HISTORICAL, PHILOSOPHICAL,

THEORETICAL, AND LEGAL

FOUNDATIONS OF SPECIAL AND
INCLUSIVE EDUCATION
ERA OF EXTERMINATION
During the Greek and Roman Era, people held such
negative views about disability that it was regarded as
a punishment from God, something that signifies
being bad or evil.

Coupled with the need for military superiority,

individuals with disability were labelled as
“defectives” that need to be eliminated in the society
ERA OF RIDICULE

During the middle ages, people lived in rigid caste

systems that discrimination of individuals who were
different from the majority in the society became
apparent.
ERA OF ASYLUM

During the Renaissance period, the

Catholic Church began accepting persons
with disabilities as wards of state.
EARLY BEGINNINGS OF
SPECIAL EDUCATION

Whereas being taken cared for can be

considered as humane treatment for person
with disability, a different perspective
stipulates that without education, there is no
humanity.
 TIMELINE OF EVENTS, PERSONS
AND IDEAS THAT SHAPED THE
EARLY HISTORY OF SPECIAL AND
INCLUSIVE EDUCATION
MID-1700s

Jacob Pereire showed interest in a group

of individuals called “deafmutes”.

Jean Marc Itard was known for his work

on intellectual disability. The case of
Victor, the wildboy of Aveyron.
EARLY 1800s
Special Education programs in the United States
started to develop.
Samuel Gridley Howe was known for his work
with blind individuals at the Perkins School for
the Blind in Boston
Thomas Gallaudet, put up a school for the deaf
in Hartford, Connecticut.
Edouard Seguin, Itard’s student focused on
teaching individuals with intellectual disability.
EARLY 20th Century

Maria Montessori developed techniques and

materials that can be used to teach learners with
intellectual disability.

Grace Fernald developed techniques for

providing remedial education in reading
1920s to 1940s

Henry Goddard published a famous study on

the Kallikak Family (Fibblemindedness: Its
Causes and Consequences)

Alfred Strauss and Heinz Werner became

instrumental in special education, especially in
the field of learning disabilities through their
research on the neurological basis of learning
disabilities
1950s to 1970s

Head Start which promoted early

intervention for children who were or at
risk of becoming handicapped.

Samuel Kirk who coined the term

“learning disability”

Marianne Frostig, Newell Kephart and

William Cruichshank who all contributed
in the progress of special education
1970s and beyond

Special Education started to be recognized

as formal and identifiable profession
Special and Inclusive Education on the
Philippines
1907- The Insular School for the Deaf and Blind was established
1960- Programs for the Gifted were developed
1977- The position for Undersecretary for Education and Culture for
Non-Formal Education (PD 1139 was created)
1983- BP 344 or the Law to Enhance Mobility of Disabled Person
1987- The Philippine Constitution (Article 14, sections 1 and 2)
1989- Proclamation 480 declares the Period 1990-1999 as the “Decade of
Education for All”
Special and Inclusive Education on the
Philippines
1990- World Declaration on Education for All
1992- RA 7277 Magna Carta for the Disabled Persons
1992- RA 7610 Special Protection Against Abuse, Exploitation and
Discrimination Act
1994- Salamanca Statement on the Education of Children with Disabilities
1996- Four Pillars of Learning
1997- RA 8371 The Indigenous People’s Rights Act
2000- The Dakar Framework for Action- Education for All
Special and Inclusive Education on the
Philippines
2001- RA 9155 Governance of Basic Education Act
2004- EO 365 Renaming the Bureau of Non-Formal Education to Bureau
of Alternative Learning System
2004- DepEd Order No. 41 series of 2004, Standard Curriculum for
Elementary Public Schools and Private Madaris
2006- UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
2006- The Philippine Education for All (EFA) 2015 National Action Plan
2006- RA 9344 The Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act
Special and Inclusive Education on the
Philippines
2007- UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People
2007- RA 9442 An Act Amending RA 7277 Magna Carta for Disabled
Persons
2008- Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps)
2009- DepEd Order 72 series of 2009 Inclusive Education as a Strategy for
Increasing Participation Rate of Children
2010- DepEd Order 22 series of 2010 Mainstreaming and
Institutionalization on Madrasah Education Program by Transferring Its
Developed Components to the Bureau of Elementary Education and
Regional and Division Offices
Special and Inclusive Education on the
Philippines
2011- DepEd Order 62 series of 2011 Adopting the National Indigenous
People’s Education Office
2012- RA 10157 Kindergarten Education Act
2012- DepEd Order 83 series of 2012 Implementing Guidelines on the
Revised School-Based Management (SBM) Framework, Assessment
Process and Tool (APAT)
2013- RA 10533 Enhanced Basic Education Act
2013- RA 10361 Domestic Workers Act or Batas Kasambahay
2016- Senate Bill 1298 The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
(IDEA)
Special and Inclusive Education on the
Philippines
2016- Senate Bill 996 Inclusive Education for Children and Youth with
Special Needs Act
2017- DepEd Order 42 series of 2017 Philippine Professional Standards
for Teachers
2017- CHED Memo 74-77 series of 2017 Policies, Standards and
Guidelines for BEEd, BSEd, BECEd, BSNEd; all with a required
professional education course of Foundation of Special and Inclusive
Education
Recent Legislations in the Philippines
Supporting Inclusive Education

Section 8, DepEd Order No. 43 s. 2013: IRR of RA 10533 or the

Enhanced Basic Education Act of 2013 is a policy that recognizes the
inclusiveness of the enhanced basic education
Recent Legislations in the Philippines
Supporting Inclusive Education

Senate Bill 1414: Bill of the Inclusive Education for Children and Youth
with Special Needs has been put forth in the Philippine Congress. This is
in response to the growing number of students with disabilities, giftedness
and talents in the Philippines
Recent Legislations in the Philippines
Supporting Inclusive Education

Senate Bill 1298, The Individual with Disabilities Education Act of 2016
IDEA is an act that intends to provide free appropriate public education
to children with disabilities.
Recent Legislations in the Philippines
Supporting Inclusive Education

Senate Bill 996, Inclusive Education is an act that intends to provide free
appropriate public education to children with disabilities.
Recent Legislations in the Philippines
Supporting Inclusive Education

DepEd Order No.42 series of 2017, National Adoption and

Implementation of the Philippine Professional Standards for Teachers
(PPST) intends to set out clear expectations of teachers along the
different stages of their careers. The PPST shall serve as a basis in
developing learning programs for teachers in order to capacitate them for
the effective implementation of the K12 Program as well as in the
selection and promotion of teachers.
Recent Legislations in the Philippines
Supporting Inclusive Education

CHED Memo 74-77 series of 2017 Policies, Standards and Guidelines

for BEEd, BSEd, BECEd, BSNEd require that a Professional Education
course of Foundation of Special and Inclusive Education be taken by all
teacher education students in order to ensure that all teachers have the
basic knowledge in handling learners with disabilities, giftedness and
talents.
Recent Legislations in the Philippines
Supporting Inclusive Education

The DepEd Order 21 s.2019 or the Policy Guidelines on the K12 Basic
Education Program embedded inclusive education in the K12
curriculum. Inclusion in this policy is the core principle, the key standard
and the principle of the curriculum where the right of every Filipino to
quality equitable, culture-based and complete education are promoted
through existing programs.