COMPETITIVENESS OF AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES

Abstract. In this scientific work, as the main problem, the competitiveness of

enterprises in the agricultural sector and the effectiveness of the policy to increase
competitiveness indicators are studied. In the context of increasing competition for
each enterprise, the task of maintaining and increasing its own competitiveness
comes to the fore. An increasing number of enterprises are focused on achieving
victory in the competition and achieve their goals as a result of the constant efforts of
management in the implementation of an effective competitive development strategy.
In the context of the global crisis, the problem of developing sustainable
competitiveness has become particularly relevant due to the increased variability of
the external environment and the lack of scientific and methodological development
of many aspects of the formation and implementation of the competitive advantages
of enterprises. The problem of managing the competitiveness of enterprises is also
relevant from a practical point of view, due to far from complete mastery of the
management of enterprises with modern methods for assessing competitiveness and
mechanisms for developing competitive strategies. The study of competitiveness
involves knowledge of the basic provisions of microeconomics, the economics of the
industry and the economics of industry markets, primarily in relation to the behavior
of economic entities and the characteristics industry organization. In this regard,
considerable attention is paid to the evolution of the theory of competition, its static
and dynamic models, methodology for studying competitiveness as a multi-level and
multi-aspect economic category.
Keywords: enterprise competitiveness, SWOT analysis, 4P assessment
methods, market economy, economic analysis, cost price, products, price, agro-
industrial complex, efficiency.

І. INTRODUCTION

Relevance of the topic. Today, agriculture is the basis of existence for any
country in the world. This industry provides the population with food and non-food
products. Food products are understood as what we use directly for food, and non-
food products are what a person does not eat, but uses in everyday life. Therefore, we
can conclude that it is this industry that is the basis for the existence of other sectors
of the economy, since it is it that provides them with primary raw materials. As for
the competitiveness of enterprises in the agricultural sector, this issue has been and
will be relevant throughout the existence of mankind. However, now this topic has
received its greatest relevance due to the large-scale population growth. There is a
need to expand production, its larger-scale diversification in order to meet the needs
of a progressively growing population. The main questions that any enterprise
pursues are “What to produce?”, “For whom to produce?” and "In what quantity?".
With changing consumer preferences, an enterprise must be able to adapt under the
influence of negative factors of the internal and external environment. It is when an
enterprise is able to withstand the influence of negative factors from outside that it
automatically receives the status of a competitive enterprise. Each enterprise has its
own strengths and weaknesses, but this is precisely the essence of competitiveness -
the ability to use its strengths to achieve the greatest efficiency from production
activities and, as a result, receive the final product in the form of profit.
Objective. The purpose of scientific research is to study agricultural
enterprises and the industry as a whole in terms of competitiveness. Using scientific
methods for assessing competitiveness, identify the positive and negative aspects of
the development of the country's agro-industrial complex, as well as identify the
prospects for its further development. Based on the results obtained, to give some
recommendations that can positively affect the agricultural industry in the long term.
Work tasks. The task of scientific research is to determine the actions on the
part of the state aimed at achieving the goals. Namely, the development of strategies
and policies, their implementation and the resulting impact. Also, it is important to
identify the actions of the industry's subjects themselves in the face of enterprises
aimed at strengthening individual competitiveness and strengthening their positions
in the domestic and foreign markets for agricultural products.
Research methods. In the thesis, the following methods of scientific research
were used: quantitative and qualitative analysis, the method of tables and graphs, the
comparison method, the statistical and economic method, etc.
In conclusion, the author's conclusions are drawn regarding the topic of
scientific research, how effective the industry is now and what needs to be done for
its further development. Recommendations are also given regarding the agricultural
enterprises of the country, what steps should be taken to make the results of their
activities the most optimal, and the efforts the least costly.

II. LITERATURE ANALYSIS

2.1. The concept and essence of competitiveness

Currently, it is possible to identify a growth trend in publications and various
scientific studies on the topic of competitiveness. In addition, the term
"competitiveness" has been used for a long time at all levels of both scientific and
economic activities of society.
Before proceeding to the definition of the essence of the concept itself, it is
also necessary to determine the relationship of this phenomenon with other
phenomena of the scientific sphere.
The main purpose of the study, as mentioned above, is to study the
competitiveness of the enterprise. The level of the region (meso level) is located in
close connection with the lower level, the enterprise that generates products (micro
level), and with the higher level, which has coverage on the scale of a particular
industry or even the entire country (macro level). All of these levels are closely
related and have direct or indirect influence on each other. At the same time, one
should take into account the fact that the methodology for studying competitiveness
at different levels of the economy has its own distinctive features and scales.
At the initial stage of consideration of this topic, it is necessary to identify the
essence of one of the categories of competitiveness. The first category that we will
study is competitiveness at the regional level, that is, at the meso level. The
competitiveness of the region is the productivity from the use of available factors of
production in the territory of this region, in comparison with other regions of the
country. One of the main indicators that determine this productivity is the Gross
Regional Product (GRP), which characterizes the level of production in a given
region over a certain period of time in dynamics. Comparing the reporting data of
previous years, the trend in the development of production capacities is determined,
and strategies are designed for the next few years.
If we take into account the state as a whole, then to determine the scale of
production of goods and services for the reporting period, such indicators as the
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and the Gross National Product (GNP) are used.
These so-called aggregate indicators in the economy give us a clear picture of how
much goods are produced in the country and what is the share of industries in the
structure of production. That is, in this case we are talking about the study of
competitiveness at the macro level.
To give a more detailed description of these indicators, you need to understand
that their value directly depends on the influence of the factor of scientific and
technological progress, production diversification, investment flow, etc. These factors
are key at all levels of the economy. What does GDP mean anyway? Gross Domestic
Product is the volume of goods and services produced by residents within the
country, expressed in value terms for the reporting period, that is, a year. Based on
this, we can give a definition of the GNP indicator. The Gross National Product is the
volume of goods and services produced by residents of the country in value terms,
which may not be located in the territory of this country, but outside it. The
difference between GNP and GDP is small and varies within insignificant limits.
If GNP is lower than GDP, then this indicates the presence of a significant
share of foreign ownership in this country.
Another indicator used to assess competitiveness at the macro level is the
National Wealth (NW) - an important indicator of the economic power and
development potential of the state, which represents the accumulated national wealth
within its borders for a certain time. NB consists of: non-reproducible property (land,
minerals), reproducible property (fixed and circulating capital, household property)
and human capital.
And finally, we can move on to studying the competitiveness of the enterprises
themselves, that is, to the micro level. There is a huge variety of indicators that can
characterize an enterprise in terms of competitiveness. At this level, competitiveness
is determined on the basis of financial results, substantiated by financial statements,
return on sales, return on equity, return on assets, etc. Any form of profitability is
determined on the basis of the ratio of the profit received to the costs incurred for the
production and sale of products.
Based on the foregoing, we can conclude that the definition of competitiveness
is a rather laborious process, which takes into account the influence of the smallest
subtleties on the activities of economic agents at different levels of the economy.
From one point of view, such a variety of approaches, indicators and points of view
indicates that this topic is the most relevant and suitable for scientific research today.
However, on the other hand, such an abundance introduces a certain routine in
determining the purpose and subject of scientific research.

2.2. Problems of competitiveness in the world market of agricultural

products
The process of increasing competitiveness today is relevant and quite complex.
Each enterprise is obliged to regularly monitor and analyze competitive advantages in
the market in which it and its competitors producing the same goods and services
operate. This is necessary, first of all, in order to determine in the shortest possible
time the most effective strategy that will most of all correspond to the direction of
developing a stable position in the market, based on the superior aspects of the
company's activities.
It is competitive advantages that will allow the company to offset the impact of
negative factors on the results of its economic activity. Agriculture today is the main
supplier of raw materials for industry. Now about half of the products produced in the
agricultural sector, namely in the light, food and feed industries, are used for
industrial processing. However, agriculture is also a major consumer of industrial
goods, such as cars, tractors, equipment, mineral fertilizers, etc. In the structure of
costs for the generation of agricultural products, about 40% is concentrated on the
share of industrial goods.[3] Thus, the progress of industries to a certain extent
depends on agriculture, and vice versa, the activity of agricultural enterprises largely
depends on the degree of development of the industrial sector.
What, in fact, are the main problems of the industry in terms of
competitiveness? The answer to this question can be justified by the following
methods. The very process of creating competitive advantages in the agricultural
sector is largely due to the specifics of this industry, which must be taken into
account when doing business and establishing a vector in the direction of increasing
competitiveness. That is why agriculture is considered a low-competitive sector of
the economy due to its low attractiveness for investment activities and the presence of
huge risks, which prevents this industry from competing on an equal footing with
other sectors of the national economy.
Based on fig. 1, we can consider the factors that have a negative impact on the
ability of the industry to form its competitive advantages:
 The perishable nature of the
product, which implies increased
costs of storage and sale.

Great backwardness in technical

Factors
terms compared with industry.

Weak adaptation to changing

economic and technological
conditions due to the static nature of
agriculture.

Fig 1: Negative factors influencing the formation of competitive advantages of the industry.
Source: [4]

In such circumstances, the opposition of domestic agricultural products to

imported foreign products will not be entirely equivalent, and sometimes even
impossible.
However, it should also be noted that domestic producers are making
insufficient efforts to promote their products to the foreign market, that is, for export.
First of all, this concerns the low quality of products, old technologies, and
incorrect marketing activities. Agricultural enterprises cannot solve these problems
individually, which is why it is necessary to implement some programs to support
domestic producers.
Another important problem of creating competitive advantages, which has
become very relevant today, is the lack of information from commodity producers
about the current situation and the state of the market for agricultural products.
Untimely possession of data on new legislative acts also, to a large extent,
negatively affects the results of economic activity. In this matter, as a solution to the
problem of informing the producer, it can be put "on the shoulders" of Internet
resources, which at the moment have sufficiently established themselves in society.
In connection with the pandemic, this method will be the most optimal, since
the commodity producer will be informed about all the innovations taking place in
the structure of the legislative system of the state in the shortest possible time, and
this will primarily contribute to the individual protection of citizens.
Thus, it should be noted that information technology today can serve as a kind
of "lifeline" for producers. This method will help to minimize the losses of
agricultural producers and increase the productivity of the agricultural enterprise, and
as a result, achieve the greatest efficiency.
Well, the most acute problem, which has a key impact on crop yields, is the
problem of climate change. This problem is particularly relevant in recent years,
since now there is a tendency to increase dry periods, which negatively affect the
results of economic activity of economic entities.
Again, it is necessary to list some of the problems of forming competitive
advantages, but already structured on the scale of the external level (state and region)
and the internal level (agricultural enterprise).
These problems are presented in fig. 2 and reflect the dependence of the state
of each level on the state of another level, that is, the process of complementarity of
parts that have one common affiliation to the whole problem. Only their proper
functioning will contribute to a balanced state of the entire economic system.
Also, it should be noted the high level of interconnection between these levels.
For example, when identifying internal problems, it means that without the help and
support of both regional and state authorities, an agricultural enterprise will not be
able to solve them on its own.
Similarly, we can conclude that the enterprise intends to actively respond to
assistance from the external level, that is, from the regional and state authorities. As
feedback, the enterprise should strive to increase the efficiency of its own production,
as well as give its own recommendations and proposals for the development of the
agricultural industry.
The problems of increasing the competitiveness of domestic products are
among the most complex and urgent. It is necessary that they find their solution at the
level of regions, since it is here that the planned projects are directly implemented. In
a short period of time, efforts must be made both on the part of the executive branch
and business, so that agriculture can update outdated agricultural machines, use the
achievements of scientific and technological progress and learn from the experience
of other countries. Along with supporting domestic manufacturers of competitive
products, it is necessary to improve the market infrastructure in the commodity and
consumer markets, to eliminate the negative impact on competition from monopolists
and various intermediaries. It is necessary to simplify the access of agricultural
producers to the consumer market.
The implementation of such measures will strengthen the position of
enterprises both in the domestic and foreign markets, will help build up their potential
to produce competitive products and saturate the commodity and consumer markets
with high-quality domestic products.
 Inner level:
1. High cost and resource intensity of products;
2.Low product quality;
3. Problems with the sale of products;
4. Outdated technical and technological equipment;
5.Low wages.

Problems of formation of competitive advantages in agriculture

External level:
(Region)
1. Lack of civilized sales markets for products;
2. Insufficient volumes of centralized purchases;
3. Insufficient financial, organizational and administrative support.
(State)
1. Lack of a powerful protectionist policy;
2. High prices for fuel and lubricants;
3. Insufficient funding and control of industry development programs.

Fig. 2: Problems of formation of competitive advantages at different levels of their

existence.
Source: [3]

As a result, it should be noted that only a constructive solution to these

problems will give impetus to domestic agricultural production to move to a new
level of competitiveness in terms of quality, both in the domestic and foreign markets
of agricultural products. The manufacturer needs to make the right decisions to
improve the product, organization, production process, which will be the most
profitable.
 III. OBJECT, SUBJECT, AND METHODS OF RESEARCH

The competitiveness of an enterprise is not an independent category that exists

on its own. It is possible to determine the essence and assess the competitiveness of
an enterprise only on the basis of comparing one enterprise with another enterprise
that is located in the same market and produces similar goods and services. [5]
Methods that are based on the assessment competitiveness of products, are
linked through the concept "efficient consumption" competitiveness of the enterprise
and product competitiveness. It is believed that competitiveness is higher, the higher
the quality of the product and the lower its cost. Among the positive features These
methods can be called: simplicity and visibility of the assessment. But however, they
do not give a complete picture of the strengths and weaknesses in the work of the
enterprise. Methods based on the theory of effective competition. Grade the
effectiveness of any such structure implies an assessment the efficiency of its use of
resources. This assessment method is used most of all in the valuation of industrial
enterprises and includes all the most important assessments of economic activity,
eliminating duplication specific indicators, makes it possible to create an overall
picture of the competitive position of the company in the domestic and foreign
markets quickly and accurately.
In economic publications, you can find a number of methods for assessing the
competitiveness of enterprises. All of them are radically different in their
significance. It is generally accepted that there are 4 methods for determining the
competitiveness of enterprises. However, in addition to these methods, there are other
so-called rating methods. We did not separate this method individually, since it can
be attributed to the differentiated method, and to the complex method, and to the
expert method. It all depends on the objects and the detail of the research being
carried out.
The class of differential methods contains those methods whose purpose is the
product of product valuation and market share.
The second class of methods, the so-called complex ones, consist of an index
method, the basis of which is the study of the theory of effective competition, that is,
this method is based on a comparison of a number of criteria that characterize
competitiveness.
The third class of methods, the so-called expert method, is an assessment of a
certain indicator calculated as a result of the economic activity of the enterprise. The
assessment is carried out by experts, that is, people who are specialized in this matter
and have the necessary skills to identify negative or positive effects from operating
activities, as well as to further address them when making an optimal management
decision based on management.
To the fourth class, matrix methods, include the Porter matrix, the Ansoff
matrix, the McKinsey matrix, the Hofer matrix, SWOT analysis, STEP analysis, and
the method of designing a competitive market map.
As we have noticed, indeed all methods are quite different in their essence, but
they all have the same goal - to assess the competitiveness of the enterprise. Let us
consider in more detail based on Fig. 3, what are these methods and what are their
distinguishing features from each other, as well as which method is most in demand
and relevant today.

Differentiated methods. It consists in the Complex methods. Assess

preferential evaluation of any specific competitiveness on a wide range of
indicator as the main criterion. indicators.

Methods for assessing

competitiveness

Expert methods. It consists in Matrix methods. Assume the

determining expert estimates for any construction of a matrix in any form, both
parameter or a number of parameters of numerical and verbal descriptive model.
interest.

Fig. 3: Methods for assessing the competitiveness of enterprises.

Source: [4]

The competitiveness of products is determined using the ratio of price and

quality, in other words, the beneficial effect, which, in turn, is calculated based on the
ratio of a certain number of indicators, according to which the product is most needed
by the consumer, to the total number of indicators. This formula is used for
calculations:

( )
n
Х
К Н (К )= ∑ Ц Пi Н ( К ), where
i=1 i

КН – competitiveness of the evaluated products;

КК – competitiveness of competitor's products;
Х i – relative value of the i-th quality indicator (benefit effect);
ЦП i – relative consumption price;
n – the number of quality indicators (beneficial effect) taken into account.

To assess the competitiveness of any enterprise or organization, first of all, it is

necessary to highlight the main factors for achieving success in this industry and
certain strengths and weaknesses. Their number can vary from 6 to 10 indicators.
Next, an assessment is made of a particular organization with respect to these
indicators, which we have chosen for comparison. Typically, this method uses a scale
from 1 to 10, assessing the state of the enterprise for each aspect, we summarize these
scores and the scores of competitors' enterprises. And as a result, ranking from the
weakest to the most competitive enterprise is carried out.
Quite transparent and easy to understand and use is also the method of
assessing competitiveness, which is based on determining the market share of a
particular enterprise:
 Di= ¿ ×100 % , where
E
Di- market share of the i-th enterprise;
Ni- the volume of income of the i-th enterprise;
E- market volume.

In this case, the market share is calculated as the ratio of the company's income
from economic activity to the total income in the market. This indicator is expressed
as a percentage.
The most familiar method for determining the competitiveness of an enterprise
is SWOT analysis. According to this method, all factors of the enterprise activity are
divided into 4 groups:
Strength, that is, criteria that characterize an enterprise as a dominant
competitor in the market in relation to other enterprises.
Weakness, that is, criteria that characterize an enterprise as
underdeveloped in relation to other competitors in the market.
Opportunity, a characteristic of the external environment that gives all
market members the opportunity to expand their own business.
Threat, a characteristic of the external environment that reduces the
attractiveness of the market for all its members.
According to the structure, the SWOT analysis is designed using a table, which
is divided into 4 cells, respectively. An example is shown in Figure 4.

Internal Strengths Weaknesses

environment 1. … 1. …
2. … 2. …
3. … 3. …
External Opportunities Threats
environment
1. … 1. …
2. … 2. …
3. … 3. …
Fig. 4: The structure of the SWOT analysis.
Source: [4]

The basis of this method is that a detailed analysis of the enterprise is carried
out, the strengths and weaknesses of the enterprise are compared with the
opportunities provided by the external environment (ie the market). Based on the
analysis, it is concluded in which direction the enterprise needs to develop its
business and in which area it is necessary to spend the largest amount of resources
available to the enterprise in order to achieve the greatest efficiency.
Deserves recognition for its effectiveness and the method of rating, which has
also recently become more widely used. The methodology for determining this rating
is based on two main indicators: revenue and profit from the sale of agricultural
products.[2] In order to reduce the impact of climatic conditions on the performance
of the enterprise, average annual data for three years is used.
In management, it is customary to distinguish 4 main functions that must be
observed in order to properly manage an enterprise:
Planning;
Organization;
Motivation;
Control.
In our case, the methods and methods for assessing the competitiveness of an
enterprise should be attributed to the control function, which, as a result, gives rise to
the planning of a strategy for the future, restructuring of organizational activities and
the presence of motivation for the enterprise to further strengthen its position in the
market.
As a result of the foregoing, it is necessary to conclude that today there are an
abundance of methods for assessing the competitiveness of enterprises, and this fact
suggests that the manager has many methods and ways to determine the
competitiveness of his enterprise and, thus, the most detailed picture of its current
state and market position.
 IV. RESULTS

As a result of the study, it was revealed how competitive agricultural enterprises

and the industry itself are in the market of goods and services, what is their market
share, and also with the help of what tools it is possible to assess the effectiveness of
the economic policy pursued by the subjects of the economy. In the process of
researching the problem field competitiveness of regional agro-food systems,
scientists, in accordance with the objectives of the study, have different approaches to
understanding such a complex and multifaceted phenomenon, substantiating various
definitions, factors, classifications, models of competitiveness of food systems, and
evaluation criteria. But such diversity blurs the internal and external boundaries of the
concepts of “competitiveness” and “food systems”, creates certain problems in the
processes their structuring, adaptation taking into account the dynamics of changes
and instrumental use. Borders can be defined based on a retrospective analysis and
existing methodological platforms, at different scales (company, region, country,
international level) and for various contexts (fields of activity), as well as individual
systems. The results of the study confirmed the existence of a relationship between
various areas that make up a holistic concept of sustainable competitiveness regional
agri-food systems. However, these links are not always strong, and this is a decisive
fact for further research in this area. Future research could be based on be based on a
more detailed analysis of the factors that determine the sustainable competitiveness of
agricultural enterprises, especially in a pandemic and post-pandemic periods of
development of national economies.
The study of tools for ensuring sustainable competitiveness, as well as elements
of cooperation and competition (coopetition) between agri-food companies in the
Internet space. Based on the received theoretical base it is possible to build
econometric and predictive models of the influence of material and intangible factors
on the overall performance of companies agri-food sector, their competitiveness and
sustainability.
The results of the study gave us clear answers to the following questions:
What is the competitiveness of an agricultural enterprise?
Why is it important to be competitive in the market?
What factors directly affect competitiveness?
What are the problems in the industry?
What are the ways to assess the competitiveness of an enterprise?
What are the prospects for further growth of the competitiveness of the
agricultural sector?
Knowing the answers to these questions, any novice entrepreneur will be able to
develop his business without any problems, moreover, in the short term, expand the
scale of production and diversify. This aspect is especially important, because only if
competitiveness is taken into account, it will be possible for an enterprise to
withstand pressure as a result of the influence of negative economic factors, as well
as to compete adequately with enterprises that produce similar products. Only taking
into account all the subtleties of management in the field of competitiveness, an
enterprise will always be able to establish itself in the market and have a certain share
of influence in it.
As a result, it was found that competitiveness manifests itself at various levels of
the economy and depends on the influence of factors of influence of the internal,
external and connecting environment. This system can be seen in Fig. 5:

Influence of external factors m

a
c
C.
r
coun
o
try

C. region m
e
s
C. branch o

m
C. enterprises
i
c
r
C. goods, services o

Fig. 5: Competitiveness Pyramid.

Source: [3]

Finally, it is generally accepted that the provision fair, sustainable and healthy
nutrition of the planet's population requires taking into account the consequences of
global changes (change climate change, depletion of non-renewable natural
resources, demographic transition, energy transition, etc.), as well as the adaptation of
differentiated development trajectories of national and regional food systems to
dynamically changing needs.
 V. CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, we present the conclusions obtained in solving the main research

objectives. The competitiveness of an enterprise can be defined as the ability
enterprises to operate successfully and make a profit in conditions competitive
market. The competitiveness of an enterprise as characteristics of the assessment of
the final results of the enterprise's activities on market is a relative indicator, where
the basis for comparison are similar indicators used to assess competitiveness of
enterprises - competitors. Competitiveness enterprises is a dynamic category. Its
change over time due to both external and internal factors, significant some of which
can be considered as controlled parameters. Enterprise competitiveness reflects
efficiency use of the economic potential of the enterprise.
Based on the study, the following conclusions and proposals should be made:
 Competition is the core of the modern market mechanism. It requires an optimal
combination of economic, technical and social prerequisites. The absence of
normal competition entails stagnation in the economy, a decrease in its efficiency,
and a drop in the living standards of the country's population. The presence of
competition in the market of goods or services in which the enterprise operates
requires it to ensure a certain competitiveness or, otherwise, threatens to oust it
from these markets. Competitors are an important component of the company's
marketing microenvironment, without taking into account and studying which it is
impossible to develop an acceptable strategy and tactics for the company's
functioning in the market.
 The concept of the competitiveness of an enterprise includes a large set of
economic characteristics that determine the position of the company in the market.
The level of competitiveness of an organization is influenced by: the level and
number of services provided, pricing policy, product range, the degree of its
organizational excellence and other factors. The success of any organization
depends, ultimately, on the level of its competitiveness.
 The analysis of works on this problem made it possible to conditionally identify
the following main methodological approaches to assessing the competitiveness of
enterprises developed by scientists: quantitative methods, i.e., methods for
assessing market share, competitiveness of products, indicators of the state of the
enterprise, the index method, etc.; qualitative methods, such as the SWOT
analysis method, etc.
Based on the study, we can conclude that ensuring competitiveness is
objectively the main strategic task of any enterprise, and the level of competitiveness
is determined by a large number of factors that stand out in different directions in
solving this problem.
 VІ. REFERENCES

1. Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Moldova: http://www.cnaa.md/

2. Butorin S. N. Increasing the competitiveness of agricultural enterprises:
https://dissovet.udsu.ru/
3. Eshev A.S. Increasing the competitiveness of agricultural products and its strategic
approaches: https://euroasia-science.ru/
4. E.M. Dusaev. To the methodology for assessing the competitiveness of agricultural
organizations: https://cyberleninka.ru/
5. Goncharov A. A. Competitive strategies of agricultural enterprises:
https://www.marketing.spb.ru/