TECNOLOGIES NETES I

EFLUENTS INDUSTRIALS

Bloc 2. Tractament dels Efluents Industrials

2.1. Gestió i tractament del residus

Gemma Canals – g.canals@ecointelligentgrowth.net

UAB. Dep. d’Enginyeria Química, Biològica i Ambiental
What shall we do with them?
 Waste Vision
Lineal Approach
Waste is…
… unwanted or undesired material.
… something which has lost its apparent value to its owner.
… can exist in any phase of matter (solid, liquid, or gas). When
released in the latter two states, gas especially, wastes are referred
to as emissions.
….usually strongly linked with pollution.
Waste Vision – Traditional –

SOURCE: Ellen MacArthur Foundation (2012). Towards the CE v.1.

https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/publications
 Waste Vision – Traditional –
Actors involved in the waste management
• Producer o holder: Persons who discards waste (primary & secondary)
– Primary: a person who discards his own waste
– Secondary: a waste collector or somebody who processes waste and then discards it.

• Persons who collect or transport waste

– The transporter transports in assignment of or a person who discards or collects waste.
– A transporter must be registered on a list of transporters.
– A collector must be registered on a list of collectors or must have a collecting permit.
– Collectors and transporters are determined by the Minister of the Environment and Housing.

• Persons who utilize or dispose waste

– Most of the persons who utilize or dispose waste are also collectors. A permit is needed for storage
of household waste, industrial waste and hazardous waste, processing, combustion, elimination and
landfilling of waste.
 Waste Vision – Traditional –
Law as a driver:
EU - Waste Framework Directive

The European List of Waste (LoW)

• Waste classification based on the European List of Waste
(Commission Decision 2000/532/EC), Annex III to Directive 2008/98/EC & Technical guidance on the classification of waste
(2018/C 124/01).

• Reference nomenclature providing a common terminology

throughout the Community with the purpose to improve the efficiency of waste management activities.

• Common encoding of waste characteristics in a broad variety

of purposes like classification of hazardous wastes.
• Treatment recommend for each waste category
EU - Waste Framework Directive
ENCODING Chapters are based on
To code and classify the waste according to the → The type of industrial process or business activity that
European waste catalogue (LoW). produced the waste. For example: Chapter 04: Wastes from
CER XX XX XX the Leather, Fur and Textile Industries , or,
→ The type of waste. For example: Chapter 13: Oil Wastes
Chapter and Wastes of Liquid Fuels (except edible oils, and those in
Subchapter chapters 05, 12 and 19)
The titles of these chapters are important. The waste has to
Type of Waste fall within the scope of the title to be considered within it.
Sub-chapter divides the chapter into sub-groups based on
either industrial process and business activity, or type of
waste. For example:
→ Sub-chapter 04 02: wastes from the textile industry
→Sub-chapter 13 01: waste hydraulic oils
Individual entries - codes for individual wastes.
→ 04 02 16* dyestuffs and pigments containing hazardous
substances
 EU - Waste Framework Directive

ENCODING: Step by Step CER XX XX XX

1. Identify the source in chapters 01-12 or 17-20
2. Look for 6 code which identifies the waste (excluding end up with 99).
Notes: Some manufacturing activities can produce wastes from different
chapters. Segregate waste packaging collection are labelled with code
15 01, not 20 01.
3. If no code is appropriate within the mentioned chapters the review
chapters 13, 14 & 15.
4. If no code is appropriate within the mentioned chapters the review
chapter 16.
5. If no code is appropriate within the mentioned the use 99 code (related
to the chapter identified in Step 1.

SOURCE: Using the List of Wastes to code waste. UK environmental Agency (2006)
EU - Waste Framework Directive
List of Waste chapters & their order of precedence

SOURCE: Waste Classification. Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA) among others
(2015)
EU - Waste Framework Directive
Example. ENCODING

SOURCE: Waste Classification. Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA) among others (2015)
EU - Waste Framework Directive
Encoding Example

Waste electronic and electrical equipment (WEEE)

i.e. Flourescent tubes,

EU - Waste Framework Directive
List of Waste chapters & their order of precedence

SOURCE: Waste Classification. Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA) among others
(2015)
EU - Waste Framework Directive
Encoding Example Fluorescent Lamps

SOURCE: Waste Classification. Scottish Environment Protection Agency

(SEPA) among others (2016)

13
EU - Waste Framework Directive
Hazardous properties of waste in accordance with the Directive
on hazardous waste
PROPERTY DESIGNATION Subtances and preparations that…
HP1 explosive may explode under the effect of flame or which are sensitive to shocks or friction

HP2 oxidising exhibit highly exothermic reactions in contact with other substances
HP3 A / B highly/flammabl Have a flash point ≤55 °C; or may become hot and finally catch fire release flammable gases, etc.;
e
HP4 irritant With immediate, prolonged or repeated contact skin or mucous membrane, cause inflammation

HP5 harmful if inhaled , ingested or penetrate the skin, may involve limited health risks

HP6 toxic if inhaled , ingested or through skin, may involve serious, acute or chronic health risks
HP7 carcinogenic if inhaled, ingested or penetrate the skin, may induce cancer or increase its incidence

HP8 corrosive substances and preparations which may destroy living tissue on contact;

HP9 infectious contain viable micro-organisms or their toxins which can cause disease to living organisms;

HP10 teratogenic* may induce nonhereditary congenital malformations or increase their incidence;

HP11 mutagenic may induce hereditary genetic defects or increase their incidence;

HP12 which release toxic or very toxic gases in contact with water, air or an acid;

HP13 capable by any means, after disposal, of yielding another substance, e.g. a leachate

HP14 ecotoxic may present immediate or delayed risks for one or more sectors of the environment.

Microsoft Word - Documento20 (miteco.gob.es) Pictogramas CLP - ECHA (europa.eu)

15
NTP-1054: Gestión de residuos: clasificación y tratamiento (insst.es)
 Waste Vision
Circular Approach
Waste is…
… an opportunity of optimization.

… something a value for its owner or 3rd party.

What shall we do with them?
 WASTE VALORIZATION, TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL

Recycling alternatives
Material recovery facilities
Further separation and processing of wastes that have been separated at
the source and the separation of commingled wastes.
• Usually occurs at large, integrated materials recovery/ transfer facilities.
• Objective of the separation:
‐ To reduce the presence of unsuitable components
‐ To recover a desired component
• Type of separation:
‐ Manual
‐ Automatic
 WASTE VALORIZATION: SORTING

Recycling alternatives
Residuos Mezclados

G. Tchobanoglous, F. Kreith, Handbook

of solid waste management. McGraw-
Hill, 2002.
 WASTE VALORIZATION: SORTING

Recycling alternatives Magnetic separator

Residuos Mezclados

Baler

G. Tchobanoglous, F. Kreith, Handbook of solid waste management. McGraw-Hill, 2002.

 WASTE VALORIZATION: SORTING

Recycling alternatives
Light packaging

• Plastic packaging:
‐ Thermoplastics: non-linked chains in three dimensions and able to
melt (PVC, PS, PE, PET, PP)
‐ Thermoset: Chemically linked chains giving a hard, rigid, insoluble
and not able to melt (PUR, ABS).

• Metal cans (aluminium & steel)

• Mixed packaging (Tetrapack®)

WASTE VALORIZATION: SORTING

SOURCE: The New Plastics Economy. Ellen MacArthur Foundation

(2016)
https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/publications/the-new-
plastics-economy-rethinking-the-future-of-plastics

22
 WASTE VALORIZATION: SORTING

Recycling alternatives
Light packaging • Plastic packaging
Symbol Resin Typical applications Density Melting
(g/cm3) (ºC)
PET Beverage, oil & sauces containers 1.30-1.40 255-265
1

PE-HD Detergents & milk bottles, rigid package, toys 0.94-0.96 125-135
2

PVC Surgical gloves, piping 1.30-1.35 150-200

3

PE-LD Shrink warp film, bag film, garment bag 0.91-0.92 102-112
4

PP Yogurts & margarines containers, medicine 0.90 160-165

5 bottles, car seats, caps for containers
PS Eggs cartons, fast food packaging, meat 1.04-1.10 70-115
6

others Multi-resin containers

7
 WASTE VALORIZATION, TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL

Light packaging • Plastic packaging

1. Sorting scale & methods:
• Macro-scale: entire package
▪ Manual separation
▪ Automatic separation:
‐ PVC (X-ray)
‐ PEHD (optical)
‐ PET (NIR)
• Micro-scale: flocks or fragments
▪ Sedimentation/floating
▪ Hydro-cyclone
• Molecular scale
▪ Dissolution in a solvent (THF (tetrahydrofurane), xylene)
▪ Melting
2. Shredding in flocks
3. Melting and moulding in new products
• By extrusion
• By injection
• By extrusion and blowing
 WASTE VALORIZATION: SORTING

Light packaging sorting plant

 WASTE VALORIZATION: SORTING

Light packaging sorting plant

Aspirator bags and plastic films
(and density separators)

https://youtu.be/ptlajahzBkc
 WASTE VALORIZATION: SORTING
(a) (b)

Light packaging sorting plant

Balistic separator

(c)

FIGU RE 8.28 Views of vibratory screen used for the size separation of waste components: (a) profile diagram,
(b) perspective diagram, and (c) typical vibratory screen (see also Figure 8.21c). (From Tchobanoglous et al.,
1993.)

A head pulley magnet is typically used where low-cost separation is required to remove
small amounts of magnetic particles from materials being processed. Where large quantities
of highly magnetic materials are involved, permanent magnetic separators are usually
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P-osldAHb-8 employed. These can be either drum magnets or overhead suspended belts, depending on the
space requirements and personal preference. For less magnetic materials, electromagnetic
separators can be used. I n-line magnetic separation tends to provide higher recovery effi-
ciency for separation of magnetic materials; however, space constraints frequently dictate the
need for cross-belt magnets. I n considering whether to use a belt magnet versus a drum mag-
net, care should be taken to identify the potential for belt damage that can result from nails,
wire, and other sharp objects. D rum magnets employ a metal surface, which is more resistant
to damage from projectiles.

G. Tchobanoglous, F. Kreith, Handbook of solid waste

management. McGraw-Hill, 2002.
 WASTE : SORTING

Recycling alternatives
Total Municipal Solid
Waste Recovery
Facility

Trommel (rotatory) screen

G. Tchobanoglous, F. Kreith, Handbook

of solid waste management. McGraw-
Hill, 2002.
 WASTE VALORIZATION,
WASTETREATMENT
VALORIZATION:
AND DISPOSAL
SORTING

Light packaging sorting plant

Optical separator

https://youtu.be/zIPGUv35A5E
?t=100
G. Tchobanoglous, F. Kreith, Handbook
of solid waste management. McGraw-
Hill, 2002.
 WASTE VALORIZATION: SORTING

Light packaging sorting plant

Foucault inductor / Eddy current -
magnetic separator

No fèrric

magnètic
G. Tchobanoglous, F. Kreith, Handbook
of solid waste management. McGraw-
Hill, 2002. https://youtu.be/zlwpEzcamcc?t=58
 WASTE VALORIZATION: SORTING

The Big Sort: An Insider's Tour of a Recycling Plant

https://youtu.be/nUrBBBs7yzQ
 WASTE VALORIZATION: SORTING

Recycling alternatives
Light packaging
sorting plant

http://www.amb.cat/en/web/medi-ambient/residus/instalacions-i-equipaments/detall/-/equipament/triatge-gava-viladecans/
 WASTE WASTE VALORIZATION, TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL
VALORIZATION:
SORTING
MUNICIPAL SOLID
WASTE TREATMENT
SYSTEM
Gavà-Viladecans
Municipal Solid
Waste Treatment
Centre.

http://www.tersa.cat/en/municipal-
solid-waste-treatment-centre-ctrm-
_2342
 WASTE VALORIZATION, TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL

Light packaging and

bulky MSW sorting In 2016:
plant Plastics: 10541 t
Cartons: 1576 t
Gavà-Viladecans Iron: 1573 t
Municipal Solid Aluminium: 520 t
Paper/
Waste Treatment Cardboard: 163 t
Centre.

http://www.tersa.cat/en/municipal-
solid-waste-treatment-centre-ctrm-
_2342
 WASTE VALORIZATION, TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL

Recycling alternatives
Light packaging and
bulky MSW sorting
plant

http://www.tersa.cat/en/municipal-
solid-waste-treatment-centre-ctrm-
_2342
https://youtu.be/sh6yvOzlIZU
 WASTE VALORIZATION: PLASTIC RECYCLING PROCESS

https://youtu.be/XEHQ4efEAGw?t=25
 WASTE VALORIZATION: GLASS RECYCLING PROCESS

https://youtu.be/UVUKMARUMpI?t=34

https://youtu.be/6R8YObQbE88

https://youtu.be/7FjHe7NUSFI
 WASTE VALORIZATION: METALS RECYCLING PROCESS

• Metals can be recycled repeatedly without altering their properties.

• Steel is the most recycled material on the planet. The other highly recycled
metals include aluminum, copper, silver, brass, and gold. (American Iron and
Steel Institute, AISI)
• Process:
Collection → Sorting → Shredding → Melting → Purification → Solidfifying