CA 3 Therapeutic Modalities

DEFINITION OF TERMS

ANGER MANAGEMENT – a specialized group activity discussing issues to control anger.

ANNOUNCEMENT - information given to all residents.

ATTITUDES – the general condition of the TC family as a whole, including incidences, positive and
negative.

BANS - a behavior shaping tool to prohibit a resident to a specific area, activity, verbal, another
client.

BIG BROTHER - an older member of the community tasked to provide guidance to the newly
committed residents. BOOKED – logged an incident to the Coordinator of the Day.

CARDINAL RULES - the principal guiding rule observed by all residents in a TC Community with
heavier corresponding consequences.

COERCION- the use of internal and external sources to heighten dissonance on the client and
magnify his choices and the specific consequences of his choices.

COMMUNICATION – a department which oversees the daily census, entry, news and other
information to be disseminated.

COMMUNITY - the residents of the TC Family.

COORDINATOR - the highest position attained by a resident in a TC Hierarchy, who works with the
staff in running the house, implementing rules. With corresponding status, a resident has an authority
over the other residents.

COORDINATOR OF THE DAY – assigned coordinator (resident) to oversee and address the
incidents, attitudes of the house through the use of behavior shaping tools – talk to, dealt with,
haircut.

COUNSELOR- staff member position who assists the residents’ needs

DAILY STRUCTURE- list of day to day activities

DEPARTMENT HEAD- a ranking resident next to the coordinator in the TC Hierarchy assigned to
oversee, monitor tasks to be done in a particular department.

DISSONANCE - the time period of admitting, denying before coming up with a decision.

DIRECTOR - the highest staff facility officer (Warden) who has direct command to both residents and
staff.
DORMITORY – a cell where the residents stays while on confinement.

ENCOUNTER- a group process utilized to vent out concerns, anger and hurt feelings

ENCOUNTER BOX- box used to receive slips being dropped.

ENTERTAINMENT and RECREATIONAL ACTIVITY - an activity in the TC community aimed to aid

residents in treatment.

EVALUATION – an assessment done anytime during the treatment

EXPEDITING TEAM – a department that serves as police of the community to ensure order among
residents

EXPULSION - the ejection of one from the community because of his/her serious offense.

FRIEND - a resident who has the closest regard to the other resident.

GENERAL MEETING - a behavior shaping tool addressing serious infraction of a resident.

GENERAL WORKER – the lowest position in the TC hierarchy

GROUNDS- pertains to lawns, pathways and landscape

HAIRCUT - a behavior shaping tool consisting of a five-man panel that addresses a resident’s
infraction.

HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE – the chain of command of residents in TCMP.

HOUSE – pertains to the jail facility.

HOUSE RULES – are day to day standards that need to be followed inside the jail facility to ensure
the smooth and orderly flow of operation.

HOUSEKEEPING TEAM – a department that maintains cleanliness of the facility.

INFRACTIONS - a violation to the House Rules of the TC Family.

LEARNING EXPERIENCE – a form of sanction that aid residents realize the value of correcting
infractions.

MORNING MEETING - a daily ritual addressing attitudes of previous days, performed to start the day
right. PEERS – friends of the same entry period.

PRE-MORNING MEETING- the activity preceding the Morning Meeting that discusses attitudes of the
house and eliciting theme of the week and word of the day.

PULL – UP – verbal reprimand done during the Morning Meeting.

RESIDENTS – terms used for inmates who are part of the TCMP community.
SENIOR RESIDENT – a member of the TC community having the position such as Static Group
leader and its Assistant and In Charge of various special services groups.

STAFF – refer to jail personnel.

STATIC GROUP – a group composed of residents known as permanent support group.

TALK TO – friendly reminder for resident violators.

TC FAMILY – refers to all residents of the TC community.

UNWRITTEN PHILOSOPHY – refers to a guiding value which residents reflect and hold on.

VIOLATOR – a resident who commits an act in violation of the TC/Jail Rules.The mandate of the
Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP) is both safekeeping and development of inmates.
The thrust of the Directorate for Inmates Welfare and Development is to devise programs for inmate
development to prepare them for their eventual reintegration into the mainstream of society.
Behavioral and psychological development is of utmost importance since some offenders lack the
necessary moral, emotional and psychological stability to make them law abiding citizens upon
release from jail.

The Therapeutic Community Modality Program (TCMP) is a self help social learning treatment model
which utilizes the community as the primary therapeutic vehicle to foster behavioral and attitudinal
change. In this modality, the person learns and practices skills and responsibilities through structured
activities that they can transfer to the society upon their release. Each participant is expected to be a
contributing member of the community and develops the impetus to change by being a member of
the community.

At present, TCMP is recognized as the backbone program of the BJMP for inmate development
and is being implemented in majority of the jails nationwide. The program was inconsistently
implemented as it wavered due to varied reasons. Despite the training of numerous jail personnel,
the practice of TCMP remained far from being ideal. A lot of modifications and deviations were
introduced that some programs lost their fidelity to the core essence of TCMP.

TCMP IN THE BJMP: BACKGROUND

In the BJMP, Therapeutic Community Modality Program (TCMP) was introduced in 1998 when a
group of personnel underwent a six (6) week live-in trainer’s training under the DAYTOP International
trainers sponsored by the US State Department. From then on, a number of BJMP personnel were
trained by DAYTOP trainers, namely Aloysius Joseph, Frederick Loke, Jimmy Curtin and Fernando
Perfas. The program was initially implemented in selected jails in the National Capital Region (NCR).
The TCMP training was cascaded to a significant number of BJMP personnel. The Jail National
Training Institute (JNTI) likewise incorporated the TCMP into its Program of Instruction (POI) for
BJMP personnel undergoing mandatory trainings. Despite the significant number of trainer’s training
conducted, sustaining the TCMP in jails remained a challenge. There is also the prevailing issue of
development versus security. The wardens were adamant to implement the program for fear of
security laxity due to the increased mobility of inmates during activities. The low ratio of jail personnel
to inmates has caused such alarm. Despite these factors, some jails continue to implement the
TCMP but activities are mostly centered on the Morning Meeting. The TC staffs are regularly rotated
to other jails as part of the BJMP rules thus leaving a vacuum on the respective jails if not properly
relieved by another TC trained staff. This lack of constancy and consistency makes it difficult for the
program to thrive. Despite their TC training, TC staff generally feels inept to handle the program. On
assessment of the existing TCMP in certain jails, some modifications were introduced which tend to
deviate from the core essence of the program, hence this TCMP manual has been crafted.

LAWS ON HUMAN RIGHTS

Human rights are the basic rights inherent to all human beings from birth until death. These rights
include the right to life and liberty, personal security, freedom from torture, freedom from
discrimination and freedom from arbitrary arrest, among others.

PREAMBLE

We, peoples of the Philippines, give highest value to the dignity and fullness of life of the
human person and share a common aspiration for human rights—even as we speak different
languages and dialects, profess different spiritual beliefs and uphold different ideologies.

Ours is a history of revolutionary struggle against all forms of oppression for national freedom,
justice, equality and peace. The same struggle and aspirations for freedom and respect for human
rights have inspired our collective spirit to become a nation proud of our heritage and diverse culture.
Today, we rekindle the same revolutionary spirit in our struggle against the negative effects of
globalization, debt burden, environmental destruction, social inequality and poverty. These make
human and peoples’ rights our foremost concern.

We assert that human and peoples’ rights are our fundamental, inherent and inalienable rights
to life, dignity and development. We recognize that these rights are universal, interdependent and
indivisible and are essential to fulfil and satisfy our civil, political, economic, social, cultural, spiritual
and environmental needs. They are what make us human.

The growing democratization process and human rights consciousness as exemplified in the
active participation and assertion of civil society have served as tools in opposing all forms of human
rights violations and all forces that block our development as individuals and as a nation.

Therefore, we hereby proclaim by this declaration, the basic standards for the protection,
promotion, respect and fulfillment of human and peoples’ rights by the State.

INDIVIDUALS, SOCIETY AND THE STATE

1. We have the natural right to life and liberty and are equal in dignity. Equal concern and respect
for these basic rights should be guaranteed, protected and upheld by the State.

2. The State has the duty to safeguard and assure the dignity of its peoples as individuals and as
members of communities and ensure their capacity for self-development. The State should formulate
policies, enact laws and provide mechanisms that are in conformity with universal human rights
standards.

3. The State has the obligation to provide the highest standard of living for its citizens by
eradicating social,economic, political, cultural, ethnic and gender inequalities. In the determination
and implementation of laws and policies, the government must always respect and consider the
concerns of women, children and youth, persons with disabilities, the mentally challenged, older
persons, indigenous and Moro peoples, the urban and rural poor, farmers and fisher folk, workers -
local and overseas, public or private, whether formally employed or not, displaced families and
communities and other vulnerable sectors, with the view to ensuring their empowerment.

4. The diversity and plurality of the Philippines must be safeguarded through respect and
tolerance. The State must respect and promote harmony and understanding between and among
individuals, communities and peoples. It must uphold non-discrimination among peoples regardless
of age, race, ethnicity, religion, gender, physical ability, sexual orientation, social beliefs and political
convictions. Cultural traditions and institutionalized power shall not serve as justification for any form
of violence, abuse, neglect, or deprivation of human and peoples’ rights.

CIVIL RIGHTS

5. We have the right to life, liberty, security and property. We have the right to a transparent,
credible, competent and impartial justice system, free from influence and corruption, where wrongs
are redressed and justice is dispensed fairly, speedily and equitably. We must have equal access to
the courts and adequate legal assistance. We must be treated equally before the law regardless of
our political, social and economic status.

6. We have a right to the security and privacy of our persons and our homes. The State shall
respect and uphold our right to the privacy of communication, information, private transactions and
affairs. The State shall ensure our freedom of movement and liberty of abode.

7. The requirements of due process of law shall be observed before, during and after trial. The
accused is presumed innocent until proven guilty and shall enjoy the right against self-incrimination,
the right to an independent and competent counsel preferably of his or her own choice, and the right
to be informed of such rights.

8. Detainees and prisoners have the right to humane conditions of detention with adequate food,
space and ventilation, rest and recreation, sanitary and health services, and skills training. They have
the right to communicate with counsel, family and friends and be visited by them. The right to practice
their religious beliefs and to express themselves shall likewise not be denied. The State must provide
separate detention facilities for women and children in conflict with the law. Detainees and prisoners
shall be given the opportunity for correction and rehabilitation towards their reintegration into society.

9. No person shall be subjected to arrests, searches, seizures and detention without due process
of law. No suspect, detainee or prisoner shall be subjected to torture, force, violence, intimidation,
harassment or threats. No accused shall be subjected to trial by publicity. Neither shall cruel,
inhuman or degrading punishment or treatment or incommunicado or solitary confinement be
imposed.
10. We have the right against involuntary disappearances. The State shall protect its citizens from
all forms of systematic and massive extrajudicial and summary killings. The State shall take
responsibility for all the acts of its State agents and give information and assistance to the families of
the disappeared.

POLITICAL RIGHTS

11. We have the right to live in a democracy and are entitled to enjoy its benefits. The right to
meaningful representation, participation and decision-making about individual and community
concerns shall be recognized and maintained. The protection of life, liberty and property, the
upliftment of economic conditions and the promotion of the general welfare are essential
prerequisites of a truly democratic society.

12. Public office is a public trust. Transparency, accountability, integrity and competence are
minimum standards of good governance. It is the State’s duty to eliminate graft and corruption at all
levels of the bureaucracy. Towards this end, our right to information on matters involving public
interest shall be safeguarded.

13. We have the right to determine, participate, intervene and take action in all matters that directly
and indirectly affect our welfare. The freedoms of speech, press, association and peaceful assembly
shall at all times be recognized and protected by the State.

14. The State shall provide equal access to opportunities for public service to all competent and
qualified citizens. The State must equitably diffuse political power and prohibit political dynasties in
accordance with democratic principles.

15. Sovereignty resides in the people. We reserve the right to defy a tyrannical, oppressive and
corrupt regime by means consistent with general principles of human rights.

SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS

16. We have the right to enjoy the highest standard of health. The State shall ensure that its
citizens shall be adequately nourished and free from hunger. The State has the obligation to establish
a responsive social housing program and protect the people from unjust evictions from their homes.
Protection and assistance shall be accorded marginalized families and vulnerable sectors of society.

17. We have the right to a free, accessible, relevant, nationalistic, quality, gender and culturally
sensitive education, responsive to our needs, which advances the culture of human rights.

18. The State must establish a responsive social welfare system that contributes to the continuous
improvement of its people and their lives. All public utilities should be accessible and affordable to
meet the peoples’ basic necessities.

19. Children and youth have rights to special care, education, health, and protection against all
forms of abuse, discrimination, exploitation, corruption, and conditions affecting their moral
development. The best interest of the child shall always take precedence in State policies and laws.

20. Women are partners of men in nation building. They have equal rights in civil, political, social,
and cultural aspects of life. The State shall protect and defend them from discrimination, exploitation,
trafficking, assault, battery and other forms of abuse and violence.

21. Men and women have reproductive rights. The State shall recognize the rights of all couples
and individuals to decide freely and responsibly the number, spacing and timing of their children and
to have the information and means to do so, and the right to attain the highest standard of sexual and
reproductive health. The State shall also recognize the rights of couples in making decisions
regarding reproduction free of discrimination, coercion and violence, as expressed in human rights
documents.

22. The indigenous and Moro peoples have the right to equality with all other peoples and against
all forms of discrimination. They have the right to existence as distinct peoples free from assimilation
as well as the right to resist development aggression, which threatens their survival as a community.
Thus, the State shall assist and support them in the protection and preservation of their culture,
language, tradition and belief. They have an inherent right to their ancestral domain, which must be
given urgent immediate attention and protection by the State and should be respected and defended
by all.

23. The State shall accord special protection to persons with disabilities. They have the right to
enjoyment of equal opportunity as well as appropriate and accessible social services, education,
employment, rehabilitation and social security.

24. Older persons shall be given preferential treatment by the State. They shall be given priority in
terms of accessible social security and health.

ECONOMIC RIGHTS

25. We have the right to a nationalistic and independent economic policy protected from foreign
domination and intrusion. We have the right to a self-reliant economy based on national
industrialization. We have the right to resist all forms of oppressive and unreasonable trade
liberalization, to oppose a subservient debt management strategy, and to repudiate all foreign debts
that do not benefit the people. The State shall develop efficient and effective debt management
strategies that will benefit the people and shall give preferential treatment to local capital.

26. We have the right to equal access to employment opportunities and professional
advancement. The labor force is the lifeblood of the country and all workers have the right to just
compensation, dignified and humane working environment, job security, the right to form and join
unions and organizations, to bargain collectively, to go on strike and to actively participate in political
life. Discrimination in the work place, sexual harassment, slavery, exploitation, and child labor shall
not be tolerated. Moreover, overseas workers have the right to enjoy the basic rights accorded to
workers in their respective host countries, consistent with international labor laws or standards.

27. Land, as a limited resource, bears a social function. The right to own land should be limited to
Filipinos and shall be guided by the principle of stewardship and subject to the demands of the
common good. Peasants shall have the right to own the land they till through a genuine agrarian
reform program including support services. Landowners shall also be protected from land grabbers
through effective legal and administrative measures.

28. Fisher folk have the right of access to fishing grounds, to protection from foreign incursions
and local largescale/commercial fishing business, to genuine aquatic reforms and to the preservation
and protection of communal fishing grounds.

29. We have the preferential right to the judicious cultivation, utilization, and preservation of our
natural resources which will ensure an ecological balance that can support and sustain the total
physical and economic well-being of every person, family and community.

30. The marginalized and vulnerable sectors shall have preferential access/control to credit and
micro-finance, and the right to skills and livelihood training, which shall contribute to the constant
improvement of their lives.
COLLECTIVE RIGHTS

31. We have the right to self-determination. This right provides us with the freedom to develop
ourselves as peoples,preserve our culture and retain our national identity. Our peoples shall not be
coerced into assimilation, nor shall force evacuation, dislocation and displacement resulting from
development aggression and other State policies should be allowed. We have the right to resist any
form of political, economic, social or cultural domination by resorting to any legitimate means.

32. We have the right to a clean, safe and sustainable environment that supports an equitable
quality of life.Ecological balance must be preserved in the pursuit of national development because
the capacity of our resources to continue supporting our daily needs is limited. Collectively, we have
the intergenerational responsibility to protect, conserve and develop our natural environment for the
enjoyment of present and future generations of Filipinos.

33. We have the right to a social order, which is conducive to peace and development. It is the
duty of the State to undertake a comprehensive peace process that reflects the sentiments, values
and principles important to all peoples of the Philippines. Therefore, it shall not be defined by the
State alone, nor the different contending groups only, but by all peoples of the Philippines as one
community. The promotion and protection of our rights must be geared towards international
understanding, solidarity among peoples and nations, and friendship among all racial, ethnic or
religious groups.

WHAT KINDS OF HUMAN RIGHTS EXIST?

Human rights are inherent to all humans, regardless of their nationality, race, gender, religion,
language, or sexual orientation. The concept of human rights may not be new, but it’s gone through
significant changes over time. In the past, only the rights of privileged groups of people were
respected. In 1948, the newly-formed United Nations General Assembly adopted the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). This codified the necessity of human rights for all.
International law, national constitutions, and other conventions support and expand on the UDHR.
What kinds of human rights exist?

THEORETICAL CATEGORIZATIONS

Some theories help us understand where the concept of current-day human rights comes
from. “Natural rights” are a very old philosophical concept. Related to natural law, natural rights refer
to rights that are universal and inalienable. They are not related to any government or culture. By
being human, a person is entitled to their natural rights. That’s where we get the concept of universal
human rights. Another example of human rights categorization is the distinction between positive
rights and negative rights. The state must provide access to positive rights, like food, housing,
education, and healthcare. Negative rights refer to the freedom from certain things, like slavery,
torture, and suppression. It’s the state’s role to ensure these violations do not occur. In the “three
generations” framework of human rights law, which has most impacted Europe, negative rights are
first generation, while positive rights are part of the second and third generations.

ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND CULTURAL RIGHTS

The UDHR and other documents lay out five kinds of human rights: economic, social, cultural,
civil, and political. Economic, social, and cultural rights include the right to work, the right to food and
water, the right to housing, and the right to education. Documents like the International Covenant on
Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, which was established in 1976, protect these rights.
Conventions like the Convention on the Rights of the Child safeguard the economic, social, and
cultural rights of specific groups. As with all types of human rights, the state’s responsibility is to
protect, promote, and implement economic, social, and cultural rights. Specific examples in this
category include:
 The right to work in a safe environment for a fair wage
 The right to access medical care, including mental health care
 The right to accessible education
 The right to adequate food, clothing, and housing  The right to affordable sanitation
and clean water
 The right to take part in cultural life
 The right to enjoy the benefits of scientific progress
 The right to social security

CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS

Civil and political rights include articles from the first part of the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights. They state that people must be allowed to participate freely in civil and political life without
facing repression or discrimination. While economic, social, and cultural rights are framed as rights a
person is entitled to, most civil and political rights are about protection from certain things, like torture
and slavery. Documents like the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and its two
Optional Protocols outline rights such as:

 The right to life, which is violated by actions like death by torture, neglect, and use of force
 The right to freedom of expression, which is violated by restricting access to ideas and limiting
press freedom
 The right to privacy, which is violated by intruding on a person’s sexual life or personal data
 The right to asylum, which is violated by deporting someone to a country where their lives are
at risk
 The right to a fair trial and due process, which is violated by a court that’s not impartial and
excessive delays
 The right to freedom of religion, which is violated when someone is punished for following their
beliefs or forced to adopt another religion
 The right to freedom from discrimination, which is violated when traits like race, gender,
religion, etc are used as justification for actions like being fired from a job.

THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS (ABBREVIATED)

Article 1 Right to Equality
Article 2 Freedom from Discrimination
Article 3 Right to Life, Liberty, Personal Security
Article 4 Freedom from Slavery
Article 5 Freedom from Torture and Degrading Treatment
Article 6 Right to Recognition as a Person before the Law
Article 7 Right to Equality before the Law
Article 8 Right to Remedy by Competent Tribunal
Article 9 Freedom from Arbitrary Arrest and Exile
Article 10 Right to Fair Public Hearing
 Article 11 Right to be Considered Innocent until Proven Guilty
Article 12 Freedom from Interference with Privacy, Family, Home and Correspondence
Article 13 Right to Free Movement in and out of the Country
Article 14 Right to Asylum in other Countries from Persecution
Article 15 Right to a Nationality and the Freedom to Change It
Article 16 Right to Marriage and Family
Article 17 Right to Own Property
Article 18 Freedom of Belief and Religion
Article 19 Freedom of Opinion and Information
Article 20 Right of Peaceful Assembly and Association
Article 21 Right to Participate in Government and in Free Elections
Article 22 Right to Social Security
Article 23 Right to Desirable Work and to Join Trade Unions
Article 24 Right to Rest and Leisure
Article 25 Right to Adequate Living Standard
Article 26 Right to Education
Article 27 Right to Participate in the Cultural Life of Community
Article 28 Right to a Social Order that Articulates this Document
Article 29 Community Duties Essential to Free and Full Development
Article 30 Freedom from State or Personal Interference in the above Rights

TREATMENT VS. PUNISHMENT

NATURE AND TRENDS OF PUNISHMENT

Punishment is a means of social control. It is a device to cause people to become cohesive and to
induce conformity. People believe that punishment is effective as a means of social control but this
belief is doubtful. There is no question, however, that some forms of punishment are more effective in
one society than in another. For example, punishment in a small well bordered community, where
people practically know everybody, is more effective in inducing conformity than in a highly mobile
metropolitan city.

The general concept of punishment is that it is infliction of some sort of pain on the offender for
violating the law. This definition is not complete in the sense that it does not mention the condition
under which punishment is administered or applied. In the legal sense, it is more individual redress,
or personal revenge. Punishment, therefore, is defined as the redress that the state takes against
an offending member.

Punishment is restricted to such suffering as is inflicted upon the offender in a definite way by,
or in the name of, the society of which he is a permanent member. Punishment must be intended and
not accidental, to produce some sort of justified suffering on the offender. It is essential that the
offender should be forcibly made to suffer and that society is justified in making him suffer.
Punishment is a form of disapproval for certain behaviors that is followed by imposing a penalty.
Punishment makes the offender stigmatized and penalized. The offender may or may not actually
suffer, under the intentional application of punishment, depending on the circumstances it is applied
and the toughness of the individual offender.
 FORMS OF PUNISHMENT
The forms of Death penalty was Corporal punishment Public humiliation
punishment in carried out by was inflicted the and shaming were
primitive society offender by effected by
were:
1. Death penalty 1. hanging 1. Flogging 1. the use of stocks
2. Corporal 2. burning 2. Mutilation and
punishment 3. immersing in 3. Disfiguration 4. pillory
3. Public humiliation boiling Maiming. 2. docking stool
and shaming oil 3. branding
4. Banishment. 4. feeding to 4. shaving off the
wild hair, etc.
animals
5. other barbaric
ways.

Justifications of Punishment

The theories or justifications of punishment vary from one stage of civilization to another. The
most common justifications of punishment are retribution, expiation or atonement, deterrence,
protection and reformation.

Retribution

In primitive days punishment of the transgressor was carried out in the form of personal
vengeance. Since there were no written laws and no courts, the victim of a crime was allowed to
obtain his redress in the way he saw fit. Oftentimes, the retaliatory act resulted to infliction of greater
injury or loss than the original crime, so that the latter victim was perforce afforded his revere.
Punishment therefore became unending vendetta between the offender and the victim. Later, an
attempt was made to limit the retaliation to the degree of injury inflicted, thus the philosophy of “an
eye for an eye” evolved. During this period nearly all offenses that are now included in criminal codes
as public crimes, were considered private offenses for which the victims were allowed their redress
through personal vengeance.

There were a few offenses, however, which were regarded as crimes committed against the
native gods. People being then superstitious, believed that any catastrophe that befell the group was
a retaliation of an offended god. In order to appease the offended god, the social group or clan
demanded that the supposed offended be banished or put to death. Witchcraft was considered a
public crime and person suspected of being a witch was tortured, banished or put to death.

Expiation or Atonement

This theory or justification of punishment was also advocated during the pre-historic days. A
sort of common understanding and sympathetic feeling developed in the group. An offense
committed by a member against another member of the same clan or group aroused the
condemnation of the whole group against the offending member.
 The group would therefore demand that the offender be punished. When punishment is
exacted visibly or publicly for the purpose of appeasing the social group, the element of expiation is
present. Expiation is therefore, group vengeance as distinguish from retribution which is personal
vengeance. Punishing the offender gives the community a sense of its moral superiority, an
assurance that virtue is rewarded after all. Hostile action against the offender brings about
cohesiveness in society. Corporal punishment in most modern countries has been abolished and the
application of punishment has tended to be withdrawn from the public eye. Some segments of
society, however, still cling to the belief wrong doing or in order that punishment be punishment.

Deterrence

It is commonly believed that punishment gives a lesson to the offender; that it shows other
what would happen if they violate the law; and that punishment holds crime in check. This is the
essence of deterrence as a justification for punishment.

Cesare Beccaria, an exponent of the Classical School of Criminology and whose writings at
the end of the 18th century renovated the punitive justice system of Europe, contended that the intent
of punishment should not be to torture the criminal or to undo the crime (expiation) but to “prevent
others from committing a like offense”. He advocated the theory that “a punishment should have only
that degree of severity which is sufficient to deter others. It is doubtful if punishment is as the
proponents think. In one New England state during the 18th Century, theft was punishable by
whipping the offender in the public plaza. The purpose of whipping the thief within the public view was
to deter others from committing the same offense. Public whipping, however, did not diminish the
incidence of the theft in that state.
In England during the 18th century, pick pocketing was one of fifty offenses punishable by
hanging. The offender was hanged on a Sunday afternoon in order to draw the largest number of
spectators. The hanging would be preceded by a brass band playing in the morning until in the
afternoon. On this occasion, thousands of spectators would mill their way in the crowd to obtain better
view of the victim at the condemned man was executed. On this same occasion professional pick
pocketers were busy plying their trade in the crowd. The multitude that came to view the hanging
were there to see how the offenders withstood their fate, how callous they were, and how they would
react to the jeers and chastisement of the crowd. In some instances punishment undoubtedly has a
deterring effect. For the great mass of infractions of the law, however, the fear of punishment does
not enter into the causation.

The conception of deterrence presumes that the person thinks before he acts and that all he
has to do is to think of the consequences and then he will be deterred. Actually this is not so because
offenders commit crimes without the fear of punishment uppermost in their minds. There are certain
types of offenders who could not be deterred by the fear of punishment, namely, the behavior of the
moment type involved in crimes of anger and passion; and the type of offender whose antisocial
behavior is connected with his personality pattern and is part of his approach to life as exemplified by
the psychopathic offender and the neurotic offender.

There is no doubt, however, that some types of offenders, particularly first offenders, can be
stigmatized by the lightest form of punishment. To others more inured in crime; going in and out of
penal institutions does not deter.
 Protection

Protection as a justification of punishment came after prisons, were fully established. People
believe that by putting the offender in prison, society is protected from his further criminal
depredation. If this were so, vicious and society is protected from his further criminal depredation. If
this were so, vicious and dangerous criminals should be made to serve long terms of imprisonment.
Recidivism and habitual delinquency laws are expected to attain this end.

How effective is protection as justification of punishment? Or how effective is imprisonment as

a means of protecting the community against crime?

According to statistics, the prison population of the Federal Bureau of Prisons and the
Correctional Departments of Minnesotta and Washington DC represent a very insignificant portion
(only 3.5%) of the whole criminal population. Ninety-six and five tenth percent (96.5%) of crimes
reported to the police remain at large. These figures do not include crimes not reported to the police,
the volume of which is unknown. Therefore, from these data we can conclude that imprisonment
cannot protect society from crime. Even if all convicted offenders were kept in prison for life, still the
96.5% who are at large will continue to plague society. Also, imprisonment as an end of punishment
is not tenable because prisoners are released within a short period of confinement. Statistics show
that their average stay inside prison is from three to five years, after which they are again ready to
commit further crimes.

Reformation

This is the latest justification of punishment. Under this theory, society can best be protected
from crime if the purpose of imprisonment is to reform or rehabilitate the prisoner. Advocates
of this theory contend that since punishment does not deter; in as much as imprisonment does not
protect society from further commission of crimes because the greater portion of the criminal
population is at large; and because prisoners stay in prison for a short time, from 3 to 5 years only,
society’s interest can best be served by helping the prisoner become a law-abiding and productive
citizen upon his return to the community by making him undergo an intensive program of
rehabilitation in prison.
Theoretically, imprisonment for reformation is sound, but practically, rehabilitation is difficult to
achieve. Some prisoners are reformed, but about 50% get relapses. Failure to reform prisoners may
be due to poor administration of the reformatory program, or it may lie in the make-up of the criminal
population.

Probation, which is a substitute for imprisonment, and parole which an early release from
prison, are intended to reform the offender. A new concept of correctional administration has
developed, thus reformation and rehabilitation are now thought of as “treatment”. Treatment through
institutional programs and through probation and parole services is the modern version of reformation
and rehabilitation.

LIMITATIONS OF PUNISHMENT

Punishment has certain limitations on the offender, in spite of the above-enumerated justifications,
are:

1. Punishment makes the criminal cautious about concealing his criminal activities
 2. Stigmatizes him and isolates him from society; makes him a martyr or a hero; and develops in
him an antisocial grudge and a strong resentment of authority.
3. Punishment on the other hand does not deter; does not repair damage to society; or
reconstruct the personality of the offender.

Trends of Punishment

The principal trends of punishment are in the development of exemptions, pardon, and
communications; the decline in the severity of punishment; the growth of imprisonment and its
modifications; good time allowances; indeterminate sentences; suspended sentence and probation,
conditional release, parole, short sentences, and fines.

Exemptions of Punishment

The basis for exemptions is usually social. In Europe, Kings and Rulers in ancient and early
modern society could do no wrong. Upper classmen were often times exempted from criminal
liability for offences, which caused the commoner long imprisonment or death penalty.

Most countries today do not punish offenders for absence of “mens rea”, that is absence of
a guilty mind or lack of criminal intent. The right of sanctuary was practiced in the early Christian
era. The benefit of clergy was originally given to clerics who did not wear ecclesiastical robes from
being tried by lay courts but only by ecclesiastical courts. Latter the privilege was extended to anyone
who could read and write. Age of the offender was another basis for exemption from criminal
responsible. Under juvenile delinquents are not legally classified as criminals.

The mental condition of the offender is another basis for exemption from criminal
responsibility. The M’Naghtan case of England (1843) held the opinion that an offender is to be
considered sane and responsible until is proven that he was insane at the act was committed, and
therefore, could not have known right from wrong. This doctrine holds true in every progressive
country today. Reformist would want the criminal insane, such as the criminal psychopaths and
criminal neurotics, handled by special laws and procedures in courts and to provide specialized
mental institutions for their care. There is now a move that in cases where the plea is “ no
responsibility” because of insanity or mental disturbance, juries should be concerned only with the
problems of establishing guilt and that a panel of experts appointed by the courts; should determine
the disposition to be made of the case.

GOVERNMENTAL PROGRAMS FOR THE VICTIMS

The Philippines takes pride in its unique and indigenous way of settling disputes and treating both
offenders and victims at the village ("barangay") level. The system is called "Katarungang
Pambarangay" (Village Justice System). When a complaint is reported or an unresolved conflict or
dispute from the barangay level is elevated to the jurisdiction of the police, the victim is viewed as a
complainant. If a criminal charge progresses up to the courts, the victim continues to act in the role of
prosecution witness in the case against the offender.
Under the Rules of Court, the victim may seek restitution for damages from the crime by filing
a civil suit against the offender. A victim/witness who believes himself/herself to be in danger from an
offender can apply for admission into the WITNESS PROTECTION, SECURITY, and BENEFIT
PROGRAM OF THE DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE. A Board of Claims was created in 1992 under the
Department of Justice to grant COMPENSATION FOR VICTIMS of unjust imprisonment or detention
and victims of violent crimes. The law specifies the administrative procedure for filing the victim's
claim through the Board of Claims. The Commission on Human Rights exists under a constitutional
mandate to act as an independent office to protect and promote human rights. This commission
provides financial assistance to victims of human rights violations or their families, so as to help
alleviate suffering and sustain their basic needs within a specified period. Further, the Philippine
Government has enacted laws that protect the rights and address the needs of certain categories of
victims, notably children, women, and migrant Filipinos. This chapter also discusses Philippine civil
society's role in victims' support, as well as the challenges and prospects of victim support schemes.
The chapter concludes that prospects for victim support in the Philippines are promising because of
pending legislation designed to further protect human rights in the areas of child abuse and specific
harms suffered by crime victims.

GOVERNMENTAL PROGRAMS FOR THE VICTIMS

1.WITNESS PROTECTION, SECURITY AND BENEFITS PROGRAM

It is a program established under Republic Act No. 6981, "The Witness Protection, Security
and Benefit Act", which seeks to encourage a person who has witnessed or has knowledge of the
commission of a crime to testify before a court or quasi-judicial body, or before an investigating
authority, by protecting him from reprisals and from economic dislocation.

Who can be admitted into the Program?

 Any person who has knowledge of or information on the commission of a crime and
has testified or is testifying or is willing to testify.
 A witness in a congressional investigation, upon the recommendation of the
legislative committee where his testimony is needed and with the approval of the
Senate President or the Speaker of the House of Representatives, as the case may
be.
 A witness who participated in the commission of a crime and who desires to be a
State witness.
 An accused who is discharged from an information or criminal complaint by the court
in order that he may be a State witness.

Who are disqualified for admission into the Program?

An applicant will not be admitted into the program if:
 the offense in which his testimony will be used is not a grave felony;
 his testimony cannot be substantially corroborated in its material points;
 he or any member of his family within the second degree of consanguinity or affinity
has not been threatened with death or bodily injury or there is no likelihood that he
will be killed, forced, intimidated, harassed or corrupted to prevent him from testifying
or to testify falsely or evasively because or on account of his testimony; and
 if the applicant is a law enforcement officer even if he will testify against other law
enforcement officers. The immediate members of the applicant may, however, be
admitted into the program.

What benefits may a witness under the Program receive?

The benefits include the following:

 Security protection and escort services.
  Immunity from criminal prosecution and not to be subjected to any penalty or
forfeiture for any transaction, matter or thing concerning his compelled testimony or
books, documents or writings produced.
 Secure housing facility.
 Assistance in obtaining a means of livelihood.
 Reasonable traveling expenses and subsistence allowance while acting as a
witness.
 Free medical treatment, hospitalization and medicine for any injury or illness incurred
or suffered while acting as a witness.
 Burial benefits of not less than Ten Thousand pesos (P10,000.00) if the witness is
killed because of his participation in the Program.
 Free education from primary to college level for the minor or dependent children of a
witness who dies or is permanently incapacitated.
 Non-removal or demotion in work because of absences due to his being a witness
and payment of full salary or wage while acting as witness.

2.VICTIMS COMPENSATION PROGRAM

Republic Act No. 7309 is the law creating the Board of Claims under the Department of Justice
granting compensation for victims of unjust imprisonment or detention and victims of violent crimes.

What is the rationale for the enactment of the law?

One of the more vexing problems in the area of justice and human rights is the implementation
of the constitutional provision against the deprivation of life, liberty and property without due process
of law. Persons have been accused and imprisoned for crimes they did not commit, only to be
subsequently acquitted. Government and society have become notably indifferent to victims of crimes
and criminals. A judicial way of filing a claim for compensation may be too long. Congress opted for
an administrative procedure of filing the claims by creating the Board of Claims.

Who may apply for compensation?

 A person who was unjustly accused convicted and imprisoned and subsequently released by
virtue of a judgment of acquittal;
 A person who was unjustly detained and released without being charged;
 A person who is a victim of arbitrary detention by the authorities as defined in the Revised
Penal Code under a final judgment of the court; or
 A person who is a victim of a violent crime which includes rape and offenses committed with
malice which resulted in death or serious physical and/or psychological injuries, permanent
incapacity or disability, insanity, abortion, serious trauma, or committed with torture, cruelty or
barbarity.
3.REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10368

“An act providing for reparation and recognition of victims of human rights violation during the
Marcos Regime, documentation of said violations, appropriating funds therefor and for other
purposes”

RIGHTS OF CRIME VICTIMS.--A crime victim has the following rights:

 (1) The right to be reasonably protected from the accused.
(2) The right to reasonable, accurate, and timely notice of any public court
proceeding, or any paroleproceeding, involving the crime or of any release or escape of the
accused.
(3) The right not to be excluded from any such public court proceeding, unless the
court, after receiving clearand convincing evidence, determines that testimony by the victim
would be materially altered if the victim heard other testimony at that proceeding.
(4) The right to be reasonably heard at any public proceeding in the district court
involving release, plea,sentencing, or any parole proceeding.
(5) The reasonable right to confer with the attorney for the Government in the case.
(6) The right to full and timely restitution as provided in law.
(7) The right to proceedings free from unreasonable delay.
(8) The right to be treated with fairness and with respect for the victim's dignity and
privacy.
(9) The right to be informed in a timely manner of any plea bargain or deferred
prosecution agreement.
(10) The right to be informed of the rights under this section and the services
described in section 503(c) ofthe Victims' Rights and Restitution Act of 1990 (42 U.S.C.
10607(c)) and provided contact information for the Office of the Victims' Rights Ombudsman of
the Department of Justice.

DIFFERENT THERAPEUTIC/ TREATMENT MODELS

CORRECTION AND REHABILITATION OF PENITENT OFFENDERS

To effect the rehabilitation and reintegration of probationers, parolees, pardonees, and first-time
minor drug offenders as productive, law-abiding and socially responsible members of the community
through well-planned supervision programs for probationers, parolees, pardonees, and first-time
minor drug offenders which are aligned to national program thrusts of the government, such as, the
Sariling-Sikap, Jail Decongestion, etc. establishment of innovative and financially and technically
feasible projects for the moral, spiritual and economic upliftment of probationers, parolees,
pardonees, and first-time minor drug offenders utilizing available community resources.

The Administration has adopted a harmonized and integrated treatment program for these
clients to affect their rehabilitation. This harmonized and integrated program involves (1) The
Therapeutic Community Modality (2) The Restorative Justice Principles and Concepts and (3) the
Use of Volunteer Probation Aides (VPAs).

The Therapeutic Community Modality is a self-help social learning treatment model used for
clients with problems of drug abuse and other behavioral problems such as alcoholism, stealing, and
other anti-social tendencies. As a treatment model, it includes four (4) categories, namely, behavior
management, intellectual/spiritual aspect, emotional and social aspects, and vocational/survival
aspects.

In this regard, the Therapeutic Community Modality provides a well-defined structure for a
synchronized and focused implementation of the various intervention strategies/activities undertaken
by the Agency such as:
1. INDIVIDUAL AND GROUP COUNSELING

This activity intends to assist the clients in trying to sort out their problems, identify solutions,
reconcile conflicts and help resolve them. This could be done either by individual or group interaction
with the officers of the Agency.

2. MORAL, SPIRITUAL, VALUES FORMATION

Seminars, lectures or trainings offered or arranged by the Agency comprise these

rehabilitation activities. Active NGOs, schools, civic and religious organizations are tapped to facilitate
the activities.

3. WORK OR JOB PLACEMENT/REFERRAL

Categorized as an informal program wherein a client is referred for work or job placement through the
officer’s own personal effort, contact or information.

4. VOCATIONAL/LIVELIHOOD AND SKILLS TRAINING

The program includes the setting up of seminars and skills training classes like food
preservation and processing, candle making, novelty items and handicrafts making, etc., to help the
clients earn extra income. Likewise, vocational and technical trade classes are availed of such as
refrigeration, automotive mechanic, radio/television and electronics repairs, tailoring, dressmaking,
basic computer training, etc. through coordination with local barangays, parish centers, schools and
civic organizations.

5. HEALTH, MENTAL AND MEDICAL SERVICES

To address some of the basic needs of clients and their families, medical missions are
organized to provide various forms of medical and health services including physical examination and
treatment, free medicines and vitamins, dental examination and treatment, drug dependency test and
laboratory examination.

Psychological testing and evaluation as well as psychiatric treatment are likewise provided for
by the Agency’s Clinical Services Division and if not possible by reason of distance, referrals are
made to other government accredited institutions.

6. LITERACY AND EDUCATION

In coordination with LGU programs, adult education classes are availed of to help clients learn
basic writing, reading and arithmetic. Likewise, literacy teach-ins during any sessions conducted for
clients become part of the module. This is particularly intended for clients who are “no read, no write”
to help them become functionally literate.

Likewise, linkages with educational Foundation, other GOs and NGOs are regularly done for free
school
supplies, bags and uniform for client’s children and relatives.
7. COMMUNITY SERVICE

This program refers to the services in the community rendered by clients for the benefit of
society. It includes tree planting, beautification drives, cleaning and greening of surroundings,
maintenance of public parks and places, garbage collection, blood donation and similar socio-civic
activities.

8. CLIENT SELF-HELP ORGANIZATION

This program takes the form of cooperatives and client associations wherein the clients form
cooperatives and associations as an economic group to venture on small-scale projects. Similarly,
client associations serve another purpose by providing some structure to the lives of clients where
they re-learn the basics of working within a group with hierarchy, authority and responsibility much
like in the bigger society.

9. PAYMENT OF CIVIL LIABILITY

The payment of civil liability or indemnification to victims of offenders are pursued despite the
economic status of clients. Payment of obligations to the victims instills in the minds of the clients
their responsibility and the consequences of the harm they inflicted to others.

10. ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

To instill awareness and concern in preserving ecological balance and environmental health,
seminars/lectures are conducted wherein clients participate. These seminars/lectures tackle anti-
smoke belching campaign, organic farming, waste management, segregation and disposal and
proper care of the environment.

11. SPORTS AND PHYSICAL FITNESS

Activities that provide physical exertion like sports, games and group play are conducted to
enhance the physical well being of clients. Friendly competition of clients from the various offices of
the sectors, together with the officers, provide an enjoyable and healthful respite.

The success of the Therapeutic Community treatment model is also anchored on the
implementation of restorative justice. To highlight the principles of restorative justice, offenders are
recognized to indemnify victims and render community services to facilitate the healing of the broken
relationship caused by offending the concerned parties. Mediation and conferencing are also utilized
in special cases to mend and/or restore clients’ relationship with their victim and the community.

Considering that it is in the community that the rehabilitation of clients takes place, the
utilization of therapeutic community treatment model coupled with the principles of restorative justice
would be further energized with the recruitment, training and deployment of Volunteer Probation
Aides (VPAs). The VPA program is a strategy to generate maximum participation of the citizens in the
community-based program of probation and parole. Through the VPAs, the substance of restorative
justice is pursued with deeper meaning since the VPAs are residents of the same community where
the clients they supervise reside. Thus, it is practicable for the volunteers to solicit support for clients’
needs and assist the field officers in supervising the probationers, parolees, and pardonees.
 The Therapeutic Community treatment modality, Restorative Justice paradigm and
deployment of VPAs integrated into one rehabilitation program have yielded tremendous outcome in
the rehabilitation and reformation of probationers, parolees, pardonees, and first-time minor drug
offenders.

Furthermore, the Agency believes that the client’s family is a major part or support in the
rehabilitation process, thus the Administration adopts the Integrated Allied Social Services program to
address the needs of the children and other minor dependent of the clients. Under the said program,
interventions relative to the growth and development of the minor dependents are done to help them
become productive, law abiding and effective individuals.

VICTIM’S REPARATION AND EMOTIONAL RECOVERY PROGRAMS

The criminal justice in the Philippines recognizes the significance of rehabilitation and
reintegration of convicted felons in the community. Evidently, Correction, being one of the pillars
of Philippine Criminal Justice System (PCJS) adopted various rehabilitation programs such as the
following: (a) Moral and Spiritual Program; (b) Education and Training Program; (c) Work and
Livelihood Program; (d) Sports and Recreation Program; (e) Health and Welfare Program; and (f)
Behavior Modification Program, to include Therapeutic Community (TC).

REPARATION - refers to the process and result of remedying the damage or harm caused by an
unlawful act.

PURPOSE OF REPARATION
1. Generally understood to reestablish the situation that existed before the harm occurred.
2. It can also serve as a measure to end ongoing breaches and to deter future ones, as a
vehicle for reconciliation or to restore relations between the violator and injured parties, as
well as a basis to repair or rehabilitate physical and psychological integrity and dignity.

In international law, a breach of an international obligation gives rise to a duty to repair the
harm caused. The obligation to make reparation follows a determination that a particular act caused,
or sufficiently contributed to, the harm or damages and implies a level of wrongfulness. However,
certain international law agreements may also impose an obligation to afford reparation for losses
irrespective of fault.
It has been recognized that reparation must “fully” repair any injury, including any material or
moral damage caused by the wrongful act. It must, so far as possible, wipe out all the consequences
of the illegal act and reestablish the situation that would, in all probability, have existed if that act had
not been committed.

THE RECOGNIZED FORMS OF REPARATION

1. RESTITUTION relates to the reestablishment of the situation that existed before the wrongful
act was committed.
2. COMPENSATION is for any pecuniary and nonpecuniary losses, including loss of profits and
employment.
3. REHABILITATION refers to long-term medical and psychological care and surgeries as well
as legal care,
 4. SATISFACTION refers to measures such as formal acknowledgment of the unlawful character
of the breach, apologies, and prosecutions.
5. GUARANTEES OF NONREPETITION are forward-looking remedies focusing on prevention
that can refer to either measures of deterrence aimed at protecting a victim from further harm
or broader measures, such as legal and institutional reform and vetting of public officials aimed
at avoiding the wider conditions that allowed for the breach.

These forms, afforded singly or in combination, feature in the United Nations Basic Principles and
Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation, adopted by the UN General Assembly in 2006.
Article 34 in the International Law Commission’s Draft Articles on the Responsibility of States for
Internationally Wrongful Acts lists restitution, compensation, and satisfaction as the forms of
reparation.

The Therapeutic Community Modality Program and the Four Interconnected Development
Aspects: Behavior Management; Emotional and Psychological; Intellectual and Spiritual; and
Vocational and Survival Skills.

The Therapeutic Community Modality Program is adopted by the bureau in attaining one of its
mandates, the “Development of Inmates” however there are issues and concerns attributed to the
program implementation that needs to be addressed to ensure its effectiveness. The TCMP
believes that a person needs to have a strong sense of personal and social responsibility in order
to live a fully functional healthy lifestyle.

The conceptual paradigm of the study elaborates the four development aspects of TCMP, these
are: behavior management, emotional and psychological, intellectual and spiritual, and vocational
and survival skills, showing special areas of concern in the individual’s personality. Each
component has very discrete sets of activities, methodologies and philosophies and underlying
theories that help promote change in the members of the community and the use of various
behavior shaping tools are interconnected/interrelated with one another.

CARDINAL RULES IN TC

*No sex or sexual acting out

*No drugs/ Alcohol

*No violence or threat of violence

*No stealing

HOUSE RULES: Examples

 No destruction of jail property

 Respect staff and status

 Follow directions without feedback

 No cigarette smoking
 No contraband

 No gambling

 Be on time in all activities

 Lights off at 10:00 PM

 No talking/laughing after lights off

 Maintain good grooming and hygiene

 No vandalism

 Be courteous to people

 Use the chain of command

 No talking/laughing during the Morning meeting and

other activities

 No lending or borrowing without permission

 Respect other people’s property

* Please refer to Inmates’ Manual for additional house rules.

PHASES OF TREATMENT

TCMP in the BJMP set up is quite unique in the sense that inmates are in custody while
undergoing trial for their individual cases. Their length of stay is determined by how fast is the
disposition of their cases. The cases may be decided upon after a short period of time or may last
for years. Though the different phases of treatment is observed, it cannot be fully implemented or
may not be followed as scheduled due to the uniqueness of the status of the residents.

Phase I- Entry/Orientation Phase

Once an inmate is committed to jail, he undergoes a series of examination to determine his

physical, social and psychological status. Upon his commitment, a resident is placed on
orientation at the Reception and Diagnostic room/ Orientation Room. In here, he is acquainted
with the TC program:

- The rules and norms of the community

- TC concepts, written and unwritten philosophy

- The staff and the members of the community

- The tools of the house

 - Job functions and TC hierarchy
He is then assigned a static group and a big brother who will provide him with support and will
walk him through the orientation phase. At this phase, the resident is handled gently and is
expected to commit mistakes in the process of learning the program. Sanctions on negative
behavior are usually light with emphasis on teaching.

Phase II- Primary Treatment

After proper orientation on the different TC concepts and tools, the norms and rules of the
community and the staff members, the resident is now ready to undergo the treatment proper. He
becomes a part of the community starting as a crew member of the Housekeeping department
until he gradually ascends in the hierarchy. He must be knowledgeable on the following:

• Proper use of the different tools to address personal issues and concerns and shape
behavior

• Managing own feelings and learning how to express self appropriately

• Learning how to follow the rules and norms of the community

• Maximize participation in activities that are appropriate to the resident’s need for growth

• Learning how to trust the environment by disclosing self to the community and develop
insight in the process

• Developing positive coping skills to deal with difficult life situations

• Enhancing educational and vocational skills to make him productive

• Improve social skills and recognize the importance of other people’s help in shaping
behavior

Phase III- Pre Re-entry

Under regular circumstances, the resident is expected at this stage to have internalized the TC
values and concept to start life afresh. However, in the jail setting where entry and release are not
within the jail control, residents may not have reached this phase of treatment before they even
leave the jail facility.

Regardless of the resident’s length of stay, he is expected to undergo this phase prior to release
into society. At this phase, the resident is expected to have proven his ability to take on more
responsibility hence needs lesser supervision. He is considered a role model in the TC
community. He should focus on the following learning:

• Rebuilding of social and family ties

• Going up the ladder of hierarchy by showing leadership

 • Realization of his full potential to be a productive member of society

• Mapping out of plans

Phase IV- Re-entry

In the ideal setting, a resident at this stage is now ready to be released back to society as he has
demonstrated adequate selfcontrol and discipline. The inmate is now preparing for his life outside
of jail and is focused on making himself a productive citizen. He may start planning for job hunting
and rebuilding family ties and relationships.

In the jail setting, the residents will stay inside the jail until their cases are resolved or they
have been convicted and need to be remanded to the Bureau of Corrections.

The resident must focus on the following:

• Transition to life outside of jail.

• Creating a new lifestyle applying the tools and concept of TC.

• Learning positive coping skills to deal with day to day situations.

• Re-establishing and strengthening family ties and support group.

• Reintegration into the mainstream of society.

• Developing realistic and attainable goals in life.

Phase IV- Aftercare

Aftercare is an outpatient program that requires clients to report twice a week to an outreach
center. They are required to attend group sessions to ensure their adjustment to life outside jail to
reduce recidivism. For clients released from jail, they are referred to the Parole and Probation
Administration and Local Government Units for follow up and aftercare. The clients are focused
on the following:

• Maintaining positive behavior and prevent recidivism

• Strengthening coping mechanism

• Maintaining relationships and support mechanism

• Sustaining interest in job or vocation to maintain livelihood

• Integration into society

STANDARD PARAMETERS FOR JAIL TCMP

A. Physical Environment :
 • The internal and external environment is comfortable, clean and welcoming.

• TC Philosophy and unwritten philosophies are visibly posted around the facility.

• Hierarchical structure and daily activities are displayed.

• There is adequate space to hold activities and rooms for specific meetings that
require privacy.

• A clean and well maintained kitchen that complies with the sanitary standards of
BJMP.

• Provision of recreation areas both indoors and outdoors.

• The dining area is equipped with enough tables and chairs to accommodate the
inmates.

• Adequate sanitary toilets and bathrooms that provide privacy to users.

• Adequate space for sleeping and habitation that respects the individual’s
personal space.

B. TCMP Staff:

• The TCMP staff has undergone proper training on TCMP

• Presence of a permanent TCMP staff to supervise the program and conduct the
various activities

• The TCMP staff will not be transferred to other jails until properly covered by
another TC trained staff

• There is proper shift turn-over of TC trained staff on a daily basis

• TCMP staff can be utilized to handle other tasks but puts priority to TCMP

• Regular meetings are held by staff to discuss progress, issues and concerns
about the program

• All the jail staff are involved in the TCMP and are contributing members

• The staff works as a team in delivering services to inmates

• The staff serves as role models and treats inmates with respect and dignity

• Incentives are given to TCMP staff in terms of awards and commendations

 C. The Therapeutic Environment -The Inmates/ Residents:

• The residents treat each other with respect at all times regardless of age,
religion, cultural diversity, etc.

• The residents practice a culture of honesty and openness in discussing thoughts

and feelings, providing and receiving feedbacks

• Confidentiality is respected and practiced

• The residents are involved in decision making and planning in TCMP activities

• The participants of TCMP are change agents in bringing about transformation

among peers

• The residents comply with the cardinal and house rules and serve as
“watchdogs” for their peers with the aim of correcting erring members

• Absence or minimal incidence of jail violence/disturbance

• The residents respect the hierarchy and chain of command

TCMP CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

BEHAVIORAL Management
Noted: Cessation and nonrepetition are dealt with separately, as independent obligations stemming
from the wrongful act.
BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION is a therapeutic approach designed to change a particular undesirable
negative behavior.

By using a system of positive or negative consequences, an individual learns the correct set of
responses for any given stimulus. The practice has several offshoots that attempt to alter behavior
through different actions and has developed throughout the years. Behavior modification has been
found to be successful in treating disorders like attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD),
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), phobias, separation anxiety, generalized anxiety disorder
(GAD), disruptive behavior and autism, among other conditions.
This isn’t quite the Pavlovian dog salivation scheme you may be familiar with. That’s classical
conditioning. The way operant conditioning and thus behavior modification in this sense differs is in
the nature of the responses. Unlike Pavlovian conditioning, which generally deals with elicited or
reflexive responses, Skinner’s theory works with voluntary responses. Behavior modification is
commonly used in schools and at home, as well as in rehabilitation settings.

The belief behind behavior modification is that all behaviors can be observed and measured, and
used as targets for change. As a result of those consequences (positive or negative), a person can
learn, shape or eliminate certain behaviors. Before we delve into the different approaches of behavior
modification, let’s look at some key terms to avoid confusion:
 • Antecedent. An antecedent comes prior to the (un)desired behavior. It is changeable
and can consequently be altered or removed in order to affect the behavior.
• Consequence. Consequences usually indicate something bad, but in this context
consequences can be good or bad. These occur after the behavior occurs and can
change as well. These are also referred to as reinforcers (to strengthen behavior) or
punishments (to weaken behavior). Since both reinforcement and punishment can be
good or bad, here are some more details to uncomplicated the explanation:
• Positive reinforcement is given when a desired behavior occurs and strengthens that
behavior. For example, if Bobby eats all his carrots, he will then get dessert.
• Negative reinforcement occurs when an unpleasant stimuli is removed for the desired
behavior and strengthens behavior. For example, each morning Bobby’s mom comes in
and wakes him up for school by singing. Bobby doesn’t want to hear her sing in the
morning so he learns to wake up before she comes in the room.
• Response cost is like a punishment because a positive stimulus is removed. A
response cost is designed to weaken undesirable behavior. For example, Bobby
doesn’t want to share toys with his sister, so his mother takes one away as a result.
• Punishment occurs when a negative stimulus is added to weaken behavior. Using our
earlier example thread, if Bobby doesn’t want to share or play nicely with his sister,
punishment might include a timeout.
• Extinction happens when there is no reinforcement for behavior, thus weakening the
response.

These are only a few of the basic terms used in behavior modification. They might seem a little
confusing at first, but human nature doesn’t always respond to one set of stimuli. The varying terms
help clinicians and counselors to understand what types of actions warrant certain responses and
help them to figure out what exactly are our motivations for acting the way we do.

The Behavior Management is a component of Therapeutic Community Modality Program

(TCMP) that introduces the concept and mechanics of the various shaping tools to include Morning
Meeting in order to facilitate the management of and shape the behavior of the residents. This shows
the essential elements and significance of the tools which would provide the community common
language, increase cohesiveness and adapt to the moral and behavioral code of the tools application.
The behavior shaping tools are ordered in hierarchy to provide enough room for personal growth and
learning. The community serves as a dynamic force that motivates the individual to achieve positive
behavior change.

Objectives:

1.)To introduce the concept of behavior management through the use of various behavior
shaping tools to residents.

2.)To institutionalize the practice of behavior shaping tools to foster behavior change among
residents.

3.)To highlight the importance of behavior management in relation to the other TCMP
components towards attitudinal change among residents.

Indicators:
 1.)Residents will understand the different Behavior Shaping Tools and practice them as part of
their daily living.

2.)Residents will utilize the different behavior shaping tools in promoting change within
themselves and others.

3.)Residents will display improvement in demeanor, communication and social skills.

4.)Residents will understand the relevance of the different tools in the attainment of behavioral
change.

HIERARCHY OF BEHAVIOR SHAPING TOOLS

Behavior Shaping Tools (BST) is employed to strengthen the learning process and the practice
of more adaptive behaviors within the social learning environment. The major tools of the BST, such
as the Talk To, Pull–up, Dealt With, Haircut, Learning Experience, General Meeting and Expulsion
were developed as a means to correct behaviors of the residents that violated the TC norms. The
Hierarchy of Behavior Shaping Tools will serve as a guide to determine which of the tools are
appropriate to be used based on the severity of the infraction or violations committed by the residents
against the TC Rules as shown in Figure 1.

TALK TO

A “Talk To” is an outright correction done by any member of the TC community to another
member who has done a minor infraction but is not aware of it. It is a friendly reminder/advice about
an unacceptable behavior and must be done privately. During a “Talk To”, the resident is made aware
of his/her negative behavior and the results it may have on others and the environment. The
feedback given to the resident who committed mistake is done in a positive way. This is to evoke
awareness on the part of the violators to avoid committing the same mistake and be given heavier
sanctions if done in the future.

PULL-UP

A Pull-up is done as a result of lack, missed or lapses in awareness in a resident. All the
members of the community are responsible to pull-up minor infractions done by peers. It encourages
honesty, demeanor awareness and owning up to one’s mistakes. This is done when the violator is
unknown and must be validated first prior to bringing up in the Morning Meeting.

Pull-ups create a certain degree of dissonance on the guilty party whereby there is a strong
internal conflict whether to practice honesty or continue to live in a lie. When the resident is able to
overcome the impulse to lie and start practicing honesty, his commitment to live by the TC standards
increases.

The resident receiving the pull-up is expected to listen without saying a word, assume that it is
valid, quickly display the corrected behavior and express gratitude in receiving it. After one member
did the pull-up, other residents who want to show concern can make elaborations to give emphasis to
the infractions and concretize the admonitions that need to be relayed to the violator. Two to three
elaborations are ideal.
 Too many elaborations are discouraged as they may take so much time. Focus should be
given to the behavior and not the person. It is meant to raise awareness and not to punish or
embarrass the violator. Personal attacks, shaming or the use of racist language are strictly forbidden
during pull-ups. It should be emphasized that pull-ups are done out of responsible love and concern
to avoid creating negative feelings during the process.

In a situation wherein no one stood and owned up a negative behavior raised in the pull-up,
the resident doing the Pull-Up will narrow down the Pull-Up to make it clear and specific, stating the
place and time of the occurrence. In the event that nobody stood to own it up, the resident doing the
Pull-Up will instead ask the community to stand and there, he/she will deliver his pull-up addressing
the entire family believing that the violator is a responsibility of the whole community.

DEALT WITH

Dealt With is done when negative behaviors or infractions to the House Rules/Norms are done
for the second time of same offense by a resident.

A panel of three (3) composed of a senior resident, peer and a friend are tasked to deliver a
serious and stern reprimand to the subjected resident.

Although the tool does not strictly require the presence of a staff, to attain its purpose, the staff
should monitor its conduct to ensure that the panel assigned to the task really acted appropriately. It
is done privately in a room or an area with no other else hearing the conversation.

HAIRCUT

Haircut is done when negative behaviors or infractions to the House Rules/Norms in same
offense are done for the third time or more or for first time grave offenses. It is a carefully planned
and structured verbal reprimand given by a Staff with four other residents - Senior Resident, Peer,
Big Brother, and Department Head. The tone is more serious and can be loud, harsher and more
exaggerated.

This is done to induce anxiety and eventually change the person’s behavior. Before the group
calls in the person, they will discuss among themselves the order of speakers, how intense the
haircut will be and what sanctions will be given if any. The resident is then called inside and waits
until he is asked to sit.

He will be asked if he knows the reason for his appearance. After the person’s response, he
will be asked to sit and remain silent to enable him/her absorb all the advices.

The haircut gives emphasis on the behavior of the resident and the severity of the haircut
should be appropriate to the gravity of the offense. Each member of panel is given ample time to
express himself without interruption from the other members. The staff or peer who booked the
haircut should not be part of the team so as to avoid bias or subjectivity. Before a resident be
subjected to Haircut, his/her infraction must be first investigated, discussed and decided by the
Disciplinary Board (Book II, Rule 2, Section 4 of the BJMP Manual). Sanction/Learning Experience
that has been decided upon by the jail Disciplinary Board and the TCMP staff will be imposed after
the Haircut.

LEARNING EXPERIENCE
 A Learning Experience (LE) is an action or activity given to a resident who was subjected to
Haircut or General Meeting who did an infraction to correct or modify a behavior. LE may be task –
oriented, written task or peer interactions. Since TCMP is educational rather than punitive in its
approach to behavioral change, the LE should be done in a way that would remind the person of the
negative attitude he has done without compromising his human dignity. The intent of the LE is not to
stigmatize the person but to motivate him to make restitutions for the wrong doings he committed and
redeem himself in the community.

The LE should be related to the infraction committed for him to focus on the behavior expected
of him in the community. It should not be given as a punishment but rather a motivation to develop
more positive attitude. This will develop a sense of responsibility on him while stressing his
inadequacies. LE should be realistic and humane. Putting a person on LE for more than one (1) week
may lessen the learning objective. Putting the person on LE for an extended period of time or
sanctions that are far harsher than the offense or may deny him of the basic necessities may border
on abuse and violation of human rights.

Close supervision with clear goals increases the effectiveness of the sanction. Upon lifting the
LE after seven (7) days, the resident subjected to the tool will be accorded with a Senior Resident
coming from his/her Static Group who will provide guidance and continually monitors the performance
in the house of the former. The senior resident assigned will give a self-report after fifteen (15) days
on how the resident (who undergone LE) carried out his responsibilities after the LE and state therein
the resident’s condition whether he/she needs further supervision. The authority in giving LE lies in
the Disciplinary Board and TCMP staff.

BANS

Bans are sanctions to members who commit repeatedly infractions or violation to the Cardinal
Rules by prohibiting, disallowing or limiting an activity or affiliation to a group.

It somehow curtails some freedom of movement and association. This sanction causes
unpleasant feelings which people try to avoid hence may evoke behavioral changes in the future. It
must be applied consistently after the adverse behavior to emphasize the negative consequences.
Privileges limited should have impact but must not limit individual ability to meet personal hygiene,
nutritional and emotional needs. A resident subjected to Bans must be first processed in a General
Meeting called for the purpose.

GENERAL MEETING

A repeated breach to the Cardinal Rules necessitates a General Meeting. Such issue should
be discussed with the community to point out to the violator the negative effect the behavior had on
the community. Such offense includes sexual acting-out with a fellow resident, taking drugs and
engaging in physical fight with another resident. Other facilities include stealing or even smoking as
part of the Cardinal Rules. These behaviors pose a threat to the community because they violate the
established order and safety of the facility.

EXPULSION

In extreme cases, when a resident is incorrigible and becomes a threat to the community
(Instigator, initiator of jail disturbances), the Director with the recommendation of the Disciplinary
Board may transfer him/her to the nearest jail facility with an appropriate Court Order.
PSYCHOLOGICAL and EMOTIONAL ASPECT

Upon his initial commitment to the Reception and Diagnostic Center (RDC), the inmate’s medical
history is recorded and properly documented by the Medical Specialist. Medical information and
mental status examinations are given to ascertain his overall physical / mental fitness and
whether he would be fit for work. This forms part of the diagnostic process which will eventually
determine the most appropriate rehabilitation program for the inmate.

The principal medical care of inmates is provided through a 500-bed capacity hospital at the New
Bilibid Prisons and at six (6) other mini-hospitals or clinics in the six (6) other prison and penal farms.
All correctional facilities have a full and competent staff of medical practitioners in charge of clinics,
infirmaries and hospitals. These centers are capable of minor surgical operations, laboratory
examinations, radiology, psychiatric, rehabilitation and dental treatment.

Other government and private hospitals are also tapped in the implementation of standards
pertaining to nutrition and protective health services for the prison community. Medical services also
include a wide range of counseling techniques and therapy programs which address the
psychological problems of inmates, including suicidal thoughts and feelings of rejection which may
lead to disruption of peace and order within the prison compounds. When an inmate’s ailment is
beyond the competence of the in-house medical doctors, the inmate is referred to a government
hospital in accordance with prison rules and under proper security escorts

BJMP residents who are detained are basically psychologically and emotionally challenged. They
share one thing in common, that is being incarcerated with uncertainties as to the outcome of their
individual cases. They feel isolated, helpless and at times hopeless brought about by separation from
their loved ones and society in general and all other issues that confront them while incarcerated.

Such emotional turmoil needs to be addressed to help them bounce back and experience a life of
normalcy despite their unique situation. The TCMP provides activities and services that cater to this
particular need. This topic tackles the discussion on the therapeutic value of processing of feelings
which does not only lie on how freely one expresses them but more so on the person’s ability to
identify, acknowledge, and express them appropriately.

PSYCHOLOGICAL AND EMOTIONAL TREATMENT

1. INDIVIDUAL AND GROUP PSYCHOTHERAPY. Psychological therapies provided in jails,

prisons, or forensic hospitals may include cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT, with or without
criminal thinking curriculum) and dialectical behavior therapy (DBT). CBT aims to build cognitive
skills and replace distorted cognitions (self justificatory thinking, displacement of blame, schemas
of dominance and entitlement) with noncriminal thought patterns. DBT was originally designed to
treat chronically parasuicidal women with borderline personality disorder, but has been adapted to
other populations, including offenders with severe mental illness. DBT combines traditional
combines the basic strategies of CBT with Eastern mindfulness practices

2. PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGIC THERAPIES. If a correctional facility houses inmates with SMI,

antipsychotic, antidepressant, and mood-stabilizing medications must be included in the
medication formulary.Further, “all correctional formulary policies must include a mechanism to
access non-formulary medications on a case-by-case basis to ensure access to appropriate
 treatment for serious mental illness.”However, special conditions in correctional facilities such as
high rates of substance use disorders require that formularies limit or exclude medications that
have a high potential for misuse or abuse. In most correctional facilities, a psychiatrist and other
mental health professionals must be involved in the development of the institution’s formulary.

3. SPECIALIZED HOUSING. Includes self-contained mental health units for the care of inmates with
SMI who are unable to function in the general population.Specialized housing options may vary
from facility to facility (e.g., jail to prison or prison to prison), but include inpatient care, short-term
crisis beds, and long-term residential units.

4. INTEGRATED DUAL DISORDERS TREATMENT (IDDT). The same treatment team treats both
addiction
and SMI simultaneously. The substance abuse treatment is tailored to people with mental illness.
Individuals are taught how mental health and substance abuse disorders interact. This approach
utilizes CBT.

5. TELEMEDICINE/TELEPSYCHIATRY. Telemedicine is becoming an increasingly common mode

of delivery for psychological/ and psychiatric services. Treatment is delivered by way of
videoconferencing.

INTELLECTUAL AND Spiritual

Inmates enjoy freedom of religion. All inmates are free to observe the rituals of their faith, with orderly
conduct supervised by prison authorities. A religious guidance adviser or chaplain is assigned in
every prison and penal farm. The prison chaplain sets the stage for every regular spiritual activity.
He is an officer of the institution who oversees the operation of the prison chapel. He is not only the
spiritual leader but also a counselor and adviser. Prisoners may be baptized or given other
sacraments. Religious Volunteer Officers, or RVOs belonging to different church groups provide
weekly religious activities ranging from bible studies, devotions, prayer meetings or praise and
worship. With a predominantly Roman Catholic prison population, a Catholic Mass is a regular
feature in spiritual activities of the prison communities. Restrictions, however, are imposed if, in the
course of religious activities, security is compromised or a program is too expensive.
VOCATIONAL AND EDUCATION AND SKILLS TRAINING

Rehabilitation can be facilitated by improving an inmate’s academic and job skills. Records show that
many prisoners are poorly educated. A majority are elementary school drop outs or have not even
finished primary school. Prison education amounts to remedial schooling designed to prepare
inmates to obtain basic skills in reading, writing and mathematics.

In most correctional facilities, vocational programs are incorporated into job assignments and
serve as onthe-job training. The goal is to provide inmates with skills that will improve their eligibility
for jobs upon release. Most prison vocational training is geared toward traditional blue-collar
employment in areas such as electronics, auto mechanics and handicrafts. At the Reception and
Diagnostic Center, a basic computer literacy course with typing as a support course is available for
inmates who have finished at least high school level.
Vocational training and social education focus on job readiness. The concern in these areas is
life skills. If inmates are to reenter society and abstain from criminal activity, they must be employable
and have the basic tools necessary to function as responsible citizens.
 The National Penitentiary has a college degree program and a tertiary degree correspondence
course, in addition to the regular secondary and compulsory basic literacy classes. Prisoners are
strongly encouraged by the BuCor authorities to enroll while serving their sentence and to advance
their academic skills.

SPORTS AND RECREATION

The inmates enjoy sunrise by participating in daily calisthenics. There are various indoor and
outdoor sports activities, programs, tournaments and leagues all year round, to include basketball,
volleyball, billiards, table tennis and chess. These sports competitions promote camaraderie among
inmates, good sportsmanship and team-building. The latest addition is the newly constructed indoor
sports center/gymnasium at the Maximum Security Compound which boasts of competition-standard
flooring, sound system, locker rooms and bleachers.

All prison and penal farms have adequate recreational facilities for inmates, both for outdoor and
indoor sports. Mini-bodybuilding gyms are available in most prison facilities, including the Muntinlupa
Juvenile Training Center and the Therapeutic Community Center for inmates with drug cases.

For music lovers and musically-inclined inmates, numerous "videoke" centers are available.
Musical instruments are available for practice or for use in variety shows.

THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY (TC) PROGRAM

The Therapeutic Community (TC) Program represents an effective, highly structured

environment with defined boundaries, both moral and ethical. The primary goal is to foster personal
growth. This is accomplished by re-shaping an individual’s behavior and attitudes through the
inmates? community working together to help themselves and each other, restoring self confidence,
and preparing them for their re-integration into their families and friends as productive members of
the community.

Patterned after Daytop TC, New York which is the base of the Therapeutic Community movement
in the world, the BuCor TC program was adopted as part of the Bureau's holistic approach towards
inmate rehabilitation. It is implemented primarily but not limited to drug dependents.

The TC approach has been continuously proven worldwide as an effective treatment and
rehabilitation modality among drug dependents, and have been noted to be effective in many prisons.
By immersing a drug offender in the TC environment, he learns why he had developed his destructive
habits, which led him to substance abuse. The program modifies negative behavior and or attitudes
while restoring self confidence, and prepares inmates for their re-integration into their families and
friends as productive members of the community. This behavioral modification program gradually re-
shapes or re-structures the inmate within a family-like environment, wherein every member acts as
his brother’s keeper.

As TC family members go on with their daily activities, a strong sense of responsibility and
concern for each other’s welfare are developed. They are constantly being monitored for their
progress and are regularly being evaluated by the TC-trained staff. The TC process allows for
genuine introspection, cultivation of self-worth and positive rationalization that move the individual
towards assuming a greater sense of personal and moral responsibility.
 The efforts of the Bureau of Corrections to rehabilitate Drug dependents under its care using the
TC approach is in line with its commitment to create a Drug-Free Prison. Worldwide developments in
the treatment and rehabilitation of drug offenders using this therapeutic community approach have
been noted to be effective in many prisons.

WORK AND LIVELIHOOD

The Bureau offers a variety of inmate work programs, from agricultural to industrial. The purpose of
the inmate work program is to keep the inmates busy, and to provide them money for their personal
expenses and their families as well as help them acquire livelihood skills, in order that they may
become productive citizens once they are released and assimilated back into the mainstream of
society.

Different prison and penal farms provide institutional work programs for inmates. At the Davao
Penal Colony, inmates work on the banana plantations of Tagum Development Company (TADECO)
which has a joint venture agreement with the Bureau. Similarly, the vast tracts of land at the Iwahig
Penal Colony are developed and tilled by inmates to produce various agricultural products, thereby
generating income for the Bureau. The Sablayan Prison and Penal farm also provides agriculture and
aquaculture programs for inmates.

Along this end, the Bureau under the present Director has encouraged agricultural and industrial
production by providing farming implements, tractors, fertilizers and other inputs in order to sustain
this area of rehabilitation for inmates

Other suggested vocational skills training:

1. Rug making
2. Wood carving
3. Flower making
4. Massage Therapy
5. Artistry
6. Basic Electricity
7. Automotive
8. Masonry and Carpentry
9. Tailoring and Dressmaking
10. Tailoring and Dressmaking
11. Furniture
12. Lantern and Christmas Décor Making
13. T-shirt printing
14. Basket weaving
15. Shell craft
16. Guitar making
17. Organic Farming