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16 Filters

The document discusses different types of filters used in circuits including low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, and band-stop filters. It explains that filters use capacitors and inductors to remove unwanted noise and interference from input signals. Capacitors oppose rapid changes in voltage while inductors oppose rapid changes in current. Common filter configurations include LC filters which combine capacitors and inductors in various ways. Low-pass filters attenuate higher frequencies above the cutoff frequency while high-pass filters attenuate lower frequencies below the cutoff. Band-pass filters combine high-pass and low-pass filters to only allow a frequency band to pass. Band-stop or notch filters attenuate frequencies in a narrow stopband to very

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Abhijeet Hotkar
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65 views9 pages

16 Filters

The document discusses different types of filters used in circuits including low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, and band-stop filters. It explains that filters use capacitors and inductors to remove unwanted noise and interference from input signals. Capacitors oppose rapid changes in voltage while inductors oppose rapid changes in current. Common filter configurations include LC filters which combine capacitors and inductors in various ways. Low-pass filters attenuate higher frequencies above the cutoff frequency while high-pass filters attenuate lower frequencies below the cutoff. Band-pass filters combine high-pass and low-pass filters to only allow a frequency band to pass. Band-stop or notch filters attenuate frequencies in a narrow stopband to very

Uploaded by

Abhijeet Hotkar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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16 FILTERS

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Filter is basically linear circuit that helps to remove unwanted components such as
Noise, Interference and Distortion from the input signal.

FILTERING CHARACTERISTICS OF
CAPACITORS

The nature of capacitance opposes a voltage change


across its terminal by storing energy in its electrostatic
field

Whenever the voltage tends to rise, the capacitor


converts this voltage change to stored energy. When the
voltage tends to fall, the capacitor converts this stored
energy back to voltage.

FILTERING CHARACTERISTICS OF
INDUCTORS

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The inductance provided by an inductor may be used
as a filter, because it opposes a change in current
through it by storing energy in its electromagnetic field

Whenever the current increases, the stored energy in


the electromagnetic field increases. When the current
through the inductor decreases, the inductor supplies
the energy back into the circuit in order to maintain the existing flow of
current

COMMON FILTER CONFIGURATIONS

Capacitors and inductors are combined in various ways to


provide more satisfactory filtering than can be obtained
with a single capacitor or inductor. These are referred
to collectively as "LC filters.

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LC filters are also classified according to the position of
the capacitor and inductor. A capacitor input filter is one
in which the capacitor is connected directly across the
output terminals of the rectifier. A choke input filter is
one in which a choke precedes the filter capacitor.

Series
stacking increases the voltage rating.

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BASIC LC FILTERS

Analog filters are circuits that perform signal processing


functions, specifically intended to remove unwanted
signal components such as ripple and enhance desired
signals

The simplest analog filters are based on


combinations of inductors and capacitors.

low-pass, high-pass,
band-pass and band-stop. All these types are collectively
known as passive filters, because they do not depend on
any external power source.

high-frequency signals (high reactance) and conduct


low-frequency signals (low reactance), while capacitors
do the reverse
the inductor will block

A filter in which the signal passes


through an inductor, or in which a capacitor provides
a path to earth, presents less attenuation (reduction) to
a low-frequency signal than to a high-frequency signal
and is considered a low-pass filte

If the signal passes


through a capacitor, or has a path to ground through
an inductor, then the filter presents less attenuation to

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high-frequency signals than low-frequency signals and
is then considered a high-pass filter

LOW-PASS FILTER

A low-pass filter is a filter that passes low frequencies


well, but attenuates (reduces) higher frequencies

the frequency components


higher than the cutoff frequency will be stopped by a
low-pass filter

An Inductive low-pass filter inserts an inductor in


series with the load, where a capacitive low-pass filte
inserts a resistor in series and a capacitor in parallel with
the load.

HIGH-PASS FILTER

16 FILTERS 5
A high-pass filter (HPF) is a filter that passes high
frequencies well, but attenuates (reduces) frequencies
lower than the cutoff frequency

A high-pass filter is essentially the opposite of a low


pass
filter. It is useful as a filter to block any unwanted
low frequency components of a signal while passing the
desired higher frequencies.

BAND-PASS FILTER

16 FILTERS 6
A band-pass filter is basically a combination of a high
pass
and a low-pass

Band-pass
filter circuits are designed to accomplish this task by
combining the properties of low-pass and high-pass into
a single filter

BAND-STOP FILTER

16 FILTERS 7
In signal processing, a band-stop filter or band-rejection
filter is a filter that passes most frequencies unaltered,
but attenuates those in a range to very low levels

A notch filter is
a band-stop filter with a narrow stopband

Other names include "band limit filter," "T-notch filter,


"band-elimination filter," and "band-rejection filter.

Typically, the width of the stop-band is less than 1 to 2


decades

A band-stop filter is the general case. A notch filter is


a specific type of band-stop filter with a very narrow
range. Also called band-elimination, band-reject, or
notch filters, this kind of filter passes all frequencies
above and below a particular range set by the component
values ,and can be made out of a high-pass filter just simply connect the two
filter sections
in parallel with each other instead of in series

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