsl []

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 59

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
rola rolx
rol []

deca decx
dec []

inca incx
inc []

tsta tstx
tst []

clra clrx
clr []

D.2.5 Register\Memory Instructions

sub [] cmp []
sbc [] cpx []
and [] bit []
lda [] sta []
eor [] adc []
ora [] add []
ldx [] stx []

AS6805 ASSEMBLER PAGE D−4

6805 INSTRUCTION SET

D.2.6 Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions

jmp [] jsr []

APPENDIX E

AS6808 ASSEMBLER

E.1 68HC08 REGISTER SET

The following is a list of the 68HC08 registers used by

AS68HC08:

a − 8−bit accumulator

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 60

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
x − index register <H:X>
s − stack pointer

E.2 68HC08 INSTRUCTION SET

The following tables list all 68HC08 mnemonics recognized by

the AS6808 assembler. The designation [] refers to a required
addressing mode argument. The following list specifies the
format for each addressing mode supported by AS6808:

#data immediate data

byte or word data

*dir direct page addressing

(see .setdp directive)
0 <= dir <= 255

,x register indexed addressing

zero offset

offset,x register indexed addressing

0 <= offset <= 255 −−− byte mode
256 <= offset <= 65535 −−− word mode
(an externally defined offset uses the
word mode)

,x+ register indexed addressing

zero offset with post increment

AS6808 ASSEMBLER PAGE E−2

68HC08 INSTRUCTION SET

offset,x+ register indexed addressing

unsigned byte offset with post increment

offset,s stack pointer indexed addressing

0 <= offset <= 255 −−− byte mode
256 <= offset <= 65535 −−− word mode
(an externally defined offset uses the
word mode)

ext extended addressing

label branch label

The terms data, dir, offset, and ext may all be expressions.

Note that not all addressing modes are valid with every in−
struction, refer to the 68HC08 technical data for valid modes.

E.2.1 Control Instructions

clc cli daa div

mul nop nsa psha
pshh pshx pula pulh
pulx rsp rti rts

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 61

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
sec sei stop swi
tap tax tpa tsx
txa txs wait

E.2.2 Bit Manipulation Instructions

brset #data,*dir,label
brclr #data,*dir,label

bset #data,*dir
bclr #data,*dir

AS6808 ASSEMBLER PAGE E−3

68HC08 INSTRUCTION SET

E.2.3 Branch Instructions

bra label brn label

bhi label bls label
bcc label bcs label
bne label beq label
bhcc label bhcs label
bpl label bmi label
bmc label bms label
bil label bih label
bsr label bge label
blt label bgt label
ble label

E.2.4 Complex Branch Instructions

cbeqa [],label
cbeqx [],label
cbeq [],label
dbnza label
dbnzx label
dbnz [],label

AS6808 ASSEMBLER PAGE E−4

68HC08 INSTRUCTION SET

E.2.5 Read−Modify−Write Instructions

nega negx
neg []

coma comx
com []

lsra lsrx
lsr []

rora rorx
ror []

asra asrx

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 62

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
asr []

asla aslx
asl []

lsla lslx
lsl []

rola rolx
rol []

deca decx
dec []

inca incx
inc []

tsta tstx
tst []

clra clrx
clr [] clrh

aix #data

ais #data

AS6808 ASSEMBLER PAGE E−5

68HC08 INSTRUCTION SET

E.2.6 Register\Memory Instructions

sub [] cmp []
sbc [] cpx []
and [] bit []
lda [] sta []
eor [] adc []
ora [] add []
ldx [] stx []

E.2.7 Double Operand Move Instruction

mov [],[]

E.2.8 16−Bit <H:X> Index Register Instructions

cphx []
ldhx []
sthx []

E.2.9 Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions

jmp [] jsr []

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 63

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation

APPENDIX F

AS6809 ASSEMBLER

F.1 6809 REGISTER SET

The following is a list of the 6809 registers used by AS6809:

a,b − 8−bit accumulators

d − 16−bit accumulator <a:b>
x,y − index registers
s,u − stack pointers
pc − program counter
cc − condition code
dp − direct page

F.2 6809 INSTRUCTION SET

The following tables list all 6809 mnemonics recognized by

the AS6809 assembler. The designation [] refers to a required
addressing mode argument. The following list specifies the
format for each addressing mode supported by AS6809:

#data immediate data

byte or word data

*dir direct page addressing

(see .setdp directive)
0 <= dir <= 255

label branch label

r,r1,r2 registers
cc,a,b,d,dp,x,y,s,u,pc

,−x ,−−x register indexed

autodecrement

AS6809 ASSEMBLER PAGE F−2

6809 INSTRUCTION SET

,x+ ,x++ register indexed

autoincrement

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 64

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation

,x register indexed addressing

zero offset

offset,x register indexed addressing

−16 <= offset <= 15 −−− 5−bit
−128 <= offset <= −17 −−− 8−bit
16 <= offset <= 127 −−− 8−bit
−32768 <= offset <= −129 −−− 16−bit
128 <= offset <= 32767 −−− 16−bit
(external definition of offset
uses 16−bit mode)

a,x accumulator offset indexed addressing

ext extended addressing

ext,pc pc addressing ( pc <− pc + ext )

ext,pcr pc relative addressing

[,−−x] register indexed indirect

autodecrement

[,x++] register indexed indirect

autoincrement

[,x] register indexed indirect addressing

zero offset

[offset,x] register indexed indirect addressing

−128 <= offset <= 127 −−− 8−bit
−32768 <= offset <= −129 −−− 16−bit
128 <= offset <= 32767 −−− 16−bit
(external definition of offset
uses 16−bit mode)

[a,x] accumulator offset indexed

indirect addressing

[ext] extended indirect addressing

[ext,pc] pc indirect addressing

( [pc <− pc + ext] )

[ext,pcr] pc relative indirect addressing

The terms data, dir, label, offset, and ext may all be expres−
sions.

AS6809 ASSEMBLER PAGE F−3

6809 INSTRUCTION SET

Note that not all addressing modes are valid with every in−
struction, refer to the 6809 technical data for valid modes.

F.2.1 Inherent Instructions

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 65

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
abx daa
mul nop
rti rts
sex swi
swi1 swi2
swi3 sync

F.2.2 Short Branch Instructions

bcc label bcs label

beq label bge label
bgt label bhi label
bhis label bhs label
ble label blo label
blos label bls label
blt label bmi label
bne label bpl label
bra label brn label
bvc label bvs label
bsr label

F.2.3 Long Branch Instructions

lbcc label lbcs label

lbeq label lbge label
lbgt label lbhi label
lbhis label lbhs label
lble label lblo label
lblos label lbls label
lblt label lbmi label
lbne label lbpl label
lbra label lbrn label
lbvc label lbvs label
lbsr label

AS6809 ASSEMBLER PAGE F−4

6809 INSTRUCTION SET

F.2.4 Single Operand Instructions

asla aslb
asl []

asra asrb
asr []

clra clrb
clr []

coma comb
com []

deca decb
dec []

inca incb
inc []

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 66

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
lsla lslb
lsl []

lsra lsrb
lsr []

nega negb
neg []

rola rolb
rol []

rora rorb
ror []

tsta tstb
tst []

AS6809 ASSEMBLER PAGE F−5

6809 INSTRUCTION SET

F.2.5 Double Operand Instructions

adca [] adcb []

adda [] addb []

anda [] andb []

bita [] bitb []

cmpa [] cmpb []

eora [] eorb []

lda [] ldb []

ora [] orb []

sbca [] sbcb []

sta [] stb []

suba [] subb []

F.2.6 D−register Instructions

addd [] subd []
cmpd [] ldd []
std []

F.2.7 Index/Stack Register Instructions

cmps [] cmpu []
cmpx [] cmpy []

lds [] ldu []
ldx [] ldy []

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 67

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation

leas [] leau []
leax [] leay []

sts [] stu []
stx [] sty []

pshs r pshu r
puls r pulu r

AS6809 ASSEMBLER PAGE F−6

6809 INSTRUCTION SET

F.2.8 Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions

jmp [] jsr []

F.2.9 Register − Register Instructions

exg r1,r2 tfr r1,r2

F.2.10 Condition Code Register Instructions

andcc #data orcc #data

cwai #data

F.2.11 6800 Compatibility Instructions

aba cba
clc cli
clv des
dex ins
inx
ldaa [] ldab []
oraa [] orab []
psha pshb
pula pulb
sba sec
sei sev
staa [] stab []
tab tap
tba tpa
tsx txs
wai

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 68

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation

APPENDIX G

AS6811 ASSEMBLER

G.1 68HC11 REGISTER SET

The following is a list of the 68HC11 registers used by AS6811:

a,b − 8−bit accumulators

d − 16−bit accumulator <a:b>
x,y − index registers

G.2 68HC11 INSTRUCTION SET

The following tables list all 68HC11 mnemonics recognized by

the AS6811 assembler. The designation [] refers to a required
addressing mode argument. The following list specifies the
format for each addressing mode supported by AS6811:

#data immediate data

byte or word data

*dir direct page addressing

(see .setdp directive)
0 <= dir <= 255

,x register indirect addressing

zero offset

offset,x register indirect addressing

0 <= offset <= 255

ext extended addressing

label branch label

The terms data, dir, offset, and ext may all be expressions.

AS6811 ASSEMBLER PAGE G−2

68HC11 INSTRUCTION SET

Note that not all addressing modes are valid with every in−
struction, refer to the 68HC11 technical data for valid modes.

G.2.1 Inherent Instructions

aba abx
aby cba
clc cli
clv daa
des dex

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 69

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
dey fdiv
idiv ins
inx iny
mul nop
rti rts
sba sec
sei sev
stop swi
tab tap
tba tpa
tsx txs
wai xgdx
xgdy

psha pshb
psh a psh b
pshx pshy
psh x psh y

pula pulb
pul a pul b
pulx puly
pul x pul y

G.2.2 Branch Instructions

bra label brn label

bhi label bls label
bcc label bhs label
bcs label blo label
bne label beq label
bvc label bvs label
bpl label bmi label
bge label blt label
bgt label ble label
bsr label

AS6811 ASSEMBLER PAGE G−3

68HC11 INSTRUCTION SET

G.2.3 Single Operand Instructions

asla aslb asld

asl a asl b asl d
asl []

asra asrb
asr a asr b
asr []

clra clrb
clr a clr b
clr label

coma comb
com a com b
com []

deca decb

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 70

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
dec a dec b
dec []

inca incb
inc a inc b
inc []

lsla lslb lsld

lsl a lsl b lsl d
lsl []

lsra lsrb lsrd

lsr a lsr b lsr d
lsr []

nega negb
neg a neg b
neg []

rola rolb
rol a rol b
rol []

rora rorb
ror a ror b
ror []

tsta tstb
tst a tst b
tst []

AS6811 ASSEMBLER PAGE G−4

68HC11 INSTRUCTION SET

G.2.4 Double Operand Instructions

adca [] adcb []
adc a [] adc b []

adda [] addb [] addd []

add a [] add b [] add d []

anda [] andb []
and a [] and b []

bita [] bitb []
bit a [] bit b []

cmpa [] cmpb []
cmp a [] cmp b []

eora [] eorb []
eor a [] eor b []

ldaa [] ldab []
lda a [] lda b []

oraa [] orab []
ora a [] ora b []

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 71

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
sbca [] sbcb []
sbc a [] sbc b []

staa [] stab []
sta a [] sta b []

suba [] subb [] subd []

sub a [] sub b [] sub d []

G.2.5 Bit Manupulation Instructions

bclr [],#data
bset [],#data

brclr [],#data,label
brset [],#data,label

AS6811 ASSEMBLER PAGE G−5

68HC11 INSTRUCTION SET

G.2.6 Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions

jmp [] jsr []

G.2.7 Long Register Instructions

cpx [] cpy []

ldd [] lds []
ldx [] ldy []

std [] sts []
stx [] sty []

APPENDIX H

AS6812 ASSEMBLER

H.1 68HC12 REGISTER SET

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 72

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation

The following is a list of the 68HC12 registers used by AS6812:

a,b − 8−bit accumulators

d − 16−bit accumulator <a:b>
x,y − index registers
sp,s − stack pointer
pc − program counter
ccr,cc − condition code register

H.2 68HC12 INSTRUCTION SET

The following tables list all 68HC12 mnemonics recognized by

the AS6812 assembler. The designation [] refers to a required
addressing mode argument. The following list specifies the
format for each addressing mode supported by AS6812:

#data immediate data

byte or word data

ext extended addressing

pg memory page number

*dir direct page addressing

(see .setdp directive)
0 <= dir <= 255

label branch label

r,r1,r2 registers
ccr,a,b,d,x,y,sp,pc

AS6812 ASSEMBLER PAGE H−2

68HC12 INSTRUCTION SET

−x x− register indexed, pre or

,−x ,x− post autodecrement by 1

n,−x n,x− register indexed, pre or

post autodecrement by 1 − 8

+x x+ register indexed, pre or

,+x ,x+ post autoincrement by 1

n,+x n,x+ register indexed, pre or

post autoincrement by 1 − 8

offset,x register indexed addressing

−16 <= offset <= 15 −−− 5−bit
−256 <= offset <= −17 −−− 9−bit
16 <= offset <= 255 −−− 9−bit
−32768 <= offset <= −257 −−− 16−bit
256 <= offset <= 32767 −−− 16−bit
(external definition of offset
uses 16−bit mode)

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 73

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
[offset,x] register indexed indirect addressing
−32768 <= offset <= 32767 −−− 16−bit

[,x] register indexed indirect addressing

zero offset

a,x accumulator offset indexed addressing

[d,x] d accumulator offset indexed

indirect addressing

The terms data, dir, label, offset, and ext may all be expres−
sions.

Note that not all addressing modes are valid with every in−
struction, refer to the 68HC12 technical data for valid modes.

AS6812 ASSEMBLER PAGE H−3

68HC12 INSTRUCTION SET

H.2.1 Inherent Instructions

aba bgnd cba

daa dex dey
ediv edivs emul
emuls fdiv idiv
idivs inx iny
mem mul nop
psha pshb pshc
pshd pshx pshy
pula pulb pulc
puld pulx puly
rev revw rtc
rti rts sba
stop swi tab
tba wai wav
wavr

H.2.2 Short Branch Instructions

bcc label bcs label

beq label bge label
bgt label bhi label
bhis label bhs label
ble label blo label
blos label bls label
blt label bmi label
bne label bpl label
bra label brn label
bvc label bvs label
bsr label

H.2.3 Long Branch Instructions

lbcc label lbcs label

lbeq label lbge label
lbgt label lbhi label
lbhis label lbhs label

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 74

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
lble label lblo label
lblos label lbls label
lblt label lbmi label
lbne label lbpl label
lbra label lbrn label
lbvc label lbvs label

AS6812 ASSEMBLER PAGE H−4

68HC12 INSTRUCTION SET

H.2.4 Branch on Decrement, Test, or Increment

dbeq r,label dbne r,label

ibeq r,label ibne r,label
tbeq r,label tbne r,label

H.2.5 Bit Clear and Set Instructions

bclr [],#data
bset [],#data

H.2.6 Branch on Bit Clear or Set

brclr [],#data,label
brset [],#data,label

AS6812 ASSEMBLER PAGE H−5

68HC12 INSTRUCTION SET

H.2.7 Single Operand Instructions

asla aslb
asl []

asra asrb
asr []

clra clrb
clr []

coma comb
com []

deca decb
dec []

inca incb
inc []

lsla lslb
lsl []

lsra lsrb
lsr []

nega negb

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 75

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
neg []

rola rolb
rol []

rora rorb
ror []

tsta tstb
tst []

AS6812 ASSEMBLER PAGE H−6

68HC12 INSTRUCTION SET

H.2.8 Double Operand Instructions

adca [] adcb []

adda [] addb []

anda [] andb []

bita [] bitb []

cmpa [] cmpb []

eora [] eorb []

ldaa [] <=> lda []

ldab [] <=> ldb []

oraa [] <=> ora []

orab [] <=> orb []

sbca [] sbcb []

staa [] <=> sta []

stab [] <=> stb []

suba [] subb []

H.2.9 Move Instructions

movb [],[] movw [],[]

H.2.10 D−register Instructions

addd [] subd []
cpd [] <=> cmpd []
ldd [] std []

AS6812 ASSEMBLER PAGE H−7

68HC12 INSTRUCTION SET

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 76

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation

H.2.11 Index/Stack Register Instructions

cps [] <=> cmps []

cpx [] <=> cmpx []
cpy [] <=> cmpy []

lds []
ldx [] ldy []

leas []
leax [] leay []

sts []
stx [] sty []

H.2.12 Jump and Jump/Call to Subroutine Instructions

call [],pg
jmp [] jsr []

H.2.13 Other Special Instructions

emacs []
emaxd [] emaxm []
emind [] eminm []
etbl []
maxa [] maxm []
mina [] minm []
tbl [] trap #data

H.2.14 Register − Register Instructions

exg r1,r2 sex r1,r2

tfr r1,r2

H.2.15 Condition Code Register Instructions

andcc #data orcc #data

AS6812 ASSEMBLER PAGE H−8

68HC12 INSTRUCTION SET

H.2.16 M68HC11 Compatibility Mode Instructions

abx aby clc

cli clv des
ins sec sei
sev tap tpa
tsx tsy txs
tys xgdx xgdy

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 77

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation

APPENDIX I

AS6816 ASSEMBLER

I.1 68HC16 REGISTER SET

The following is a list of the 68HC16 registers used by AS6816:

a,b − 8−bit accumulators

d − 16−bit accumulator <a:b>
e − 16−bit accumulator
x,y,z − index registers
k − address extension register
s − stack pointer
ccr − condition code

I.2 68HC16 INSTRUCTION SET

The following tables list all 68HC16 mnemonics recognized by

the AS6816 assembler. The designation [] refers to a required
addressing mode argument. The following list specifies the
format for each addressing mode supported by AS6816:

#data immediate data

byte or word data

#xo,#yo local immediate data (mac / rmac)

label branch label

r register
ccr,a,b,d,e,x,y,z,s

,x zero offset register indexed addressing

,x8
,x16

offset,x register indexed addressing

AS6816 ASSEMBLER PAGE I−2

68HC16 INSTRUCTION SET

0 <= offset <= 255 −−− 8−bit

−32768 <= offset <= −1 −−− 16−bit
256 <= offset <= 32767 −−− 16−bit

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 78

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
(external definition of offset
uses 16−bit mode)

offset,x8 unsigned 8−bit offset indexed addressing

offset,x16 signed 16−bit offset indexed addressing

e,x accumulator offset indexed addressing

ext extended addressing

bank 64K bank number (jmp / jsr)

The terms data, label, offset, bank, and ext may all be expres−
sions.

Note that not all addressing modes are valid with every in−
struction, refer to the 6816 technical data for valid modes.

I.2.1 Inherent Instructions

aba abx aby abz

ace aced ade adx
ady adz aex aey
aez bgnd cba daa
ediv edivs emul emuls
fdiv fmuls idiv ldhi
lpstop mul nop psha
pshb pshmac pula pulb
pulmac rtr rts sba
sde sted swi sxt
tab tap tba tbek
tbsk tbxk tbyk tbzk
tde tdmsk tdp ted
tedm tekb tem tmer
tmet tmxed tpa tpd
tskb tsx tsy tsz
txkb txs txy txz
tykb tys tyx tyz
tzkb tzs tzx tzy
wai xgab xgde xgdx
xgdy xgdz xgex xgey
xgez

AS6816 ASSEMBLER PAGE I−3

68HC16 INSTRUCTION SET

I.2.2 Push/Pull Multiple Register Instructions

pshm r,... pulm r,...

I.2.3 Short Branch Instructions

bcc label bcs label

beq label bge label
bgt label bhi label
bhis label bhs label
ble label blo label
blos label bls label

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 79

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
blt label bmi label
bne label bpl label
bra label brn label
bvc label bvs label
bsr label

I.2.4 Long Branch Instructions

lbcc label lbcs label

lbeq label lbge label
lbgt label lbhi label
lbhis label lbhs label
lble label lblo label
lblos label lbls label
lblt label lbmi label
lbne label lbpl label
lbra label lbrn label
lbvc label lbvs label
lbsr label

I.2.5 Bit Manipulation Instructions

bclr [],#data
bset [],#data

brclr [],#data,label
brset [],#data,label

AS6816 ASSEMBLER PAGE I−4

68HC16 INSTRUCTION SET

I.2.6 Single Operand Instructions

asla aslb
asld asle
aslm
asl [] aslw []

asra asrb
asrd asre
asrm
asr [] asrw []

clra clrb
clrd clre
clrm
clr [] clrw []

coma comb
comd come
com [] comw []

deca decb
dec [] decw []

inca incb
inc [] incw []

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 80

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
lsla lslb
lsld lsle
lslm
lsl [] lslw []

lsra lsrb
lsrd lsre
lsr [] lsrw []

nega negb
negd nege
neg [] negw []

rola rolb
rold role
rol [] rolw []

rora rorb
rord rore
ror [] rorw []

tsta tstb
tsta tste
tst [] tstw []

AS6816 ASSEMBLER PAGE I−5

68HC16 INSTRUCTION SET

I.2.7 Double Operand Instructions

adca [] adcb []
adcd [] adce []

adda [] addb []
addd [] adde []

anda [] andb []
andd [] ande []

bita [] bitb []

cmpa [] cmpb []
cpd [] cpe []

eora [] eorb []
eord [] eore []

ldaa [] ldab []
ldd [] lde []

oraa [] orab []
ord [] ore []

sbca [] sbcb []
sbcd [] sbce []

staa [] stab []
std [] ste []

suba [] subb []

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 81

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
subd [] sube []

I.2.8 Index/Stack Register Instructions

cps [] cpx []
cpy [] cpz []

lds [] ldx []
ldy [] ldz []

sts [] stx []
sty [] stz []

AS6816 ASSEMBLER PAGE I−6

68HC16 INSTRUCTION SET

I.2.9 Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions

jmp bank,[] jsr bank,[]

I.2.10 Condition Code Register Instructions

andp #data orp #data

I.2.11 Multiply and Accumulate Instructions

mac #data rmac #data

mac #xo,#yo rmac #xo,#yo

APPENDIX J

ASH8 ASSEMBLER

J.1 H8/3XX REGISTER SET

The following is a list of the H8 registers used by ASH8:

r0 − r7,sp 16−bit accumulators

r0L − r7L,spL 8−bit accumulators
r0H − r7H,spH 8−bit accumulators

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 82

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
spL,spH,sp stack pointers
ccr condition code

J.2 H8/3XX INSTRUCTION SET

The following tables list all H8/3xx mnemonics recognized by

the ASH8 assembler. The designation [] refers to a required ad−
dressing mode argument. The following list specifies the format
for each addressing mode supported by ASH8:

#xx:3 immediate data (3 bit)

#xx:8 immediate data (8 bit)
#xx:16 immediate data (16 bit)

*dir direct page addressing

(see .setdp directive)
0xFF00 <= dir <= 0xFFFF

label branch label

rn registers (16 bit)

r0−r7,sp

rnB registers (8 bit)

r0H−r7H,r0L−r7L,spH,spL

ASH8 ASSEMBLER PAGE J−2

H8/3XX INSTRUCTION SET

ccr condition code register

@rn register indirect

@−rn register indirect (auto pre−decrement)

@rn+ register indirect (auto post−increment)

@[offset,rn] register indirect, 16−bit displacement

@@offset memory indirect, (8−bit address)

ext extended addressing (16−bit)

The terms data, dir, label, offset, and ext may all be expres−
sions.

Note that not all addressing modes are valid with every in−
struction, refer to the H8/3xx technical data for valid modes.

J.2.1 Inherent Instructions

eepmov
nop
sleep
rte

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 83

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
rts

J.2.2 Branch Instructions

bcc label bcs label

beq label bf label
bge label bgt label
bhi label bhis label
bhs label ble label
blo label blos label
bls label blt label
bmi label bne label
bpl label bra label
brn label bt label
bvc label bvs label
bsr label

ASH8 ASSEMBLER PAGE J−3

H8/3XX INSTRUCTION SET

J.2.3 Single Operand Instructions

Free Form

daa rnB das rnB

dec rnB inc rnB

neg rnB not rnB

rotxl rnB rotxr rnB

rotl rnB rotr rnB

shal rnB shar rnB

shll rnB shlr rnB

push rn pop rn

Byte / Word Form

daa.b rnB das.b rnB

dec.b rnB inc.b rnB

neg.b rnB not.b rnB

rotxl.b rnB rotxr.b rnB

rotl.b rnB rotr.b rnB

shal.b rnB shar.b rnB

shll.b rnB shlr.b rnB

push.w rn pop.w rn

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 84

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation

ASH8 ASSEMBLER PAGE J−4

H8/3XX INSTRUCTION SET

J.2.4 Double Operand Instructions

Free Form

add rnB,rnB add #xx:8,rnB

add rn,rn
adds #1,rn adds #2,rn
addx rnB,rnB addx #xx:8,rnB

cmp rnB,rnB cmp #xx:8,rnB

cmp rn,rn

sub rnB,rnB
sub rn,rn
subs #1,rn subs #2,rn
subx rnB,rnB subx #xx:8,rnB

and rnB,rnB and #xx:8,rnB

and #xx:8,ccr

or rnB,rnB or #xx:8,rnB
or #xx:8,ccr

xor rnB,rnB xor #xx:8,rnB

xor #xx:8,ccr

Byte / Word Form

add.b rnB,rnB add.b #xx:8,rnB

add.w rn,rn

cmp.b rnB,rnB cmp.b #xx:8,rnB

cmp.w rn,rn

sub.b rnB,rnB
sub.w rn,rn

addx.b rnB,rnB addx.b #xx:8,rnB

and.b rnB,rnB and.b #xx:8,rnB

and.b #xx:8,ccr

or.b rnB,rnB or.b #xx:8,rnB

or.b #xx:8,ccr

subx.b rnB,rnB subx.b #xx:8,rnB

xor.b rnB,rnB xor.b #xx:8,rnB

xor.b #xx:8,ccr

ASH8 ASSEMBLER PAGE J−5

H8/3XX INSTRUCTION SET

J.2.5 Mov Instructions

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 85

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation

Free Form

mov rnB,rnB mov rn,rn

mov #xx:8,rnB mov #xx:16,rn
mov @rn,rnB mov @rn,rn
mov @[offset,rn],rnB mov @[offset,rn],rn
mov @rn+,rnB mov @rn+,rn
mov @dir,rnB
mov dir,rnB
mov *@dir,rnB
mov *dir,rnB
mov @label,rnB mov @label,rn
mov label,rnB mov label,rn
mov rnB,@rn mov rn,@rn
mov rnB,@[offset,rn] mov rn,@[offset,rn]
mov rnB,@−rn mov rn,@−rn
mov rnB,@dir
mov rnB,dir
mov rnB,*@dir
mov rnB,*dir
mov rnB,@label mov rn,@label
mov rnB,label mov rn,label

Byte / Word Form

mov.b rnB,rnB mov.w rn,rn

mov.b #xx:8,rnB mov.w #xx:16,rn
mov.b @rn,rnB mov.w @rn,rn
mov.b @[offset,rn],rnB mov.w @[offset,rn],rn
mov.b @rn+,rnB mov.w @rn+,rn
mov.b @dir,rnB
mov.b dir,rnB
mov.b *@dir,rnB
mov.b *dir,rnB
mov.b @label,rnB mov.w @label,rn
mov.b label,rnB mov.w label,rn
mov.b rnB,@rn mov.w rn,@rn
mov.b rnB,@[offset,rn] mov.w rn,@[offset,rn]
mov.b rnB,@−rn mov.w rn,@−rn
mov.b rnB,@dir
mov.b rnB,dir
mov.b rnB,*@dir
mov.b rnB,*dir
mov.b rnB,@label mov.w rn,@label
mov.b rnB,label mov.w rn,label

ASH8 ASSEMBLER PAGE J−6

H8/3XX INSTRUCTION SET

J.2.6 Bit Manipulation Instructions

bld #xx:3,rnB bld #xx:3,@rn

bld #xx:3,@dir bld #xx:3,dir
bld #xx:3,*@dir bld #xx:3,*dir

bild #xx:3,rnB bild #xx:3,@rn

bild #xx:3,@dir bild #xx:3,dir
bild #xx:3,*@dir bild #xx:3,*dir

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 86

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation

bst #xx:3,rnB bst #xx:3,@rn

bst #xx:3,@dir bst #xx:3,dir
bst #xx:3,*@dir bst #xx:3,*dir

bist #xx:3,rnB bist #xx:3,@rn

bist #xx:3,@dir bist #xx:3,dir
bist #xx:3,*@dir bist #xx:3,*dir

band #xx:3,rnB band #xx:3,@rn

band #xx:3,@dir band #xx:3,dir
band #xx:3,*@dir band #xx:3,*dir

biand #xx:3,rnB biand #xx:3,@rn

biand #xx:3,@dir biand #xx:3,dir
biand #xx:3,*@dir biand #xx:3,*dir

bor #xx:3,rnB bor #xx:3,@rn

bor #xx:3,@dir bor #xx:3,dir
bor #xx:3,*@dir bor #xx:3,*dir

bior #xx:3,rnB bior #xx:3,@rn

bior #xx:3,@dir bior #xx:3,dir
bior #xx:3,*@dir bior #xx:3,*dir

bxor #xx:3,rnB bxor #xx:3,@rn

bxor #xx:3,@dir bxor #xx:3,dir
bxor #xx:3,*@dir bxor #xx:3,*dir

bixor #xx:3,rnB bixor #xx:3,@rn

bixor #xx:3,@dir bixor #xx:3,dir
bixor #xx:3,*@dir bixor #xx:3,*dir

ASH8 ASSEMBLER PAGE J−7

H8/3XX INSTRUCTION SET

J.2.7 Extended Bit Manipulation Instructions

bset #xx:3,rnB bset #xx:3,@rn

bset #xx:3,@dir bset #xx:3,dir
bset #xx:3,*@dir bset #xx:3,*dir
bset rnB,rnB bset rnB,@rn
bset rnB,@dir bset rnB,dir
bset rnB,*@dir bset rnB,*dir

bclr #xx:3,rnB bclr #xx:3,@rn

bclr #xx:3,@dir bclr #xx:3,dir
bclr #xx:3,*@dir bclr #xx:3,*dir
bclr rnB,rnB bclr rnB,@rn
bclr rnB,@dir bclr rnB,dir
bclr rnB,*@dir bclr rnB,*dir

bnot #xx:3,rnB bnot #xx:3,@rn

bnot #xx:3,@dir bnot #xx:3,dir
bnot #xx:3,*@dir bnot #xx:3,*dir
bnot rnB,rnB bnot rnB,@rn
bnot rnB,@dir bnot rnB,dir
bnot rnB,*@dir bnot rnB,*dir

btst #xx:3,rnB btst #xx:3,@rn

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 87

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
btst #xx:3,@dir btst #xx:3,dir
btst #xx:3,*@dir btst #xx:3,*dir
btst rnB,rnB btst rnB,@rn
btst rnB,@dir btst rnB,dir
btst rnB,*@dir btst rnB,*dir

J.2.8 Condition Code Instructions

andc #xx:8,ccr andc #xx:8

and #xx:8,ccr and.b #xx:8,ccr

ldc #xx:8,ccr ldc #xx:8

ldc rnB,ccr ldc rnB

orc #xx:8,ccr orc #xx:8

or #xx:8,ccr or.b #xx:8,ccr

xorc #xx:8,ccr xorc #xx:8

xor #xx:8,ccr xor.b #xx:8,ccr

stc ccr,rnB stc rnB

ASH8 ASSEMBLER PAGE J−8

H8/3XX INSTRUCTION SET

J.2.9 Other Instructions

divxu rnB,rn divxu.b rnB,rn

mulxu rnB,rn mulxu.b rnB,rn

movfpe @label,rnB movfpe label,rnB

movfpe.b @label,rnB movfpe.b label,rnB

movtpe @label,rnB movtpe label,rnB

movtpe.b @label,rnB movtpe.b label,rnB

J.2.10 Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions

jmp @rn jmp @@dir

jmp @label jmp label

jsr @rn jsr @@dir

jsr @label jsr label

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 88

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
APPENDIX K

AS8051 ASSEMBLER

K.1 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Thanks to John Hartman for his contribution of the AS8051

cross assembler.

John L. Hartman
jhartman@compuserve.com

K.2 8051 REGISTER SET

The following is a list of the 8051 registers used by AS8051:

a,b − 8−bit accumulators

r0,r1,r2,r3 − 8−bit registers
r4,r5,r6,r7
dptr − data pointer
sp − stack pointer
pc − program counter
psw − status word
c − carry (bit in status word)

AS8051 ASSEMBLER PAGE K−2

8051 REGISTER SET

K.3 8051 INSTRUCTION SET

The following tables list all 8051 mnemonics recognized by

the AS8051 assembler. The following list specifies the format
for each addressing mode supported by AS8051:

#data immediate data

byte or word data

r,r1,r2 register r0,r1,r2,r3,r4,r5,r6, or r7

@r indirect on register r0 or r1
@dptr indirect on data pointer
@a+dptr indirect on accumulator
plus data pointer
@a+pc indirect on accumulator
plus program counter

addr direct memory address

bitaddr bit address

label call or jump label

The terms data, addr, bitaddr, and label may all be expressions.

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 89

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation

Note that not all addressing modes are valid with every in−
struction. Refer to the 8051 technical data for valid modes.

K.3.1 Inherent Instructions

nop

AS8051 ASSEMBLER PAGE K−3

8051 INSTRUCTION SET

K.3.2 Move Instructions

mov a,#data mov a,addr

mov a,r mov a,@r

mov r,#data mov r,addr

mov r,a

mov addr,a mov addr,#data

mov addr,r mov addr,@r
mov addr1,addr2 mov bitaddr,c

mov @r,#data mov @r,addr

mov @r,a

mov c,bitaddr
mov dptr,#data

movc a,@a+dptr movc a,@a+pc

movx a,@dptr movx a,@r
movx @dptr,a movx @r,a

K.3.3 Single Operand Instructions

clr a clr c
clr bitaddr
cpl a cpl c
cpl bitaddr
setb c setb bitaddr

da a
rr a rrc a
rl a rlc a
swap a

dec a dec r
dec @r
inc a inc r
inc dptr inc @r

div ab mul ab

pop addr push addr

AS8051 ASSEMBLER PAGE K−4

8051 INSTRUCTION SET

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 90

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation

K.3.4 Two Operand Instructions

add a,#data add a,addr

add a,r add a,@r
addc a,#data addc a,addr
addc a,r addc a,@r
subb a,#data subb a,addr
subb a,r subb a,@r
orl a,#data orl a,addr
orl a,r orl a,@r
orl addr,a orl addr,#data
orl c,bitaddr orl c,/bitaddr
anl a,#data anl a,addr
anl a,r anl a,@r
anl addr,a anl addr,#data
anl c,bitaddr anl c,/bitaddr
xrl a,#data xrl a,addr
xrl a,r xrl a,@r
xrl addr,a xrl addr,#data
xrl c,bitaddr xrl c,/bitaddr
xch a,addr xch a,r
xch a,@r xchd a,@r

K.3.5 Call and Return Instructions

acall label lcall label

ret reti
in data
out data
rst data

K.3.6 Jump Instructions

ajmp label
cjne a,#data,label cjne a,addr,label
cjne r,#data,label cjne @r,#data,label
djnz r,label djnz addr,label
jbc bitadr,label
jb bitadr,label jnb bitadr,label
jc label jnc label
jz label jnz label
jmp @a+dptr
ljmp label sjmp label

AS8051 ASSEMBLER PAGE K−5

8051 INSTRUCTION SET

K.3.7 Predefined Symbols: SFR Map

−−−−−−−−− 4 Bytes −−−−−−−−−−

−−−− −−−− −−−− −−−−
FC FF
F8 FB
F4 F7
F0 B F3
EC EF

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 91

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
E8 EB
E4 E7
E0 ACC E3
DC DF
D8 DB
D4 D7
D0 PSW D3
CC [ TL2 TH2 ] CF
C8 [ T2CON RCAP2L RCAP2H ] CB
C4 C7
C0 C3
BC BF
B8 IP BB
B4 B7
B0 P3 B3
AC AF
A8 IE AB
A4 A7
A0 P2 A3
9C 9F
98 SCON SBUF 9B
94 97
90 P1 93
8C TH0 TH1 8F
88 TCON TMOD TL0 TL1 8B
84 PCON 87
80 P0 SP DPL DPH 83

[...] Indicates Resident in 8052, not 8051

AS8051 ASSEMBLER PAGE K−6

8051 INSTRUCTION SET

K.3.8 Predefined Symbols: SFR Bit Addresses

−−−−−−−−−− 4 BITS −−−−−−−−−−

−−−− −−−− −−−− −−−−
FC FF
F8 FB
F4 B.4 B.5 B.6 B.7 F7
F0 B.0 B.1 B.2 B.3 F3
EC EF
E8 EB
E4 ACC.4 ACC.5 ACC.6 ACC.7 E7
E0 ACC.0 ACC.1 ACC.2 ACC.3 E3
DC DF
D8 DB
D4 PSW.4 PSW.5 PSW.6 PSW.7 D7
D0 PSW.0 PSW.1 PSW.2 PSW.3 D3
CC [ T2CON.4 T2CON.5 T2CON.6 T2CON.7 ] CF
C8 [ T2CON.0 T2CON.1 T2CON.2 T2CON.3 ] CB
C4 C7
C0 C3
BC IP.4 IP.5 IP.6 IP.7 BF
B8 IP.0 IP.1 IP.2 IP.3 BB
B4 P3.4 P3.5 P3.6 P3.7 B7
B0 P3.0 P3.1 P3.2 P3.3 B3
AC IE.4 IE.5 EI.6 IE.7 AF
A8 IE.0 IE.1 IE.2 IE.3 AB
A4 P2.4 P2.5 P2.6 P2.7 A7

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 92

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
A0 P2.0 P2.1 P2.2 P2.3 A3
9C SCON.4 SCON.5 SCON.6 SCON.7 9F
98 SCON.0 SCON.1 SCON.2 SCON.3 9B
94 P1.4 P1.5 P1.6 P1.7 97
90 P1.0 P1.1 P1.2 P1.3 93
8C TCON.4 TCON.5 TCON.6 TCON.7 8F
88 TCON.0 TCON.1 TCON.2 TCON.3 8B
84 P0.4 P0.5 P0.6 P0.7 87
80 P0.0 P0.1 P0.2 P0.3 83

[...] Indicates Resident in 8052, not 8051

AS8051 ASSEMBLER PAGE K−7

8051 INSTRUCTION SET

K.3.9 Predefined Symbols: Control Bits

−−−−−−−−−− 4 BITS −−−−−−−−−−

−−−− −−−− −−−− −−−−
FC FF
F8 FB
F4 F7
F0 F3
EC EF
E8 EB
E4 E7
E0 E3
DC DF
D8 DB
D4 RS1 F0 AC CY D7
D0 P OV RS0 D3
CC [ TLCK RCLK EXF2 TF2 ] CF
C8 [ CPRL2 CT2 TR2 EXEN2 ] CB
C4 C7
C0 C3
BC PS PT2 BF
B8 PX0 PT0 PX1 PT1 BB
B4 B7
B0 RXD TXD INT0 INT1 B3
AC ES ET2 EA AF
A8 EX0 ET0 EX1 ET1 AB
A4 A7
A0 A3
9C REN SM2 SM1 SM0 9F
98 RI TI RB8 TB8 9B
94 97
90 93
8C TR0 TF0 TR1 TF1 8F
88 IT0 IE0 IT1 IE1 8B
84 87
80 83

[...] Indicates Resident in 8052, not 8051

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 93

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation

APPENDIX L

AS8085 ASSEMBLER

L.1 8085 REGISTER SET

The following is a list of the 8080/8085 registers used by

AS8085:

a,b,c,d,e,h,l − 8−bit accumulators

m − memory through (hl)
sp − stack pointer
psw − status word

L.2 8085 INSTRUCTION SET

The following tables list all 8080/8085 mnemonics recognized

by the AS8085 assembler. The following list specifies the
format for each addressing mode supported by AS8085:

#data immediate data

byte or word data

r,r1,r2 register or register pair

psw,a,b,c,d,e,h,l
bc,de,hl,sp,pc

m memory address using (hl)

addr direct memory addressing

label call or jump label

The terms data, m, addr, and label may be expressions.

Note that not all addressing modes are valid with every in−
struction, refer to the 8080/8085 technical data for valid
modes.

AS8085 ASSEMBLER PAGE L−2

8085 INSTRUCTION SET

L.2.1 Inherent Instructions

cma cmc
daa di
ei hlt

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 94

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
nop pchl
ral rar
ret rim
rrc rlc
sim sphl
stc xchg
xthl

L.2.2 Register/Memory/Immediate Instructions

adc r adc m aci #data

add r add m adi #data
ana r ana m ani #data
cmp r cmp m cpi #data
ora r ora m ori #data
sbb r sbb m sbi #data
sub r sub m sui #data
xra r xra m xri #data

L.2.3 Call and Return Instructions

cc label rc
cm label rm
cnc label rnc
cnz label rnz
cp label rp
cpe label rpe
cpo label rpo
cz label rz
call label

L.2.4 Jump Instructions

jc label
jm label
jnc label
jnz label
jp label
jpe label
jpo label
jz label
jmp label

AS8085 ASSEMBLER PAGE L−3

8085 INSTRUCTION SET

L.2.5 Input/Output/Reset Instructions

in data
out data
rst data

L.2.6 Move Instructions

mov r1,r2
mov r,m

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 95

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
mov m,r

mvi r,#data
mvi m,#data

L.2.7 Other Instructions

dcr r dcr m
inr r inr m

dad r dcx r
inx r ldax r
pop r push r
stax r

lda addr lhld addr

shld addr sta addr

lxi r,#data

APPENDIX M

ASZ80 ASSEMBLER

M.1 .hd64 DIRECTIVE

Format:

.hd64

The .hd64 directive enables processing of the HD64180 specific

mnemonics not included in the Z80 instruction set. HD64180
mnemonics encountered without the .hd64 directive will be
flagged with an 'o' error.

M.2 Z80 REGISTER SET AND CONDITIONS

The following is a complete list of register designations and

condition mnemonics:

byte registers − a,b,c,d,e,h,l,i,r

register pairs − af,af',bc,de,hl

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 96

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
word registers − pc,sp,ix,iy

C − carry bit set

M − sign bit set
NC − carry bit clear
NZ − zero bit clear
P − sign bit clear
PE − parity even
PO − parity odd
Z − zero bit set

ASZ80 ASSEMBLER PAGE M−2

Z80 INSTRUCTION SET

M.3 Z80 INSTRUCTION SET

The following tables list all Z80/HD64180 mnemonics recog−

nized by the ASZ80 assembler. The designation [] refers to a
required addressing mode argument. The following list specifies
the format for each addressing mode supported by ASZ80:

#data immediate data

byte or word data

n byte value

rg a byte register
a,b,c,d,e,h,l

rp a register pair
bc,de,hl

(hl) implied addressing or

register indirect addressing

(label) direct addressing

offset(ix) indexed addressing with

an offset

label call/jmp/jr label

The terms data, dir, offset, and ext may all be expressions.
The terms dir and offset are not allowed to be external refer−
ences.

Note that not all addressing modes are valid with every in−
struction, refer to the Z80/HD64180 technical data for valid
modes.

ASZ80 ASSEMBLER PAGE M−3

Z80 INSTRUCTION SET

M.3.1 Inherent Instructions

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 97

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
ccf cpd
cpdr cpi
cpir cpl
daa di
ei exx
halt neg
nop reti
retn rla
rlca rld
rra rrca
rrd scf

M.3.2 Implicit Operand Instructions

adc a,[] adc []

add a,[] add []
and a,[] and []
cp a,[] cp []
dec a,[] dec []
inc a,[] inc []
or a,[] or []
rl a,[] rl []
rlc a,[] rlc []
rr a,[] rr []
rrc a,[] rrc []
sbc a,[] sbc []
sla a,[] sla []
sra a,[] sra []
srl a,[] srl []
sub a,[] sub []
xor a,[] xor []

ASZ80 ASSEMBLER PAGE M−4

Z80 INSTRUCTION SET

M.3.3 Load Instruction

ld rg,[] ld [],rg
ld (bc),a ld a,(bc)
ld (de),a ld a,(de)
ld (label),a ld a,(label)
ld (label),rp ld rp,(label)
ld i,a ld r,a
ld a,i ld a,r
ld sp,hl ld sp,ix
ld sp,iy ld rp,#data

ldd lddr
ldi ldir

M.3.4 Call/Return Instructions

call C,label ret C

call M,label ret M
call NC,label ret NC
call NZ,label ret NZ
call P,label ret P
call PE,label ret PE

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 98

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
call PO,label ret PO
call Z,label ret Z
call label ret

M.3.5 Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions

jp C,label jp M,label
jp NC,label jp NZ,label
jp P,label jp PE,label
jp PO,label jp Z,label

jp (hl) jp (ix)
jp (iy) jp label

djnz label

jr C,label jr NC,label
jr NZ,label jr Z,label
jr label

ASZ80 ASSEMBLER PAGE M−5

Z80 INSTRUCTION SET

M.3.6 Bit Manipulation Instructions

bit n,[]
res n,[]
set n,[]

M.3.7 Interrupt Mode and Reset Instructions

im n
im n
im n
rst n

M.3.8 Input and Output Instructions

in a,(n) in rg,(c)
ind indr
ini inir

out (n),a out (c),rg

outd otdr
outi otir

M.3.9 Register Pair Instructions

add hl,rp add ix,rp

add iy,rp

adc hl,rp sbc hl,rp

ex (sp),hl ex (sp),ix
ex (sp),iy
ex de,hl

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 99

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
ex af,af'

push rp pop rp

ASZ80 ASSEMBLER PAGE M−6

Z80 INSTRUCTION SET

M.3.10 HD64180 Specific Instructions

in0 rg,(n)
out0 (n),rg

otdm otdmr
otim otimr

mlt bc mlt de
mlt hl mlt sp

slp

tst a
tstio #data

APPENDIX N

AS6500 ASSEMBLER

N.1 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Thanks to Marko Makela for his contribution of the AS6500

cross assembler.

Marko Makela
Sillitie 10 A
01480 Vantaa
Finland
Internet: Marko.Makela@Helsinki.Fi
EARN/BitNet: msmakela@finuh

Several additions and modifications were made to his code to

support the following families of 6500 processors:

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 100

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
(1) 650X and 651X processor family
(2) 65F11 and 65F12 processor family
(3) 65C00/21 and 65C29 processor family
(4) 65C02, 65C102, and 65C112 processor family

The instruction syntax of this cross assembler contains two

peculiarities: (1) the addressing indirection is denoted by the
square brackets [] and (2) the `bbrx' and `bbsx' instructions
are written `bbr0 memory,label'.

AS6500 ASSEMBLER PAGE N−2

6500 REGISTER SET

N.2 6500 REGISTER SET

The following is a list of the 6500 registers used by AS6500:

a − 8−bit accumulator
x,y − index registers

N.3 6500 INSTRUCTION SET

The following tables list all 6500 family mnemonics recog−

nized by the AS6500 assembler. The designation [] refers to a
required addressing mode argument. The following list specifies
the format for each addressing mode supported by AS6500:

#data immediate data

byte or word data

*dir direct page addressing

(see .setdp directive)
0 <= dir <= 255

offset,x indexed addressing

offset,y indexed addressing
address = (offset + (x or y))

[offset,x] pre−indexed indirect addressing

0 <= offset <= 255
address = contents of location
(offset + (x or y)) mod 256

[offset],y post−indexed indirect addressing

address = contents of location at offset
plus the value of the y register

[address] indirect addressing

ext extended addressing

label branch label

address,label direct page memory location

branch label
bbrx and bbsx instruction addressing

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 101

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation

The terms data, dir, offset, address, ext, and label may all be
expressions.

Note that not all addressing modes are valid with every in−
struction, refer to the 65xx technical data for valid modes.

AS6500 ASSEMBLER PAGE N−3

6500 INSTRUCTION SET

N.3.1 Processor Specific Directives

The AS6500 cross assembler has four (4) processor specific

assembler directives which define the target 65xx processor
family:

.r6500 Core 650X and 651X family (default)

.r65f11 Core plus 65F11 and 65F12
.r65c00 Core plus 65C00/21 and 65C29
.r65c02 Core plus 65C02, 65C102, and 65C112

N.3.2 65xx Core Inherent Instructions

brk clc
cld cli
clv dex
dey inx
iny nop
pha php
pla plp
rti rts
sec sed
sei tax
tay tsx
txa txs
tya

N.3.3 65xx Core Branch Instructions

bcc label bhs label

bcs label blo label
beq label bmi label
bne label bpl label
bvc label bvs label

N.3.4 65xx Core Single Operand Instructions

asl []
dec []
inc []
lsr []
rol []
ror []

AS6500 ASSEMBLER PAGE N−4

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 102

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
6500 INSTRUCTION SET

N.3.5 65xx Core Double Operand Instructions

adc []
and []
bit []
cmp []
eor []
lda []
ora []
sbc []
sta []

N.3.6 65xx Core Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions

jmp [] jsr []

N.3.7 65xx Core Miscellaneous X and Y Register Instructions

cpx []
cpy []
ldx []
stx []
ldy []
sty []

AS6500 ASSEMBLER PAGE N−5

6500 INSTRUCTION SET

N.3.8 65F11 and 65F12 Specific Instructions

bbr0 [],label bbr1 [],label

bbr2 [],label bbr3 [],label
bbr4 [],label bbr5 [],label
bbr6 [],label bbr7 [],label

bbs0 [],label bbs1 [],label

bbs2 [],label bbs3 [],label
bbs4 [],label bbs5 [],label
bbs6 [],label bbs7 [],label

rmb0 [] rmb1 []
rmb2 [] rmb3 []
rmb4 [] rmb5 []
rmb6 [] rmb7 []

smb0 [] smb1 []
smb2 [] smb3 []
smb4 [] smb5 []
smb6 [] smb7 []

N.3.9 65C00/21 and 65C29 Specific Instructions

bbr0 [],label bbr1 [],label

bbr2 [],label bbr3 [],label

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 103

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation
bbr4 [],label bbr5 [],label
bbr6 [],label bbr7 [],label

bbs0 [],label bbs1 [],label

bbs2 [],label bbs3 [],label
bbs4 [],label bbs5 [],label
bbs6 [],label bbs7 [],label

bra label

phx phy
plx ply

rmb0 [] rmb1 []
rmb2 [] rmb3 []
rmb4 [] rmb5 []
rmb6 [] rmb7 []

smb0 [] smb1 []
smb2 [] smb3 []
smb4 [] smb5 []
smb6 [] smb7 []

AS6500 ASSEMBLER PAGE N−6

6500 INSTRUCTION SET

N.3.10 65C02, 65C102, and 65C112 Specific Instructions

bbr0 [],label bbr1 [],label

bbr2 [],label bbr3 [],label
bbr4 [],label bbr5 [],label
bbr6 [],label bbr7 [],label

bbs0 [],label bbs1 [],label

bbs2 [],label bbs3 [],label
bbs4 [],label bbs5 [],label
bbs6 [],label bbs7 [],label

bra label

phx phy
plx ply

rmb0 [] rmb1 []
rmb2 [] rmb3 []
rmb4 [] rmb5 []
rmb6 [] rmb7 []

smb0 [] smb1 []
smb2 [] smb3 []
smb4 [] smb5 []
smb6 [] smb7 []

stz []
trb []
tsb []

Additional addressing modes for the following core instruc−

tions are also available with the 65C02, 65C102, and 65C112 pro−
cessors.

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 104

 ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation

adc [] and []
cmp [] eor []
lda [] ora []
sbc [] sta []

bit [] jmp []

dec inc

ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation 105