Exercise 4-1

A Match each system in Problems 1-4lVith one of the 1. -4x + 2y = 8 2. x+y=3

following graphs, and lise the graph to solve {he system. 2x- y=O 2x-y=0
y 3. -x + 2y = 5 4. 2x - 4y = -10
2x + 3y = -3 -x + 2y = 5

Solve Problems 5-8 by graphing.

5.3x- y= 2 6. 3x - 2y = 12
x + 2y = 10 7x + 2y = 8
7. m + 2n = 4 8. 3£1 + 5v = 15
2m + 4n =-8 611 + lOv = -30

(A) (B) Solve Problems 9-12 using substitution.

9. y = 2x - 3 10. y = x - 4
y y
+ 2y =
x 14 x + 3y = 12
11. 2x + Y = 6 12. 3x - y = 7
x - y = -3 2x + 3y = 1

Solve Problems 13-16 llsing elimination by addition.

13. 3£1 - 2v = 12 14. 2x - 3y = -8
7£1 + 2v = 8 5x + 3y = 1
15. 2ti-t - 11 = 10 16. 2x + 3y = 1
(0) m - 2n =-4 3x - y = 7
 Section 4-1 Review: Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables 1')-;

Solve Problems 17-30 using substitution or elimination 37. Y = 2x + 1 38. y = -3x + 6

by addition. y=2x+7 Y = -3x + 9
17. 9x - 3y = 24 18. 4x + 3y = 26 39. 3x - 2y = S 40. 3x - 7y = -20
llx + 2y = 1 3x - lly =-7 4x + 3y = 13 2x + Sy = 8
19. 2x - 3y = -2 20. 3x -- 6y = - 9 41. -2.4x + 3.Sy = 0.1 42. 4.2x + SAy = -12.9
-4x + 6y = 7 -2x + 4y = 12 -1.7x + 2.6y = -0.2 6.4x + 3.7y = -4.5
21. 3x + 8y = 4 22. 7m + 12n = -1
ISx + lOy = -10 Sm - 3n = 7 C In Problems 43-48, graph the equations in the same
coordinate system. Find the coordinates of any points
23. -6x + lOy = -30 24. 2x + 4y = -8 where two or more lines intersect, and discuss the natur.e
3x - Sy = IS x + 2y = 4 of the solution set.
25. x + Y = 1 26. x+ y=1 43. x - 2y =-6 <-14. x + Y =
3
0.3x - OAy = 0 O.Sx - OAy = 0 2x+ y= 8 x + 3y = lS
27. 0.2x - O.5y = om 28. O.3u - 0.6v = 0.18 x + 2y =-2 3x - y = S
0.8x - 0.3y = 0.79 O.5u + 0.2v = 0.S4 45. x + Y = 1 <-16. x - Y = 6
29. ~x + h = 2 30. ~x - h = 10 x - 2y =-8 x - 2y = 8
3x + Y =-3 x + 4y =-4
ix - h =-S ~x + h = 6
47. 4x - 3y = -24 41{. 2x + 3y 18=
Problems 31-34 are concerned with the solutions of the 2x + 3y = 12 2x - 6y = -6
linear system 8x - 6y = 24 4x + 6y = -24
y=mx+b 49. The coefficients of the three systems given below are
y=nx+c very similar. One might guess that the solution sets
to the three systems would also be nearly identical.
where m, b, n, and c are nonzero constants. Develop evidence for or against this guess by
; I. If the system has a unique solution, discuss the considering graphs of the systems and solutions
relationships among the four constants. obtained using substitution or elimination by
addition .
.11. If the system has no solution, discuss the relation-
ships among the four constants. (A) Sx + 4y = 4 (B) Sx + 4y = 4
.U. If the system has an infinite number of solutions, 11x + 9y = 4 llx + 8y = 4
discuss the relationships among the four constants. (C) Sx + 4y = 4
_q. If m = 0, how many solutions does the system have? lOx + 8y = 4
50. Repeat Problem 49 for the following systems:
In Problems 35-42, use a graphing calculator to find
the solution to each system. Round any approximate (A) 6x - Sy = 10 (B) 6x - Sy = 10
solutions to three decimal places. -13x + 11Y = - 20 - 13x + lOy = - 20
35. Y = 2x - 9 36. y = -3x + 3 (C) 6x - Sy = 10
y = 3x + S y = Sx + 8 -12x + lOy = -20

Applications
;lusiness & Economics (0\) Find the supply and the demand (to the nearest
unit) if T-shirts are priced at $4 each. Discuss
51. Supply and demand. Suppose that the supply and
the stability of the T-shirt market at this price
demand equations for printed T-shirts in a resort
level.
town for a particular week are
(13) Find the supply and the demand (to the nearest
p = 0.7q + 3 unit) if T-shirts are priced at $9 each. Discuss
p = -1.7q + IS r:6'flUilcll',[';'-1I,nll the stability of the T-shirt market at this price
where p is the price in dollars and q is the quantity in level.
hundreds. (C) Find the equilibrium price and quantity.
194 Chapter 4 Systems of Linear Equations; Matrices

(D) Graph the two equations in the same coordi- 55. Break-even analysis. A small company manufactures
nate system and identify the equilibrium point, portable home computers. The plant has fixed costs
supply curve, and demand curve. (leases. insurance, and so on) of $48,000 per month
and variable costs (labor, materials, and so on) of
52. Supply and demand. Suppose that the supply and $1,400 per unit produced. The computers are sold for
demand for printed baseball caps in a resort town for $1,800 each. ll1Us, the cost and revenue equations are
a particular week are
y = 48.000 + 1,400x ((Yit N111i11-ion
p = O.4q + 3.2 Supply tctAUnLl!nl
y = 1,800x Pc,/c>nlJt'
p = -1.9q + 17
where p is the price in dollars and q is the quantity in where x is the total number of computers produced
):mndreds. and sold each month, and the monthly costs and
revenue are in dollars.
(A) Find the supply and the demand (to the nearest
unit) if baseball caps are priced at $4 each. Dis-
cuss the stability of the baseball cap market at
this price level.
( 8) Find the supply and the demand (to the nearest
unit) if baseball caps are priced at $9 each. Dis-
cuss the stability of the baseball cap market at
this price level.
(C) Find the equilibrium price and quantity.
(D) Graph the two equations in the same coordi-
nate system and identify the equilibrium point.
supply curve, and demand curve.

53. Supply and demand. At $0.60 per bushel, the daily

supply for wheat is 450 bushels, and the daily (A) How many units must be manufactured and sold
demand is 570 bushels. When the price is raised to each month for the company to break even?
$0.75 per bushel, the daily supply increases to ( 8) Graph both equations in the same coordinate
600 bushels, and the daily demand decreases to system and show the break-even point. Inter-
495 bushels. Assume that the supply and demand pret the regions between the lines to the left
equations are linear. and to the right of the break-even point.
(A) Find the supply equation. [Hint: Write the 56. Break-even analysis. Repeat Problem 55 with the
supply equation in the form p = aq + band cost and revenue equations
solve for a and b.]
(B) Find the demand equation. y = 65,000 + 1,1 OOx CO'st (ectuation

(C) Find the equilibrium price and quantity. y = 1.600x Revenue equation

(D) Graph the two equations in the same coordi- 57. Break-even analysis. A mail-order company markets
nate system and identify the equilibrium point, videotapes that sell for $19.95, including shipping
supply curve, and demand curve. and handling. The monthly fixed costs (advertising,
rent, and so on) are $24,000, and the variable costs
54. Supply and demand. At $1.40 per bushel, the daily (materials, shipping, and so on) are $7.45 per tape.
supply for oats is 850 bushels, and the daily demand
(A) How many tapes must be sold each month for
is 580 bushels. When the price falls to $1.20 per
the company to break even?
bushel, the daily supply decreases to 350 bushels, and
the daily demand increases to 980 bushels. Assume (8) Graph the cost and revenue equations in the
.that the supply and demand equations are linear. same coordinate system and show the break-
even point. Interpret the regions between the
(A) Find the supply equation. lines to the left and to the right of the break-
(B) Find the demand equation. even point.
(C) Find the equilibrium price and quantity. 58. Break-even analysis. Repeat Problem 57 if the
(D) Graph the two equations in the same coordi- monthly fixed costs increase to $27,200, the variable
nate system and identify the equilibrium point, costs increase to $9.15. and the company raises the
supply curve, and demand curve. selling price of the tapes to $21.95.
 Section 4-1 Review: Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables 195

59. Delivery charges. United Express, a nationwide other things, 20 grams of protein and 6 grams of fat.
package delivery service, charges a base price for The laboratory technician is able to purchase two
overnight delivery of packages weighing 1 pound or food mixes of the following compositions: Mix A has
less and a surcharge for each additional pound (or 10% protein and 6% fat; mix B has 20% protein and
fraction thereof). A customer is billed $27.75 for 2 % fat. How many grams of each mix should be used
shipping a 5-pound package and $64.50 for shipping to obtain the right diet for a single animal?
a 20-pound package. Find the base price and the sur-
64. Nutrition: plants. A fruit grower can use two types of
charge for each additional pound.
fertilizer in an orange grove, brand A and brand B.
60. Delivery charges. Refer to Problem 59. Federated Each bag of brand A contains 8 pounds of nitrogen
Shipping, a competing overnight delivery service, in- and 4 pounds of phosphoric acid. Each bag of brand
forms the customer in Problem 59 that they would B contains 7 pounds of nitrogen and 6 pounds of
ship the 5-pound package for $29.95 and the phosphoric acid. Tests indicate that the grove needs
20-pound package for $59.20. 720 pounds of nitrogen and 500 pounds of phos-
(A) If Federated Shipping computes its cost in the phoric acid. How many bags of each brand should be
same manner as United Express, find the base used to provide the required amounts of nitrogen
price and the surcharge for Federated Shipping. and phosphoric acid?
(B) Devise a simple rule that the customer can use
to choose the cheaper of the two services for
each package shipped. Justify your answer. Social Sciences
61. Resource allocation. A coffee manufacturer uses 65. Psychology: approach and avoidance. People often
Colombian and Brazilian coffee beans to produce approach certain situations with "mixed emotions."
two blends, robust and mild. A pound of the robust For. example, public speaking often brings forth the
blend requires 12 ounces of Colombian beans and positive response of recognition and the negative
4 ounces of Brazilian beans. A pound of the mild response of failure. Which dominates? 1. S. Brown,
blend requires 6 ounces of Colombian beans and in an experiment on approach and avoidance,
10 ounces of Brazilian beans. Coffee is shipped in trained rats by feeding them from a goal box.
132-pound burlap bags. The company has 50 bags of Then the rats received mild electric shocks from
Colombian beans and 40 bags of Brazilian beans on the same goal box. This established an approach-
hand. How many pounds of each blend should they avoidance conflict relative to the goal box. Using
produce in order to use all the available beans? appropriate apparatus, Brown arrived at the
following relationships:
p = -!d + 70 Approach equation
p = -1d + 230 Avoidance equation

where 30 :S d :S 172.5. The approach equation gives

the pull (in grams) toward the food goal box when
the rat is placed d centimeters away from it. The
avoidance equation gives the pull (in grams) away
from the shock goal box when the rat is placed d
62. Resource allocation. Refer to Problem 61. centimeters from it.
(A) If the company decides to discontinue produc-
(A) Graph the approach equation and the
tion of the robust blend and produce only the
avoidance equation in the same coordinate
mild blend, how many pounds of the mild blend
system.
can they produce and how many beans of each
type will they use? Are there any beans that are (B) Find the value of d for the point of intersection
not used? of these two equations.
(B) Repeat part (A) if the company decides to dis- (C) What do you think the rat would do when
continue production of the mild blend and pro- placed the distance d from the box found in
duce only the robust blend. part (B)?
(For additional discussion of this phenomenon, see
1. S. Brown, "Gradients of Approach and Avoidance
life Sciences
Responses and Their Relation to Motivation,"
63. Nutrition. Animals in an experiment are to be kept Journal of Comparative and Physiological
under a strict diet. Each animal is to receive, among Psychology, 1948,41:450-465.)
Exercise 4-2
\, Problems 1--10 refer to rhe following matrices: 17. 2R2 --+ R z 18. -IR2 --+ R2
+ + Rl --+ R j

n
20. (-DR z

[' 9 19. (-4)R1 Rc --+ R2

[~ -~J
-4
A c_ B= -4 8 21. (-2)R} + R z --+ R2 22. (-3)R} + R z --+ R z
1
2 4 23. (-l)RI + R2 --+ R2 24. R1 + R z --+ Rz
C'~ [2 -3 OJ D 0=
l-~J Each of the matrices in Problems 25-34 is the result of
1. What is the size of A? Of C? . performing a single row operation on the matrix A shown
below. 1dellt~fy the row operation.
2. What is the size of B? Of D?

~~]
3. Identify all row matrices. -1 2
A= [
4. Identify all column matrices. 6 -3 I
5. Identify all square matrices.
6. For matrix B. find b=1 and b 13 .
25. l-~ -~ 26. [-~ -3
4
I ~~]'
7. For matrix.4, find ({Il and ([2o,.
[-~ ~
o
8. For matrices C and D, find Cl3 and dZI'
27. 28.
[~ -3 l~J
9. Find the elements on the principal diagonal of
matrix B.
10. Find the elements on the principal diagonal of
29.
[! -~ 30. [-~ 2
5 -~J
matrix A. 31. [-~ -~ 32. [-~ 2
9 =~J
Problems 11 and 12 refer to the matrices shown below. o
33.
[~~ ~ 34.
[~ l~J
~ -~]
-3
E ,~[ 1
-2 3
9J F = [
-5 o 7 -8
-5 7 Solve Problems 35-38 using augmented matrix methods.
11. (A) What is the size of E? Graph each solution set. Discuss the d~fferences between
(B) How many additional columns would Fhave to the graph of an equation in the system and the graph of
have to be a square matrix? the system:S solution set.
(C) Find e23 and fL~' 35. 3Xl - 2X2 =6 36. 2xz =
Xl - 5
12. (A) What is the size of F? 4Xl - 3X2 = 6 -2x 1 + 4X2 = -10
(B) How many additional rows would E have to 3':', 3X1 - 2x2 = -3 38. Xl - 2X2 = 1
have to be a square matrix?
-6x} + 4X2 = 6 -2XI + 5X2 = 2
(C) Find ell and f~J'

Perform the row operations indicated in Problems 13-24 Solve Problems 39 and 40 using augmented matrix meth-
on the following matrix: ods. Write the linear system represented by each aug-
mented matrix in your solution, and solve each of these
-3
-6
2J
--8
systems graphical/yo Discuss the relationships among the
solutions of these systems.
13. R] H- K. 14. ~ R2 --+ R2 3'), Xl + Xz = 5 ·m. Xl - X2 =2
15. -4R 1 --+ R] 16. -2R I --+ RI Xl - Xz = 1 Xl + Xl = 6
 Section 4-3 Gauss-Jordan Elimination

Solve Problems 41-60 using augmented matrix methods. C: Solve Problems 61-66 using augmented matrix
methods.
41. X, - 2X2 = 1 42. XI + 3X2 = 1
61. 3x 1 - X2 ,= 7 62. 2tl - 3X2 = -8
2xj - X2 = 5 3x, - 2X2 = 14
2xI + 3Xl = 1 5xI + 3x 2 = 1
43. Xl - 4xz = - 2 44. ,x 1 - 3X2 = - 5
-2x 1 + Xl = -3 -3Xl - X2 = 5 63. 3Xl + 2X2 = 4 64. 4x, + 3X2 = 26
2x, - X2 = 5 3x 1 - 11x2 = - 7
45. 3xI - Xl = 2 46. 2xI + X2 = 0
XI + 2x2 = 10 Xl - 2x2 = -5 65. 0.2x I - 0.5X2 = 0.07 66. 0.3x, - 0.6X2 = 0.18
48. 2Xl - 3Xl = -2 0.8x, - 0.3X2 = 0.79 0.5x, - O.2xl = 0.54
47. Xj + 2x2 = 4
2xj + 4X2 = -8 -4xj + 6X2 = 7
49. '2xj + X2 = 6 50. 3xI - X2 = - 5 Solve Problems 67-70 using augmented matrix
Xj - X2 =-3 Xj + 3X2 = 5 methods. Use a graphing utility to perform the row
51. 3xI - 6X2 = -9 52. 2tj - 4X2 = -2 operations.
-2xI + 4X2 = 6 -3xI + 6X2 = 3 67. 0.8xj + 2.88x2 = 4
53. 4xj - 2x2 = 2 54. -6xj + 2X2 = 4 1.25xI + 4.34x2 = 5
-6xI + 3X2 = -3 3xj - X2 = -2 68. 2.7xj - 15.12x2 = 27
55. 2xj + X2 = 1 56. 2x I - X2 = - 8 3.25xI - 18.52x2 = 33
4Xl - X2 = -7 2x j + X2 = 8
69. 4.8x1 - 40.32x2 = 295.2
57. 4xI - 6X2 = 8 58. 2Xl - 4X2 = -4 -3-.75xl + 28.7x2 = -211.2
-6Xl + 9X2 = -10 -3xI + 6X2 = 4
70. 5.7x1 - 8.55x2 = -35.91
59. -4xj + 6X2 = -8 60. -2x] + 4X2 = 4
4.5xj + 5.73x2 = 76.17
6xj - 9X2 = 12 3xI - 6X2 = -6
Exercise 4-3
A In Problems 1-10, if a matrix is in reduced form, say so. Write the linear system corresponding to each reduced
lfnot, explain why and indicate the row operation(s) augmented matrix in Problems 11-18 and solve.

r
necessary to transform the matrix into reduced form.

l.
[~
0
1 I -~]
11./ 0
,J 0
0
1
0
0
0
1
-n
[~
0 0 0
[~ I -~]
1
2.
0 12.
1
0
0
1
0
0 -!J
n
0 2 0 0 1
3.
D 0 0

[~
0 -2

-n
1 -1
13. 1 1

4.
D
0
1
0
0
0
1
-n 14. G
0
-2
0
0
0
1
-n
[~
1 0
5. 0 3
-n 0 0

~D n
0 0 0
1

[~ n
2 -3
0
6. 0 1
0

-n
0 0

[~
1 0
16-
G 1

iJ
0
7. 0 1

[~ I -~]
0 0 0 -3
17.
1 2

[~ n
0 -1

[~
S. 2 0 1
0 0
18.
1 -1 I -:]

I~ -~]
-2
I ~]
0 -2 0 0 -3
I).
0 1
19• [10
0 1 3 I

I -~]
-2
[~
3
I ~]
-2 0 0 0
to. 20• [10
0 1 1 1 -1 2
 Section 4-3 Gauss-Jordan Elimination 217

! I. Refer to Problems 11-20. Complete Table 1. Solve Problems 31-50 using Gauss-Jordan elimination.
31. ~l + 4X2 - lOx] = -2
. TABLE l' 3Xl + 9X2 - 21x3 = 0
Number of Number of Number of XI + 5X2 - 12x3 = 1
Leftmost Ones Variables Solutions
32.3xl+5x2- x]=-7
Problem 11 3 3 XI + X2 + X3 = -1
Problem 12
Problem 13
2tj + llx3 = 7
Problem 14 33. 3xI + 8X2 - X3 = -18
Problem 15 + . X2
2x1 + 5X3 = 8
Pr~blem 16
2xI + 4X2 + 2X3 = -4
Problem 17
Problem 18 34. 2xj + 6X2 + 15x3 = -12
Problem 19 4xj + 7xz + 13x3 = -10
Problem 20
3xj + 6X2 + 12x3 = -9
35. 2xj - Xz - 3X3 = 8
22. Refer to Problem 21. Let m represent the number Xj - 2x2 =7
of leftmost ones and n the number of variables. What
is the relationship between m and n when the system 36. 2xj + 4xz - 6X3 = 10
has a unique solution? What is the relationship 3xI + 3xz - 3X3 = 6
between m and n when the system has an infinite 37. 2x, - X2 = 0
number of solutions? Do you think these relation- 3Xl + 2X2 = 7
ships are valid for all systems of linear equations?
XI - X2 = -1
Explain.
38. 2xl - X2 = 0
B Use row operations to change each matrix in Problems 3xj + 2x2 = 7
23-30 to reduced form. XI - X2 = -2
39. 3Xl - 4X2 - X3 = 1
[~ -~J
2
23. 2xl - 3X2 + X3 =1
1
XI - 2x2 + 3X3 = 2

[~
3
24.
2 -!J 40. 3Xl
XI
+
+
7X2 -

2X2 -
X3

X3
= 11
= 3
11
[~ 3 I 2516]
2xI + 4X2 - 2X3 = 10
25.
4 41. 3Xl - 2x2 + X3 = -7
11
• [13 5 7
2xl + = 0
I 3~J
X2 - 4X3
26
XI + X2 - 3X3 = 1
+ +

j]
= 21

27.
[1
~
0
1
0
-3
2
3
42. 2x1
Xl -
3X2

+ Xz - X3 = 11
2x1
X2 -
5X3
5X3 = -2·

43. 2x1 + 4xz - 2x3 = 2

n -n
0 4 -3Xl - 6X2 + 3X3 = -3
28. 1 -3
44. 3Xl - 9X2 + 12x3 = 6
0 -2
-2xI + 6X2 - 8X3 = -4

[: ~;J
2 -2 45. 4xj - X2 + 2X3 = 3
29. 3 -6 -4xI + X2 - 3X3 = -10
-1 2 3 8xj - 2xz + 9X3 = -1

30. [~
-2
-2
-1
8
6
4
-:] 46. 4xI -

-6xj +
lOxI -
2X2

3X2 -

5X2
+

+
2X3

3X3

9X3
= 5
= -2
= 4
218 Chapter 4 Systems of Linear Equations; Matrices

47. 2x1 - 5X2 - 3x, = 7 55. XI + kx2 = 3 56. Xl + kxz = 3

-4x] + lOx2 + 2x3 = 6 2xI + 6X2 = 6 2Xl + 4X2 = 8
6x[ - 15x2 - X3 = -19
48. -4x[ + 8X2 + lOx3 = -6 C Solve Problems 57-62 using Gauss-Jordan elimination.
6x[ - 12x2 - 15x3 = 9
57. XI + 2xz -4X3 - X4 = 7.
-8x] + 14x2 + 19x3 = -8 2x1 + 5xz - 9X3 - 4X4 == 16
49. 5x[ - 3x2 + 2t3 = 13 XI + 5X2 - 7X3 - 7X4 = 13
2x] - X2 - 3X3 = 1
58. 2x1 + 4X2 + 5X3 + 4X4 = 8
4xI - 2x2 + 4X3 = 12 • Xl + 2xz + 2x3 + X4 = 3
50. 4Xl - 2xz + 3X3 = 3
59. XI - X2 + 3X3 - 2x4 = 1
3xI - X2 - 2X3 = -10
-2x 1 + 4xz - 3X3 + X4 = 0.5
2XI + 4X2 - Xl = -1
3Xl - X2 + lOx3 - 4X4 = 2.9
51. Consider a consistent system of three linear equa- 4xI - 3X2 + 8X3 - 2x4 = 0.6
tions in three variables. Discuss the nature of the
system and its solution set if the reduced form of the 60. Xl + X2 + 4X3 + X4 = 1.3
augmented coefficient matrix has -XI + Xz - X3 1.1
(A) One leftmost 1 (B) Tho leftmost 1's 2xI + X3 + 3X4 = -4.4
(C) Three leftmost 1's (D) Four leftmost 1's 2x] + 5X2 + 11x3 + 3X4 = 5.6

52. Consider a system of three linear equations in three 61. Xl - +

2x2 X3 + X4 + 2xs = 2
variables. Give examples of two reduced forms that - 2x1 + +
4X2 2x3 + 2x 4 - 2xs = 0
are not row-equivalent if the system is 3Xl - 6X2 + X3 + X4 + 5xs = 4
(A) Consistent and dependent - XI + 2xz + 3X3 + X4 + Xs =3
(B) Inconsistent 62. Xl - 3X2 + X3 + X4 + 2x s = 2
- Xl + 5xz + 2x3 + 2x 4 - 2x5 = 0
In Problems 53-56, discuss the relationship between the 2x1 - 6X2 + 2x3 + 2X4 + 4xs = 4
number of solutions of the system and the constant k.
- X5 =-3
53. XI - X2 = 4 54. Xl + 2xz = 4
3x I + kx2 = 7 -2x 1 + kX2 = -8

Applications
Construct a mathematical model for each of the following departments have available a maximum of 380, 330,
problems. (The answers in the back of the book include and 120 labor-hours per week, respectively.
both the mathematical model and the interpretation of its (A) How many boats of each type must be pro-
solution.) Use Gauss-Jordan elimination to solve the duced each week for the plant to operate at full
model and then interpret the solution. capacity? .
(B) Bow is the production schedule in part (A)
Business & Economics affected if the packaging department is no
63. Production scheduling. A small manufacturing plant longer used?
makes three types of inflatable boats: one-person, (C) How is the production schedule in part (A)
two-person, and four-person models. Each boat affected if the four-per!)on boat is no longer
requires the services of three departments, as listed produced?
in the table. The cutting, assembly, and packaging 64. Production scheduling. Repeat Problem 63 assumin
that the cutting, assembly, and packaging depart-
ments have available a maximum of 350, 330, and
One-Person Two-Person Four-Person 115 labor-hours per week, respectively.
Department Boat Boat Boat
65. Business leases. A chemical manufacturer wants
Cutting 0.5 hr 1.0 hr 1.Shr to lease a fleet of 24 railroad tank cars with a com-
Assembly 0.6 hr 0.9hr 1.2 hr
bined carrying capacity of 520,000 gallons. Tank
Packaging 0.2 hr 0.3 hr. 0.5 hr
cars with three different carrying capacities are
 Section 4-3 Gauss-Jordan Elimination 219

available: 8,000 gallons, 16,000 gallons, and on corporate income, the taxable income of each
24,000 gallons. How many of each type of tank company is defined to be its share of its own annual
car should be leased? net income plus its share of the taxable income of
66. Business leases. A corporation wants to lease a fleet each of the other companies, as determined by the
of 12 airplanes with a combined carrying capacity of percentages in the table. What is the taxable income
220 passengers. The three available types of planes of each company (to the nearest thousand dollars)?
carry 10, IS, and 20 passengers, respectively. How 72. Taxable income. Repeat Problem 71'if tax law is
many of each type of plane should be leased? changed so that the taxable income of a company is
67. Business leases. Refer to Problem 6S. The cost of defined to be all of its own annual net income plus its
leasing an 8,000-gallon tank car is $4S0 per month, a share of the taxable income of each of the other
16,000-gallon tank car is $6S0 per month, and a companies.
'24,000-gallon tank car is $1,IS0 per month. Which of
the solutions to Problem 6S would minimize the Life Sciences
monthly leasing cost? 73. Nutrition. A dietitian in a hospital is to arrange a
6lt Business leases. Refer to Problem 66. The cost of special diet composed of three basic foods. The diet
leasing a lO-passenger airplane is $8,000 per month, is to include exactly 340 units of calcium, 180 units of
. a IS-passenger airplane is $14,000 per month, and a iron, and 220 units of vitamin A. The number of units
20-passenger airplane is $16,000 per month. Which of per ounce of each special ingredient for each of the
the solutions to Problem 66 would minimize the foods is indicated in the table.
monthly leasing cost?
69. Income tax. A corporation has a taxable income of Units per Ounce
$7,6S0,000. At this income level, the federal income Food A FoodB FoodC
tax rate is SO%, the state tax rate is 20%, and the
local tax rate is 10%. If each tax rate is applied to the Calcium 30 10 20
total taxable income, the resulting tax liability for the Iron 10 10 20
corporation would be 80% of taxable income. How- Vitamin A 10 30 20
ever, it is customary to deduct taxes paid to one
agency before computing taxes for the other agen- (A) How many ounces of each food must be used to
cies. Assume that the federal taxes are based on the meet the diet requirements?
income that remains after the state and local taxes (B) How is the diet in part (A) affected if food Cis
are deducted, and that state and local taxes are com- not used?
puted in a similar manner. What is the tax liability of (C) How is the diet in part (A) affected if the vita-
the corporation (as a percentage of taxable income) min A requirement is dropped?
if these deductions are taken into consideration?
74. Nutrition. Repeat Problem 73 if the diet is to include
70. Income tax. Repeat Problem 69 if local taxes are not exactly 400 units of calcium, 160 units of iron, and
allowed as a deduction for federal and state taxes. 240 units of vitamin A.
71. Taxable income. As a result of several mergers and 75. Nutrition: plants. A farmer can buy four types of
K:'~\ acquisitions, stock in four companies has been distrib- plant food. Each barrel of mix A contains 30 pounds
uted among the companies. Each row of the following of phosphoric acid, SO pounds of nitrogen, and
table gives the percentage of stock in the four compa- 30 pounds of potash; each barrel of mix B contains
nies that a particular company owns and the annual 30 pounds of phosphoric acid, 75 pounds of nitrogen,
net income of each company (in millions of dollars): and 20 pounds of potash; each barrel of mix C
contains 30 pounds of phosphoric acid, 25 pounds of
Percentage of Stock nitrogen, and 20 pounds of potash; and each barrel of
Annual
Owned in Company
Net Income
mix D contains 60 pounds of phosphoric acid, 25
-----_._---
Company A B C 0 Million $ pounds of nitrogen, and 50 pounds of potash. Soil
tests indicate that a particular field needs 900 pounds
A 71 8 3 7 3.2 of phosphoric acid, 750 pounds of nitrogen, and 700
B 12 81 11 13 2.6 pounds of potash. How many barrels of each type of
C 11 9 72 8 3.8 food should the farmer mix together to supply the
D 6 2 14 72 4.4
necessary nutrients for the field?
76. Nutrition: animals. In a laboratory experiment, rats
Thus, company A holds 71 % of its own stock, 8% of are to be fed S packets of food containing a total of
the stock in company B, 3 % of the stock in company 80 units of vitamin E. There are four different brands
C, and so on. For the purpose of assessing a state tax of food packets that can be used. A packet of brand
220 Chapter 4 Systems of Linear Equations; Matrices

A contains 5 units of vitamin E, a packet of brand B figure. The numbers next to each street indicate the
contains 10 units of vitamin E, a packet of brand C number of vehicles per hour that enter and leave the
contains 15 units of vitamin E, and a packet of brand network on that street. The variables Xl> X2, X3, and X4
D contains 20 units of vitamin E. How many packets represent the flow of traffic between the four inter-
of each brand should be mixed and fed to the rats? sections in the network.
77. Nutrition: plants. Refer to Problem 75. The costs of (A) For a smooth traffic flow, ~he number of vehicles
the four mixes are Mix A, $46; Mix B, $72; Mix C, entering each intersection should always equal
$57; and Mix D, $63. Which of the solutions to Prob- the number leaving. For example, since 1,500
lem 75 would minimize the cost of the plant food? vehicles enter the intersection of 5th Street and
78. Nutrition: plants. Refer to Problem 76. The costs of Washington Avenue each hour and Xl + X4
the four brands are Brand A, $1.50; Brand B, $3.00; vehicles leave this intersection, we see that
Xl + X4 = 1,500. Find the equations determined
Brand C, $3.75; and Brand D, $2.25. Which of the
solutions to Problem 76 would minimize the cost of by the traffic flow at each of the other three
the rat food? intersections.
(B) Find the solution to the system in part (A).
Social Sciences (C) What is the maximum number of vehicles that
can travel from Washington Avenue to Lincoln
79. Sociology. TWo sociologists have grant money to Avenue on 5th Street? What is the minimum
study school busing in a particular city. They wish to number?
conduct an opinion survey using 600 telephone con-
(D) If traffic lights are adjusted so that 1,000
tacts and 400 house contacts. Survey company A has
vehicles per hour travel from Washington
personnel to do 30 telephone and 10 house contacts
Avenue to Lincoln Avenue on 5th Street,
per hour; survey company B can handle 20 telephone
determine the flow around the rest of the
and 20 house contacts per hour. How many hours
network.
should be scheduled for each firm to produce exactly
the number of contacts needed? 82. Traffic flow. Refer to Problem 71. Closing
Washington Avenue east of 6th Street for
80. Sociology. Repeat Problem 79 if 650 telephone con-
construction changes the traffic flow for the network
tacts and 350 house contacts are needed.
as indicated in the figure. Repeat parts (A)-(D) of
81. Traffic flow. The rush-hour traffic flow for a network Problem 73 for this traffic flow.
of four one-way streets in a city is shown in the
5th St. 6th St.
5th St. 6th St.
700 800
700 600 Washington
Washington ·-0--· Ave.
800 ·1'1
800 'I 600 Ave. 1'.) h

1'.1 1',
Lincoln
Lincoln 1,100 Ave.
.r~ 500
900 Xl 500 Ave.
600 500
400 500

Figure for 82
Figure for 81