Alexandria Engineering Journal (2022) 61, 4467–4478

H O S T E D BY
Alexandria University

Alexandria Engineering Journal

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Effects of baffles and vortex generators on cooling

performance of a gas turbine combustion chamber:
Numerical assessment
Hamed Arjmandi a, Reza Amini a, Ali Ghaffari b, Hamid Rahmani c,
Ali Chamkha d,e,*

a
MR CFD LLC, No 49, Gakhokidze Street, Isani-Samgori District, Tbilisi, Georgia
b
Iran University of Science and Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tehran, Iran
c
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
d
Faculty of Engineering, Kuwait College of Science and Technology, Doha District 35004, Kuwait
e
Center of Excellence in Desalination Technology, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80200, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia

Received 1 October 2020; revised 27 August 2021; accepted 1 October 2021

Available online 01 November 2021

KEYWORDS Abstract In this work, the effect of using baffles and vortex generators on the cooling performance
Computational fluid dynam- of a gas turbine combustion chamber is numerically investigated. The RNG k-e model is utilized in
ics; order to simulate the flow turbulence. The effects of baffles and vortex generator pitch, hydraulic
Baffles and vortex genera- diameter and bypass ratio on the Nusselt number and friction coefficient at different Reynolds
tors; number are studied. The cooling performance of applying baffles and vortex generators are also
Gas turbine cooling meth- evaluated and compared based on the Performance Evaluation Criterion (PEC). The numerical
ods; results are verified with available experimental data. The results show that the pitch increment
Turbulence; results in the decrement of the Nusselt number and the wall friction coefficient due to the lower vor-
Performance evaluation tices generation and the turbulence kinetic energy dissipation. Also, the Nusselt number is increased
criteria
by increasing both the bypass ratio and the hydraulic diameter. It is also found that vortex gener-
ators and baffles improve the cooling performance of the gas turbine combustion chamber by
18.8% and 26% respectively through decreasing the external wall temperature.
Ó 2021 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier BV on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria
University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction

* Corresponding author at: Center of Excellence in Desalination Increment or decrement of heat transfer from a solid surface
Technology, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80200, Jeddah plays a prominent role in energy industries. In many applica-
21589, Saudi Arabia. tions such as cooling of electronic devices, plasma reactors,
E-mail address: alichamkha@duytan.edu.vn (A. Chamkha). gas turbine combustors and turbine blades, increasing the con-
Peer review under responsibility of Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria vection heat transfer coefficient is necessary due to space and
University.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2021.10.005
1110-0168 Ó 2021 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier BV on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
4468 H. Arjmandi et al.

Nomenclature

Xi¼1;2;3 Coordinates q_ v Heat flux with vortex generator

C1e , constants of transport equations C2e TO Temperature of external wall of combustion cham-
P Vortex generator pitch (m) ber without baffle or vortex generator
Dh Hydraulic diameter (m) Tv Temperature of external wall of combustion cham-
Ym the contribution of the fluctuating dilatation in ber with vortex generator
compressible turbulence to the overall dissipation Tb Temperature of external wall of combustion cham-
rate ber with baffle
U Velocity (ms)
E Total energy(j) Greek symbols
Gb the generation of turbulence kinetic energy due to q Density (mkg3 )
buoyancy kg
l Dynamic viscosity (m:s )
Re Reynolds number s Shear stress(mN2 )
Gk The generation of turbulence kinetic energy due to f Friction factor
the mean velocity gradients fo Friction factor without vortex generator and baffle
Nu Nusselt number kg
lt Turbulent viscosity (m:s )
Nuo Nusselt number without vortex generator and baf- e dissipation rate
fle ak Prandtl numbers for k
q_ o Heat flux without baffle and vortex generator ae Prandtl number fore
q_ b Heat flux with baffle P vortex generator and baffle’s pitch(m)

cost limitations. The convective heat transfer can be enhanced tion of the longitudinal vortices using four-sided vortex gener-
by increasing the fluid flow velocity, expanding the heat trans- ator investigated by Henze et al. [14]. They found that vortices
fer area and inducing disturbance in flow using roughness, baf- formation and their corresponding heat transfer depend on the
fles, vortex generators, spiral springs, and tangential fluid flow regime and Reynolds number. Delac et al. [15] also
injection [1–2]. reported that increasing the height of vortex generator would
Many researches were performed for enhancing the convec- result in higher pressure drop and convection heat transfer
tive heat transfer by using vortex generators. Fiebig et al. [3] rate. Xu et al. [16] conducted series of numerical investigations
evaluated the performance of four vortex generators on a rect- on the effect of different vortex generators including cylindri-
angular channel with a steady state laminar flow and found cal, rectangular and triangular on the heat transfer rate of fluid
out the convective heat transfer coefficient increased up to flow in a rectangular channel. They showed that the right tri-
100% in some cases. Tiggelbeck et al. [4] performed an exper- angle and cylindrical vortex generators have the most and
imental study on the fluid flow structure, heat transfer and the least effect on convective heat transfer rate respectively.
drag force in a rectangular channel equipped with two rows Wang et al. [17] studied the effect of vortex generators placed
of vortex generators placed in the middle of channel. They in a tube on the heat transfer enhancement numerically and
showed that vortex generated in the first row is less stable than experimentally. They found that the heat transfer rate
that of the vortex formed in the second row and the Nusselt increases using vortex generators with larger central angle
number is a function of the distance between these two rows. and smaller length. Numerous studies have been performed
They also reported that the heat transfer coefficient in down- on the geometry of vortex generators, their location, height
stream of the second row is much greater than the first row. and installation angle which implies that the mentioned
Effects of using vortex generators on the cooling perfor- parameters have significant effects on the heat transfer and
mance of electric chips investigated by Chomdee et al. [5]. They pressure drop of the fluid flow [18–25].
showed that the heat transfer coefficient can be increased up to The vortex generators were also used in furnaces, genera-
10 times of its initial value. Wu et al. [6] showed that the con- tors and reactors and MEMs technology [26–34] in which
vective heat transfer rate can be improved by placing more the heat transfer rate has an important effect on their
vortex generators with a collision angle of 45° in a rectangular efficiencies.
channel. Chu et al. [7] reported that by utilizing vortex gener- Ozden et al. [35] investigated the effect of number of baffles
ators on an elliptical finned tube heat exchanger, the Nusselt on a shell-tube heat exchanger performance numerically. They
number and pressure drop can be increased up to 32.9% and reported that the heat transfer rate increases with number of
40.6% respectively. Promvonge et al. [8] carried out experi- baffles increment. Lee et al. [36] studied the influence of devi-
mental tests on finned vortex generators in a channel with tri- ation spiral baffle angle on the heat transfer in a heat exchan-
angle dent roughness. It was showed that an increase in ger. They showed that for angles less than 30, increasing the
pressure drop and Nusselt number depend on the Reynolds deviation angle results in higher Nusselt number and vice
number and the collision angle. The use of Vortex Generator versa.
in experimental and numerical works shows improvement in Karwa and Maheshwari [37] investigated the heat transfer
increasing the heat transfer rate of various systems, devices, and friction coefficient in an asymmetric rectangular channel
phase change materials(PCM) and nano fluid [9–13]. Forma- equipped with partially and fully holed baffles experimentally.
Effects of baffles and vortex generators on cooling performance of a gas turbine combustion chamber 4469

They found that Nusselt number and friction coefficient

increase up to 169%, 8.2%, 3.74% and 17.5% for fully and
partially holed baffles compared to free-holes baffles
respectively.
Effect of rhombus baffles on heat transfer from a horizon-
tal channel studied numerically by Sripattanapipat and Prom-
vonge [38]. They reported that the baffles cause vortices which
mix the flow and induce a large thermal gradient as well as the
Nusselt number decreases by the rhombus angle increment.
They also found that the Nusselt number in channel with
rhombus baffle is 4–8% greater than that of the channel with
flat baffle.
Promvonge et al. [39] studied the heat transfer from a rect-
angular channel with 45 and 90 degree baffles placed on the
opposite walls. They found that the baffles with 45 degree Fig. 1 Combustion chamber of a Rolls Royce gas turbine.
result in larger heat transfer coefficient. Sriromreun et al. [40]
experimentally showed that by the height of a z-shape baffle
increment and the pitch decrement, the friction coefficient
and Nusselt number augment. An investigation on heat trans- with mounted vortex generators. The radius of the combustion
fer performance of a double shell-pass rod baffle heat exchan- chamber and cover arer1 = 75 mm and r2 ¼112.5 mm respec-
ger carried out by Wang et al[41]. They reported that the heat tively and the length of combustion chamber is 350 mm. Vor-
transfer coefficient of the double shell-pass rod baffle heat tex generators are mounted around the external wall of
exchanger is higher than a singular-shell pass rod exchanger. combustion chamber with the pitch of p which indicates the
Also it was shown that the heat transfer coefficient and pres- distance between two sequence vortex generators.
sure drop increase by volume flow rate decrement. El-Said Fig. 2b shows the schematic of a circular cylindrical shape
and Al-Sood [42] studied the performance of shell and tube combustion chamber with baffles. The baffles are made of steel
heat exchanger with new segmental baffle configuration. They and are placed in the space between the external wall of com-
showed that the effect of hybrid segmental baffle on heat bustion chamber and the cover.
exchanger performance improvement is higher than the others.
According to the researches addressed above, effect of 3. Numerical simulation procedure
applying baffles and vortex generators for cooling of gas tur-
bine combustion chamber is not investigated and published 3.1. Governing equations
in literature. Numerical investigation on effect of applying
new type of baffles and vortex generators (which are in consis-
tent with geometry of gas turbine combustion chamber) for Three dimensional compressible flow is simulated by Ansys
cooling of gas turbine combustion chamber is performed in Fluent software in this paper. K-e RNG method is used as tur-
this study. Effect of baffles and vortex generator pitch, hydrau- bulence model [44].
lic diameter and bypass ratio on Nusselt number and friction The buoyancy effect is neglected regarding the low value of
coefficient at different Reynolds numbers are studied. Cooling the Richardson (Ri) coefficient (defined as the ratio of buoy-
performance of baffles and vortex generators are also evalu- ancy to the flow shear which is less than 0.3). The time aver-
ated and compared based on Performance Evaluation Crite- aged continuity, momentum and energy equations are
rion (PEC). presented in Eq. (1), (2) and (5) respectively :
@qUj
¼0 ð1Þ
2. System description @xj
0
A Rolls Royce gas turbine’s Combustion chamber cooling pro- @ @p @ @Ui @Uj
ðqUi Uj Þ ¼  þ ðl ð þ ÞÞ ð2Þ
cess is explained here. As shown in Fig. 1, main flow passed @xj @xj @xj eff @xj @xi
through the compressor enters the combustion chamber and 0
leff and p are as follows:
combines with the sprayed fuel and leads to ignition. Cooling
flow enters the tube cooling air where is between the combus- 0 2 2 @Uk
p ¼ p þ qk þ leff ð3Þ
tion chamber and the cover. The former and the latter ones 3 3 @xk
leave the combustion chamber and tube cooling air, respec-
tively. The cooling flow dilutes the combustion products and leff ¼ lt þ l ð4Þ
decreases the temperature of the combustion chamber casing
[43]. @ @ @T

½Ui ðqE þ pÞ ¼ ½keff þ Ui sij eff 
The objective of this research is to apply the baffle and vor- @xj @xj @xj
tex generator to improve the cooling performance of gas tur-  Z 
1
bine as is shown in Fig. 2. Hot fluid enters the combustion þ 4pIb ðrÞ  Iðr; XÞdX ð5Þ
qCP 4p
chamber and cold fluid enters the space between the combus-
tion chamber and the cover. Table 1 shows thermophysical The last

term
 of equation (5) expresses the radiation heat
properties of fluid. Fig. 2a shows a circular cylindrical shape transfer . sij eff can be defined as:
4470 H. Arjmandi et al.

Fig. 2 Schematic of combustion chamber (a) with the vortex generators (b) with baffles.

@ @ @e e e2
Table 1 Thermophysical properties of air. ÞqeUi Þ ¼ ½ae ðleff Þ  þ C1e  ðGk þ C3e Gb Þ  c2e q
@xj @xj @xj K K
q Ideal gas ð8Þ
l 0.003954 Pa.S
Cp 1.006 KJ/(Kg.K) Constants in the above equations are presented in Table 2.
K 25.72 W/(m.k) It should also be noted that the ideal gas law (Eq. 9) is used for
density variations and fluid compressibility.
P = qRT (9)
It is necessary to mention that the calculation time using
Xeon 2670 CPU is 24 and 19 h for vortex generator and baffle
cases respectively.

 @Ui @Uj 2 @Uk
sij eff ¼ leff ð þ Þ  leff dij ð6Þ
@xj @xi 3 @xk
K-e method is used for turbulence modeling. Dissipation Table 2 Constants of the K-e equaitions [46].
rate of K and e are computed by equations (7) and (8) respec-
ak ae C1e c2e
tively[45,46].
1.393 1.393 1.42 2
@ @ @K
ÞqkUi Þ ¼ ½ak ðleff Þ  þ Gk þ Gb  qe  Ym ð7Þ
@xj @xj @xj
Effects of baffles and vortex generators on cooling performance of a gas turbine combustion chamber 4471

3.2. Boundary conditions [47] which studies heat transfer coefficient of a turbulent flow
between concentric cylinders with diameter ratio of 1.99 is
The boundary conditions applied on inlet and outlet are con- accomplished. As it can be observed from Fig. 5, numerical
stant mass flow rate and pressure outlet (atmospheric pres- result is in consistent with experimental results so that the
sure). Hot fluid (air) mass flow rate is 6.4 kg/s with
temperature of 922 K and cold fluid (air) mass flow rate is
2 kg/s with temperature of 300 k. All the walls are set to no-
slip boundary conditions.

3.3. Mesh independency

To make sure that the results are independent from the mesh,
four different grids with mesh number of 623421, 967563,
1,351,483 and 1,879,654 are considered. The mesh number
near the walls is higher than other regions for higher precision.
Mesh independency results for Nusselt number on inner cylin-
der wall are presented in Fig. 3. Also, Table 3 shows error per-
centage for evaluation of grid independency. As it can be
observed the grid with mesh number higher than 1,351,483 is
mesh independent and is selected as computational grid. The
grid with mesh number of 1,351,483 is shown in Fig. 4.

4. Results and discussions

4.1. Numerical model verification

To assess the accuracy of the model, numerical simulation of

an experiment carried out by Dalle Donne and Meerwald

Fig. 4 The grid with mesh number of 1,351,483 for the

combustion chamber (a) with vortex generators (b) with baffles.

Fig. 3 Mesh independency results for Nusselt number on inner

cylinder wall.

Table 3 Error percentage in grid independency.

Mesh number Error percentage (%)
623,421 7.3
967,563 2.2
1,351,483 0.1
1,879,654 0.1 Fig. 5 Comparison between experimental [47] and present
numerical results.
4472 H. Arjmandi et al.

maximum relative error between the numerical and experimen- rate. Temperature distribution along the combustion chamber
tal results is less than %5. as well as Thermal boundary layer in combustion chamber’s
external wall is shown in Fig. 7.
4.2. Effect of baffle and vortex generator on fluid flow and heat
transfer 4.3. Effect of baffles and vortex generators pitch on heat transfer
and friction coefficient
Flow streamlines in combustion chamber with baffles and vor-
tex generators are illustrated in Fig. 6. As it is observed from In this section, effect of baffles and vortex generators pitch on
Fig. 6a, by confronting the cold flow with baffles, vortices heat transfer and friction coefficient is investigated considering
are generated due to the adverse pressure gradient between three different values ofPL = 0.2, 0.25, 0.33 (where L is the
flow upstream and downstream. It is also seen from Fig. 6b length of combustion chamber). Fig. 8 shows the effect of baf-
that the vortex generators induce vortices in the flow down- fles and vortex generators pitch on the Nusselt number. As it
stream which means for generating more turbulence kinetic can be observed, Nusselt number in pitch of 0.2, 0.25 and
energy and consequently increasing stirring level in the flow 0.33 is 430, 397, 312 and 290, 260, 220 for applying baffles
field. and vortex generators respectively. In both cases, the pitch
Turbulence due to the vortex shedding or vortices gener- increment results in the Nusselt number decrement due to
ated by baffles increases the temperature gradient in the ther- the lower vortices generation and turbulence kinetic energy
mal boundary layer which subsequently increases the dissipation and consequently the lower forced-convection heat
convective heat transfer coefficient and thus the heat transfer transfer coefficient.

Fig. 6 Flow streamlines in combustion chamber a) with baffles b) with vortex generators.
Effects of baffles and vortex generators on cooling performance of a gas turbine combustion chamber 4473

Fig. 7 Temperature distribution along the combustion chamber a) with baffles b) with vortex generators.

Fig. 9 Effect of pitch on average temperature of combustion

Fig. 8 Effect of pitch on Nusselt number for combustion chamber external wall a) for combustion chamber with baffle b)
chamber with baffle and vortex generator. for combustion chamber with vortex generator.
4474 H. Arjmandi et al.

Fig. 9 shows the effect of baffles and vortex generators

pitch on average temperature of combustion chamber external
wall. As it can be seen, average temperature of combustion
chamber external wall in pitch of 0.2, 0.25 and 0.33 is 543,
560, 570 and 560, 590, 612 for applying baffles and vortex gen-
erators respectively. It is perceived that the average tempera-
ture of combustion chamber external wall is increased by
increasing the pitch due to the reduced vortices generation
and turbulence kinetic energy dissipation and consequently
convection heat transfer coefficient.
Fig. 10 shows the temperature distribution along the com-
bustion chamber external wall at various pitches. It is clearly
observed that in both methods, the lower pitches (higher num-
ber of baffles or vortex generators) leads to cooling perfor-
mance improvement due to the higher heat transfer coefficient.
Table 4 shows the variation of heat flux, average tempera-
ture and Nusselt number in combustion chamber external wall
with baffles and vortex generators relative to the baffle and
vortex generator free combustion chamber considering various
pitches. It is realized that by applying baffles, the pitch ratio
increment from 0.2 to 0.33 results in the heat flux, Nusselt
number and average temperature decrement from 188% to
116%, 2.8 to 2.165 and 26% to 19% respectively. It is also
found that by applying vortex generators, the pitch ratio incre-
ment from 0.2 to 0.33 results in the heat flux, Nusselt number
and average temperature decrement from 97% to 45%, 1.97 to
1.45 and 18.8% to 12.2% respectively. It can be concluded
that the use of baffles lead to better cooling performance com-
pared to vortex generators.
Fig. 11 shows the effect of pitch on the wall friction coeffi-
cient. As it can be seen, friction coefficient in pitch of 0.2, 0.25
and 0.33 is 0.033, 0.027, 0.025 and 0.012, 0.0105, 0.01 for
applying baffles and vortex generators respectively. It is
observed that by the pinch increment, the wall friction coeffi-
cient decreases because of the less turbulence intensity of flow
due to the reduction in generated vortices in the cold flow.

4.4. Effect of bypass ratio and hydraulic diameter on heat

transfer and friction coefficient

Effects of bypass ratio (from 0.3 to 0.9) and hydraulic diameter

(from 1.25 to 2) on heat transfer and friction coefficient in baf-
fle/vortex generator free combustion chamber are investigated
Fig. 10 Temperature distribution along the combustion cham-
here. Bypass ratio is defined as the ratio of cold to hot flow
ber external wall at various pitches a) for combustion chamber
mass flow rate (mm__hc Þ and diameter ratio is the ratio of outer to
with baffle b) for combustion chamber with vortex generator.
inner cylinder diameter (D
D1
2
). Effect of hydraulic diameter and

Table 4 The variation of heat flux, average temperature and Nusselt number in combustion chamber external wall with baffles and
vortex generators relative to the baffle and vortex generator free combustion chamber considering various pitches.
q_ b q_ o   Tb To
Cooling method Pitch
q_o 100 Nu
Nuo Tb To To  100
(K)
Applying baffles P
L ¼ 0:2 188٪ 2.8 180 26٪-
P
L ¼ 0:25 175٪ 2.75 168.4 24٪-
P
L ¼ 0:33 116٪ 2.165 136.4 19٪-

Applying vortex generators P

L ¼ 0:2 97٪ 1.97 131 18.8٪-
P
L ¼ 0:25 72٪ 1.72 118 16.95٪-
P
L ¼ 0:33 45٪ 1.45 85 12.2٪-
Effects of baffles and vortex generators on cooling performance of a gas turbine combustion chamber 4475

Effect of hydraulic diameter and bypass ratio on friction

coefficient is shown in Fig. 13. As it can be observed, the fric-
tion coefficient is decreased by increasing the bypass ratio and
decreasing the hydraulic diameter. The friction coefficient is
decreased from 0.0027, 0.0031, 0.0034 and 0.0034 to 0.0022,
0.0025, 0.0027 and 0.0029 by increasing the bypass ratio from
0.3 to 0.9 in dimensionless diameter ratios of 1.25, 1.5, 1.75
and 2 respectively. This is due to the fact that increasing the
bypass ratio and decreasing the hydraulic diameter leads to
higher velocities which in turn decreases the friction coefficient.

4.5. Comparison between baffles and vortex generators for

cooling of gas turbine combustion chamber based on
performance Evaluation Criterion (PEC)

In this section, the increase of heat transfer as well as the

increase in pressure drop is discussed to determine whether
baffle and vortex generator are rational for use in practical
applications. This objective is achieved using Performance
Evaluation Criterion (PEC) which is defined by the following
Fig. 11 Effect of pitch on friction coefficient for combustion
equation [44,45]:
chamber with baffle and vortex generator.
Nu
PEC ¼  Nu
1=3
o
ð10Þ
f
fo

In which Nu0 and f0 denote Nusselt number and friction

coefficient of baffle and vortex generator free combustion
chamber.
Equation (10) reveals whether Nusselt increment may com-
pensate for pressure drop increment. For PECs more than 1,
the augmentation in heat transfer performance is higher than
pumping power increment, so that the system is rational to
be employed in practice.
Effect of baffles and vortex generators pitch on PEC at dif-
ferent Reynolds number (3.1  106 to 9:8  106 Þ is shown in
Fig. 14. As it can be observed, by increasing the Reynolds
number (from 3.1*106 to 9.8*106), the PEC value is increased
from 1.26, 1.21, 1.17 to 1.3, 1.25, 1.19 in baffles pitch of 0.2,

Fig. 12 Effects of bypass ratio and hydraulic diameter on Nu

number.

bypass ratio on Nusselt number is shown in Fig. 12. As it can

be observed, the Nu number is increased by increasing both the
bypass ratio and hydraulic diameter. The Nu number is
increased from 30, 40, 51 and 70 to 68, 94, 132 and 202 by
increasing the bypass ratio from 0.3 to 0.9 in dimensionless
diameter ratios of 1.25, 1.5, 1.75 and 2 respectively.
This is due to the fact that increasing the bypass ratio
enlarges the cold flow velocity which consequently increases
the convective heat transfer coefficient and hence Nu number.
It is also found that, at a constant bypass ratio, smaller diam-
eter ratio leads to higher Nu number. So the heat transfer coef-
ficient enhances more quickly at lower diameter ratios while
the bypass ratio is increased. For instance, at bypass ratio of
0.6, Nu number in hydraulic diameter ratios of 1.25, 1.5, Fig. 13 Effects of bypass ratio and hydraulic diameter on
1.75 and 2 is equal to 149, 99, 60 and 49 respectively. friction coefficient.
4476 H. Arjmandi et al.

Findings of this study are as follows:

 The pitch increment results in the Nusselt number decre-

ment due to the lower vortices generation and turbulence
kinetic energy dissipation and consequently the lower
forced-convection heat transfer coefficient.
 The average temperature of combustion chamber external
wall is increased by increasing the pitch.
 By applying baffles, the pitch ratio increment from 0.2 to
0.33 results in the heat flux, Nusselt number and average
temperature decrement from 188% to 116%, 2.8 to 2.165
and 26% to 19% respectively.
 by applying vortex generators, the pitch ratio increment
from 0.2 to 0.33 results in the heat flux, Nusselt number
and average temperature decrement from 97% to 45%,
1.97 to 1.45 and 18.8% to 12.2% respectively.
 By the pinch increment, the wall friction coefficient
decreases. Friction coefficient in pitch of 0.2, 0.25 and
0.33 is 0.033, 0.027, 0.025 and 0.012, 0.0105, 0.01 for apply-
ing baffles and vortex generators respectively.
 Nu number is increased by increasing both the bypass ratio
and hydraulic diameter. The Nu number is increased from
30, 40, 51 and 70 to 68, 94, 132 and 202 by increasing the
bypass ratio from 0.3 to 0.9 in dimensionless diameter ratios
of 1.25, 1.5, 1.75 and 2 respectively.
 Friction coefficient is decreased by increasing the bypass
ratio and decreasing the hydraulic diameter. The friction
coefficient is decreased from 0.0027, 0.0031, 0.0034 and
0.0034 to 0.0022, 0.0025, 0.0027 and 0.0029 by increasing
the bypass ratio from 0.3 to 0.9 in dimensionless diameter
ratios of 1.25, 1.5, 1.75 and 2 respectively.
 By increasing the Reynolds number (from 3.1*106 to
9.8*106), the PEC value is increased from 1.26, 1.21, 1.17
to 1.3, 1.25, 1.19 in baffles pitch of 0.2, 0.25 and 0.33 respec-
tively and from 1.316, 1.304, 1.29 to 1.356, 1.336, 1.324 in
vortex generators pitch of 0.2, 0.25 and 0.33 respectively.
So cooling performance of vortex generators is better than
that of baffles.
 Vortex generators and baffles improve the cooling perfor-
mance of the gas turbine combustion chamber through
decreasing the external wall temperature by 12.2–18.8%
and 19–26%, respectively.
Fig. 14 Effect of pitch on PEC at different Reynolds number a)
for combustion chamber with baffle b) for combustion chamber
with vortex generator. Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing

0.25 and 0.33 respectively and from 1.316, 1.304, 1.29 to 1.356,
financial interests or personal relationships that could have
1.336, 1.324 in vortex generators pitch of 0.2, 0.25 and 0.33
appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
respectively. PEC analysis revealed that vortex generators have
better cooling performance than baffles.
Acknowledgement
5. Conclusions
None.

Effect of using baffles and vortex generators on cooling perfor-

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