'tAfi84

.A47
1966
 , ~ .".I ~
P'S ••••••••
1 1 t·.~' T.. Av'V nua
AMC'o ,l
Ne; Y)l'k 17. N •.I.... -
 '8 ''10:'"
a" ~ . u SECTION GUIDE
~'11 . N,Y..,I

Part I
Dimensions and Properties I·I - I·lll

Part 2
Beam and Girder Design 2·1- 2-135

Part 3
Column Design 3·1 - 3-83

Part 4
Connections 4·1 - 4·107

Part 5
Specifications and Codes 5·1- 5-241

Part 6
Miscellaneous Data and Mathematical Tables 6·1 - 6·61

Part 7
Index 7·1- 7·12
 Manual of
Steel Construction
)
Manualof

STEEL CONSTRUCTION

SIXTH EDITION

Third Reviw Printing

p,ic~: $7.00

American Institllte 0/ Sleel ConSLntction , Inc.

101 Park Avellue, New York, N.Y. 10017
 Copyright 1963, 1964, 1965 and 1966

by

American Instit.ute of Steel Construction, Inc.

All rights reseroed. This book or any part thereof

must not be reproduced in any form without the
written permission of the publisher.

Printed in the United States or America

 FOREWORD

The American Institute of Steel Const.ruction, founded in 1921, is tbe

non-profit. gervice organization for tbe fabricated struclUltll steel industry in
the United States.
Executive and engineering headquarters of AISC are maintained in New
York City. Regional offices are located throughout. the country.
The Instit.ute is supported by some 300 compnnies, classed as Active
Members, who are engaged in tbe business of fabricating structural steel.
'rheir continuing financial support over the years, and their active part.icipa-
tion in the engineering, research and development phases of the Inst.itute's
program make l>0S8ible the publishing of information such as is contained in
t.he Manual of Steel Construction.
In 1962, the Institute established two new clasacs of memberships: A880-
ciate, for allied product manufacturers, and Professional, for individuals or
firms engaged in the pract.ice of arcbitecture or engineering, including educa·
t.ion.
Recognizing t.he merits of personal contact. in presenting the most ad·
vanced information available to t.he technical profesaiol'UJl the l.nstitute con·
ducts 8 continuing program of seminars, educational lectures, and indjvidual
caiIH t.o render competent advisory services, wit.hout cost, t.o those interested
or engaged in steel construction.
The Instit.ute does not prepare-engineering plans. While every precaution
is taken t.o insure that aU data and information furnished are as accurate a8
possible, and while our engineers endeavor to supplement these data by con·
ferenoo and advice. ilie Institute cannot assume respons.ibility for errors or
oversights in the use of such information or in the preparation of engineering
plans.
The purpose of the [nstitut.e is to improve and advance the use of fabri·
cated structural steel through engineering, research and development, and
promotion. To this end a number of manuals, standards, and technical book·
lets are published. Best known and most. widely used is the Manual of Steel
Construction which holds a unique position in engineeri ng literature. Out·
standing among A ISC standards are the Specification for the Design, Fabrka·
'ion and Erection of Structural Steel for Buildillgs, and the Code of Standard
Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION

"

PREFACE TO THIRO REVISED PRINTING

In Part 1, the discussion on Standard Mill Prndice and the tolera nce
tables on thickness and weight, flatness, and camber for plates have been
revised in accordance with ASTM AS-65.
In Pa rt 5, the summary of ASTM Specifications has been revised to agree
with current ASTM adoptions.

3/ 1/ 66 American Lnstitute of Steel Constr uction, Inc.

PREFACE TO SECO ND REVISED PRINTING

Application of AISC Specification Section 1.9.1 in tables of properties

of two angles, Part 1, has been clarified in this printing. In addition, avail-
ability of heavier shapes in the 14 X 16 VF series has been noted in Parts 1
a nd 3.

11 / 1/ 65 American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc.

PREFACE TO FIRST REVISED PRINTING

The only change in this printing of the Sixth Edition is the inclusion of
the March I, 1965, Standard Specifications and Load 'J'able8 for Open
Web Steel Joists, J·Series and J-[-Series. This replaces and supersedes the
June 19, 1963. version of the J- and H-Series joist specification which ap-
p€8.red in the original printing of the Sixth Edition Manual.

4/ 1/ 65 American Institute of Steel COI\8truction, Inc.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 ,II

PREFACE TO SIXTH EDITION

The first AJSC Steel Construction Manual was published in 1926. New
editions were issued in 1934, 1937, 1941 and 1946 to keep Lhe contents abreast
of technical advancements and changin g production p racLices.
The past decade has witnessed rapid technological progress and extensive
improvements in structural steels and fabricating practices. These advances
cuJminated in the issuance of a new A1SC $peci{icatum for Design. Fabrication
and Erection of Structural Steel. for Buildings, first. published in November,
1961, and revised April, 1963. TillS all·new Sixth Edition of the Manual is
basod on the new Specification, and is oriented toward the uae of ASTM A36
and higher strength steels in keeping with modern building technology a nd
economy of materials. Some of the outstanding developments treated in the
tables and text are:
New higher strength structural steels
Composite design beams
All-new plate girder design
Plastic design in steel
Square and rectal1gular tubular sections
Ten completeJy new tables or connecLions
High strength boll standards
New welded joints and welding processes
New AlSC Specification
High strength open web Irt.eel joist8
The Sixth Edilion Manual is divided into six distinctive parta. each oon·
venienUy lhumb indexed and prefaced with a list of contents. In addition to
extensive changes and revisions to material formerly appearing in the Fifth
Edition Manual, affecting virtually every page, over 300 additiona l pages have
been added.
Many of the cha nges are the result of suggestions a nd rocommendalio ns
received from over 1200 professionals in design and construction--engineers,
a rchitects, educators a nd fabricators. Their overwhelming response to the
questionnaires on im proving the Manual is deeply appreciated. Every com·
ment, ranging from suggestions on content and presentation to opi nions on
best practice, was duly considered in an endeavor to make this Ma nual most
uaeful in applyi ng new design techniques and fabrication practioos to e fficient,
aesthetic, enduring modern steel structures.
The Sixth Edition of the Manual has been 8 yenr in the making. The
work of preparation has been guided by a small committee. a nd was carried
out by engineers of member companies and of t he AISC staff.
American Tnstitute of Steel Construction

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

vIII

GENERAL NOMENCLATURE
Nomenclat.ure for AIOC Specification also appears on page 5 -8 and
fo r Composite Design on page 2 -88.
Nomenclature for Beam Diagrams and Formulas appears on page
2 - 11 8.
A Cross-seclional area (sq. in.).
At Nominal body area of a bolt (sq. in.).
A, Actual urea of effccLive concrete flan ge in comrl()site design (sq. in.).
A bc Planar area of web a t. beam-lo--column conne<:tion (lK!. in.).
A, Area of compression flan ge (sq. in.).
AJI Area of bot.tom cover plate in composite design (sq. in. ).
A. T otal area of steel section including cover plate in composite design
(sq. in.).
A ~I Cross--aectional area of s tiffener or pair of stiffeners (sq. in.) .
A. Area of girder we b (sq. in .).
B Coefficient used in column formula for plastic design.
The bending factor fo r determining tbe equivale nt axial load in square
a nd circuJar shaped columns; equals A / S.
Bn Bending factor wiLh respect to t be X • X axis and y. Y axis,. respec-
B, tively, for determining the equivalent axial load in columns subjected
to combined loading conditions; equal to A /5, and A S,. respectively.
C. Bending coefficient dependent upon moment gradient.; equal to

1.75 - 1.00
_(M,
MJ\ + 0.3 (M,), At!

Ce Column slenderness ratio dividing elastic and inelastic buckling;

equal to
. (2;'£
-'7;
C", Coefficient applied to bending term in interaction formula and de-
pendent u pon column curvature caused by applied moments.
C. ilatio of "crit.ical" web st ress, according to t.he linea r buckJ.ing theory,
to the I:Ihear y ield point of we b material; equal to

'l'IEkV3
12( 1 - ,,1)(h/ t )!F,
D DeRe<:tion coefficient in composite design.
Factor depending upon type oC transverse stiffeners in plate girder
design.
E Modulus of elast.icity of steel (29,000,000 pounds per square inch).
Ee ModuJus of elasticity of concrete (psi).
F. Axial compressive stress permitted in the absence of bending rrtress
(psi or ksi).
F.. AxiaJ compressive stress, permitted in the absence of bending stress, fo r
bmcing and other secondary members (psi o r 100).
Ft Bending I:Itress permitted in the absence of axial stress (psi o r ksi) .
AMERICAN INSr'TUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION
 I,

P'. Allowable bending stress in compre:ttiion flange of plate girders 88 re-

duced becauoo of large web depth-to-lhickness raLio (psi or ksi ).
F'. Euler stress divided by factor of 8llfety; equal to
149,000,000 ( i)
(/ rp p8

F_ Allowable bearing slres8 (psi or ksi).

F, Allowable tensile stresc; (psi or ksi).
F, Allowable shenr slress (psi or k3.i ).
F, Specified minimum yield po int of the type of ateel being used (l>ounrl8
per square ill(;h unless otherwiae noted) (psi or ksi).
G Coefficient. u!:lOd in column formula in plast.ic design.
Nomograph designation of end condition used in column design to
determine LIle effective length, equal to

f{ Coefficient. used in column formula in plastic design.

I Moment of Inertia of a section (in. ' ).
I~ Moment of IneMia of a column (in. ~).
I, Moment of Inertia of 8 girder or beam (in.').
/" Moment of Inertia of lnmsf'ormcd composite section (in,l) .
J Coefficient used in column formula in plastic design.
K Effective lenglh fa(:tor.
Coefficient for determining the theoretical length of cover plate for
simple span, uniformly loaded hMms in OJmposite dcaign.
I.. pan length (foot).
L~ M.aximum unbraced length in feet of the compressio n flange at which
the allowable bending stress may be taken at 0.66 F, (foot).
Unbraced length of column for determining effective length fac lor
(feet ).
IJ" Theoretical length of cover plate (foot ).
IJ. Unbraced length of 8 girder or beam for determining effective length
factor (feet ).
L. Maximum unbmced length in loot. of lhe compreesioll flange at which
the allowable bending stn!S!l may be taken at 0.6 F'j (feet).
At Moment (kip ft. or kip inche3).
M, Smaller end moment o n wlbraood length of beam-column (kip ft. or kip
inches).
M, Larger end moment on unbmced length of beam·column (kip ft. or kip
inches).
10111 M oment produced by dead load (kip ft. or kip inchc8).
M I. Moment I>roduced by live load (kil> ft. or kip inches).
M. Reduced plo~tic moment in kip foot.
Maximum !lloment between supports duc to tmnsverse loading (kip
ft.. or kip inches).
At 11 Plastic moment (kip fl. ).
A M[RIC",N INSTITUU OF SUEt CONSTRUCTION
,
N Lengt.h of bearing of applied load (inches).
N. Length at end bearing to develop maximum web !!hear (inches).
P Applied load (kips).
P' Equivalent axial load due to bending component in Equation (7a)
(lops).
P7 Plastic as.ialload; equal to profile area times specified minjmum yield
point (kips),
Q Statical moment. of cover plate area about neutral axis of transformed
section, or cover-plated sect.ion (in. ' ).
R Reaction or concentrated transverse load applied to beam or girder
(kips).
Maximum end reaction permitted without intermediate stiffeners for
welded plate girders (lcipe).
Maximwn end reaction for 3 ~ in. of bearing (kips).
R. Increase in reaction (R) in kips for each additional inch of bearing.
S Elast.ic Section Modulus (in. ').
5' Additional section modulus corresponding to h 6 in. increase in web
t.hickness for welded plate girders (in.') .
8& Section modulus with respoct to bottom fibers of a croSH seclion (in .l).
S. Section modulus of steel beam used in composite design, referred to the
tension flange (in .') .
S. Section modulus witb respect to the top fibers of a CJ"088 aect.ion (in.') .
So. Section modulus of transformed composite CI"08B aect.ion, referred to the
tension flange (in.') .
T. Proof load of a high strength bolt (Ibs.).
V Statical shear on beam (kips).
Maximum permissible web shear (kips).
V. Total horizontal shear to be resisted by shear connectors in composite
design (kips).
V. Statical shear produced by " ultimate" load in plastic design (kips).
Y Ratio of yield I>oint of web steel to yield point of stiffener steel.
Z Plastic Section Modulus (in.').
(1 Clear distance between transverse stiffeners (inches).
Component of amplification factor for solving Equation (7a) when
bending is about tbe centroid of a square or circular section; equal to
0.L49 Art X 10'.
a' Distance required at ends of welded partial length cover plate to de-
velop stress (inches).
as Component of amplification factor for solving Equation (7a) when
bending is about tbe X· X axis; equal to 0.149 A rst X lOt.
a, Coml>onent of the nmplification factor for solving Equation (7a ) when
bending is sbouL Lhe Y - Y axis; equal to 0.149 A r,t X 10'.
b Effective width of the concrete flange in composite design (inches).
Width of cover plate (inchel!l).
h, Flange width of rolled beam or plate girder (inches).
c Distance from neutral axis to extreme fiber of bealll8 (inches).
d Depth of beam or girder (inches).
Diameter or roller or rocker bearing (inches).
AMERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CoNSTRUCTION
 "
d. Total depth of steel section including cover plate in com posite design
(mebes).
e Horiwntal displacement, in the direction of the span, between top and
bottom of simply supported beam at its ends (inches).
f. Computed axial stresa (psi or ksi).
I. Computed bending st ress (psi or ksi).
f'. Specified compression strength of concrete at 28 days (psi or kai).
f, Computed !..ensile stress (psi or ksi),
f. Computed shear stress (psi or 100).
f.. Shear between girder web and transverse stiffeners, in pounds per Ijnear
inch of single stifl'ener or pair of stiffeners.
g Transverse spacing between fastener gage lines (incbes).
h Clear distance between flanges of a beam or girder (incbes).
k Coefficient relating linear buckling strength of a plate to its dimensions
and condition of edge support.
Distance from outer (ace of flange to web toe of fillet (inches).
Actual unbraced length (inches).
ID Actual unbmced length in plane of bending (inches).
l., Cr itical unbraced length adjacent to plastic binge (inches).
n Modular ratio; equal to E/ E •.
q Allowa ble horizontW shear to be resisted by a connector (kips).
r Governing radius of gyration (inches).
r. Radius of gyration about axis of concurrent bending (inches).
rr Radius of gyration with respect to the X - X axis (inches).
r, Radius of gyration with respect. to the Y - Y axis (inches).
r. Least radius of gyration with respect to the principal axis (inches).
s Spacing (pitch) between sucressive holes in line of stress (inches).
Girder, beam and column web Ulickness (inches).
P late and angle t hickness (inches).
Thickness of concrete slab in composite design (inches).
t, Flange thickness (inches).
t, Thickness of bottom cover plate in composite design (inches).
tt Thickness of thinner part joined by partial penetration groove weld
(inches).
w Web thickness of plastically designed rolled beams (inches).
Length of channel shear connectors (inches).
y Distance from neutral axis to the centroid of a section (inches).
Y. Distance from neutral axis to the outer-most bottom fibers of a cross
section (inches).

AMERICAN JNSTITUTE OF STEfL CONSTRUCTION

,
 ,
Rt:fJiM!li 3/ 66 ,.,
PART 1
Dimensions and Properties
Page Nos.
ROLLED STEEL STRUCTURAL SHAPES
GeneraJ Discussion ....... . . ..... 1·2 - 1-4
BEAMS AND COLUMNS
W" Shapes . ........... . ........................ 1..6 - 1·17
H·Bearing Piles . 1-18 - 1·19
Light. 'IJIF Colwnns, Misc. Columns (M), Misc. Shapes (M),
Light Beams (B), Junior Beams . . .................... 1-20 - 1-23
American Standard ........... . . . ..................... 1-24 - 1·25
CHANNELS
American Standard .......... . ..... . . . .••... . .. . ...... 1-26 - 1·27
Junior ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . ....... . ...... . .... 1-20 - 1-21
Carbuilding and Shipbu.ilding .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... 1-54 - 1-57
ANGLES
Equal LegH; Unequal Legs ............ . ....... .. .. .. . 1-28 - 1-33
STRUCTURAL TEES
Notes. ............. ........... . .................... 1-35
Cut from \/IF Shapes .. . ...... . .............. . ...... 1-36 - 1-47
Cut from Misc. Shal>E!S (M), Light Beams (B),
and Junior Beams .......... .. ................. . .. 1-48 - 1-49
Cut from American Standa rd Bea.ms. .. . ............... 1·50 - 1-51
COMBINATION SECTIONS
Notes ....................................... . .. . .... 1-53
\IF Beams and Cha nnelB . .. .. . . . . . . . . •. ... . . . . . . .. 1..ss - 1..61
Channels and Angles .. . . . . . . . . .. ........... 1..62 - 1-63
Cover Plated \IF Colwnns ............. . .............. 1-64 - 1-65
'l'wo Angles .. .......... ...............•..•.... 1-66 - 1-70
STRUCTURAL TUBING AND PIPE
Notes .... . ................. ..... . . .. ....• . .. . . . . . ... 1-71
Steel Pipe ........... . ....................... ,...... 1-72
Square Tubing . ....••.... . . . ...... . ... • ...... 1-73
Rectangular Tubing . . .. .. ................. 1·74 - 1-75
llLATES AND BARS
Notes.................. . ................ . .... . . 1-77 - 1-79
Square and Round Bars . .. ..• ••• • • .. 1-80 - l ..s l
Weight of Rectangular Sections .. ... • . 1-82 - 1-86
Area of Rectangular Sections 1-87 - J-91
STANDARD MILL PRACTICE ....... . 1-93 - 1-105. 1

CRANE RAILS . ... . ............... . . . 1-106 - I - lt~

AMER ICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CoNSTRUCTION

'· 2
ROLLED STEEL STRUCTURAL SHAPES
Availability and selection of structural steels to specification
Rolled sJtapes listed in both the Regular and Special Series are readily
available in the ail[ structural steel specifications listed in Section 1.4.1 of the
AJSC Specification for the Design Fabrication and Erection of Structural Steel
for Buildings. These are ASTM A7. A36 and A373, and the high-strength
stools, ASl'M A242, A440 and A441.
ASTM A7 steel, for many years the most suitable carbon steel available
(or construction of both buildings and bridges, is rapidly being supplanted
by ASTM A36. an all-purpose steel with greater strength snd improved
weldability in its entire thickness range. Steel furnished to ASTM AS7S
specification features excellent weldability. snd althougb not as strong 88
ASTM A36 steel, is favored by some designers for welded bridge construction.
The high..fltrength steels, ASTM A242, A440 snd A441. have economic
adva ntages in many structural applications. Where lighter members, resuU-
ing fro m use of higher a llowable stresses, are not penalized because of insta-
bility, local buckling, deflection or other similar reasons, these steels should
prove eminenlly sntisfactory. Their full economic potential may be realized
in such applica tions as tension members, short heavily loaded bourns and
beams where ceilings are not plastered, continuous or oomposite construction
where deflections can be minimized, and columns having low l/ r rati08. Re-
duction of dead load weight and savings in shipping costs due to lighter
members may also be s ignificant factors. It must be emphasized, however,
that high strength stcellJ should not be used indiscriminately; effective use of
bigh-etrength, as well as carbon steels, depends on tborough engineering
analysis a nd design. J n this connection, it should be noted that ASTM A440
steel is not recommended for welding by AlSC.
The Summary of ASTM Specifications in Part 5 of this Manual lists the
scope and I)rincipal physical and chemical properties of each of the six struc-
tural steels mentioned above. For complete information, refer to the appro-
priate 8pe<::ification.

DIMENSIONS, WEIGHTS AND PROPERTIES

Structural Shapes are presented in Part 1 in two groupings: Regular
Series and Special Series. rn the Regular Series are shown the most fre-
quently used shapes for whkh there is a constant demand , and which may be
procured readily in any quantity. In the Special Series a re shown shal>eS for
which there is a fluctuating de mand and which, therefore. are rolled only at
irregular interva ls o r by special arrangement. This limitation shouJd be COIl-
sidered in the selection of structural components unless t he tonnage of any
one shape and sb·.e is sufficient to warrant a rolling.
Wide Flange (W ) shapes and H-Bearing Piles (BP) are furnished with
constant t hickness (parallcl) flanges by all producers who offer these shapes,
except that a 5 % (approximately % to 12 in.) sJope on the inner face of
flanges is rolled on all VIF shapes produced by Weirton Steel Co. Div. of
National Steel Corp., and on the following shapes produced by Bethlehem
Steel Corporation:
All VIF shapes with nominal depths from 36 to 16 in., inclusive.
14 w: 38 to 30; 12 W 36 to 27; 10 w: 29 to 21; 8 \IF 20 and 17.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CoNSTRUCTION
 ,.,
Due to this difference in rolling practice, the dimensions and. properties
of certain \IF shapes produced by the different mills are not precisely identical.
However, since these differences are of minor significance, the tables of
properties have been standardized to show the Jesser, and henoo more con-
servative properties. When V+F shapes are available either with sloping or
parallel flanges, dimensions affecting framing clearances, such as T , k and
recommended values of K. are given for sloping flanges and. therefore may be
used for both types. Where thickness of flange is given in the tables, it is, in
the case of sloping flanges, the average thickness. More detailed data may be
obtained [rom mill catalogs.
All American Standard Beam and. Channel Shapes have a slope on the
inner flange face of 16%% (2 to 12 in.). Exception: The 18 X 4 channel
beading the list. of American Standard Channels is 8 Shipbuilding Channel
with a n inner flange face sJape of 3 ).i"% (approximately J.i'6 to 12 in.). The
Light w: Columns, Miscellaneous Columns (M), Junior Beams and Chan-
nels, Miscellaneous Shapes (M) and Light Beams (B), as well as the Car and
S hipbuilding Channels shown in the Special Series, have various parallel or
sloping inner flange faces. Dimensions not shown for theae sha pes may be
obtained from the respective producing mills.
In the tables of structural tees, dimensions a nd properties , as well as
modified properties of those tees aff(!()ted by tbe provisions of AISC Specifi-
cation, Sect. 1.9.1, relating to pennissible width-thickness rati08 of project-
ing elements in compression, are shown on facing pages.
DESIGNATIONS FOR ROLLED SHAPES
In designating rolled steel shapes on drawings it is desirable to employ a
standard nomenclature wbich will identify the shapes involved without refer-
ence to producers and without including inch and pound symbols. To this
end , it is rocommended that the nominal depth of shape, an appropriate group
symbol and the weight in pounds per tineal foot be abbreviated in the se-
quence shown below. For completeness, a similar method of identifying
plates, bars and certain shapes not shown in the Dimensions and Properties
Tables, is also included.

"'~. Ex.mple afOUP Ex.mpl.

Wide Flange Shapes 211\o'F 76 Structural Tees
(from B) ST 6B 9.5
Light Beams 14B 26 Structural Tees
(from M) ST 5M 10.5
MisceUaneous Columns 8 X 8M 34.3 Structural Tees
(from JR) ST 6JR 5.9
Miscellaneous Shapes 8M 17 Bearing Piles 14SP 73
Junior Beams 10JR 9.0 Car & Ship Channels 12X4 [45.0
Junior Channels 12JR [ 10.6 Rolled Tees (Fig. X
American Standard Stem) T 4 X 4'h X 11.2
Beams 24 I 100 Zees (Depth X
American Standard Flange) Z4 x3x12.5
Chennels 12 [ 20.7 Bulb Angles Bulb i, 6 X 3'h X 17.4
Equal Leg Angles i,6X6X %
Unequal leg Angles i,6X4X % Plates PL18x 'h
Structural Tees Square Bars Bar 1:
(from \/IF) ST 18W 115 Round Bars BarIl,*,
Structural Tees (from 1) ST 101 32.7 Flat Bars Btlr 2'h X 'h

Designations shown above are intended primarily for use on design

and detail drawings. When lists of material are prepared for ordering from
tbe milIa, tbe identification required by the respective mills should be obeerved.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION
'0• Rt!fJiM!fl 1 J / 6.5

ROLLED STEEL STRUCTURAL SHAPES

Ava ilabil ity of shapes
A1t.hough the two principel st,eel producers. United Slates Steel Coq)()ra-
lion and Bethlehem Steel Corporalion, can supply most of the shapesli8i.ed in
this MnnWlI, cer tain other producers are prepared to fumish partiallisls. and
in BOrne C88e8, proprietary shapes not. avai lable elsewhere. To the end tbat
deeigncra and fabricators may be informed of mill offeri ngs, representative
producers .vere canvassed a nd the results are tabulated below.
It. should be noted that space does not penni" the inclusion, in this table
or in the Dimensions a nd Properties T ables, of all rolled steel products that
are occasionally useful in building construction. For such shape$. reference
should be made to the various mill catalogs.

PRINCIPAL PRODUCERS
B. Bethlehem Steel Corp. Ko Kaiser Sleel Corp.
C. Colorado Fuel & Iron Corp, N. Northwestern Steel & Wire Co.
Inland Steel Co. P . Phoenix Steel Corp.
J••o J ones & Laughlin Steel Corp. U. United Sta les Steel Corp.
Wo WeIrton Steel Co. Div., Nat'l Steel Corp.
Section &
Wt per ft.
I PrQdu~ ...
Cod.
Section &
Wt. per Ft.
Producer
COd.
Se~tlon &
WI. per fl.
Produeet
COd.
36VrF-All 8 ·U 8P10 5742 B-I-U lOB 19-15 B·I·N-U
33VrF-AIl BoU BPS,. B-I-U lOB U.S B·I·J-N-U
3OVrF-A1l BoU 8 X BM 34.3 KoU BM 28·24 P
Z7W"-A1I BoU B X BM 32.6 K BM 22.5 K
24VrF 160- BoU 6VrF 25.0 B-I.N·U·W 8M,. P
.>1
24W" lZG-68 B·I·U 6 X 6M 25.0 U SM lS.5 K
21 11F 142-82 BoU 6 X 6M 22.5 KoC 8M 17 P
21W" 13-55 B·I-U 6W 20.0 B-I· N·U·W BB 1S-10 B·I·N-U
IBW 114·96 BoU 6 X 6M 20.0 C-K·U 6B 16-8.5 B-I· N-U
1BW 85-4S B·I·U 6W IS.5 8·I· N·U Ship and ca r Channels ---
16W96·B8 BoU SX5M18.9 8 ·C·K·U 18 X 4 [ All 8·K-U·W
16VrF 18·58 B-I-U 5W 1B.S- 16.0 BoU 13X4[-AII 8 · I·P-U
16W 50-16 B·C·I·U-W 4W 13.0 B 12 X 4 [ 50-35 8 ·I·P·U·W
·14W 426-61 BoU 4 X 4M 13.0 C-I·K·U 12 X 31h [ 37·30.9 B·P·U
14W S3-43 B·I·U·W lLJR 11.8 J IOx4[41.1 BoU
14VrF 38·30 B·C-I·U·W lOJR 9.0 J 10 X 4 [ 33.6-28.5 8·K·U
12W 190-S3 B·I·U SJR 6.S J 10 X 31h [ 28.3-24.9 8 ·P-U
12W 50-40 B·I·U·W 7JR 5.5 J 10 X 3'h [ 25.3-21.9 B-I· P·U
12W" 36·n a,C·I·U·W 6JR 4.4 J 9 X l'h [ - All B.P-U
10VrF 112-49 a·l·u lLJR [ 10.6 J 8 X 3Y.z [ &BX 3 [-All 8 ·P-U
lOW 45·33 B-I-U-W lOJR [ 8.4-6.S J 7 X 3Y.z [ & 7 X 3 [ - All B· I·P·U
lOW 29·21 B·C·I.N·U-W 16S 31·26 8 · I· N· U 6 X 3'h [ IB.O B-P· U
8W67·40 B·C·I· U 14B 26·22 8 ·I· N· U 6 X 3y'! [ 15.3 B-I-P· U
8W 3S·31 a ·c·,· u ·W 14817.2 J 6 X 3 [ &6 X 21h [ -All BoU
8W 28·24 B-I. N·U 128 22-16.5 B·I· U 4 X 21h [ 13.B U
8W 20·17 B·C-I-N·U 12B 14 B·I·J · U 3 X 2¥!, [ 7.6 B
BPI4117·73 BoU 10M 29.1-22.9 K 3Xl¥e[9.0 BoU
BP1274·S3 a · l·u 10M 21 P , 3Xl¥e[1.1 8 ·I·U
LIltln,. of Amerlc,n St' ndard S.. ms ,nd Ch,nnel,. 's .... ell 's Anal... 'r, omln.cl Irom th •
• bove I.bl. slnc. ItIt:.. $h,pes er. "n.... Uy procur,bI, Irom ,II mill •• Inc:ludlnl m.ny 1101
shown In th. t,bl. h.. dln,.
Mulmum "n8th. of sh'pe$ obt,ln.bI4o vety ..... d~ With producer$, but • c:on~llY8 •• n,.
tor .11 mill. Is Irom ~ 10 '.10 II. Som. mils will .cc.pt OO"ders lor lenrths up 10 IlO It. but only
lor eerteln SMpes.•nd Mlb~1 10 s~"'1 ...... n"m.nt. Consult th. produc.s 100" unusual
I.nrth .-qu;"m4Int$.
• H •• vle. wc1iOnl ........II.bI. In ttlt: U X 16 W seri.. lrom Bethl.hem St... COrP. end
U.s. St.., COrp. by ",101~tlon.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 1·'

REGULAR SERIES SHAPES

Pages 1·6 to 1·51
The designation Regular Series is 8P1>lied in Lhis Manual to lhoee Shapes
for which n steady demand hasted t.o ready availability, The use of Regular
Series Shapes in a ll designs is therefore advisable.
Not. all Regular Series ShUIX!S are produced by all manufacturers. Refer
to the discussion of availabiljty in the notes, RoUed Steel Structural Shapes,
page 1 · 2.
For notes on C ut Tees see page 1 - 35.
For notes regarding Special Series Shapes and Combination Sections see
page 1 - 63.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 REGULAR SERIES

I \/IF SHAPES
Dimensions for detailing
1

,
W
Nominal
Sile ...
Wel,ht
Depth
n.na·

Wld l h rhlek · Thick .

woo
Hall
Thkk·
• T
Olal,nee

k
• k, 8, ,
Ulual
aaa e

.. .. ,•. ,.. .. •. ..
F~'

.. .. .. ..
nell ness
- ---
". -~ , , - - - --- -,-
ness
, , I ~ --
, -, .-,- ---
,-
16\< 1'1h& '!I, 7l,3l~ 21~, ,y, Ii, 5Y>
36Xt61h 300
280
"\I
"Y>
36\4
16\<
lOY> l~&
",, " %,%, J\
Y> 4
7" 3l1i 21Yt. l!li. 4 Y>
7% 3l1i "A, l~. 3\1 Y, 5Y>
51'
'""" """ ,'. '11, ''"" 7" 3l1i 2~, l~, 314 II,
lOY, ,\<
314 II, 5Y,
51'
130

"y,
lOY> 'A

'11,
7" 3l1i
'''' ''Ill,' 3Y, II,
'94 "Ii 1\4 5\< 31\4 'Ii 5Y,
36X12
181
"'" "Ii Ill,
Iii
% ''"" 5\<
,\<
31\4 ,~,
31\4 ll¥l.
Ill,
Ill,
3\4 II,
3\4 II,
5Y,
5Y,
170
160
ISO
"Ii
"351;
"1> "
" 11
I
'II,
%
%
\<
'"
!I,
II,
5\<
5\<
31\4
'"
31" ll~,
Iii
Iii
1\4
1 ''"" 51;
51;

,.
135 'lIo \< lI, 5\< 31\4 I\< Iii 1 \< 5\0
311;
" II, 71; 18\<
3lX15~ 151\ I\< 2~. I\< 1% I; 51;

'"
100
n"
n
15\1 114
15% Iii
"'lI,
%
\<
\<
71; 18\<
71; 18\<
"',
'II,
I!I, 11; II, 51;
III, 11; II, 51;

33Xlly'!: 151 ny,

31"
II\<
III;
I~,
'II,
\<
\<
II,
!I,
51; ,"
"II
51; 19% 1%
1', \<
1
I~, 51;
51;
141
1>1 311i III; 1\ II, !I, 51; 19% 1'1tI, I~, 1
I~,

''"" 51;

3OX15
118

110
"'"
30\<
3010
III;

I5Ii III,
15 Ill,
% II,

'11,
'.
\<
\<
,y, 19% III, Hi.. '* lI,
71i 15%
710 15*
"',
,", III, 31; II, 51;
III, 31; 'A, 51;
51;

"" "'"
171 15 , ~,
*
% 11, 710 15* ,~, 1', 3'. \< 51;

101; , 11, l'1tI, 51;

3OXlOlh 111
114
3014
301i 101;
101;
'11,
\<
\<
II,
11,
II,
5
5
5
""
"" I\<
III,
I
I
I
1
3
3
\<
\< 51;
51;
Il6 >I
101;
"" II, 11, 5 "" II; I
\<
51;

" "" "" ''''

lOS
,,\< 101; % I; \4 5 16'" I
'*
'* '"
II, 51;

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CoNSTRUCTION

 1· 7

ROLLED STEEL SHAPES

IfF SHAPES
x- -x
,
y
Properties for designing I
, .
Weight

f~'
Arell Depth
flanK"

WidH,
Thick·
ne SS
W.b
Thick·
ness
d
A, 1
AXISX-X

S , 1
AXIS V-V

S ,
-Cb.- - - '". '". --- -- ---- - --
- - - - - - - -'"-
In.'
. - -'". - In.' In.1 In.'
'".
- - - - - - -'".-
In."

300 88,17 36.72 16.655 1.680 .945 1.31 20290.2 1105.1 15.17 1225.2 147.1 3.73
'80
""'30
245
82.32
16.56
72.03
36-5.
36.24
36.06
16.595
16.555
16.512
1.510
1.440
1.350
.."
.885

.80'
1.40
1.52
1.62
18819.3 1031.2 15.12 11Z7.5 135.9
17233.8 951.1 15.00 1020.6 123.3
16092.2 892.5 14.95 944.7 114 . 4
3.70
3.65
3.62:
67.73 35.88 16.475 1."" .765 1.73 14988 .4 835.5 14.88 870.9 105.7 3.59

194
182
57.11
53.54
36.48
36.32
12.117
12.072
1.""
1.1SO
.770
.725
2.39
2.55
mOl.4
11281.5
663.6
621.2
14.56
14.52
355.4
'327.1
58.7 2.49
5'-3 2.47
17. 49.98 36.16 12.027 1.100 .680 2.73 10470.0 579.1 14.47 300.6 50.0 2.45
160 47.09 36.00 12.000 1.020 .653 '.94 9738.8 541.0 14.38 215.4 45.9 ,."
150
t135
44.16
39.70
35.84
35.55
11.972
1l.945
.""
-194
.625
.598
3.19
3.75
9012.1
7796.1
502.9
438.6
14.29
14.01
250.4
207.1
41.8 '.38
3U ,."
'40
220
70.52
64.13
33.50
:n.25
15.865
15.810
1.400
1.275
.•30
.775
1.51
1.65
13585.1
lllIl.!
811.1 13 .88
740.6 13.79
874.3 110.2 3.52
782.4 99.0 '.48
200 58.79 33.00 15.750 1.150 .115 1.82 1100.2 669.6 13.71 691.7 87.8 3.43

152 44.71 33.50 11.565 1.055 .635 2.74 8147.6 486.4 13.50 256.1 ''-3 2.39
141 41.51 33.31 11.535 .960 .605 3.01 7442.2 446.' 13.39 229.7 39.8 2.35
130 38.26 33.10 11.510 .855 .580 3.J6 6699.0 404.' 13.23 201.4 35.0 2.29
tIIB 34.71 32." 11.484 .738 .554 3." 5886.' 358.3 13.02 170.3 29.7 2.22

110 61.78 30.38 15.105 1.315 .775 1.53 9872.4 649.9 12.64 707.9 93.7 '.38
190
172
55.90
SO.65
30.12
29.88
15.040
14.985
1.185
1.065
.710
.655
1.69
1.87
8825.9
7891.5
586.1 12.57 624.6
".
1 3.34
528.2 12.48 550.1 73.4 '.30

132 38 .83 JO.JO 10.551 1.000 .615 2.87 5753.1 379.7 12.17 185.0 lS. I 2.18
124 36.45 30.16 10.52:1 .'30 .585 3.08 5347.1 354.6 12.11 169.7 32.3 2.16
116 34 .13 30.00 10.500 .850 .564 3.36 4919.1 327.9 12.00 153.2 29.2 2.12
108 31. 17 29.82 10.484 .760 .548 3.74 4461.0 299.' 11.85 135.1 25.8 '.06
199 29.11 29.64 10.458 .670 .522 4.23 3988.6 269.1 11.70 116.9 22.' '.00

: Non·eomplIet shllpe In A242, A440, and A441.

A MERI CAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

I ,'

REGULAR SERIES

Y.r web + H."

WSHAPES ,
I Dimensions for detailing '-"- 1==

W
..
Nomln_'
~

", - -
-
W.l.ght

f~' I n.no.plh
.m •
Wld1h
""'P
T k
Thk:k·

", ", ", ,., - ,.,- -",- -", --

CO,
Thick.
k, B,
n•••
W.b

, Go,.
Hell
Thick-
B

", -", -", --,., --

,.,
--
DlII.nct u.... _

171 "I< Ill. \I 1; 6\1 I~ 31, 'A. 51,

21X14
160
271.4
"I<
161;
14 I~.
I
%
1;
~.
II.
"I
6\1
"" 'I<
,~.
1I~,
Ill. 3~ 1;
Ill. 3'. 1;
'\0
145 14

'II. 'A. II. .\1

" 11, I~. 1 1;
'I'>

'\1 " Ill.

..
271.4 101<
27XIO
"' I'> ); 3 lI.
'I'>
411 "
102 271,_ \4
16);
,,%
10
10 ""
\I
1;
I'>
'A. ''.. . % " 11;
1~1 );
);
,\I lI.
2% lI.
'I'>
,I(,
,I(,

,,%
10

II> I~. II.

"20% 2 I 3" 1;
24Xl4 160
145
130
" I(,
141<
1. 1
1\ "
lI.
II.
lI.
'" ""
6\1 1); 1
"I 20\1 1\1 1
3\4 1;
3 1;
'I'>
,I(,
,I(,
241,4
"121>
'II. ,% 20); lL~. 1
Z4X12 120
110
241,4
241> 12
lI.
I(,
lI.
\4 5\1 20", 1"
3
I~, 1 "
lI.
' I(,

100
" 12 "
% I(,
'. '\I 10", Ill. I~. 3 II.
' I(,
,I(,

24X9
..
94

76
"\4
"I>
"I>
••
••
I>
%
%
I(,
I(,
II.
''..
'A
'\4 "1; l~,
.~ ,,1; IlO
'\4 211; 1\4
~.3
1~.2%
'¥I.; 2~
II.
II.
II.
' I(,
' I(,
,I(,
68 "\I lI. II. lI. ," "1; Ill. % 21(, ~ ,I(,

ZIX13 142 13~ 11> % 6\4 17\1 1); 1 3\4 lI. 'I(,
"I(,
... " 6\1 17% III 'll. 3

''II." "
121 2111 13 1 lI. II. 'I(,
112 21 13 r. \I 6\1 11% 1" 3 lI. ,I(,

...
.
•• 'II. II. 1; 51,
ZlX9
" "I< '\4
"" Ill. 3

21x8\4
"
82 201>

lIlA ~
%
%
I(,

I(,
'.
\4
'\1

•• ""
IYl,
Ill •
); 2% II.

% ,% II.
'I(,

'I(,
68
62
21\0
21
20%
.~
'\1
.\4
%

"I'>
'A.
1;
1;
'.
lI.
lI.
1810 1\4
•• 1810 Ill.
18~ 1~6
% 2% lI.
% 2% \I
\I 21'> ~
' I(,
'I(,
, I(,
"

AMERICAN IN STITUTE OF STEEL CoNSTRUCTION

 1·'
RO LLE D S TE E L S H APES

v-F SHAPES
x

y
,
x
Properties for designing I
f ~nae
W.b
AX IS x-x AXIS y . y
Wel&ht
.-
F~ '
Am Oep t h
WI(Uh
Thick. Thick.
nen d I S , I S ,
ness A,
-Cb.
-1".2--".- ". ". ".
--- -- - -- -
-I-
n.'
- In.- ". In.-
--
- --
-In,"
...
--
14.090 1.190 .125 1.63 6728.6 492,8 11.36 518.9 73.7 3.16
.,
177 52.10 21.31
160 47.04
,....
27.08 14.023 1. 075 .'58 1.., 6018.6 444.5
.".,
11.31 458.0 65.3 3.12

....,
42.68 1].965 .975 .600 }.97 5414.3 1l.26 406.' 58.3 3.09

",.,
"'
102
33.53 27.28 10.070
30.01 27.07 10.018 .'"
.827
.570
.518
2.91
3.27 3604.1 266.3
11.03
10.96
149.6 29.7 2.11
129.5 ".,'.08

184
94 27 .65
24.71
26.91
26.69
'.901
9.963 .,,.
.747 .•90
.463
3.61 3266.7
4.21 2824.8
242.8
211 .7
10.87
10.69
115. 1 23.0 '.04
95.7 19.2 1.97

160 47.04
42.62
24.72
24.49
14.091
14.043
1.135
1.020 .'"
..., .,.,
.608
1." 5110.3 413.5
1.71 4561.0 372.5
10.42
10.34
492.6 69.9 3.23
434.3 61.8 3.19
'"
I"· 38. 21 24.25 14.(0) 1.93 4009.' 330.7 10.24 ]75.2 53.6 3.13

120
11.
35.29 24.31
32." 24.16
12.088
12.042
''''
..ass ....
.510
2.16
2.34
3635.3
3315.0
"'. 1
274.4
10.15
10.12
254 •• 42.0 2.68
229.1 38 •• ,...
1100 29.43 24.00 12.'" .775 .468 2.58 2987.3 248.9 10.08 203.5 33.9 2.63

94 27.63 24.29 9.061 .•n .516 3.07 2683 .• 220.' '.85 102.2 22.' 1.92
84 24.71 24.09 9.015 .712 .470 3.47 2364.3 196.3 '.78 88.3 19.6 1.89
76 22.37 23.91 '.985 .682 .440 3.90 2096.' 175.4 '.68 76.5 17.0 1.85
168 ZO.OO 23.71 8.961 .682 .416 U, 1814.5 153.1 9.53 63.8 14.2 1.79

..., ....
1'2 41.76 21." 13.132 1.095 .659 1.49 3403.1 317.2 9.03 385.9 ".8 3.04
127 37.34 21.24 13.061 . 985 1.65 3017.2 284. 1 '.99 338.6 51.8 3.01
tl12 32.93 21.00 13.000 .527 1.87 2620.6 249.6 8.92 289.7 44 .6 '.96

96 28.21 21.14 9.038 .935 .575 '-"1 2088.9 197.6 '.60 109.3 24.2 1.97
82 24.10 ZO ... 8.962 .795 .• 99 2.93 1752.4 168.0 8.53 89.6 ZO .• 1.93

73 21.46 21.24 8.295 .740 . 455 3.46 1600.3 lSO.7 8.64 ..., 16.0 1.76

I"
68

"
20.02
18.23
16.18
21.13
ZO."
ZO ..,
8.270
8.240
8.215
.685
.615
.522
....
.• 30

.375
3.73
4.15
'.85
1478.3
1326.8
1140.7
139.9
126.4
109.7
8.59
8.53
'.40
60.' 14.6 1.74
53.1 12.9 1.71
44.' 10.7 1.65
t Non·com~cl shepe In -'242. A44Ilend A4U.

AMER ICAN INSTITU TE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION

1 ·10

REGULAR SER IES

I W SHAPES
Dimensions for detailing

W.b
W
R.n,. OIltllnee
WIII,h! UauIII
Nomlnel
Size
""
,~,
Ollplh
Width Thick- Thick-
nlln nlln
HII,f
Thick-
n...
a T k k, R, , aellll
8
---
'". Lb.
'". '". '". '". - -'". - '". '". '". '". '". '". ~
,,
"I!. % ."."." 15\0
11. 1l% 1
18Xl1% ~,

""
,~,

, II,""
" I!. JlMe ' I!.
105 11% 'II,
" ""
~, ~,

"" 1"11!.
,~,
'I!.
11%
18X8% 85
"" ",. ."
%

'II, Ii, ."." "" 11!. " 2% II,

'I!.

71 1'1' .% % I!. %
'A

"" "" 2% II,

' 1\

", ." "" "'l'A

' 1\
70
64 "17" .%'" %
'M,
%,
%, ." \4"* 111,
%" 2%
2%
II,
'A
.1\
.1\

'A, ", ,%
18X7'h 60

" ""
50
181,4

18
,I!.
' I!.
, I!.
%
%
II,
*
*
'>I,
II, m
II,
111,
1"
m
,%
15%
15%
15%
%
%
1M, %
2%
2% % '. '"
21!. %
'1\

,\I
45 17% I!. II, 153'& 1 % 21!. \4
16XllY.!
'"
lll!. II, '>I, 'I!. 13" 1% ,
'II, % '1\
'I!.

" "" "% J'.

1\ 'I!. 13" 11!.
" ,2%
88 Ill!. % 'A II, '1\
16x8'h 78
"" ." " •• 13*
13% 11\
~, % II, .1\
'A, " • 13* 111, "
""" .1\.1\
71 % I!. 2% '>I, 51\
64
IS¥.
%
' I!.
'A, •
1*
13" l'A
"J'. \4 2% II, '1\
2% '>I, ' 1\
,,,, "%
58 \4

", ,,, "

.. """ ,, 1\ ",","* ", ,,, 1M,1 "*
16x7 50 161,4 1" % 14 21\ ' 1\

""
'*
45 II, II, 14 21\ 'I!.
14 ' 1\ % , 1\
II, ' I!. \I ,1\
" ~,
IS¥. , ~,

'" "
14

AMERICAN I NSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 1 ·11

ROLLED STEEL SHAPES

\/IF SHAPES
x- -x

y
Properties for design ing I
Fl.nea AXIS X. X AXIS y.y
,..
Waleh l
Dtopth
W.b
Thk:k·
, ,
,~,
'"" Width Thick·
nass
n.,11 d
A,
I S I S

---
Cb.
-In ."
- - ---
-".- ---
----
". -".- -".- - - -tn.'- In ."
". - - ".
In .· In ."
--

33.51 18.48 11.813 .991 2013.8 7.79 255.6 43.2 2.76

11'
105 ".86 18.32 11.792 .911
.'95
.'54
1.58
1.71 1852.5 ,.2.2
220.1
7.75 231.0 >I.' 2.73
".n 18.16 11.750 .831 .512 1.86 1674.7 ISU 206.'
" ,."
7.70 35.2 2.71

"
77
24.97
22.63
18.32
18.16
8.838
8.787
.911
.831 .'"
.'75 2.49
1429 .9
1286 .8
156 .1
141.7
7.57
7.54
99.'
.8.6
22.5
20.'
'.00
1.98
70 20." 18.00 8.750 .751 .•38 2.74 1153.9 128.2 7.49 18.5 17.9 1.95
54 18.110 17.87 8.115 .686 .403 '.99 1045.8 117.0 7.46 70.3 16.1 1.93

50 17.64 18.25 7.558

.'" ."" .416 3.48 107.8 1.47 47.1 12.'
.."
"'.0 1.63
16.19 18.12 7.532 .6lO 3.8, 889,9 98.' 7.41 42.0 11.1 1.61

145
14.71
13.24
18.00
17.86
7.500
7.417
.'70
.'99
.358
.335
4.22
' .79
800.'
104.5
89.0 7.38
18.9 7."
37.2
31.9 ..•••, 1.59
1.55

".n
"
88 25.87
16.32
16.16
11.513
11.502
.875
.795
.535
.504
1.62
1.77
1355.1
1222.'
166.1 6.93
151.3 6.81
'lDl.2
185.2
35.'
32.'
JUI
2.61

78 n.'" 16.32 '.586 .875 .5Z9 2.11 1042,6 127.8 6.14 87.5 20.' 1.95
71 20.86 16.16 8.543 .795 .486 '.38 936.9 115.9 6.70 77.' 18.2 1.93
64 18.80 16.00 '.500 .715 .443 2.63 813.8 104,2 '.66 68.' 16.1 1.91
58 11.04 15.86 '.464 .64' .407 2.91 146.4 .4.1 '.62 60.' 14.3 1.88

50
45
14.10
13.24
16.25
16,12
1.073
7.039 .'"
. "3
.380
.346
3.66
4.07
655.'
583,3
80.7
n .• '.M
'.68 34.' •••
.,., '.7
1.54

40
136
11 .77
10.59
16,00
15.85
7.000
'.m .."
.503 .307
.299
'.54
'.30
515.5
.... 3
64.'
".3
6.62
6,49
".,
22.1
7.'
'.3
1."
1.50
1.45

t Non-c:omp.<;t shap' In .-\24l, A440 and ....U1.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

1·12 Revi6ed J 1/ 65

REGULAR SERIES

k
~_I;.'b + ~.' g,

I W SHAPES
Dimensions for detailing T
k
rr=
W
Flane. W.. OIs'-nce
We1a:ht Usual
Nominal
..-
• 7' k k, R, I ' g
Size Depth Thlc:k· Thick. Hall Ga"a
'00' Width
.H' Th!ek·

, .. lb.
----
, , .. .. ,.. ,.. .. .. .. ..• H'
--
nass
, -, -- , ---
, -- -I-
In. In . In. In.

..,. 16% Ir. 7%

--- -'--
11% I!I. 5 I
3~.
""
14X16 18% ,~.

398 181,4 16% 21*, }Ifill r. 7% 11% 3~, II; '% 'l\o

.•'.
370 18 161; 21YJ& P Yle 'II. 7% 11% ,% lY1fi '% r.
'42 171; 2*, Ill. 'II. 7% 11% ,~. lYi, '1; r.
31' 17% ''''
1614 2'>1. lYl, % 7%
)%
11% 'r. 1%
1)\,
'II•
18) 1'\1 161i 1~, 1)\. % 11% 21Yi6 %
16 1\4 % )% 11% 1\4 %
264
'46
23)
16 112
161.4
161i
16
IS*,
1Io/il
Ji¥!.,
1%
Iii
Iii
11. )%
11. 7%
Ill.
11%
"'"
2*e
,%
Ill. , % %
Ill. ,% % ~

Ill.
228 16 15'"
1%
11M. I ~.
I
II. )%
I; )% 11%
2'>1.
1',
Ill. , % %
3\1 II.
I
i'
219
211
Z02
15'"
15\1
15%
15%
15% Ill.
15\1 II;
I
'll.
I;
I;
)%
)%
11%
11%
'"
'!I.
'Ii
Iii 'I; II,
Iii ' I; lI.
~

~
I
19'
18'
151;
15%
15% I'll'
15% 1%
¥.
r.
'lI6 )%
'A. )%
11%
11% ,
,~. I~. 'I; I;
I~. 3\> I;
17' 15 L,4 15% Ill. 'l\o 'A. )% 11% PYla I~. 3'A I;
16)
158
ISIAI
15
15% 1\4
151; Ill. %
'l\o % )%
% )%
11%
11%
Ir.
11*6
I
I
".'A.
31,4 'A.
150
142
14r.
14%
151; Iii
151; I~.
171,
%
% 7%
% 7%
11%
11% ".PYle 1I
, 'A.
'\4 'A.
'"320 16% 16% 2~. I", 'll. 7% 11% 21Yi6 III. 4 I

14% 14% I ~. % % 7 11% llYi6 1 3 'A. 5'h

14X14!h
'"
127
119
14% 14%
14%
I
'll.
%
II.
lI.
II.
7
7
11%
11%
1%
",.
I¥I, 3
I~, 3
% 511
% 5\>
111
10'
""
14%
14\4
14%
14%
¥.
'II.
lI.
I;
II,
II
7
7
11%
11%
I\>
lYle
'll.
r.
,% % 5\>
,%
¥It t 5lh
141i 141; % I; 'A 7 11% 1% ¥. '% ~. 5Yl
"
87 14 141; IVi 6 'A. 'A 7 11% Ill. ¥. '% lYle 5'h
14XtZ 84
78
141i
14
12
12
%
%
'A.
'A. '.
'A
",5% 11% 1%
11% III.
¥.
r.
,% Yo. 5\>
, % lI. 5'h
• Heavier sections I •• avaUable In the 14 X 16 \IF • .,,,es f.om 8ethlehem Steel Co.p. and
U.S. Steel Corp. by nellotlatlon .
.. Column Cor. S9c;tlon .

AMERICAN I NSTITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION

ReviMJd J 1/65 1 ·13

ROLLED STEEL SHAPES

x- -x
,
y
IJIF SHAPES
Properties for designing I
Flange AXISX·X AXISV.V
Wei8ht Wob
"..
,~, ,,'" Depth
Width
Th ick.
Thick.
neu
d
I S , I S ,
CO. In .2 .. .. .. ..
-,- -,- - ,- -, -
ness A~

--
.. I~
-In.-- -In.'- -, -- -In.'- -,- ..
426 125.25 18.69 16.695 3.033 1.875 .36' 6610.3 707.4 7.26 2359.S 282.7 4.34
'98 116.98 18.31 16.S90 2.843 1.770 .388 6013.7 656.9 7.17 2169.7 261.6 4.31
370
342
108.78
100.59
17.94
17.56
16.475 2.658 1.655
16.365 2.... 1.545
.410 5454.2 608.1

....
.435 4911.5 559.4 ,...
'.08 1986.0 241.1
1806.9 220.8
4.27

..,.
4.24
314 92.30 17.19 16.235 2.2.83 1.415 4399.4 511.9 '.90 1631.4 201.0
84.37 16.81 16.130 2.093 1.310 .498 3912.1 465.5 6.81 1466 .5 181.8
'" 4.17

,,......
264 n .., 16.SO 16.025 1.938 1.205 .531 3626.0 427.4 6.74 133l.2 166.1 4.14
246 72.33 16.25 IS .945 1.813 1.125 .562 3228.' 397.4 1226.6 153.9 4.12
69.69 16.12 15.910 1.748 1."" .580 3080.' 382.2 1174.8 147.7 4.11
'"
228 67.06 16.00 15.865 1.688 1.045 .597 2942.4 367.8 '.62 1124.8 141 .8 4.10
219 64.36 15.87 15.825 1.623 1.005 .618 2798.2 352.6 6.59 1073.2 135.6 4.08
2!l
282
193
62.07
59.39
56.73
15.75
15.63
15.SO
15.800 1.563
15.750 1.503
15.710 1.438
.980
.930
.890
....
.'" 2671.4 339.2
2538.8 324.9
.686 2402.4 310.0
'.56 1028.6 130.2
'.54 979.7 12:4.4
6.51 930.1 118.4
4.07
4.06
4.05
184 54.07 15.38 15.660 1.378 .840 .713 2274.8 295.8 6.49 88Z.7 112.7 4.04
176 51.13 15.25 15.640 1.313 .820
.,., .743 2149.6 281.9 6.45 837.9 107.1 4.02
.,., "..
167 49.09 lS.12 15.600 1.248 .777 2020.8 267.3 6.42 790.2 101.3 4.01
158
150
46.47
44.08
15.00
14.88
15.5SO 1.188
15.515 1.128
. .'"
..,
.812 1900.6 253.4
.850 1786.9 24(1.2
' .40 745.0
6.31 702.5 .,., 4.00
3."
142 41.85 14.75 15.500 1.063 .895 1672. 2 226.' '.32 "'.1 ".2 3.97
320 94.12 16.81 16.710 2.093 1.890 .481 4141.7 492.8 6.63 1635.1 195.7 4.17

136 39.98 14.75 14.740 1.llil

.m
.... ..., .941 1593 .0 216.0 6.31 567.1 17.0 3.77
127
tu9
tlll
37.]]
34."
32.65
30.26
14.62
14 .SO
14.37
14.25
14.690
14.6SO
14.620
14.575
.."
.873
.813
.610
.570
.540
.495
1.13
1.20
1476.7 202.0 '.29 527.6 71.8 3.76
1.06 1373.1 189.4 6.26 491.8 67.1 3.75
1266.5 176.3 6.23 454.9
1165.8 163.6 6.21 419.7
62 .2
57.6
3.73
3.72
t l03
I"
t87
27.94
25.56
14 . 12
14.00
14.545
14.500
.748
.688
.465
.420
1..,
1.40 .....
1063.5 1SO.6 6.17 383.7
138 .1 6.15 349.7
52.8
48.2
3.71
3.70

)84 24.71 14.18 12.023 .na .451 1.52 CR8.4 130.9 6.13 225.5 31.5 3.02
178 22.94 14.06 12.000 .718 .4211 1.63 851.2 121.1 '.09 206.' 34.' 3.00
t Nono<;ompaet sha~ In .0\36. A242, A440 and A,"I.
t Non-eompect Ihapeln .0\242. ,11.440 and A441.

AMERICAN I NSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 Reui3cd 11/ 65

REG U LA R SE R 1E S

:i,n. , + ~,'

I \/IF SHAPES
Dimensions for detailing
1

W
Flan,e WOO Distance
WelSht Ulual
Nomina l
,M D<lplh Half
g, ,
GaSe
~'" F~' Wid th
T hlck_
ness ne..•
Thick·
T
Thlc k -
ne.S
k k,
•
,,- CO - ,,- - --
-- ,,- -,,-- -,,-- -,,-- - ,,- - ,,- --,,--- -,,-- -", -,,- -
- - - - - - -- -- -- -
--
,,-- -
14XIO 74
68
141,4
I'
10'"
10
%
%
~,
~,
\4
'A
<II
,%
u"
II"
llio
I ~,
lio
r,
,%
,y,
~,
~,
5"
5\lo
61 13¥a 10
" lio >I, ,%
II" I ', % 21, \4 5\lo

14X8 53
48
I'
13'.4
•• '"' ~,
lio
lio
>I,
II,
, r" lllio 1\4
3%
II"1>1,
'>10 ,y, 'A
'>10 '\lo I'
5\lo
5\>
43 13" • 'h ~, II, , r" lllio I'"
'.
'II, ' \lo 5Y,

14X6% 38 I'", 6% \lo

11,
1\,
~,
>I,
>I,
,\4 lZ~ 1 ' \I ,,.
"" '. ",
,\I
31A
"'"
,~,
34 I' 6% \4
13311 1\, r,
II, 2\4 \I, ,y,

lZXlZ
30

I.,
611

12l\ 1%
lio

1M,
'"
1\,
' I' 12'"
5% .% 211, Ill, '%

'" 11,"11,
I'll 5\1
161 13311 121f,z l \lo '1\, 11, 511 0% 2~, I ~, \I 5'h
133 1311 1211 1\4 % lio 5% 0% P¥!, 1 ' II 5\1
120 13'"
1211
1211 I '"
121,4 I
% lio
lI,
511 ,%
,%
P Yla 1
,
"A
, '"
""
I" 5'. I~, 'lI, lio 5\1
, ~, ~,
12% WA 511 Ph , ~,
5\>
"" 12l\ I 'll 11 II, t., 511
'%
'% l¥i, ,~,
lio
"I lio 5\>
85

"
"y,
12lio
12'"
12'"
'II,
%
Y,
Y,
'. \4
5%
5%
0%
0%
llio
I",
lio 2% 'h,
lio 2% 1\,
5Y,
5Y,

" '.
WA 12 11, 1\4 lio 2% II, 5Y,

"'"'
72 5% 9'.4
65 m·, 12 II, 5% ,% Ill, '>10 2% \I 5'h
12XlO 58
53
12\4
12
10
10 "l\, \I,
"
II,
lio
' 11
' lio
0% 1\4
0% Wi,
'II,
%
2Y,
2Y, \4
'. 5Y,
5\1
12X8 50
45
12104
12 .'•" "!I, "II, II,II,II, 3l"
lio '11 0% 1\4
'II HI,
'II,
%
21'
,Y,
''.. 5\1
5Y,
40 12 • I<> ' lio ' II I '" % 'I<> 'A 5\1
12X6ik 36 121,4
"" 11,II, lI, II,'" '''''''' 10lio , ~, !I, 2'A \4 '\I
,.
'I
27
12",
12
' Y,
61<> lio''.. '" ''' 10li0 lio
10lio 'lIo
Y, 2" II, 'Y,
21,4 II, '\I

AMERICAN IN STITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

Rt!fIiscd I J /65 1· 15

ROLLED S TEEL SHAPES

W SHAPES
x

y
x
Properties for designi ng I
Range AX I$X . X AXIS"' · Y
Iwalghl WoO

'" "'0
F~'
Deplh
Width Thick·
ness
Thick·
ness
d
A, J S , J S ,
- -- - -- --
- - -IIn." - -'0.-
In.' '0. '0. '0. '0. In.'
- - - - -- '0. In.' In ."
----
Cb.
- - - - --
74 21.76 14.19 10.0n .783 .450 1.1" 796.8 lIZ.] '.05
133.5 26.5
724.1 103.0 6.02 121.2 24.1
2.48
2.46
20.00 14.06 10.040 .718 .418 1.95
"
151 17.94 13.91 10.000 .643 .378 2.16 641.5 92.2 5.98 107.] 21.5 2,45

48"
15.59
14.11
13.94
13.81
8.062
8.031 .'"
.59]
.]70
.339
2.6]
2.01
542.1
484.9
17.8 5.01
70.2 5.86
57.5 14.3
51.3 12.8
1.92
1.91
143 12.65 13.68 8.000 .528 .308 3.24 429.0 62.7 5.82 45.1 11.3 1.89

38 11.11 l4.12 6.176 .513 .313 4.06 385.3 54.' 5.87 24.6 7.3 1.49

,,,,
134 10.00 14.00
8.81 1l.86
'.750
6.733
.453
.383
.287
.270
4.58
5.37
339.2
289.'
48.5 5.83
41.8 5.73
21.3 '.3
11.5 5.2
1.46
1.41

101
l61
133
55.86
47.38
39.11
14.38
13.88
13.38
12.670
12.515
12.365
1.736
1.486
1.236
....
1.060

.755
.'54
.746
.8"
1892.5
1541 .8
1211.2
26].2 5.82 589.7 93.1
222. 2 5. 70 486.2 71.7
182.5 5.59 389.9 63.1
3.15
3.2<)
3.16
Ull 35.]1 13.12 12.320 1.ltfi .710 .963 1071.7 163.4 5.51 345.1 56.0 3.13
106 31.19 12.88 12."" .986 .,ro 1.01 930.1 144.5 5. 46 " '. 9 49.2 3.11
99
92
29.09
27.06
12.75
12.62
12.190
12.155
.921
.856
.""
.545
1.14
1.21
858.5
788.9
134.7 5.43 278.2 5.7
125.0 5.40 256.' 42.2
3.09
3.08
185 24.98 12.50 12.105 .J!< .•95 1.29 723.3 1l5.7 5.38 235.5 38.9 3.07
179 23.22 12.38 12.080 .736 .470 1.39 66].0 107.1 5.34 216.4 35.8 3.05
j 72 21.16 12.25 12.040 .671 .4'" 1.52 597.4 97.5 5.31 195.3 32.' 3.04
j65 19.11 12.12 U.OOO .606 .390 1.67 S3].4 88.0 5.28 174.6 29.1 3.02

158 11.tfi 12.19 10.014 .641 .359 1.01 476.1 78.1 5.28 107.4 21.4 2.51
I" 15.59 12.tfi 10.000 .576 .345 2.09 426,2 70.7 5.23 96.1 19.2 2.48

50 14.71 12.19 8.077 .641 .371 2.35 394.5 64.1 5. 18 56.' 14.0 1.96
45 13,24 12.tfi 8.042 .576 .336 2.60 350.8 58.2 5.15 50.0 12.4 1.94
140 11,77 11.94 8.000 .516 .294 2.89 310.1 51.9 5. 13 44 .1 11.0 1.94

36
31
10.59
9.12
12.24
12.09
6.565
'.525
.540
.465
.305
.165
3.45
3.98
280.8
238.' .,..
45.9 5.15
5.Il
23.7 7.2
19.8 '.1
1.50
1.47
127 7.97 11.96 '.500 .400 .240 4.60 "".1 34.1 5.06 16.6 5.1 1.44

t Non.comp.acl shape In A36. A.242. "440 and A441.

INon-compact shapa In A.242. A440 and "441.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

1 -16

REGULAR SERIES

4. web + ~,'

I W SHAPES
Dimensions for detailing
T 11
W
Nomln.l
~ . WMa ht

'"
roo'
DeP th
na"ae

Width Th lc.k.
ne ..
Thick.
ness
W.b
Hell
Thick.
,..ss
- - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
a T
Dlsu.nc.e

• " B, 0
UIU. l
Gese
B

". Lb.
'". --
._-- ". -".- -".- -".- -'". -'"-. --
'". ".- - '". - - '".._-
".
II" 10" I"
", " "" ."" '"'" ,'.
.. <Y..
'A. 5~
". "
112 I"
10XIO
100 lJI4 10" % I" 'A. 51; "" ,,
.'.,.." '",,.,
101,4 I Ph '1\.
71
10¥.
10% 101,4 ,., II. II.
% 0/..
I" %
% 5~
51;
72

"
60
101; 10"
10" 10"
101.4 10" %
% ~
'A.
"
'A.
14
14
14
.r. 'r. III.
.r.
,r. 1\4 2'" II. 5~
Ill, II 21; II. 5\,
5\\
"'" '" ".
54 10" 10
10 10
%
II.
II. .", 73. I" %
""
II. . ", I~. %
2\\ ""
21; \4 5\\
51;
'.
" II.
"" I"
lO X8 45 101< 0
"'h. 1\,II." 31'
""HI % 21' \4 5\\
J9
]]
10
9'A
0
0

5%
I;

I; II,
II.
II.
]"
".,,, '"
1~.
'II.
%
%
' II
'....
, \\ \4
51;
5\\

II.
" 2%
IOX5% 2'J l OlA 0\\ II '\4
25
21 ,...
101< 5'A
5%
'h.
II. " \4
...
" '" ", Ill,
2" 0\\ 'h.
%
Oil % 'h. ,'. ,,,
2" II, 2'"
II,
,
OXO 67
58
48
40
35
.
.%
~
'II. II.
0"
0\4
0"
0
'II.
'A.
II.
II. '"
II '",,, '" III. "."
14

.'•.". ."• II,'"''h, "II,>I, II.r.. '"'" '"'"'" "'II. ...II.

\\
I~ .
%

II.
,
,,,'" "
'I; II
2" 14
II •
14
511
5~
51;
51;
51;
". '"
".'.
31 f .. l-}'i, 2" 51'.
,. • 'h. II.
8x61h
24 '1\
" '. "
'I;
'I; '"'"
14
314
314
% \\
% \\
2'.
2" .",
]\\
'II
8x5 1.4 O\; 514 'A.
2\\ ,\4
20
• " 14 \; % 2" II.
'"
11 514 II,
'. \; 21'. '16
" 'h. 2 II. 2"

AMERICAN I NSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 1 · 17

ROLLED STEE L SHAPES

W SHAPES
x

y
x
Properties for designing I
,..
Welah t
,~,
"rea Depth
Width
Ft.Ilae

Thick·
Iless
W.b
Thick·
Iless •
A, 1
"XIS X · J(

S I I
"XI$ Y· Y

S I

-IIII- -'0-
. '0. '0. -'0-
.
-_. --
'0. --
- --
- -'0.
c..
- ----
11.38 10.415 1.248
- .755 Ill .'
-- --
.876
Ill .·
-- Ill .'
--
7l8.7 126.3 4.67 235.4 45.2
Ill .'
-
2.67
111 32.92
100 29.43 11.12 10.345 1.118 .685 .961 625.0 112.4 4.61 206.6 39.9 2.65
89 26.19 10.88 10 .275 .998 .615 1.06 542.4 99.7 4.55 180.6 35.2 2.63

"
72
22.67
21.18
19.41
10.62
10.SO
10.38
10.195
10.170
10.117
.,.
.868
.
.748
.535
.510
.457
1.20
1.26
1.37
420.7 80.1
382.5 73.7
........
457 .2 ".1 4.49 153.4 30.1
141.8 27.9
129.2 25.5
2.60
2.59
2.58
"
160
154
17.66
15.88
10.25
10.12
10.075
10.028
.683
.618
.415
.868
1.49
1.63
343.1 67.1 4.41 116.5 23.1
305.7 60.' '.39 103.9 20.7
2.57
2.56
t" 14.40 10.00 10.000 .558 .340 1.79 272.9 54.' '.35 93.0 18.6 2.54

45 13.24 10.12 '.022 .618 .350 2.04 248.6 49.1 4.33 53.2 13. 2.00
139 11.48 0." 7 .,., .528 .318 2.36 "".7 42.2 4.27 ".0 1l.2 1.98
133 9.71 9.75 7.'" .433 .292 2.83 170.9 35.0 '.20 36.5 O. 1.94

29

"
t21
8.53
7.35
6.19
10.22
lQ.(18
9.01
5.199
5.762
5.750
.500
.430
.340
.289
. ,.,2
.240
....
3.52

5.07
157.3
133.2
106.3
30.' '.29
26.' '.26
21.5 4. 14
15.2 5.2
12.7
•••
9.70 3.'
1.34
1.3t
I.,.,

.,. 60.' ....

.."
19.70 9.00 8.287 .033 .575 1.16 211.8 3.71 21.4 2.12
58 17.06 8.75 '.222 . .510 1.32 227.3 ~2.0 3.65 74.9 18.2 2.10

40
135
14.11
11.76
10.30
.. ,.,
'.50

8.12
8.117
8.0n
8.027
.683
.558
.493
.405
.365
.315
1.53
1.83
2.05
183.7
146.3
126.5
43.2
35.5
31.1
3.61
3.53
3.50
".9
49.0
42.5
15.0
12.1
10.6
2."
2.04
2.03
III 9.12 '.00 8.000 .433 .2" 2.31 109.7 27.4 3.47 37.0 9.2 2.01

28
124
8.23
7.06
'.06
7.93
'.540
'.500
.463
.398
.285
.245
2."
3.01
97.8
82.5
24.3 3.45
20.' 3.42
21.6
•••
18.2 5.'
1.62
1.61

20
117
5."
5.00
8.14
8.00
5.268
5.250
.378
.lOB
. 248
.230
....
'.95
69.2
56.'
17.0 3.43
14.1 3.36
'.50 3.2
6.72 2.'
1.20
1.16

t N Oll-com~c;t s hape III "36. .0.242. 1\440 alld A44L

t NOll-«om~et shape III A242, "440 alld "441.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEl CONSl RUCTION

1 ·18

REGULAR SER IE S

-i+-
~f " w.b + II,'

I H BEARING PILES
Dimensions for detailing
,
W
Section
& Nominal
-
Numb... WeliM Depth
Aania

Width Thkk. Th ick.

W.b
Hall
Thick. T
OIstlln ca

k ~ I, 0
....
Usual

g
- " --
Size foo' ne.. nen ness
- - - -- -- --- f - -- - f- - -
". Lb.
". ".
--- !o.
". ". I~
!o.
~ ". ". ". ".
'II, 'II, me 1 ,\I
,,, " '"
BP 14 117 14% 14% ~, 7 11%
102 14 14% % % % 7 11% Ill, 'II, '\I ~,
14X14!.fl
89 13¥e 14\1 % % II, 7 11% 1\4 'II. % '"
'"
73 1'" 14"
" "% 14

II,
7

,\I
11% 1\4

9'A Ill, II
II
'" II, '\0
, \0
'II, '"
BP 12 74 12\0 12% % %
12X12

BP 10
IOxl0
"
57
42
Ill'

10
12

lOlA
1""
~,

~,
~.
~,

%,
~,
'.
II,
11,
'I'
411
411
9'A 1

"0 1\\,
71'0 'II, %
'II,
'"'\0
II,

"
' \0 \4
'\0
,\0
' \0
'I'
BP.
'x,
36
• '\4 ~. VJe \4 311 il, I flll

" 21' II, s\o

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 1 -19

ROLLED STEEL SHAPES

H BEARING PILES
X

y
X
Properties for designi ng I
...
Walsh!
,~,
,,.. o.plh
Flan&a

Width Thlck-
neSS
WOO
Thlck -
"u. d
A,
I
AXIS X-X

S , I
AXISY-Y

S ,
In."
- - -'"-
'". - '". . -'".- - -- -- --
In. ~ In.' W
'".
--
'".
Cb.
- --- In.'
-
t1l7 34." 14.23 14.885 .805 .805 1.19 1228 .5 172 .6 5.97 443.1 59.5 3.59
jlO2
j89
j73
30.01
26.19
21.46
14.03
13.86
13.64
14.784
14.696
14.58&
.704
.616
.506
.704
.616
.506
1.35 1055.1
1.53 909.1
1.85 733.1
150.4
13l.2
107.5
5.93
5.89
5.85
326.2 ....
379.6 51.3 3.56
3.53
261.9 35.9 3.49

j74 21.76 12 .12 12.217 ."7 ."7 1.63 566.' 93.5 5.10 184.7 30.2 2.91
j53 15.58 11.18 12.G46 .•56 .•56 2.24 394.8 67.0 5.03 127.3 21.2 2.86

j51 16.76 10.01 10 .224 .564 .564 1.74 294.7 50.9 4.19 100.6 19.7 2.45
j42 12.35 9.72 10.078 .418 .418 2.31 210.8 43.4 4.13 71.4 !4. 2."

j36 10.60 8.03 8.158 .... .... 2.21 119.8 29.9 3.36 .... 9. 1.95

t Non.compaet , hapa In A]6, A242. A440 and ...... 1.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION

1 ·10

REGULAR SERIES

LIGHT W COLUMNS
MISCELLANEOUS COLUMNS (M)

I and
JUNIOR BEAMS AND CHANNELS
Dimensions for detailing
",," WoO 01... " ,

~; DIIplh _,:-~. Hell

FOOl nu. I nu.. 'n':;' a T Ie k, S,

". co. '0. '0. '0. '0. '0. '0. '0. 1 '0. 1'0· 1'0 . '0· 1'0. '0.
LIGHT YF AND MISCELLANEOUS COLUMNS
'X.M
1 l;~ : I: ~:~,~: [If'"rr~:~
1 \: -;1,;
1~"""m=~""';:"'w.-~~ I
6X6VoF 2'5.0 6% 6 Ih
6X6M 25.066111:
Z2.S 6 6~ ,.
6X6W' 20.0 6\4 6 "-
6X6M 20.0 6 6 '"
6X6VoF 15.5 6 6 ',4

5XS M 18.9 5 5 ¥Ie

5X5W' 18.5 5~ 5 ~,
16.0 5 5 ,.

ill~ :"': ~
JUNIOR BEAMS

t' ...

[ JUNIOR CHANNELS

Nominal
~

'0'
o.,lln,lIon
.. Walski
per
Fool
"'=
1---"';
Width
O" __ f__-'-]-
Aver'ee
Thick· Thick·
ness
OI"i'-"O~
W""::-.,,--I-_..,..,._-'-'
Helf
Thick·
nut
,,-;-_.--_
• T k g. ,
'0. CO. '0. ". ". '0. '0. '0. ". '0. '0.

Galle g permissible nu. beam ends: el •• where Spec. may requlr. reduction In '.. 'ener size.

AM ERICAN IN STITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 1 · 21

ROLLED STEEL SHAPES

LIGHT 'IF COLUMNS

MISCELLANEOUS CO LUMN S (M)
and
JUNIOR BEAMS ANO CHANNELS I
Properties for designing
"" Y.v
Area o.pth Averag" d
Width Thick· IS, I S,
n"ss AI
co. '".' _ '". '". '". '". I'"' '" '". '".' '".' '".
LIGHT W' AND

llIT I::: :::: l~m

U:
lfl 2.30 I :Jl'I·i8 1~ :1 1t:~ 1:1 1U 1L!.I
25.0
25.0
7.37
7.35
6.37
6.00
6.080
5.938
.456
.481
.320
.313 2.10
.
.
2.69 17.1
2.53 14.9 I~·~ 1.52
1.43
t22.5 6.62 6.00 6.063 .m .375 2.60 . 2.49 jl 2.2 Il nf~ 1.36
l2O.0
tzo.O
tl5.5
5.90
5.88
4.62
6.20
6.00
6.00
6.018
5.938
6.000
.367
.380
.269
.258
.250
.240
2.81
2.66
3.72
..:~.
,SII.
;: . ~
ll .'"
2.66.
2.57 . .
2.56
n 1.50
1.39
1.45
18.9 5.56 5.011 5.0lI0 .417 .313 2.40 ~!!~ 2.08 1.1t'i I I 1.20
18.5
16.0
5.45
4.70
5. 12
5.00
5.025
5.000
.420
.360
.26'
.240
2.43.
2.78 .
2.1'
2.13
,." Ii.
' ..... Iv.w
1.28
1.26

:ljg U; lU t~ 1 U! l:~ U. :~
JUNIOR BEAM S

I ~.

JUNIOR CHANNELS
[
W"li"t flanK" I WOIIb " " V·V
per Arta Oepth Av8tllKe I T_~~~. d
Foot Width Thlek. ne SI A IS, I S r %

ness I I-;:c;-I-;:-;,I-;:-+::c;-f-;:-;-I-;:-I-::-I
co. '".' '". '". '". '". '".' '".' '". I '"' I '".' '". '".
11 l:!! I !!~ ~Li ~:! I~! !! i~ I:~ I:~ :ll ·:~
t Non-compael .~a~ ~n A36. A2.2. AUQ and A44 I.
" ,, ...,.,. ,"".
AMERICAN INSTiTUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION
1 · 22

REGULAR SERIES

MISCELLANEOUS SHAPES (M)

and 'L~p'~~"
I LIGHT BEAMS (B)
Dimensions for detailing
7

·~'W
... 1"==

Nomlnel

De I
~
e~:
'&I'.lion
'

I Wt.
.,.,
Fool
Depth
.
~
flen ..
' Ava. Thick.: Hetf
W.b

Width Thiel! . n.1I Thlcl!.• T • k, g,

Dlstence
,
, RI"'."
".. Gel·
6
U'U8t

. .--. nH'
. . --~ -;:-- ~
-- ~
tn. , . Lb. . -In.- In. In. In.
---- In.
". In. tn. ~ In. ."... ".--
31 51\ ,.
~. 1\ 21\ 14 'lI, >I, 21\>I.
" ",.
16X5Y.! 8 153i1 'A l'o 2\1
51\ II.
'A 'k
'" 14 'l\o 'A. 2\\ l'o 2\1
14X58

14x4 B
"
22
17.2 14
133i1
13\1
5
5
4
~.
>I,
\4
'.
\4
>I.
1\
Yo
1\
2" 121\
2" 12Yo
Il'o 12l'o
l'o lI. 2'A >I.
% II. 2\4 >I.
II. ~. 2 II.
l'o
l'o
%
2\1
2%
2'.
12X4 B 22
l'
12\4
121\
4
4 ,.
~, \4
\4
1\
Yo
Il'o 1014
Il'o 1014
% ~. 2'. >I.
,.
% ~. 2\4 >I.
%
%
2"
2"

,.'. >I.'.
16.5 12 4 \4 Yo Il'o 1014 'A. 2 II. % 2\4
14 113i1 4 Yo If, lOll II. %. 2 >I. % 2'.

.'. ,.
IDX5% M 29.1
22.'
'10
''''
51~,
5loI 10 ,.'"
~. >I.
Yo
2% %
2% '\4 'II. II.
2\4 \4
2'" II.
10
Ik
2%
2%

.."
21 ~l\, 5\1 10 Yo 2\1 '10 % ... 2\4 >I, 10
,. '"
'" ,.
IDX4 B 19 10\4 4 \4 Yo 110 ' 10 % lI. 2\4 II. % 2"
11 10\4
10
4 ",\4 \4
\4
1\ 110
1\ 110 '10 ", lI•
lI.
2 >I.
".
2
%
%
2\4
2\4
" '"
11.5
4
4
".,. ,.>I. 1\ I" \\ lI • 2 >I. % 2\4
BX6Y.! M 28
24 •• 'Ii
'1\
,. \4 II. 31\
1\ 31\ ""
l'o
",
l'o
... 2\4 \4
... 2\4 ".
l'o
10
31\
31\
8XS'A M 22.5 • 510 10 l\ II. 21\ 6\, % ".... 2\42 \4\4 10 ".".2%
••• ".
20 51; l\ II. 21\ '10 % 10
. 18.5 5\4 l\ \4 1\ 2\\ '1\ 14 1\ 2\4 >I. 10
11 5\4 ". \4 Yo 21\ 'Ii %
Il, ,.
... 2 II.
" 2%
8X4 B 15
13
•'Yo 4 ,. ,.
>I. \4 1\
Yo
'l'o
Il'o 'l'o II.
lI. 2
lI. 2
>I. 14
>I.
2'.
2\4
10 7l'o
4
4 >I.
,. II. Yo Il'o 'l'o 1\ lI, 2 II. "
% 2\4
6x4 B 16
12
',5 ".
,
5'"
4
4
4
\4
>I.
\4
\4
>I,
1\
1\
Yo
Il'o 'l'o %
Il'o ." ".
I " 5 lI, ,
l\ 214 >I.
l\ 2 >I.
l\ 2 II. "
\I

"
2\4
2\4
2\4
OaK. , pefmlulbl. n .... bum endl; ....wh... Sp.K. may f.qUIr. t.dudlon In I..t.n_ lb •.

AMER ICAN I NSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 1 · 23

ROLLED STEE L SHAPES

Y
MISCELLANEOUS SHAPES (M)
and
x x
LIGHT BEAMS (B)
Properties for design ing
I
y

Flllnge AXIS x-x AXIS y.y

Welghl Wob
0" Ar"" Depth
WIdth
Average
Thl<::k·
Thk:k-
neSS d I , I
S S ,
'00'
-Lb.
- In ." - '0. ---
'0.
neSS

'0. '0.
AI
-- --.;;- --
In .- '--
--
0. --
In.' In.1 '0.
9.12 15.84 5.525 .442 .275 6.49 372.5 47.0 ,." 11.57 4.19 l.ll
"
)26 1.65
7.65
15.65
13.89
5.500

5.025
.345

.418
.250
.255
'.25 298.1 38.1
6.61 242.6 34.'
6.24

5.63 ..,.
8.71 3.17

3.29
1.07
1.04
26
122 6.47 13.72 5.000 .335 .230 8.19 197.4 28.' 5.52 '.40 2.56 .99

P.7.2 5.05 14.00 4.000 .272 .210 12.9 147.3 21.0 5.40 2.65 1.32 .72
22 6.47 12.31 4.030 .424 .260 7.20 155.7 25.3 4.91 4.55 2.26 .84
19 5.62 12.16 4.010 .34' .240 8.69 130.1 21.4 4.81 l.67 1.83 .81
p6.5 4.86 12.00
11.91
4.000
3.910
.269
.224
.230
.200
11. 2 lOS.3 17.5
13.4 88.2 14.8
4.65
4.61
2.79
2.25
1."
1.13
.76
.74
j 14 4.14
t29.1 8.55 '.88 5.935 .389 .425 4.28 131.5 26.6 3.92 1l.2 3.7 1.14

ff,' 6.73
6.10
'.88
' .OJ
5.750
5.750
.38'
.338
.240
.240
4.42 116.6 23.6
5.09 104.4 21.1
4.16
4.14 •••
'.2
3.5
3.2
l.ZZ
1.22
19 5.61 10.25 4.020 .394 .250 6.47 96.2 18.8 4.14 4.19 2.08 .86
17 4.98 10.12 4.010 .329 .240 7.67 81.8 16.2 4.05 3.45 1.72 .83
115 4.40 10.00 4.000 .26' .230 '.29
12.3
68.8 13.8
51.9 10.5
3.95 2.79 1.39
2.01 1.02
.80
.71
fll. 5 3.39 9.87 3.950 .204 .180 3.92
OJ.1 22.5 3.31 17.73 5.33
III 8.23
7.0;
8.00
'.00
6.650
'.500
.398
.398
.3OJ
.240
3.02
3.09 83.8 21.0 3.45 16.52 5.08
1.47
1.53

,,.,..
t22.5 6.61 '.00 5.395 .352 .375 4.21 68.3 17.1 3.23 7.5 2.' 1.08
120 5.88 '.00 5.360 .305 .350 4.89 60.7 15.2 3.22 2.46 1.0;
t 18.5 5.44 '.00 5.250 . 352 .230 4.33 62.1 15.5 3.38 2.' U3
117 5.00 ' .00 5.250 .305 .240 5.00 56.0 14.0 3.35 6.16 2.35 1.11
15 4.43 8.12 4.015 .314 .245 '.44 48.0 11.8 3.29 3.30 1.65 .86
113 3.83 '.00 4.000 .254 .230 7.87 39.5 '.88 3.21 2.62 1.31 .83
tlO 2.95 7.OJ 3.940 .204 .170 9.83 30.' 7.79 3.23 1.99 1.01 .82
16
12
4.72
3.53
'.25 4.030 .404 .260
.230
3.84
5.38
31.7 10.1 2.59
21.7 7.24 2.48
4.32 2. 14
2.89 1.44
.96
.OJ
' .00 4.000 .279
t 8.5 2.50 5.83 3.940 .194 .170 7.63 14.8 5.07 2.43 1.89
." .B7

tNon·compact shapaln AlS. A242. A440 and A441.

%Non-compact shapa in A242. A440 and A441.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 REGULAR SERIES

AMERICAN STANDARD

I BEAMS
Dimensions for detailing k
i£j'-r
J erJp

~ ..
NomInal
w,.
'w
,~,

1---;::--1:-:-:--
Width
AVi·
Thick·
Thick
nesa
W.b

Helf
Thick. 0 T
~:--II-""'='''-' I--+~"'='''-' - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Ols tance

k 6, C
Grip
M.... U$ua'
fIe.
Rivet
Gaie
IJ

In. Lb. In. In. In. In. In. In. In. In. In. In. In. In.
I-=~+::':":--j-;;-'- - - - - - - - - - _. -- - - -1 - -., -
24X7¥e 120.0 8 l~ '¥ie ~G 3~ 2OL,i Jl¥!, 3'.4 Lf.z 1'-'
105.9 7Ya l~ ~ 'YI&:niI 20~ JI~6 3\4 ~ l~ 1 .,
24X7 100.0
'1.0
7"
71. ''"" 1
1 ••
79.9 7
'"
1
•
2OX7 95.0
85.0
'"
7
Yll
~6
3':.4 16* 1%
3\4 161h. 1%
3
3
I~,

'"
1
1
••
2Ox6!A 75.0
65.4
",
'\I
1~6
'¥ie
%
Vi
¥Ie
If,
2ft I6%. I';,
2Ya I6¥. lo/ie
2'1. %
2J4 o/ie
'¥ie
%
fa
Ya
lY.t
3ih
18X6 70.0
54.7 ,'\4 'Yil
'Vie
%
"h
%
'.4
2JA. 15 ',4 1~
2% J51.4 l'la
2% 1h,
2% 1Yi6
lYle
lVI,
fa
r.
lih
]\f.r
15X5"h SO.O ,,,.
42.9 51'>
12x51,4
....
60.0 'I'>
5\4
12X5 35.0 51. % 3
31.8 5 'A 3
IOX4~ 35.0 5 ". 2%
25.4 .". II, 21'
8X'

7x3~
23.0
lB.4

"'.0
".
•
3'"
'A,
~.

".
'A,
II,
II,
2\4
2\4
2\<
15.3
"" * 'A
*
2\4
6X3l&

5X3
11.25
12.5
14.15
""
3",
3"
**
II,
''..
I'>
'A

"
'A
1\f.r
Ph
l~
Wi
4Y.2 1 %
]'ti
%

LYl, 2
2
2
II,
¥l6
1Yi6
o/L6
~,
2

10.0 3 II, \4 Iio 1'" ] 0/1 LYl6 2 ~6 ~6

.X"" '.5
7. ,
'2'"" II,
II,
II,
II,
1'.4
l~
2%
2%
0/1
*
12
12
LA
¥l6
~6

'YL6
7.5 21'> 'A l~ 1% '¥l6 . .• L.4 1,4
5.7 2* \4 *
II, l'AI 1Jia "¥l6 ... ~6 1.04
Geieg is permissible nee. beam ends: el.ewhere Spec. mar •• qulre redueHon In le.,en ... lize.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 1 · 25

ROLLED STEEL SHAPES

Y
~

" AMERICAN STANDARD

x- -x

'" y'"
BEAM S
Properties for designing I
Flange AlCI S X · X AXIS y . y

....
Welahl WOO

__S . -,-
QflPlh

I,
A<N Average Thic k· d
r~ ,
Widlh Thick · ne lll
A; I S I
. -0-
",- - - - . .
Lb. In! '0 .
. - - - - - - 0. '0.
'0. ' In .' In ,- In , In ,' In .' '0.
120.0 35.13 24.00 '.048 1,102 .798
--
2.71 3010.8 250.' 9.26
- _.
84.9 ~ 1.56
-

105.9 ".98 24. 00 7.875 1.102 .'25 2.76 2811.5 234.3 9. 53 178 . 9 20.0 1.60
100.0 19.25 24.00 7.247 .871 .741 3.81 2371.8 197.6 9.05 48.4 13.4 1.29
90.0 26." 24.00 7.124 .871 .624 3.87 2230.1 185.8 9.21 45.5 12.8 1.32
79.9 23.33 24.00 7.000 .871 .500 3.94 2087.2 173.9 9.46 42.9 12.2 1.36
95.0 27.74 20.00 7.200 .916 .800 3.03 1599.7 160.0 7,59 50.5 14.0 1.35

..,..,
85.0 24.80 20.00 7.053 .916 .653 3.09 1501.7 150.2 7.78 47.0 13.3 1.38
75.0
65.4
21.90
19.08
20.00
20.00
6.391
'.250
.789
.789
.641
.500 ...,
3.97 1263.5 126.3 7.60 ".1
1169.5 116.9 7.83 27.9
1.17
1.21
70.0
54.7
20.46
15.94
18.00
18.00
6.251
'.000
.691
.691
.m
.460
4.17
4.35 795.5 ....
917.5 101.9 6.70 24.5
7.07 21.2
7.8
7.1
1.09
1.15
I..,
14.59 15.00 5.640 .622 .5SO '.28 481.1 " . 2 5.74 16.0 5.7
".,
SO.O
12.49 15.00 5.500 .622 .410 4.39 441.8 58.' 5.95 14 .6 5.3 I."
SO.O
".8
14 .57
11.84
12.00
12.00
5.477
5.250
.659
. 659 ....
.687 3.32
3.47 ....,
301.6 SO.3 4.55 \6 .0
" .8 4.17 13 .8
5.8
5.3
I..,
I."
".0 10.20 12.00
12.00
5.018
5.000
.544
.544
.428
.350
' .34
4.41
227 .0 37.8 4.72 10.0
Zl5.8 36.0 '.83 ' .5
3.'
3.8
.99
1.01
l1.8 ' . 26
35.0
25.'
10.22
7.38
10.00
10.00 .....
'.944 .491
.491
.594
.l10
4. 12
4.l7
145. 8 29 .2 3. 78
122 .1 24 .4 4.07 ,.,
8.5 3.'
3.0
.91
.97
23.0
18. 4
6.71
5."
8.00
8.00
4.171
4.000
.•25
.•25
.441
.270
4.51
4.71
64 .2 16.0 3."
56.' 14.2 3.26
••
3.8•
2.1
I., ...
.81

20.0 5.83 7.00 3.860 .392 .450 4.62 41.9 12.0 2.58 3.1 1.6 .74
15.l 4.43 7.00 3.'" ."2 .250 4." 36 .2 10.4 2.86 2.7 1.5 .78
17 .25 5.02 '.00 3.565 .359 .465 4.69 26.0 8.7 2. 28 2.3 1.3 .58
12.5 3.61 '.00 3.330
.'" .230 5.02 21.8 7.3 2." 1.8 l.l .72
14.75
10.0
'.29
2.87
5.00
5.00
3.284
3.000 .'".326
•• 94
.210
4.67
5.11
15.0
12.1
'.0 1.87
4.8 2."
1.7
1.2
1.0
.82
.63
.65
'.5 2.76 '.00 2.796 .293 .326 4.89 '.7 3.3 1.56 .'1 .65 .58
7.7 2.21 '.00 2.'" .293 .190 5.13 ,.0 3.0 1.64 .77 .58 .59
7.5
5.7
2.17
1.64
3.00
3.00
2.509
2.330
.260
.260 .'"
.170
4.60
4.95
2.'
2.5
1
I.' 1.15
1.7 1.23 ... ...
.59 .47 .52
.53

AM ERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

,.,.
REGU L AR SER I ES

L1tc - web + ~,'

I I.
AMERICAN STANDARD
[ CHANNELS
Dimensions for detailing
T

k
\U
"
I =f Grip

F1enle Wob Dlslance

W'. MII~ . Usual
Nomlnel
Sin 00'
'00'
AVI. Thick·
Width Thick. ness Thick·
Helf
T k , g.
8
Grip FIS·
Rivet
O'KII
ness ne •• "
- -- - - --;;- -- -- -- - -
". co. ". ,.,.'0. ,. ,.II.'0.
~ '0. '0.
~
'0. '0. '0. '0.
,.
·18X4 58.0
51.9
45.8
.~
' 100
4 ,.,. %
\0 \I
3\0
3\0
3\0
15"
15%
15%
Ill.
Ill.
Ill.
Ill.
2\0 %
2\0 %
2\0 ~.
2\\ \0
,.,. %
I
I
1
I
2\0
2\0
2\0

15X3~
42.7 4
,.,. ~. 'A 3\0
3
15%
12* Ill. 2\\ % ,. ,.,.,. I
2\0
2\4
SO.O
40.0
33.'
3*
3\\
3% %
*
>I.
li. " ~
>I.
3
3
12,. Ill.
12% Ill.
2\\
2\\ \\
I
I
2
2
9lIo 1M, 2\0 'I,
12X3 30.0
25.0
20.7
3'~
3
3
\\
\\
\\
\0
%
II.
'A
li.
100
'* ."
2" 'l1o 1M,
2,. 1M.
2\\ ~.
2\\ %
\\
\\
II
l10
l10
l10
1*
1*
1*
lO X~ '),0 3 ~. % % 2% 8100 '1\. 2\\ * ~,
* '*
25.0 2% ~. >I. \4 2lfo 8100 'lI. 2\\ % ~,
* '*
20.0 2* 'h. * II. 2% 8100 'lI. 2\\ ~, ~. * 1\\
'h, \4 2% 81> 'II. 2\\ II, ~, 1\\
15.3
'* 100 *
9x2\1z 20.0
15 .0
2"
2\\
ZIfo
~.
~.
~,
'h,
II,
\4
\4
II,
Z'A
2'A
2"
7\4
7'A
7" ...
'I 2'A 'h

".'"Ifo
II,
li,
~,
'A
%
I'h
lifo

", ""%
13.4 I> % 1"
2\\ 2
,'.. 'lIo 2\4 1\\

""
8xZ1,4 18.75 \\ 'A *
1\, 1\, 2 'li, 2"
13.75 2"
" " *
'"
8Xl¥S
U.5
8.5
214
1'1
Ifo
II,
\4
lI,
I>
100
2
1*
,%
' \0
% 2\4 1\.
% 21,4 \4 r" ..
* 1"
1'~

7X21A1 14.75
12.25
•••
2\4
2"
2100
Ifo

"
'h.
II,
\4
'A
II,
l l10
Il10
Il10
5%
51fo
'lIo
'lIo
2\4 \0
2\4
2\4 II.
.. "
Ifo
Ifo
Ii
1\4
1"
1"
% 100
'" 'lI.
"II, Ii
'x2 13.0
10.5
8.2
2100
2
Il10
%
%
Ifo
'h,
II,
lI. '.
II,
100
1*
1%
1%
4\0
4\\
4\0
*
%
*
2\4 \\
"4 %
2" \4
Ifo
II.
Ii
Ii

..
Ii
1%
1100
1100
5Xl% '.0
'.7
Il10
1'.4
II,
'I,
II.
II, ",
100
1\\
1\\
31i
lifo
'II.
'II,
2 Ifo
2 \4
'I.
II, ...
1100
...
4Xl" 725 1* II, II, II, 1% 2* ,.
Ii 2 Ifo II, Ii 1

3XI ¥.z
5.4
,.,5.0
1,.
1,.
1\0
1\,

'. '.
\4
II,
%
I>
II,
I>
UI
l'A
1"
2*
'*
1* ,.,.,.
2 \4
... 'h,
... r"
'. II,
'A
... ...
...
... ...
...
4.1 lifo \4 II, 100 1\4

• Car end Shlpbulldl nll Chennel; not en Amerklln Stand.rd.

'* ...
'. '.
G8.,g permissible near channel ends: e,.ewhere Spec. may require reduc1lon In fastener lb. • .
... ...

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTI ON

 1·21

ROLLEO STEEL SHAPES

V
AMERICAN STANDARD
x x CHANNELS
Properties for designing
[
v
WoO
wela ht
A,U Oeplh Thick. d , ,
""
,~,
Width ness
A,
I S I S %

58.0 16.98 18.00 4.' " .62S .700

51.9 15.18 18.00 4. 100 .625 .600
45.8 1],38 18.00 4.000 .•25 .500
42.1 12.48 18.00 '.950 .625 .450

50.0 14.64 15.00 3.716 .•50 .116 . 80

".0 11.10 15.00 ' .520 .'50 .520 .78
33.9 9.OJ 15.00 3.400 .•50 .400 . 79
30.0 8.79 12. 00 3. 170 .501 .510 .77 .68
25.0 7.32 12.00 3.047 .501 .lS7 .79 .68
20.7 6.03 12.00 2. 940 .501 .280 .81 .70

30.0 8.80 10.00 3.033 .436 .613 3.42 4.0 .67 .65
25.0 U, 10.00 2.886 .436 .52' 3.52 '.4 .68 .62
20.0 5.86 10.00 2.139 .436 .319 '.66 2. 8 .70 .61
IS.' 4.47 10.00 2.600 .436 .2" 3.87 2. ' .72 .64

20.0 5.86 9.00 2.648 .4ll . 448 ' .22 2.4 .65 .59
15.0 4.39 9. 00 2.485 .413 .285 3.40 1.9 .67 .59
ll.4 '.89 9.00 2.430 .413 .230 3.49 1.8 .67 .61
18.75 5.49 8.00 2. 521 . lOJ .487 .5O .57
ll.15 4.02 '.00 2.343 .lOJ .30' .62 .66
11.5 3.36 8.00 2.260 .300 .220 .63 .58
8.5 2.49 ' .00 1.875 .321 .180 .51 .45
14.15 4.32 7.00 2.299 .166 .419 .57
12.25 3.58 7. 00 2. 194 .166 .314
•••
13.0
2.85
3.81
7.00
'.00
2.""
2.157
.166
. 343
.210
.431
10.5 3.07 '.00 2.034 .343 .314
8.2 2.39 '.00 1.920 .343 .. "
9.0 2.63 5.00 1.885 .320 .325
' .7 1.95 5.00 1.750 .320 .IOJ
7.25 2.12 4. 00 1. 720 .196 .320
5.4 1.56 4.00 1.580 .296 . 101
'.0 1.75 3. 00 1.596 .273 .356
5.0 1.46 3.00 1.498 .273 .258
4.1 1.19 3.00 1.410 .273 .170

AMERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CoNSTRUCTION

H.
REGULAR SERIES

L
ANGLES
Equal legs
Properties for designing
x
2

~
I
--'-
,y
x

.I.I. V 2

,.,
~"
Tt>'l;k.
n... •
Wfl1ah,
".
'00' " .. I
AXIS x·X

S
~NO

. ,
Al!;IS y. Y

..
XwY
I
AXIS

,
'0. '0,
'"
'0.
. ". In.- 'n.- I n,l '0. '0,
.
'0.
.x, 110 I'A
!I,
56 .9 16.73 98.0 17.5 2.42 2.41 1.55
I 51.0 15.00 ".0 15.8 2.44 2.37 1.56
V. IYo 45.0 13.23 79.6 14.0 2.45 2.32 1.57
'A Il< 38.9 11.44 69.7 12.2 2.47 2.28 1.57
l<
~.
Yo
I~
I~.
II<
32,7
29.'
26 .'
....
9.61

1.75
59.4
54.1
48.'
10.3
9.3
•••
2.49
2."
2."
2.23
2.21
2. 19
1.58
1.58
1.58

'X, I IYo 31.4 11.00 35,5 8.' 1.80 1.86 1.16

V.
'A ".
1\4
33.l
28 .7
9.73
'.44
31.9
".2
7.'
'.1
1.8l
1.83
1.82
1.1.
1.17
1.11
II<
"Yo
~. I~.
24.2
21.9
7.11
6.43
24.2
22. 1
5.7
5. 1
1.84
1.85
1.73
1.71
1.18
1.18

~.
I
,~.
19.6
17 .2
5.75
5,0;
19 .9
17 .1
•••
'.1
1.86
1.87
I. ..
I."
1.18
1.19
I< lio 14 .9 '.36 15.4 3.5 1.88 1.64 1.19
~. % 12.4 ].65 13.0 3.0 1.89 1.62 1.2<1

5X5 V. I" 21.2 7.98 17.8

..,
5.2 1.49 1.57 ...
'A

"Yo
I~
II<
I
23.6
2<1,0
16.2
,...
',94

4.75
15.7
13.6
11.3
3.9
3.2
LSI
1.52
1.54
1.52
1.48
1.43
.97
.97
.98
~.
,~.
14.3 ·4.18 10.0 2.8 1.55 1.111 .98
.99
"
~.
11
%
12 .3
10 .3
3.61
3.03
'.7
I.'
2.'
2.0
1.56
1.56
1.39
1.37 .99

. X. 'A 110 18.5 5." 1.1 2.' 1.19 1.21 .11

"
'h
~.
I
11
,~.
15.1
12.8
ILl
4.61
3.75
3.31
,..
'.1 2, '
2,0
1.8
1.2<1
1.22
l.Z1
1.2]
1.18
1.16
.11
,78
.78
'.0
l< Ii 9.' 2." ••• 1.5 1.23 1.14 .79

,","
II, % '.2 2.40 3.1 1.3 1.24 1.12
\01
" ••• 1.94 3,0 1.0 1.25 1.09

AM[RICA.N INSTITU TE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 1 · 29

ROLLED STEE L SH A PES

V
P
z ANGLES

x , jy
x
Equal legs
Properties for designing
L
"z
~;.

~"
Thl!:k.
"lin
k ....
Weiaht

f oo'
..,. AXI S X· X AND AXIS y. Y

, xwy
AXIS
z· Z
,
I S
-
" - ". ".
r.
-
co.

11.1
33.25
In.'

3.6
T1.3
1.5
In.' ".
1.06
".
1.06
".
.68

..
l Y.r. X 3 ~
\;
~. % ••• 2.87 3.3 1.07 1.04 .6S
I

..
II.
.."
% ...
'.5
7.2 ...
2."
2.09
1.69
2.'
2.5
2.0
I.2

.79
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.01

.97
.69
.69
.69
..,
5.'
'X3
..
\;
~.
'11. ••• ...
'.3
..
2.75
2.0
2.2
2.0
1.1
.91
.93
.•1
.58
.58

II.
... .." •••
%

II.
7.l
6.1
2. 11
." ... ..
1.78
1.44
1..
1.5
I.2
.96
.83
.71
.58
•44
•• 1

.93
.94
.87
.82
.58
.51
.59
II. I> 3.71 1.09
2~ X 2~
..
I>
II.
..
%
II.
... ...
7.7
5.'
5.0
2.25
1.13
1.41
...
...
I.2
.85
.73
.57
.74
.75
.76
.•1
.76
.74
.47

... I>
.., '.1 .n 1.19 .70 .39 .72 .49

2X 2 ..
II.

II.
~.

II.
...
...
3.01
'.7
3.92 ... ...
1.36
1.15
.55

.42
.30
.35
.30
.78
. 59
.69

.61
.49
.39
.39

..
\0

'.
II'
Ii<
~.

II. ...
3.19
2.44
1.65
.71
.35
.28
.1'
.25
. 1'
.ll
.61
.62
.63
.59
.57
.55
.39
.40
.40
1-14 X 1-% ...
II. ..
'n. 2.11
2. 12
.81

...
.62
.23
. 18
. 1'
. 1'
.53
.54
.53
.51
.34
.35

IIJ, X 1'I.!:
,~

\4
II.
..
II.

II.
1.44
2.34
1.80 ......
.42
.69
.53
.ll
. 1'
.11
.10
.ll
.10
.55
.45 .47
.44
.35
.29
.29

11,4 X 11,4 '"

''". '. .on
1.23
1.92
.36
.56
.078 .072
.091 .r>
.42
.40
.30
.24
II.

. ..'"
II.

..
I."
1.01
.43
.30
.061
.044 ....
.071 .38
.38
.38
.35
.24
.25
1X 1
II. II.
\4
1.49
1.16
.80
.44
.34
.23
.037
.030
.022
....
.056

.031
.29
. 30
.31
.34
.32
.30
.19
.1'
.211
'" AMERICAN IN STITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
I · 30

REGULAR SERIES

Y
"
ANGLES

L Unequal legs
Properties for designing
x "
't-
ly
x

y ~,Z

SIze Thlf;k-
n... k , .
WeIght

'00'
Ares
I
AXIS X - X

S , y I
AXIS V , V

S ,
AXIS Z · Z

,
--- -- - - - -"-I - T"«
".
- - ---
'0. '0 . CO. In.· In." '0. '0.
In. 1 '0. '0. '0.
In,'
-- - - - - - -- - -- --I - --
In."

·9 X <1 1 I'h <10.8 12.00 97.0 17.6 2.84 3.50 12.0 '.0 1.00 1.00 .81 .203

... ...
36.1 10.61 ".8 15.7 2." 3.45 10.8 3.6 1.01 .95 .84 .208

"..'",
1*
1~ 31.3 9.19 76.1 13.6 2.88 3.41 '.6 3.1 1.02 .91 .212
II{, 26.3 7.73 64.' U.S 2." 3.36 8.3 2.6 1.04 .85 .216
*

\I
I~,
I
23.8
21.3
7.00 59.1 10.4 2.91 3.33
6.25 53.2 '.3 2.92 3.31 ..,
7.6 2.' 1.04
2.2 1.05
.81
.81
.85 .218
.85 .220

8X6 1 II> 13.00 80.8 15.1 2.49 2.65 38.8 1.2. .543
..,
" .2 8.' 1.73 1.65
% 1* 39 . 1
,...
11.48 72.3 13.4

,.,
2.51 2.61 34.' 7.' 1.74 1.61 1.28 .547

"
*
II,
I~
II{,
I ~,
33.'
28.5
25.7
63.4 11.7
' .36 54 .1
7.56 49.3 '.0
2.53 2.56 30.7
2.54 2.52 26.3
2.55 2.50 24.0
1.76 1.56
5.' 1.77 1.52
5.3 1.78 1.50
1.29
1.29
1.30
.551
.554
.556
\I 1 23.0 6.75 44.3 '.0 2.56 2.41 21.7 ' .8 1.79 1.47 1.30 .5511
~,
'", ZO.2 5. 93 39.2 7.1 2.57 2.45 19.3 '.2 1.80 1.45 1.31 .560

'X' 1 1\1 37.4 U.OO 69.6 14.1 2.52 3.05 11.6 3.' 1.03 1.05 .as .247

,.. .as
"."'", "'
1* 33.1 9.13 62.5 12.5 2.53 3.00 10.5 3.5 1.04 1.00 .253
1~

1~ ,
28 .7
24.2
21.9
7.11 ...,
8.44 54.' 10.9
'.2
6.43 42.8 8.'
2.55 2.95
2.57 2.91
2.58 2."
8.1
7.'
3.1
2.6
2.'
1.05
1.07
1.07
.95

... ...
.91
.as .258
.86 .262
.86 .265
\I 1 lU 5.75 ".5 7.5 2.59 2." 6.7 2.2 1.08 .86
~, .", 17.2 5.06 34.1 6.6 2.60 2.8] 6.0 1., 1.09 .81
."7
.B7 .269
30.2 .... '.7 2.20 2.55 10.2 3.5 1.07 1.05 ...... .32'
""'"
7X' 1* 42.9 .318

II,
1\4
1~
1 ~,
26.2
22. 1
ZO.O
7.69 37.8
6." 32.4
5.87 29.6
•••
7.1
2.22 2.51 '.1
2.24 2." 7.'
6.5 2.24 2.44 7.2
3.0
2.'
2.'
1.09 1.01
1.10
1.11
.96
.94
... .329
.B7 .332

*
I>
~,
1
.%", 17.9
15.8
13.6
5.25 ".7
4.62 23.7
3.98 ZO.'
5.' 2.25 2.42 6.5
5.1 2." 2.39 5.'
••• 2.27 2.37 5.1
2.1
1.,
I.'
Lit
1.12
1.13
...
.92

.B7
.B7 .335
.88 .337
.88 .339

• Rolled by Sethlehem SIH! COmPliny end U. S. Steel Corp.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CoNSTRUCTION

 1 · 31

RO L LE D S TE EL SHAP E S

V
%

z ANGLES

~Htt y
x
Unequal legs
Properties for designing
L
T
pz
~ .. Thick-
nesa •
Welsht
'W
F~' "". I
AXIS X·X

S , y I
AXIS y-y

S , %
AXIS Z.Z

,
- '0. - '0. '0. Lb. Ill.?
- -I - - -I-
Ill.' 111.- '0. '0. Ill." til.' '0. '0. '0.
T,o
•
- - - - - -I - -- - - --
' x' l>
l<
Il,
I~
21.2
23.6
7."
'.94
27.1
24.5
7.2 1." 2.12 9.'
'.3 1.88 2." '.7
3.'
3.0
1.11
1.12
1.12
1. ..
...... .421
.428
I I; ZO.O 21.1 5.3 1.90 2.03 7.5 2.5 1.13 1.03 .86 .435
"
lI,
\;
I~,
I
18.1
16.2
5."
5.31
4.75
19.3
11 .4
••• 1.90 2.01 '.9
4.3 1.91 1.99 '.3
2.3
2. 1
1.14
1.15
1.01
.99
.87
.87
.•38
.440
~, ''I. 14.3 4.18 15.5 3.' 1.92 1.96 5.' 1.9 1.16 .96 .87 .443
13.5 3.3 1.93 1.94 '.9 1., 1.11 .94 .88 .446
"
\I,
\<
l>
%
\I
12.3
10.3
8.3
3.61
3.03
2.44
11.4
9.3
2.' 1.94 1.92 '.2
2.3 1. 95 1.89 3.'
1..
1.1
1.17
1.18
.92 .88 .449
.89 .89 .449

6 X3~ \; I 15.3 4.50 16.6 '.2 1.92 2." 4.3 1.6 .97 .83 .76 .344
3.42 12.9 3.2 1.94 2.04 3.3 1.2 .99 .79 .77 .350
"'I, " %
11.7
9.8 2.81 10.9 2.7 1.95 2.01 2.9 1.0 1.00 .76 .77 .352
\I l< 7.9 2.31 •••
2.2 1.96 1.99 2.3 0.85 1.01 .74 .78 .355

5X3 1h .. Ill,
I~,
19.8 5.81 ll.9 '.3 1.55 1.75 5.' 2.2
1.9 .99 ." 1.00 .75 .464
.95 .75 .472
"I> 'lI,
16.8
ll.6
4. 92
'.00
12.0
10.0
3.7
3.0
1.56
1.58
1.70
1.66
'.8
'.1 1.6 1.01 .91 .75 .479
~,
l;
'I,
l>
'>10
%
12.0
10.4
8.7
3.53
3.05
2.56
8.'
7.'
'.6
2.'
2.3
1.9
1.59
1.60
1.61
1.63
1.61
1.59
3.6
3.2
2.7
1.4 1.01
1.2 1.02
1.0 1.03
...
.88 .76 .482
.76 .486
.84 .76 .489
\< % 7.0 2.06 5.' 1., 1.61 1.56 2.2 .83 1.04 .81 .76 .492

S X3 \; l> 12.8 3.75 9.5 2.9 1.59 1.75 2.' 1.1 .83 .75 .65 .357
~, '>10 11.3 3.31 8.' 2.' 1.60 1.73 2.3 1.0 .84 .73 .65 .361
l; % 9.8 2." 7.' 2.2 1.61 1.70 2.0 .89 .84 .70 .65 .364
'I,

'.
%
lio ,.,
8.2 2.40
1.94
'.3
5.1
1.9
1.5
1.61
1.62
1.68
1.66
1.8 .75
I.. .61 ...
.85 .68 .66 .368
.66 .66 .m

AMERI CAN INSTI TU TE OF STEEL CONSTRU CTION

.
1."

REGU LAR SER IE S

,Y
ANGLES z

L Unequal legs
Properties for designing
x,
• I'
x

~z
1

AX IS X · X AXI S V Y AXIS Z Z
~" • ,..
Thk:k .
".
Wel,hl
ness
/ S F~' , y J S , , ,
- - - - - - -_. .. . - - -
. -. . . -. - ,,"•
'". eb. - - -tn,' - --
'". '" .-- '". --
'".
In.' In," In ,' In .1
'". '".
-- '".
4 X lYl % 1 14.7
11.9
4.30
3.50
,..
5.3
2.' 1. 22 1.29 '.5 1.8
1.23 1.25 3.8 1.5
-
1. 03 1.04 .72 .745
1.04 1.00 .72 .150
"'II.
'h 1.9
',I.

"
II.
110
,~.
10.6
9. 1
1.7
3.09
2.67
2.25
'.8
'.2
3.'
1.1
1.5
1.3
1.24 1.23 3.' 1.'
1.25 1.21 3.0 1.2
1.2, 1.18 ! 2.6 1.0
1.06 ...
1.05 .01 .72 ,153
.73 .755
1.07 .93 1 .13 .151
1.81 1.0 1.01 .91 .13 .159
\4
" '.2 2. 9 1.27 1.16 2.1 .81

'X3
" '11, 1 13.6 3.01 ' .0 ' 2.3 1.23 1.37 2.9 U
...
.85 .81 .54 .534
.83 .54 .543

.."
'h 11.1 3.25 5.1 1.9 1.25 1.33 2.' l.l
',I. 9. 8 1.87 '.5 1.1 1.15 1.30 1.1 1.0 .81 .80 .54 .547
1.1, .81 .88 .18 .54 .551
"II. ..
%
8. 5
;.2
2.48
1.09
' .0
3.,
1.5
1.2 1.27
1.28 1.9
1.16 1.1
... .13 .89 .16 .65 .554
\4 5.8 1.69 2.8 1.0 1.28 1.24 .50 .'" .74 .65 .558

l Ylx 3 10 .2 3.00 .88 .88 .62 .714

" "
3.5 1.5 1.07 1.13 1. 3 l.l
',I. 'l\o 9.1 2.65 3.1 1.3 1.08 1.10 1.1 .01 .89 .85 .62 .718

" " ,.,

II. %
7.9 2.30
1.93
1.1 1.1
1.3 .95
1.09
1.10
1. 08 1.9
1.06 1.,
.85
.12
.'.'"" .83
.81
.62
.63
.721
.724
'A
"% 5.' 1.56 1.9 .18 1.11 1.04 1.3 .59 .91 .79 .63 .121

""',, " ',I. 110

9.'
8.3
Z.75
2.4]
3.2 1.4
2.9 1.3
1.09 1.20 1.,
1.09 1.18 1.1
.16
.68
.70
. 11
.70 .53 .486
.68 .54 .491
....
" " ...
% 1.2 l .ll 2.' 1.1 1.10 1.16 l.l .59 .72 .66 .54
II. '.1 1.78 2.2 .93 1.11 1.14 .94 .50 .13 .54 .54 .601
'A II, '.9 1.44 1.8 .15 1.12 i 1. 11 .18 .41 .74 .61 .54

3X2 ~ 'II, 2.50 1. 1 1.0 .91 1.00 1.3 .14 .72 .15 .52 .661

.."
' .5
". 110
%
1.' 2.21 1.9 .93
.93 ...
.92 .01 1.1 .66 .13
.74
.13 .52 .672
.11 .52 .676
II, " 1.92 1.1 .81
14 .69
1.0 .58
.49 .74 .68 .53 .680
.
'4 "
II,
5. '
' .5
1.62
1.31 . 1.,I .56
.94
.95
.93
.91 ·"'1
.74 .40 .15 .66 .53 .684

AMERICAN I NSTITUTE OF STE EL CoNSTRUCTION

 1 - 33

ROLLED STEEL SHAPES

V
r

ANGLES
"
x.l-
k
y
x
Unequal legs
Properties for designing
L
~7Z
I
V

... Th lcl< ·
ness k , .
Weight

'00'
Area
J
AXIS X · X

S , Y J
AXIS y.y

S , r
AXIS Z_Z

,
- ,.. - ,.. ,..
-- -- --
- - - - - - -,
CO . In.' I " .'
---- -
I".' .. ..
, , ,.. ,.. ". •
-1- -- -- --
I".'
-- -- -- -- - -- -- -
I". '
Too

- - Y, % 7.7 2.25 1.9 1.0 .OZ 1.00 .67 .47 .55 .58 .43 .414

.. ..
lX 2
~, 'A '.8 2.00 1.7 .89 .93 1.0; .61 .42 .55 .56 .43 . 421
1~6 5.9 1.73 1.5 .78 .94 1.04 .54 .37 .56 .54 .43 .428

... ....
%, 5.0 1. 47 1.3 .66 .95 1.02 .47 .32 .57 .52 .43 .435

2 1h. X 2
'... .."
~,
0/" '.1
3.07

5.3
1.19
.90

1.55
...
1.1

.91
.54
.41

.55
.96
.97

.77
.99 .39
.9' .31

.83 .51
.26
.20

.36
. 57
.58

.58
.49
.47

.58
.43
.44'
.42 .614
0/" 0/" '.5 1.31 .79 .47 .78 .8: .45 .31 .58 .56 .42 .620
\I II 3.62 1.06 .65 .38 .78 .79 .37 .25 .59 .54 .42 .626
r., %, 2.75 .81 .51 .29 .79 .76 .29 .20 .60 .51 .43 .631

~ Xl ~ 0/" Y, 3.92 1.15 . 71 ... .79

...
.90 .19 .17 .41 .40 .32 .349

r., ..
Y, %, 3. 19
2.44
.94
.72
.59 .36
.46 .28
. 79
.80
.15
.85 .13
.14
. 11
.41
.42
.38
.35
.32 .357
.33 .364

r., .. ...
2xl ~ Y, %6 2.77 .81 .32 .24 .62 .66 .15 . 14 .43 .41 .32 .543
2.1 2 .62 .25 .18 .63 .54 . 12 .11 .39 .32 .551
II, 1.44 .42 .17 . 13 .M .62 .085 .075 .45 .37 .33 .558
" ",
r., ..
2 x !LA 'A 2. 55 .75 .30 .23 .63 .71 .089 .097 .34 .33 .27 .372
1.96 .57 .23 .18 .M .69 .on .075 .35 .31 .27 .378
l\, l.33 .13 .65 .65 .050 .052 .36 .28 .27 .l96
" .40 .17

l*xH~ 'A
II, .. ¥LG
II,
2.34
1. 80
1. 23
.69
.53
.36
.20 .18
.16 .14
.11
.54
.55
.56
.60 . 005 .095 .35
.58 . 009 .075 .36
.56 .049 ."2 .37
.35
.33
.31 .27 ..
.27 .•86
.27 .'96

"
.094

AMERI CAN I NSTI TUTE OF STEE L CONSTRUCTION

1· 34

Noles

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 '·35

STRUCTURAL TEES
Dimensions and Properties

Structural t-ees are obtained by splitt.ing the webs of various beams, gen-
erally with the aid of rotary shears, and straightening to meet established
tolerances listed in Standard Mill Practice in Part 1 of t.his Manual.
Although structural tees may be obtained by ofT-center splitting, or by
splitting on two lines, as specified on order, the Dimensions and Pror.erties
for Designing are based on a depth of too equal to I ~ the published beam
depth. Each left hand page in tbe table shows properties and dimensiolUl
for these full depth tees; right hand facing pages show theoreticaJ dimensions
and properties for those fuU depth tees whose stems are, in effect, reduced by
the limitations of AlSC Specification, Sect. 1.9.1 relating to width-thickness
ratios of projecting elements under compression.
Detail dimensions are the same 8S those of the beams [rom which the
tees are apUt.. Hence, dimensions for detailing may be taken trom the
Dimensions and Properties Tables for the full beams insofar as they may be
applicable to tees.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

1 ·36

REGULA.R SERIES

y
STRUCTURAL TEES

T Cut from IfF shapes

Dimensions and
properties for designing
y

...,.
'""
Num -
bo.
Slem
Thick·
, d,
n.$$
-J

I-I
AXIS X · X

S
-
, y J
AXIS y . y

S ,

lb_ In.' In.

'". '". '". In.- In .1 In . In. In' In ." In .

ST 18 150 44.09 18.36 16.655 1.680 .945 19.4 12U.7 85.9 ,5.2114.13 612.6 73.6 3.73
I8.ZS 16.595
~~ I:~:~ 18.12 16. 555
1.570 .885 20.61133.379.95.254.07563.761.9 3.70
'IF 1.440 .845 21.41059.215.45.264.07510.361.6 3.65
122.5 36.02 18.03 16.512 1.350 .802 U.5 994.3 n.1 5.25,4.04 472.3 57.2 3.62
115 :33.87 11.94 16.475 1.260 .765 23.5 935.867.2 rZ64.02, 435.552.9 13.59
ST 18 97 28.56 18.24 12.111 I.'" .770 23.7 904.067.3 15.634.81 177.1 ,29.3 2.49
1
'IF 91 2&.77 18.16 12.072 1.ISO .125 25.0 844.063.05.614.71. 163.9 21 . 1 :2.41
85 '24.99 18.08 12.021 1.100 .680 26.6 184.158.85.604.14 150.3 ,Z5.0 '2.45
&l
15
61.5
2].;5
22.08
19 .as!
18.00
17.92
17.18
lZ.00'J
11.912
11.945
.....,.
1.020 .653
.625
.593
21.6
28.7
29.7
741.056.05.614.16 137.1 :22. 9
6-96.753.05.6209125.2 ,20.9
632.6 49.3 5.6U.94 103.6 '17.3
1
2.4Z
:2.38
;2.28

ST 16 120 35. 2b IUS 15.865 I. ... .83D 20.2 SZZ.5 63.2 4.83,l.73 431.255.1 3.52
Vi' 110 :32.1~1 16 .63 15.810 1.Z15 .715 21.5 154.1 58.4 4.833.71 391.2 49.5 3.48
100 ;29.4"1 16.50 15.150 1.150 .115 23.1 683.6 53.3 4.8213.671345.8 43 .9 3.43

ST 16 1.055 26.4 591.947.45. 154 .26 128.122.1 2.39

Vi' " 22.36 16.75 11.565
10.5 20.76 16 .66 11.5~
19 .13 16 .55 11.510
.960
.•35
.605 27.5 551.8 44.15. 164 .30 114.9 19.9 .35
.580 ! 28.5 513.042.15.184.31 100.117 .5 .29
"" 17.36 16.43 11.434
.855
.'3Il .554 29.7 468.4 39.3 ,5.194.51 85.214.8 .22

5T 15 IDS 3Il.~ 15. 19 15.1OS 1.315 .775 19.6 578.0 48.7f..333.31 354.046:9 3.38
Vi' 95 27.95 15.06 15.040 1.185 .710 21.2 520.444.1 .313.26 312.3 41.5 3.34
86 25.33, 14 .94 14.985 1.065 .655 22.8 471 .040.24.31(23275. 1 36.1 3.30

ST 15 66 19.42 15 . 15 10.551 1.000 .615 24.6 420.131.44.663.90 92.517.5 2.18

Vi' 62 18 .23 15.08 10.521 .91a .585 25.8 394.835.3 4.65).90 84.8 16 .1 2.16
58 17.07 15.00 10.500 .850 .564 26.' m.8 3] .6 4.673.94 76.6 14 .6 2.12
54 15.89 14 .91 10.484 .760 .548 27.2 349.532.14.694.03 67.612.9 2.06
49.5 14 .56 14.82 10.458 .670 I .522 28.4 32J.9 30.0 4.1°14.12
j
58.4 11 .2 2.00

AMERICAN IN ST ITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 1 - 37

ROLLED S T EEL S HA PES

i STRUCTURAL TEES
" ]>, Cut from \/IF shapes

T
~x

d'l x Theoretical dimensions and

properties of sections limited by
width·th ickness ratios
y Per AISC Spec:iflnllon, 'Sect _ 1.9.1
ASTM Al6 ASTM Ale, A440. AUI

"M.
WI.
NO< Depth
A~IIX·X ,. ,
lOAd. N., Depth A~II X , ,,
·Axil
,~
01 ree
,~ , Are. o ' Tee Ar..
, 1-
,
_ ~ _l_!
d,
S I S y,

'J
. -1-
".- -- ".. _ -
In.' In.' In.' '0. In In. In.- '0.
--
In.' In.' '0. '0. '0 .
-5.12- - -
ISO ... ... ... .. . 43.n 17.96 1147.6 82.3 4.01 3.74
140 ... ... ... ... 39.89 16.82 896.4 68.0 4.74 3.64 3.76
130 37.97 17.75 998.' 72.4 5.13 3.96 3.67 36.54 16.06 149.4 59.4 4.53 3.45 3.74
122,5 35.07 16.84 818.3 62.2 4.83 3.58 3.67 33.78 15.24 614.4 51.1 '.26 3.21 3.74
11' 32.44 16.07 683.' 54.2 4.59 3.45 3.66 31.27 14.54 512.6 44.' '.05 3.1111 3.73

26.97 16.17 644. 1 I53.3 '.89 '.08 2.57 25.19 13.86 415.5 39.' '.06 3.30 2.65
"
91
85
24.65 15.2l
2z..11 \4.28
514.4
404.4
44.'
l1.2
4.57 l.74
4.25 3.42
2.58
2.59
23.07
2:1.02
D.GS
12.24
ll1.2
260.8
ll.O
27.5
3.79
3.52
3.0l
2.17
2.f6
2.67
8J 20.75 , 13.n 345.3 33.0 '.08 3.26 2.58 19.41 1l.75 222.6 2U 3.38 2.64 2."
75 19.09 13.13 291.9 29.1 l.91 l.l1 2.56 17.91 11.25 188.2 21.5 l.24 2.51 2.64
67.5 16.73 12.56 237.9 25.0 3.17 3.03 2.49 15.65 10.76 151.9 18.3 l12 2.44 2.57

... ... ... ... ... ... ...

120
11.
11111
32.10 16.28 709.7 56.' 4.70 3.60 3.49
28.34 15.02 523.0 44.3 '.30 3.22 3.49
34.45 15.77
30.' 14.73
27.32 13.59
532.6 .....
691.7 56.1

392.4 36.'
'.48 3.43 3.56
4.15 3.14 3.56
3.19 2." 3.56

76 2O.t9 13.34 310.9 30.4 3.92 3.10 2.52 18.98 11.43 199.4 22.4 3.24 2.51 2.60
70.5 18.37 12.71 257.4 26.4 3.74 2.95 2.SO 17.26 10.85 165.2 19.5 3." 2.38 2.58
65 16.60 12.18 217.1 23.3 3.62 2.84 2." 15.59 10.44 139.8 17.2 2." 2.30 2.54
59 14.70 11.63 178.7 20.2 3.49 2.79 2.41 13.78 9.97 115.5 15.0 2.01 2.25 2.49

lOS ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 29.93 13.95 452.1 41.1 3.89 2.95 3.44
95 27.84 14.91 505.7 43.2 4.26 3.22 3.35 26.33 12.78 324.4 31.9 3.51 2.60 3.44
86 24.56 13.76 372.3 34.2 3." 2." 3. 35 23.27 11.19 238.6- 25.2 3.20 2.33 3.44

66 18.05 12.92 268.' 27.4 3.86 3.13 2.26 16.91 11.07 172.8 20.2 3.20 2.53 2.34
62 16.60 12.29 222.1 2l.1 3.66 2.94 2.26 15.57 10.53 143.0 17.5 3.03 2.38 2.33
58 15.29 11.84 191.5 21.3 3.54 2.83 2.24 14.33 10.15 123.6 15.7 2.94 2.29 2.31
54 14.0l U.51 169.8 19.5 3.48 ~81 2.19 13.12 '.86 109.7 14.4 2.89 2.27 2.21
49.5 12.55 10,96 138.5 16.8 3.32 2.71 2.16 11.13 9.40 89.8 12.5 2.77 2.19 2,23
,
• For v.lues 0 11 .nd S, I.e lednll page.
for ptopert]es ."d dimensions 01 sections not ShOwn, use valuu 0" l.el"l1 palle.

AMERICAN I NSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

1 · 38

REGULAR S ERIE S
y
STRUCTURAL TEES
{'--
T 5
Cut from W shapes x-
d
Dimensions and ,-
properties for designing
y

....
.
Uon
Num·
, -
WL
,~,
"'n
o.pth

d
••
Tn
Flange

Width

-- - -- -- - - -- -- - - - -- - -
'0. '0. '0.
Cb. In.· '0.
Ava.
Thick ·
ne ss

'0. '0.
Stllm
Thick .

'0.
• d,
"01155
J

In.'
AXIS X·X

In,·
, y J

In.'
AX. S V- V

In ,"
,

- - -- - -- -- -- -- - - - - - - -- - -
ST 13 88.5 ".05 13.66
14.090 1.190 18.8 391.8 .725 ".7 '.88 2.97 259.4 ".8 3.16
W' 80 3.52 13.54 14.021 1.075 .'58 20.' 351.4 33.1 3.87 2.91 229.0 32.7 3. 12
72.5 ZI.34 13.44 13.965 .975 .600 22.' 316.3 29.9 3.85 2.85 203.5 29.1 3.09

ST 13 57 16.71 13.64 10.070 .932 .510 23.9 288.9 lB.'

4.15 3.42 74.8 14.9 2.11
W' 51 15.01 13.54 10.018 .827 .518 ".1 257.7 25.' 4.14 3.39 64.8 12.9 2.08
47 13.83 13.46 9.'" .747 .'01 27.5 238.5 23.7 .15 3.41 57.5 11.5 .04
42 12 .36 1l.35 9.963 .'36 .46' 28.8 214.9 21.9 4.17 3.52 47.9 9.61 1.97
STl2 80 23.52 12 .36 14 .091 1.135 .'56 18.8 271.6 27.6 3·40r Sl 246.3 35.0 '.2J
W' 72.5 21 .31 12 .25 14.043 1.020 .608 20.1 246.2 25.2 3.402.48 217 .1 >1.9 3.19
65 19. 11 12.13 14.000 , .!IlI! .565 21.5 222.' 23.1 3.41 2.47 187 .6 26. 8 3.13
ST 12 60 11 .65 12.16 12.088 .9>1 .556 21.9 213.6 22.' 2.62 .... 127.0 21 .0 .68
W'

STl2
55

"
47
16. 18 12.08 12 .042
14 .72 12.00 12.000

13.82 12.15 9.061

.855
.775

.872
.510 23.7 195.2 20.5 .47 2.57
.468 25.6 176.7 18.7 46 54
3.
.516 23 .5 185.9 20.' 3.672.99
r 114.5 19.0 2.66
101.8 17.0 .63

51.1 11.3 1.92

....
'1"
VI' 42 12.36 12. 05 9.015 .772 .470 25.' 165.9 18.3 44.2 9.8 1.89
27 .2 15Ll 16.9 3.683.00
"
l4
11.19
10.00
H.96
11.86
8.985
8.961
.682
.582 .416 28.5 136.3 15.6 3.6 ] .09
38.' 8.5 1.85
31.9 7.13 1.79

ST 10 71 20.88 10 .7] 13. 132 1.095 .659 16.3 177.3 2<1.8 2.912. 18 193.0 29.4 '.04
W' 63 .5 18.67 10.62 13.061 .985 .588 18. 1 155.8 18.3 2.892.11 169.3 25.9 3.01
16.47 10.50 13.000 .527 19.9 136.4 16.2 2.88 2.06 144 .8 22.' 2.96

ST 10
"
48 14.11 10.57 9.038
.865

.935 .575 18.4 137.1 17.1 3.11 2.55 54.7 12.1 1.97
W' 41 12.05 10.43 8.962 .795 .'99 2<1.9 115.4 14.5 '.09 2.<18
44.8 10.0 1.93

ST 10 36.' 10.73 10.62 8.295 .740 .455 2J.' 110.2 13.7 3.21 2.60 33.1 7.98 1.76

"..
W' l4 10.01 10.57 8.270 .685 .'>1 2+.6 102.8 12.9 3.202.59 30.2 7.30 11.74
11 9.12 10.50 8.240 .615 .400 93.7 11.93.212.59 ".6 5.45 1.71 1

27.5 8.09 10.40 8.215 .522 .315 27.7 83.9 IO.8 3.22r 561j 22.0 5.36 1.65
j 1

AMERICAN I NSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 1 - 39

ROLL ED STEE L SHAPES

T STRUCTURAL TEES

dE y
,]Y, Cut from W shapes
Theoretical dimensions and
properties of sections limited by
width·thickness ratios
Pel' AISC SpeelllClitlon. s.el. 1.9.1
T
G~'
w,.
pw
F~'
Depth
NO< 01 Tee
Area d,
S 1
ASTM A36

Axl.X·X

, y, , 1
°A~I.
y.y

S
No<
, y, ,
Area
Depth
olT..
d,
ASTM Alf2. A440.

A.I.X · X
A~I

.- y.y

-
LO.
-In.' -- -- -- --
".
-
'0. ". ".
- - -
-- -".- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - -
In.- In." In.' In."
-
In.'
--
'0 .
-
".
--
'0.

..
88.5

72.5
...
...
...
...
... ...
...
20.84 l2.60 262.9 26.3
...
... . .. ...
... ... ...
3.55 2.60 3.13
25.61
22.40
19.76
13.05
11.84
10.80
343.3 33.5
238.8 25.01
168.3 19,4
3.66 2.79 3.18
3.26 2,42 3.20
2.92 2.11 3.21

57 15.82 11.97 199.8 21.9 3.55 2.86 2.11 14.84 10.2fi 128.1 16.2 2.94 2.31 2.24
51 13.63 10.88 138.9 16.6 3.19 2.50 2.18 12.82 9.32 89.1 12.2 2.64 2.02 2.25
47 l2.28 10.29 111.8 14.1 3.02 2.34 2.16 11.56 8.82 11.8 10,4 2.49 1.89 2.23
56.' 8.71
.
42 10.68 9.12 88.1 11.8 2.81 2.16 2.12 10.04 8.33 2.38 1.82 2.18

... ... ... ... ... . .. ... 23.16 11.81 238.0 25.2 3.21 2.36 3.16
72.5 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ZO.51 10.94
18.00 10.17
171.3 20.1 2.94 2.13 3.25
65 18.96 11.87 209.2 22.1 3.32 2." 3.15 133.7 16.2 2.72 1.94 3.23

60 17.38 11.68 190.2 20.7 3.31 2.48 2.70 16.45 10.01 121.3 15.1 2.71 2.01 2./8
55 15.48 10.71 138.2 16.2 2." 2.11 2.72 14.70 9.18 88.' 11.9 2.45 1.76 2.79
50 13.70 9.83 99.8 12.6 2.7. 1.92 2.7] 13.04 8.42 63.1 '.28 2.21 1.55 2.79

47 13.14 10.84 134.4 16.2 3.20 2.55 1.97 12.34 9.29 86.2 11.9 2.64 2.07 2.03
42 11.34 9.81 94.2 12,4 2.88 2.25 1.97 10.67 8.46 60.' '.09 2.38 1.82 2.03
38 '.99 9.24 73.0 10.2 2.10 2.09 1.96 9.41 7.92 46.' 1.53 2.2] 1.69 2.02
34 8.70 8.74 57.1 8.58 2.58 2.01 1.91 8.18 1.49 ]7.1 '.32 2.13 1.63 1.97

71 ... ... ... ... . .. .. . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
63.5 ... ... ... ... ... . .. ... 18.65 10.58 154.1 18.2 2.87 2.10 3.01
56 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 15.94 9.49 101.7 13.2 2.53 1.79 3.01

48 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 13.98 10.35 129.1 16.4 3.04 2.48 1.98
41 ... ... ... . .. ... ... ... 11.33 8.98 75.1 10.8 2.51 2.02 I."

36.5 10.25 '.56 81.8 11.2 2.83 2.25 1. .. 9.62 8.19 52.6 8.25 2.34 1.82 1.85
34 9.35 9.03 65.8 9.47 2.65 2.08 1. .. 8.79 7.74 42.3 '.98 2.19 1.68 1.85
31 8.18 8." 49.9 7.66 2.45 1.89 1.79 7.0l 7.20 32.• 5.65 2.03 1.53 1.85
27.5 7.15 7.88 38.5 6.33 2.32 1." 1.75 6.72 6.75 24.7 4.61 1.92 1.46 1.81

Ofor value. 01 1 end S, see feclnll PlIlle.

For IIfOPOrUe. and dlmenllonl of 5e<=lions not 5ho .... n. use value. on 'eelnl palle,

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

1 · 40

REGU LA R SERIES
Y
STRUCTU RAL TEES

5-
{'--
T Cut from W shapes
Dimensions and
properties for designing
x-
<_

fLanae AXIS X·I( AXIS V·V

Sec.
WL
,M Area
.,_
Depth Slem
Thick.
_
lion
Num·
Foo'
T.. Ava.
Width Thick·
ne ..
nen
< , I S , Y I S ,
- - - - - -- -- -- - -
b"
--I - --
Lb. '0. '0. '0. '0.
In.' '0. '0. '0. I".' In.' In.' In .'
- - -- ---- - --- - - - - - - - - - - r-- -- - - --

..
"
SH 16.76 9.24 11.833 .991 2.47 127.8
.595 15.5 102.6 13.9 1. 85 21.6 2.76
W' 52.5 15.43 9.16 11.792 .911 .554 16.5 93.9 12.8 2.47 1.82 115.5 19.6 2.73
14.11 9.08 11.750 .831 .512 17.7 85.3 11.7 2.46 1.78 103.4 17.6 2.71

ST9 42.5 12.49 9.16 8.838 .911 .528 17.4 84.' 11.9 2.60 2.05 49.7 11.3 2.00
W' 38.5 n.ll 9.08 8.787 .831 .475 19.1 75.3 10.6 2.58 1.99 ".3 10.1 1.98
35 10.28 9.00 8.750 .751 .438 20.5 68.1 9.67 2.57 1.," 39.2 8. 91 1.95
32 9.40 ' .94 8.715 .686 .403 22.2 61.8 8.82 2.56 1.93 35.2 8.07 1.93

ST 9
W' "
27.5
25
8.82
8.10
7.36
9.13
9.116
9.00
7.558
7.5ll
7.500
.'95

.'"
.570
.416 21.9
.301 23.2
.358 25.1
64.8
59.'
53.9
9.32
8.63
7.85
2.71
2.11
2.71
2.17
2.16
2. 14
23.5
21.0
18.6
6.23
5.57
4.,"
1.63
1.61
1.59
22.5 6.62 8.93 1.477 .499 .m 28.7 ".7 7.20 2.71 2. 17 15.9 4.28 1.55

ST8 48 14.11 8.16 Il.5ll .815 .535 15.3 64.7 9.82 2.14 1.57 103.6 18.0 2. 71
W' 44 12.94 8.118 11.502 .795 .504 16.0 59.5 9.11 2.14 1.55 92.' 16.1 2. 67

ST8 39 11.46 8.16 8.586 .875 .529 15.4 60.0 9.45 2.28 1.81 43.8 10.2 1.95
W' 35.5 10. 43 '.118 8.543 .795 .486 16.6 54.0 '.57 2.28 1.77 38.9 9.11 1.93
32 9.40 8.00 8.500 .115 .443 18 .1 48.3 7.71 2.27 1.13 34.2 8.05 1.91
29 8.52 7.93 8.464 .645 .407 19.5 43.6 7.00 2." 1.10 30.2 7.14 1.88

sra
'IF
25
22.5
7.35
6.62
8.13
8.116
7.013
7.039
.'"
.563
.380
.346
21.4
23.3
42.2
37.8
6.77
6.10
2.40
2.39
1.89
1.87
17.4
15.2
4.92
4. 33
1.54
1.52
20 5.89 8.00 7.000 .503 .307 26. 1 33.2 5.37 2.37 1.82 13.3 3.79 1.50
18 5.30 7.93 6.992 .428 .299 28.5 30.7 5.10 2.41 1.01 ILl 3. 17 \.45

AMERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CoNSTRUCTION

 I · 41

R O LLED STEEL SHA P E S

Y STRUCTURAL TEES

d
E y
2'
x Cut from IfF shapes
Theoretical dimensions and
properties of sections limited by
width ·thickness ratios
Per " ISC Speclficatlon, Sec l. 1.U
T
AS TM A36 AS TM A242, A440. A44 1
,
GtOIl
w,.
,., NO<
Oepl h A.,sX · X ,., °A.11
NO<
DePth A.II X · X ,.,
' AlIll

, y, --
oIT •• A,.. olT.e
f~'
A,el
d,
I S , d,
I S , y, ,
..
, -- .. ..
, , ,.. ". ,.. ,•. ".
-".
In.> In ." In .1 In.' In .' tn."
I-- - - - - -- --
57
52.5
48
42.5 ." .. . ... ... ... .. . ... ... ... ... ... .. . ... ...
...
38.5
35
32
."
...
9.21
...
8."
.. . .. . ... ... .. .
... ... ... ... .. .
52.7 7.91 2.39 1.79 1.96
11.07
9.79
8.72
8.55
7.88
7.25
....
63.3

3].7
9.43 2.39 1.83 2.00
7.0 2.18 1.64 2.00
5.81 1.97 1.45 2.01

11l 8.66 8.74 57.2 8.55 2.57 2.04 1.65 8.14 7.49 36.8 6.30 2.13 1.66 1.70
27.5
25
22.5
7.76
6.83
5.99
8.19
7.52
7.04
44.8 7.09 2.40
32.' 5.54 2.18
24.8 4.53 2.04
1.88
1.67
1.56
1.64
1.65
1.63
7."
6.44
5.65
7.02
6.44
6.03
2S.S
20.S
15.9
....
5.24 1.99 1.52 1.70
1.., 1.]5 1.70
3.]] 1.68 1.26 1.68

48
44

39 ... .. .... .. .
... .. ' ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. .
35.5 ... ... ... ... .. . ...
,., ... ... ... ... ... ... .. .
32 .. . ... ... ... ... ... .. . '.39 7.97 47.S 7.65 2.26 1.72 1.91
29 .. . ... ... ... ... ... ... 8." 7.33 34.8 5.99 2.05 1.53 L91

25 7.29 7.98 40.0 6.52 2.34 1.84 1.54 6." 6.84 25.1 ..., I." 1.49 1.59
,.
22.5 6.35
5.41
7.27
6.45
28.2
IS.0
4.99 2.11
3.52 I.S2
1.62 1.55
1.34 1.57 55.13
99 I 6.23
5.53
IS.1
11 .5
3.69 1.74 1.31
2.60 1.50 1.09
1.59
1.61
18 4.S1 6.28 15.9 3.23 11.S2 1.37 1.52 '.54 5.38 10.2 2.37 1.50 1.10 1.56

.For Vllu.s of J en d S, I •• fet;lng pige.

For properllel I nd dlm.nllonl 0' sedlonl not I hown. us .. vlluel on 'Icing pile .

AMER IC AN IN STITU TE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

1 - 42

REGULAR SERIES

Y
STRUCTURAL TEES
{'---
T
,
Cut from \!IF shapes
Dimensions and
properties for designing
x-
t~

v
5
""," AXIS x-x AXIS V_Y

"-
'10,
Num.
...
w..
F~'
NN
o.pth

"d
T.,
Width
AYI·
Thkk-
Stem
Thkk
ne"", d
I S , Y I S ,
t
"" -- '"' -- - -
-
Lb. In.'
". ". ". ". In.' In.1
". - ". ".
In.' In.-

ST 7 IOS.5 31.04
.
'1-
7.88 15.800 1.563
-
.980 8.04 102.2 16 .2
- - - -- - -
1.81 1.57 514.3 65. 1 4.07
W' 101 29.70 7.82 15.750 1.503 .'30 8.41 95.7 15 .2 I." 1.53 489.8 62.2 '.06
96.5
~:~ )."
1.15 15.710 1.438
...,
.890 8.11 ". 1 14.4 1.18 1.49 465,1 59.2 '.05
92 27.
88 25.81
83,5 24.55 I." 15.660 1,378
15.640 1.313
7.56 15.600 1.248
.820
. 1M!
9.15 83.' 13.4
'.311 ".2 12.'
9.69 75.0 12.1
1.76
1.16
1.75
1.45
1.42
1.39
441.4
418.9
395.1
56.'
53.6
50.7
'.04
'.02
4.01
79 2] .24

71" 22 .04
20'''1
7.50 15 .550 1.188
7.44 15.515 I.I2B
7 38 15.500 1.063
•
. 730

..,
.695
.
10.7 ....
10.3 69.] 11.3
10.6
10.9 62.1 10.2
1.73
1.12
I.n
1.34
1.31
1.29
312.5 47.9
351.3 45.3
330.1 42 .6
'.00
3."
].97

ST7 68 19.99 7.38 14 .740 1.063 .660 11 .2 50.' '.89 1.7] 1.31 283.' 38.5 3,71
W' 63.5
59 .5
18 .67
17 .50
7,]1
7.25
14 .690
.
14.650 ,.38
"" .610
.570
12.0
12.7
54.7
50.'
'.04 1.11
8.3ti 1.70
Uti
1.22
26].8 35.'
245.9 33.6
3.76
3.75
55 .5 16.33 7.19 14.620 .873 .540 13.] 46.7 7." 1.69 1.19 227 .4 31.1 3.73
51.5
47.5
43 .5
15 . ll
13.97
12.78
7.13
7.06
7.00
14.575 .8ll
14.545 .745
14.500 .688
.495
.465
.•20
14.4
15.2
16.7
42.4
39.1 ,...
7.10 1.67
1.67
5.88 1.65
1.15
1.12
1.118
209.' 28.8
191.9 "..
174 .8 24.1
3.72
3.71
3.70
34.'
ST7 42 12 . 36 7. 09 12.02] .718 .451 15.7 ]7.4 ,... 1.74 1.21 112.7 18.8 3.02
'IF 39 11.47 7.03 12.000 .718 .'28 16 .4 34 .8 5.96 1.74 1.19 103 .5 17.2 3.00

ST7 37 10.88 , . 10 10.072 .783 .'50 15.8 ".1 '.26 1.82 1.32 66.7 13.3 2."
'IF 34 10.00 7.03 10,040 .718 .418 16 .8 ]3.0 5.74 1.81 1.29 60.' 12.1 2.46
'-',
ST7
30.5 8,97

26 .5 7,BO 6.97
10,001)

8.062
...3
., . .378 18.4

.370 18.8
29.2

27.7
5.13 I.., 1.25

'.95 1.88 1. 38
53.6 10.7

28.8
,...
2.45

7.14 1.92
W' 24 7.06 6.91
21.5 6,33 ,... 8.031
8.000
.593
.528
.339 20.'
.308 22.2
24.9
22.2
4.49 1.88 1.35
'.02 1.87 1.33
25.'
22.6
1.91
5." 1.89

ST7 19 5. 59 7. 06 6,716 .m ,313 22.' 23.5 4.27 2." 1.56 12 . 3 3." 1.49
'IF 17 5. 00 7.00 6. 750 .m . 287 24.4 21.1 3." 2." 1.55 10.6 3.15 1.46
15 4. 41 6 .93 6.73] .383 . 270 25,7 19.0 ].55 2.08 1.59 8.77 2. 61 1.41
, , ,

AMERI CAN I NSTITUTE OF STEEL CoNSTRUCTION

 1· 43

ROLLED STEEL SHAPES

y
STRUCTURAL TEES
-~~lY' Cut from \/IF shapes

T
x x
d, Theoretical dimensions and
properties of sections limited by
y
width·th ickness ratios
PM AISC SpecJllceUon. s.cl . 1.9.1

ASTM Alti ASTM A24.2, A440, A441

Gno, ..
I--,----,-------------~.~~,-I·---,----.-----C--C------.-.~
~.
WI. Depth Ax.lsX·X V.V Depth Ald.X . X v.v
per
fool
Net 01 Tee 1__- .__, -__
Aree d,
;--1___ Net
Are.
01 Tee
d, 1----;---,---.---+--1
ISr)"r ISr)"r
--I-~--I- -----------------I--/__
Lb. In." In. In.- In.s In. In. In. In.' In. In.- In.- In. In. In.
-1- --1- '-1-1----1--------
lOS.5
101
96.5
92
88
83.5
79
75

..
71

63.5
59.5
55.5
51.5
47.5
0.5

.
42

37 .. . ... ......
.. . ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ...
...
...
.. . ...
... ..
... ..... . ...... ... .. .
34 ... ... ... ... ... ... .
30.5 ... ... 8.91 '.80 27.3 4.88 1.75 1.21 2.45

26.5 ... ... .. . ... ... ... .. . 1.69 '.66 24,3 4.53 1.78 1.30 1.94
24 ... ... ... ... .. . ... .. . 6.19 6.10 11.3 3.49 1.60 1.14 1.94
21.5 '.12 6.41 18.9 3.61 1.74 1.23 1.91 5.93 5.54 12.0 2.66 1.43 1.00 1.95
19 5." 6.57 19.1 3.11 1.88 1.41 1.50 5.14 5.63 12.3 2.74 1.55 1.14 1.55
17 4.72 '.03 U.8 2.89 1.11 1.26 1.50 4." 5.17 8.88 2.14 1.41 1.02 1.54
15 4.01 5.61 10.8 2.41 1.63 1.20 1.47 3.85 4.8' '.94 I." 1.34 .97 1.51

°forvalu.. o"end S, ... 'eclnll paBe.

For proper1l.. end dimensions 01 seo;Uons nOI show~, usa valua. on laclnll P"se.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION

1· 44

REGULAR SERIES

Y
STRUCTURAL TEES
'I'---
~J
x--
T Cut from \/IF shapes
Dimensions and
properties for designing
,-
y

.....
Fl.n,. AXJS)( x A)(rs y . y
w,. o.pth I Sr.m

..' .....
-"
Thick·
,
5«.
Num . '00'
....... of
T"
d Thick ·
n•••
t d I S , y I S ,
n••• t

,.. ,.. ...

-- ..
. -----
Lb. In ."
-j---
,. In.' In._ ... ,
,-- -_ . -C-'"
In .' rn .-

~1.93\~ ,....
---- . .
ST' 9S 12.610 1.136 1.060 6.18 19.0 14.2 1.68 1.62 ".5 3."
W .0.5 23.69 6.94 12.515 1.486 .905 7.67 62.6 11.5 1.63 1.47 243.1 38.' 3."
".5 19.56 i 6.69 12.365 I. 236 . 755 •. 86 48 .• 9.03 1.57 1.33 195.0 31.5 3.16
60 17.66 6.56
.." 12.320 1.106
12.230 .986
.710
.620
9.24 43.4 8.22 1.57 1.28 172.5 28.0 3.13

.
53 15.60 10.4 36.1 7.01 1.53 I.ZO 150.4 24.6 3.11
49 .5 14.55 '.38 12.190 .921 .580 11.0 1 33.7 6.46 1.52 1.16 139.1 22.8 3.09
13.53 6.31 12155 .856 .545 11.6 31.0 5.98 l.51 l.13 128.2 21.1 3.0•

"..
42.5 12.49 6.25 12.105 .1" .'9> 12.6 27.' 5.38 1.49 1.08 111 .7 19.5 3.07
39.5 11.61 6.19 12.(80 .1" .470 13 .2 5.02 1.48 1.06 108.2 i 11.9 3.05
36 10.58 6.13 12.(040 . 671 '30 :14 . 3 23.1 '.53 1.48 1.02 97.6 16. 2 3.04
32.5 9.56 6.06 12.(00 .6G5 .3., 15.5 20.6 I '.06 1.47 .98 87 . 3 14.6 3.02

ST6 8.53 6.10 10.(14 .641 .359 1}1.0 19.0 3.75 1.49 1.03 53.7 10.7 2.51
'IF "
".5 7.8) 6.03 10.0XI .576 .345 !11 . 5 17.7 3.54 1.51 1.02 48.0 '.60 '.48

ST6 .641 .371 16 .4 18 . 7 3.80 1.60 1.11 '.98

W "
22.5
ZO
7.36 6.10
6.62 6.03
5.89 5.97
8.077
8.01l
'.COO
.51ci
. 516
3Jb 17 .9 16.6
294 20. 3 14.4
3.40 1.59 1.13
'.94 1.5• 1.08
28 . 2
".0
22.0
'.ZO 1.94
5." 1.94
1."

STO
W
18
15 .5
5.30 6.12
4.56 6.05
.....
'.525
.540
.465
.30j 20.1 15.3
.265 22.8 13.0
3.14 1.711 1."
2.69 1.69 1.22 ,.,
11 .9 3.62 I.~O
3.04 1.<'11
13.5 3.9!j1 5.98 '.500 , .400
, .240 .24.9 .11.4 1 l.39 11.69 1.2.1
, , '.3 U5 1.44

AMERICA N INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 1 · 45

RO llED S T EEL SH A P E S

i STRUCTURAL TEES
}Y. Cut from \/IF shapes
d.
x-

y
--x
Theoretical dimensions and
properties of sections limited by
width·thickness ratios
T
Pel' ,o\ISC Speelllc:etlon. Seet. 1.9.1

....
...
Gross
N.,
Depth
0 1 Tee
"'STM "'36

"''''5 X· X ,.,
• ....i•
NO< Dtopth
01 ree
... STM "'242. 1.440.... 44 \

...lris X·X
.,...,
f~' Are-
d.
I S , y. ,
A,ea
d.
I S , y. ,
1- - - - . _ - - - - -- - - ---- . - --
"'. - - - - -".- . ". ". .".- --
In.'
". In.' In.- In. ". In.'
-
In.'
-
In. '
-_. ".
'1-
95
8J.5
66.S

"
" 49.5

" 42.5
39.S
J6
32.S

29
26.5

2S ... ... .. ... ... ... ... .. . ... . .. ... ... .. . .. .

22.S ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. . ... ..
2J ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 5.69 S." 1).1 2.31 1.33 .92 1.97

...
18
15.5
13.5
4.43
3.76
... .. '
5.57
S.04
!lj:i....
.. . . ..
1.70 1.36
...
...
2.29 1.52 1.09 1.49
1.43
S.1I
4.22
3.59
5.49
4.17
4.32
Il .Z 2." 1.43 1.09 1.53
6.52 1.68 1.24 1.51
4.41 1.25 1.11 .71 1.52
..
- For values 01 I and S. see laclns pIIge.
For properll,s an d dimensions 01 secllons nOI ' hown. use vllues on lacina palill.

AMERICAN I NSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

....
REGU LAR SERI E S

Y
STRUCTURAL TEES

~J
{x-
T Cut from \/IF shapes
Dimensions and
properties for designing
,-
y

x.x AXIS y.y

....
Ftang" AX I S
Wt. Depth Stem

t., '"
'oot
Mu ••
T" AVII.
Tlliek·
, ,
'u. ~ , ,
Num· d Width Thick· I S Y I S
." - --
nUl
-- - - -- - -- - - -- --
LO. In," to. t,. t,. to. In.' In.- t,. to. to.
In,' In,"
--- ---- -- - - - - --I-
ST5 56 16.46 5.69 10.415 1.248 .755 7.54 28.8 6.42 1.32 1.21 117.7 22.6 2.67
VF 50 14.1Z 5.56 10.345 1.118 .685 8.12 24.8 5.62 1.30 1.14 103.3 20.' 2.65
".5
38.5
36
13.10
H.34
10.59
5.44 lO.m
5.31 10.195
5.25 10.170
....
.998

.808
.615 8.85 21.3
.535 9.93 17.7
.510 10.3 16.4
4.88
4.10
3.83
1.28 1.07 ".3
1.25 1.00 76.7
1.24 .97 70.9
17.6
15.1
13.9
2.63
2.60
2.59
33 9.71 5.19 10.117 .748 .457 11.4 14.5 3.39 1.22 .92 64.6 12.8 2.58
30 8.83 5.13 10.075 .683 .415 12.4 12.8 3.02 1.21 .88 58.2 II.6 2.57
27 7.94 5.06 10.028 .618 .368 13.8 11.2 2.64 1.18 .84 51.95 10.4 2.56
24.5 7.20 5.00 lO.1XXI .558 .340 14.7 10.1 2.40 l.lS .81 ".5 g.., 2.54

ST5 22.5 6.62 5.06 8.022 .618 .350 14.5 10.3 2.48 1.25 .91 26.6 6.63 2.00
VF 19.5 5.74 4.97 7.'" .528 .318 15.6 8.96 2.19 1.25 .88 22.5 5.62 1.98
16.5 4.86 4.88 7.964 .433 .292 16.1 7.80 1.95 1.27 .88 18.2 4.58 1.94

ST5 14.5 4.27 5.11 5.799 .500 .285 17.7 8.38 2.07 1.40 1.05 7.61 2.62 1.34
VF 12.5 3.68 5.04 5.762 .430 .252 20.' 7.12 1.77 1.39 1.02 '.34 2.20 1.31
10.5 3. 10 4.95 5.150 .340 .240 20.6 6.31 1.62 1.43 1.06 4.87 1.69 1.25

ST 4
VF
33.5
29
24
9.85 4.50
8.53 4.38
7.06 4.25
8.281
8.222
8.117
...
.m
.683
.575
.510
.405
7.8 10.94 3.07 1.05
8.' 9.11 2.60 1.03
10 .5 6.92 2.00
."."
.94
.87
.78
".3
37.5
30.45
10.1 2.12
9.10 2.10
7.50 2."
20 5.88 4.13 8.077 .558 .365 11.3 5.80 1.71 .74 24.5 '.05 2.04
17.5 5.15 4.06 8.027 .493 .315 12.9 4.88 1.45 .97 .69 21.25 5.30 2.03
15.5 4.56 4.00 8.000 .433 .288 13.9 4.31 1.30 .97 .67 18.5 4.60 2.01

ST4 14 4.12 4.03 6.540 ... 3 .285 14.1 4.22 1. 28 1.01 .73 10.8 3.30 1.62
VF 12 3.53 3.91 '.500 .m .245 16.2 3.53 1. 08 1.00 .70 9.10 2." 1.61

ST 4 I. 2.94 4.07 5.268 .378 .248 16.4 3." 1.13 1.12 .83 4.25 1.61 1.20
VF 8.5 2.50 '.00 5.250 .308 .230 11.4 3.21 1.01 1.13 .84 '.36 1.28 1.16

AMEfUC ...N I NSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 1· 47

RO LL ED S T E E L SHAPES

Y STRUCTURAL TEES

dE ?22iZ'l;J:.

y
Cut from \!IF shapes
Theoretical dimensions and
properties of sections limited by
width-thickness ratios
P.r AISC SpKIIIClIUon, SKt. 1.9.1
T
ASTM A36 ASTM A242. A440. AUI

"Axl.
w._
..
GrOll "Axl.
,., "' No<
Depth
olTe.
Allis X.)( y.y
--
N• •
Depth
01 T••
~sX.)( y-y
f oot d. , ,
Am
d. , ,
- -- - -
I
I-
S

". --
". --
r::-
". -In.-- -".- -In-.' --
l-
-". ".
". --
I-
I S y.
I--
-- -".- -- -- --
In.- In.' In .' 11"1 ."
lb .
- --
-
""38.'
44.'

36
33
3IJ
27
24,5

22.'
19.5
16.5

... . .. ... .... ..... ... .. . ... ... .. . ... ... .. . .. .

14.5
12.5 ...
.. .
...
...
...
... ... ... .. .
... ... ... .. .
3.55
2."
' .54 '.26
4.32
1.44 1.22
4.27 1.24 1.20
." 1. "
.88 1.29
10.5

33.'
29

"
20
17.5
15.5

"
12

10
•••
0for values 0 1 1 and S, see I.clns paae.
For propertle' an d dimensions 01 ' 8<;1Ionl not ,hown, usa val ue. on 'aclns pe se .

.6.MERICAN INSTITUTE OF STE EL CO NSTR UCTION

1·"
REGULAR SERIES
y
STRUCTURAL TEES

~J
Cut from Miscellaneous shapes (M), {x-
T Light beams (8) and Junior beams
Di mensions and
properties for designing
,-
y
Flenle AXISX-X AXIS y . y

.... ., T".,
Stem

,:. ,~. I ,: ,~.

w,. Ar •• o.plh
Thlck-
Section
Nllmber
,~,
Sec:.
"., d ..
A'II .
Wldlh Thlc:k. , ~,
nu,

--
lb.
_.
In ,"
". ".
. - - --
". ".
nen
I,: I,:. J c,:
MISCELLANEOUS SHAPES ( M) AND LIGHT BEAMS (8 )
STBB 15.5 '.56 7.92 5.525 .442 .215 28.' 27.1 '.60 2.44 2.02 5.79 2. 10 1.13
13 3.83 7.83 5.500 .345 .250 ]1.] 23.2 '.05 2." Z.lO ' .36 U9 1.07
ST78 13
11 3.24 ....
3.83 '.95 5.025 .418
5.000 .335
.255
.230
27.3 11.1
29.' 14.7
3.29 Z.l2 1.7J 4.13
2." 2.13 1.77 3.20
1.55
1.28
...
...
1.04

ST78
••• 2.53 1.00 '.000 .272 .210
.,.. 33.3 13.2 2.70 2.29 2.11 1.33 .12
ST6 B 11 3.24 6.16 ' .030 .42'
' .5 2.81 ' .08 4.010 , .34' .240
23.7 11.7
25.3 10.2
2.58
I." 1.63 2.27
2.32 1.91 1.67 1.84
1.13
.92
.84
.81
' .25 2.43 ' .00 ' .000 .26' .230 26.1 '.02 2.13 1.93 1.16 1.3' .10 .16

5T5 M
1
14.55 '.28
11.45 3.37 ........
2.07 5." 3.970 .22'
5.935 .389
5.750 .389
.200
•• 25
.240
11 .6
20.'
....
29.' 7.70 1.83 , 1.92 1.16 1.13
2.13 1.52
6.27 1.60 1.36
1.33 5.60
1.01 ' .95
.51
1.85
1.75
.14
1.14
1.22
10.5 105 ' .95 5.750 .338 .240 20.' '.28 l.62 1.44 1.07 '.58 1.60 1.22
'.5 Z.81 5.13 4.0l0 .394 20.5 ' .70 1.74 1.55 1.28 2.09
.. ..
1.04

.... ....,
ST 5 B I .250
' .5 2.49 5.06 4.010 .329 .240 21.1 6.07 1.62 1.56 1.32 1.73 .83
1.5 2.20 5.00 .26' .230 21 .7 5.46 1.50 1.57 1.37 1.39 .70 .80
1.3,
ST4 M
5.15 1.10
14
12
4.12 .... '' .650.500
3.53 ' .00
3.950 .204
.398
.398
.180
.390
.240
27.4
10.3
16.7
4.15 1.16 1.51
5.25 1.69 l.ll
3." 1.05 .. .. .70
1.00
8.81
' .26
.51
2.67
2.54
.77
1.47
1.53
ST4 M 11.25 3,31 '.00 5.395 .352 .375 10.7 4.76 1.60 1.20 1.02 3.75 1.40 1.08
ID 2.94 '.00 5.360 .305 .350 11.4 4.59 1.55 1.25 1.04 3.30 1.23 1.06
'.25
,.5
V2 ' .00 5.250
2.50 '.00 5.250
.352
.305
.230
.240
17.4
16.7
3.30
3.51
1.0] 1.10 .81
1.12 1.18 .81
3.45
3.08
1.30
1.18
1.13
1.11
ST" B 7.5 2.22 '.06
....,
4.015 .314 .245 16.6
...
3.29 1.07 1.22 1.00 1.6> .82 ...
'.5
5
1.92 ' .00
1.48 3.95
.254
3.... .204
.230

.,..
.170
17.4
23.2
2."
2.15 .12 1.21
... ..
..
1.23 1.03 1.31
1.00
.66
.51
.83

.
.82
Sf 3 B
•• 3.13 4.030 .404
2.30
1.17 3.00 .279
'.25 1.25 2.92 3.940 .194
...., .230
.170
12.0
13.0
17.2
1.66
...
1.30 . 56
.40
.84
.85
.61 2.16
.61 1.44
.54 ... ..
1.07
.12
.
.90
.81

5T6 JR 5.' 1.13 ' .00 3.063 .225

JUNIOR BEAMS
.115 34.3 '.59 1.60 1.96 1." ... .32
..
.53
ST 5 JR ' .5 1.32 5.00 2.... .206 .155 32.3 3." ..1.62 1.53 .30 . 23
ST 4 JR 3.25 .. ' .00 2.281 .1" .135 29.' 1." .56 1.29 1.18 .11 .15 .42
STl.SJR
ST 3 JR
2.15
2.2
.81
.55
3.50 2.078
3.00 1....
.180
.171
.126
.114
27.8
26.3
1.01
.58
.40 1.12 1.01
.27 .95 ..
.
.12
.082 ....
.12 .39
.36

AMEfUC",N INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 1 · 49

E
ROLLED STEEL SHAPES

_~ STRUCTURAL TEES
Jr. Cut from Miscellaneous shapes (M).
d. x

y
x Light beams (B) and Junior beams
Theoretica l dimensions and properties of
sections limited by width·thickness ratios
Pet" AISC Specltlcatlon. SKI. 1.9.1
T
ASTM A36 ASTM .111242 . .111440, AUl
OrOSI

1M'
w,.
Nflt
Depth
of Tfifl AXlS~.~~~S ..,.
N ..
Depth
ofTflfl
AXtSX.)t
--,
·AXIS
H

In. -,-..-
d
':-~ ,..
fool Area d,
In.·-l~-
ISr y, r I S
-Lb.110.'
-'''''':'-
tn. to. to .' l~ to.' to .' In. In.
MISCELLANEOUS SHAPES (M ) AND LIGHT BEAMS ( B )

15.5 3.97 5.78 11.1 2.48 1.67 1.30 1.21 3.74 4.95 7.11 1.83 1.38 1." 1.24
13 3.19 5.25 7.55 1.87 1.54 1.20 1.17 3.00 4.50 4." 1.38 1.27 .97 1.21
13
11
3.43
2.77
5.36
4.83
8.14 1.96 1.54 1.21
5.48 1.46 1.41 1.08 I.t'
1. 7
3.23
2.61
4.59
4.14
5.17
3.53
1.43 1.27
1.08 1.16
.98 1.13
.88 1.11
4.41 3.94 1.10 1.41 1.11 .82 1.85 3.78 2.69 .94 1.20 .91 .85
'.6 1.99
5.46 8.32 2.04 1.65 1.38 ... 2.86 4.68 5.36 1.51 1.37 1.12 ......
11
9.5
8."
7
3."
2.56
2.16
1.72
5.04
4.83
4.20
6.03 1.61 1.53 1.29
4.95 1.40 1.51 1.30
2.93 .94 1.31 I."
...
.85
.81
2.39
2.00
1.60
4.32
4.14
3.60
3.90 1.19 1.28 1.05
3.21 1.04 1.27 1.05
1.91 .70 1.09 .87 ....83

14.55
11 .45
10.5
...
...
...
...
...
...
... ...
...
...
. ..
. ..
... ...
... ... ...
... ...
...
...
...
3.22
2.90
...
4.32
4.32
... ... ... ...
4.23 1.22 1.15
4.26 1.24 1.21
... . ..
1.24
.88 1.26
9.5
8.5
7.5
."
2.49
2.16
...
5.04
4.83
... ... ... ...
6.00 1.61 1.55 1.31
4.98 1.42 1.48 1.31
...
.83
.78
2.65
2.31
2.00
4."
4.32
4.14
4.61 1.34 1.32 1.07
3." 1.19 1.30 1."
3.22 1.04 LV 1.05
......
.83
5.75 1.49 3.78 2.12 .76 US .98 .79 1.39 3.24 1.28 .51 .96 .75 .85
14
12
11.25
10
9.25
'.5
7.5 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ...
. ..
6.5
5
...
1.42 3.57
... ... ... ...
1.62 .59 1.07 .Bl
...
... 1.33
...
3." 1.05 .44 ... . ..
.67
...
.87

•
6
4.25
JUNIOR BEAM S
5.9 1.32 3.68 1.76 .65 1.15 .97 .61 1.23 3.15 U6 .49 .97 .79 .63
4.5 1.05 3.26 1.l0 .46 1.02 ... .53 .98 2.79 .73 .35 .87 .70 .55
.OJ .63 .30 ... .74 .46 .75 2.43 .42 .23 .75 .60 .48
3."
2.75 .70
2."
2.65 .48 .24 .82 .70 .41 ... 2.27 .32 .19 .70 .57
.,.
.43
2.2 .58 2.39 .31 .18 .73 .62 .38 .54 2.05 .20 .13 .61 .39
• fOl y.lues of 1 flod S. Sfifl ,.clnl! pal!fI.
fOl proper1les find dImensions 01 sec1lons oot shown, use YlIIUflS on Iflclnl! Pfillfi.

AMERtCAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

1· 50

REGULAR SER I ES

Y
STRUCTURAL TEES
,r:e:::::
T ~J
Cut from Standard beams x-
Dimensions and ,_
properties for designing
y

flange AXIS X · X AXIS Y,V

w,. Depth Stem
Sec-
'"
Area "
T.. ,,,. Thick·
, ,
nes l
, , ,
U'O
Num ·
00,
'00' d Width Thic k.
n8$S
~ I S I S
--- --- I-- - - - - -- - - -
Lb. In ,2 '0. '0. '0. '0. In .' In .~ '0. '0. In.' In ,' '0.
- - -- - -
ST 12 60 17.57 12.00 8.048 1.102 .798 15.0 244.5 28 .9 3.13 3.53 42.5 10.6 1.56
I 52.95 15.49 12.00 7.875 1.102 .625 19.2 205.2 23.3 3.64 3.20 39.5 10. 0 1.60

STl2 50 14.63 12.00 7.241 .871 .747 16.1 214.9 26,.1 3.83 3." 24.2 6.68 1.29
I 45 13.15 12 .00 1.124 .871 .624 19.2 189.6 22.6 3.80 3.61 22.8 6 . 39 1.32
39.95 11.67 12.00 7.000 .871 .500 24.0 162.2 18. 7 3.13 3.30 21.5 6.13 1.36

ST 10 47.5 13.87 10.00 7.200 .916 .aoo 12.5 136.6 19.8 3.14,3.08 25.3 7.02 1.35
I 42.5 12..40 10.00 7.053 .916 .653 15.3 118.3 16.6 3.092.86 23 .5 6 .67 1.38

ST 10 37.5 10.95 10.00 6.391 .789 .641 15.6 109.8 15.9 3. 17 3.10 15.1 4.71 1.17
1 32.7 '.54 10.00 6.250 .789 .500 20.0 92.1 12. 8 3. 11 2.Bl 13.9 4.46 1.21

ST' 35 10.23 '.00 6.251 .691 .711 12.7 84.5 14.0 2. 87 2. 95 12.3 3.93 1.09
I 27.35 7.97 '.00 6.000 .691 .460 19.6 62 .3 2.51 10 .6 3.53 1.15
,.5r '"
ST7 .5 25 7.3fJ 7.50 5.640 .622 .550 13.6 40 .5 7.73 2. 36 2.2.
7.99 2. 83 1.05
1 21.45 6.25 7.50 5.500 .622 .410 18.3 32.' 5.992.29 2.01 7.32 2.66 1.08

ST 6 25 7.29 6.00 5.477 .659 .687 8. 73 25.2 6.06 1.86 1.85 8.01 2.92 1.05
I 20.4 5.92 6.00 5.250 .659 .460 13.0 18.8 4.26 1.78 1.58 6.91 2.63 1.08

STO 17.5 5.10 6.00 5.078 .544 .428 14.0 17.2 3.95 1." 1.65 5.02 1.98 .99
I 15.9 4.63 6.00 5.000 .544 .350 17.1 14.9 3.31 1.79 1.52 4.75 1.!KI 1.01

ST5 17.5 5.11 5.00 '.944 .491 .594 8.42 12.5 3.63 1.56 1.56 4.24 1.72 .91
1 12.7 3.69 5.00 4. 660 .491 .310 16. 1 7.81 2.05 1.45 1.20 3.45 1.48 .97

ST 4 11.5 3.36 '.00 4.171 .425 .441 9.07 5.02 1.77 1.22 1.16 2.19 1.05 .81
1 '.2 2.67 4.00 4.000 .425 .270 14.8 3.50 1.15 1.1 5 .94 1.89 .95 .84

ST 3.5 10
I 7.65
2.92
2.22
3.50
3.50
3.860
3.660
.392
.392
.450 7.78
.250 14.0 2.18 .81 .,
3.36 1.36 1.071.04 1.61
.82 1.34
.83 .74
.73 .18
ST3 8.625 2.51 3.00 3.565 .359 .465 6.45 2.13 1.02 .92 .92 1.17 .66 .68
I 6.25 1.81 3.OQ 3.330 .359 .230 13.0 1.27 .55 .84 .69 .93 .56 .72

AMER ICAN I NST ITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 1 - 51

RO LL ED STEEL SHAP E S
y
STRUCTURAL TEES
r.l~~~:JY' Cut from Standard beams
d·1 x
I
Theoretical dimensions and
properties of sections limited by
width ·thickness ratios
T
y Per AISC SP*dlk. tlon. Sect. 1.!U

ASTM Al6 ASTM AlU, AUO, A441

GrO$S
Wl. Depth AlIh; )( -)(
'Axh
y.y Do '" AlII. X _X
.Aai.
y. y
per Net 01 Tee Net P "
Fool AI.. d I AI.. of Tee __
' / S,y" d, / S , y"

~~ =
n. f
In.' In.' In. In. In. In.' In. In.· In.1 'n~~ In.
--1- - ----
~ ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
52.95 ... ... ... ... ... ... 15,02 11.25 170.9 ZO,6 3.37 2.94 1.62

50 ... ... ... ... ... .. . .. . ... ... ... ... .. . .. . .. .

45 ... ... ... ... ... .. . ... 12.67 1l.23 157.6 19.9 3.53 3.31 1.34
39." lQ.92 Ul.SO 111,4 14.4 3.19 2.75 1." 10.17 9.00 7I.S 10.6 2." 2.24 1.45

...,
47,5

37,5 ...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...... .. . .. .
... .. .
... ... ... ... ... .. . .. .
32.7 9.04 9.00 68.' 10.4 2.15 2." 1.24
35
27,15
...
...
...
...
.. . ...
... ... ...... ...
...
...
.. .
...
7.64
...
'.28
... ... ... .. . .. .
49.3 8.11 2.54 2,24 1.18

... ... ... ... ...... .. . ... ... ... ... ... ... .. . .. .
"
21.45 ... ... ... ... .. . ... '.20 1.38 31.4 5.81 2.25 1.91 1.09

25
20.'
17.5
15.9

17.5
12.1
U,5
' .2
10
1.65

8.625
' .25
• For .... Iu.. ol f end S, ne leclna page.
For properU.. e nd dImensIons 01 IKllonl not Ihown. use vel ue. o n 'eclng pele.

AMERI CAN INSTI TUTE OF STEEL CONSTRU CTION

1·"

Noles

A.MERICAN IN STITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 1· 53

SPECIAL SERIES SHAPES

Pages 1-54 to 1-57
Under the mill grouping of "Special" shapes there are various shapes for
which there is a 6uctuating demand and which, therefore, are rolled at irregu-
Lar intervals, and then only by special arrangement. Of the group, only the
special carbuilding and shipbuilding channels are Listed and properties tabu-
lated in this Sixtb Edition of the Manual. Other special shapes such as bulh
angles, zees, and small rolled tees, all of which were listed in prior editions of
the Manual, have been omitted because of infrequent use fo r building construc-
tion. Tbese specia l shapes are obtainable and those interested are referred to
mill catalogs for technical data.

SPECIAL COMBINATION SECTIONS

Pages 1-58 to 1-70
Efficient and eoonomicaJ structural members may be obtained by com-
bining togetber shapes or shapes and plates. Typical examples are the beam-
channel combinationa used for light crane runway girders, the channel-angle
combinations used for lintels, the cover-plated \IF shapes used fo r column sec-
tions, and the double-angle struts or chords used for trusses. Properties of
combined sections are tabulated a nd published for those combinations that
pPerience bas proven to be in frequent demand.

AMERICAN INSTITIJTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

1 · 54

SPECIAL SERIES

+-h" web + 'A, '

CHANNELS • I.

[ Carbuilding and Shipbuilding

Dimensions for detailing
T !I-
•
• I
=t=G'IP

Nomine.
~"
-
w,.
'00'
"', ..".
n ... "HI "en
W.b

~~" .1•- --
Width Th ick· Thick· Thick T • ,
Distanea

I,
Grip
... ...
A,.
RI ....'
UIu.1

I
- - -- -- -- -- .
". Lb.
". ". In. In.
". -".-I".- -".- --
". --
". -- ".
". --
18X4
13X4 SO.O
-
For details, see page 1·26.

." " lI,'II, lI, ,,,,,,

,,, "" 1~ ,
III,
2\; lio .... 1 2\;
2'h
40.0
35.0
• """ "
' \0
.\0
II, II,
'A ""
"" lo/i.e
2\;
2\; "lI,
\; II,
1
1 2\;
2\;
31.8 II,
,,, ""
'"
1\\, 2\; II, 1
12X4 SO.O
45.0
".0
•'' lio\0
I'A,
%
%
% .. .....
lio lI,
II, ,,,'" , \;
, \;
, \\
l'A
1~
1'.
2'h
2\\
2\\
'II,
%
%
%
%
%
1
1
1
2\\
2\;
2\\

.. ..
.
,\\ 2\\
,,'" '"
35.0 ' 14 % \\ 2\\ II, % 1
>I, , \\ 2\\ 2"
12X1Y,r 37 .0
.,.,
32.' '" """ ...
,\\ \\ , 91, " ,\\
1\4
1" 2\\
%
'I, II,
l>
l> 2"

lOX4 41.1
33.'
,\\
411, II,
." II,
'. lI,
'lIo
II,
11,
11,
, \I
' \I
7l>
".
Ill,
l>"
2\\
2\1
2\10
\;

..
lio
'I,
II,
II,
l>
l>
Mo
2'.
2\\
2\10
28.5 •,\I II, 11, 'A '\10 ". Ill, 2\\ \I II, l> 2\10
IOX3Y.! 28.' II,
II,
\I ... , ",
II, , ".
Ill,
III,
2\1
2\1
II,
lI,
II,
II,
lio
l>
2
2
24.9 'l>
"lI,
IOXl Y.! 25.'
21.9 '\\
, \I \\
\10 \I,
\4
II,
,'"'"
7Mo
7lio
1\1<
1~,
2\;
2\\ ..
\\ \\
\\
Mo
lio
2
2
25.' ,,\10 II, lI, !4 , 2\10 \\ II, lio 2

'" "''"
9x3!6: '%
23.9 \\ II, lI, II, II, 2
8Xllh 22.' 3\\ \\ lI, I< 3" 5lio 1\\,
2\1
2'A
\\
\\ \\
"Mo 2
, \\ II, 5lio m, 2" lI, \\ 2
'X,
21.4
, \I
"lI, 3"
Hi, 2'A \10 \\ "
lio 2
20.0
18.7 3
" "
\10
\4
11,
2"
2" '"
5l'o I~, 2~ lI, \\ lio 2

AMERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTIO N

 1 - 55

ROLLED STEEL SHAPES

Y
po CHANNELS
x-
- 1-'
r-X Carbuildi ng and Shipbuilding
Properties for designi ng
[
F y

flang. AXIS X·X AXISY . Y

,-
W••
W.a,hl
0« "'N o.plh
Wk'"
......,.
"'Thick· Thick ·
'Q'
d
I S r I S r ,
ro" A,
-- --,.. ... ".
-- - ... In .' ..
, --

-LO.

50.0
In.'

14 .66 13.00 4.412

".

.610
....
.787
In .' In."

4.83 312.9 ~.I

- -- -
'.62 16.7
- - - - ".
In.1

.., 1.07
--
.98
11.71 13.00 4.185 .610 5.09 271.4 1.7 '.82 13.9 '.3 .97
,...
40.0 1.09
35.0 10.24 13.00 4.072 .610 .447 5.23 250.7 38.' '.95 12.5 '.0 1.10 .99
31.8 13.00 '.000 .610 .375 5.33 237.5 36.' 5.05 11.6 3.' 1.11 1.01

SO.O 14.64 12.00 4.135 .700 .835 4.15 267.9 ~ ..

4.28 17.8 5.' 1.10 1.06
".0
40.0
13.16
11 .70
10.22
12.00
12.00
12.00
4.012
3.'"
3.767
.700
.700
.700
.712
.590
.467 '.55 214.9 ~:'
4.41 232.6 ....
4.27 250.2 1.7 '.36 16 .0 5.'
14.5 5.1
.8 4.58 12.9
•••
1.11 1.05
l.ll I."
1.12 1.07
35.0
37.0 10.80 12.00 3.600 .600 .600 5.56 203.4 33.9 4.14
,....,
10.3 3.' ... ......
...,
32.' '.60 12.00
'.00 12.00
3.500
3.450
.600
.600
.500
.•so
5.71 189.0 31.5' 4.44
5." 181.8 ~.3 4.50
3.'
3.5
. 99
.99 .90

41.1
33.'
28.'
,'.lO...
12.06 10.00
10.DO
10.00
4.319
4.100
3.950
.575
•515
.575
.794
.515
.•25
4.03 156.3 31.3 3.61 16 .4 5. 1
4.24 138.0
~:'
3.75 13.7
'.40 125.5 .1 3." 11.8 '.2 •••
1.17 1.11
1.18 I.U
1.19 1.15
28.3
24.'
8.23 10.00
7.23 10.00
3.500
3.400
.575
.515
.475
.375
4.97 116.9 ~.4 3.77
5.12 108.6 1.7 3." ••• 3.'
7.' 3.2
1.02
1.03 ...
.96

25.3 7.38 10.00 3.550 .500 .42S 5.63 106.0 1.2 3.79 7.' 3.0 1.04 .94

,..
21 .' '.38 10.00 3.450 .500 .325 5.80 97.6 19.5 3.91 7.0 2.' 1.05 .98
25.' 7.41 '.00 3.500 .550 .•50 ' .68 87.3 3." '.0 3.2 1.04 1.00
23.' '.96 '.00 3.450 .550 .400 4.74 84.3 18 .7 3." 7. 5 3.1 1.04 1.01

22.'
21.'
6.63
6.23
'.00
'.00
3.500
3.450
.525
.525
.425
.375
'.35
4.42
63.3 15.8 3.09
61.2 15.3 3.13 ..,
7. ' 3.0
2. '
1.05 1.04
1.05 1.05

20.0
18.7
5.83
5,43
'.00
'.00
3.025
2.975
.500
.500
.400
.350
5.29
5.38
54.0 13.5 3.05
51.9 13.0 3.09
'.7 2.2
••• 2.1
.90
. 90 ...
.86

For complete tilt 0 1 C..bulldlng end ShipbuildIng Chenne'l. lOe c..t.logi 01 .... 'Iou. producerl.

AMER ICAN IN STI TUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

L...-
1 - ,.

SPEC I A L SER I ES

l 1tc - web + YL6"

k g,
CHANNELS
[ Carbuildi ng and Shipbu ilding
Dimensions for detailing
T

k "
g =f: GriP
Nomlnel
~ . ....
"'-
,~,
Flange W..
AVII: • Thlek .
Width Thick - "eu Thk;k·
Hetl
• T
OIstance

, "'" Rivet Gelle

k g g,
M....
ftg_
Us"a'

lo- eb-
--
ness
,.- -1-:-
-'"--
-
.on
•.
,.- -- , - -'".-t--
, -,.-- -- ..
- - - - - - - --
,.- , '"- I'"-- -'".- ..
7x31f.t

7X3
22.7
19.1
17.6
3%
3'.
3
Y,
Y,

\I
'. '.
%
%
II,
II,
3!>
3!>
2% ""'"
5
1~,
JlA,
1
2"
2~

2"
'A,
'l\~

'A,
'.
\I
\I
"" %
2
2
1%

II, 2" 'A, \I 2

6x3if.t 18.0 3\1 \I II
II,
3!> 4 1
%, II " 2
6X31h 15.3 3\1 II II 3!> 411 % 2"
" 1',
'X3

6X2Y.z
16.3
15. 1
12.0
3
3
2\1
\I

'.
II
II
II,
II,
II,
II,
II.
2%

'"
2!>
4
4
4\1
1
1

\I
2"
2\4
2"
%,
II
II
'.
\I
II
%
%
II
1%

1\1
4x2Yl tl.8 2\1 \I II \4 2 211 % 2 II. II % 1\\
3x2o/,., I.' "I. II. II II. 1'~1 1'*. ',,", -- . %. ... .. - -- -
n,
3Xl 3i! 9.0
7.1
2!>
2
II
Iio
\I
II,
'.
II.
1%
l!' Ij'o
II.
II.
--...- II,
Iio
.--..
_
.....
_
-- .
-- -

AMER ICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 RO LLED STEEL SHAPES
Y
P CHANNELS
x f- X
-p !-'
Carbuilding and Shipbuilding
Properties for designing
[
y

.
Welil ht
f~'
' "'"
o.pl h
Width
FJ.nil'
AViI,.ge
Thick·
'leu
W"'
Thick·
'H'
d
A, I
AXIS X·X
,
S , I
,
AX IS Y·V

S , ,
- . .

.
f-- I-
- eb. . n.~
". . ". ". ". f-- .
.'1.' .'1.- ". -
f--
In. '
I - --". -".-
In.-

22.7 6.60 7.00 3.600 .500 .500 3." 47.1 13.5 2.67 7.5 3.0 1. 07 1. 07
19.1 5.55 7.00 3.450 .SOD . 350 '-' 42.8 12.2 2.78 6.3 2.7 1.07 1. 11

17.6 5.12
5.22
7.00
6.00
3.000
3.SOD
.475
.475
.375
.375
4.91
3.61
37.3 10.71 2 . 70
29.4 9.S 2.38
'.2
6.1
2.0
2.'
." ,"
LOS 1.15
IS .0
15.3 4. 47 6.00 3.500 .385 .340 4.45 25.3 8.4 1 2.38 5.1 2.1 1.07 Loa

16.3 4.75 '.00 3.000 .475 .375 4.21 25.8 8.6 2.33 '.0 I., .91 .95
15.1 4.37 '.00 2.938 .475 .]U 4.3" 24.1 8.2 2.38 3.6 I.8 .91 .97
12.0 3.52 '.00 2.500 .375 .3U 6.40 IS.6 6.2 2.30 2.0 l.l .75 .72
U.S ' .00 '.00 2.500 .500 .500 3.20 8.8 ,., 1.49 2.2 I., .74 .86
7.6 2.22 3.00 2.]U ."1 .375 4.62 2.' 1. 9\ 1.15 .95 .59 .65 ,70
'.0 2." 3.00 2. 125 .351 .500 4.02 3.1 2.1 1. 09 .97 .68 .61 .70
7.1 2.08 3.00 1.938 .]51 .312 4.41 2.7 1.8 1.14 .71 .5O ,59 .67

FOt complete ... t 01 C.,bulldln8 .nd ShlpbuUdln8 Che" n"••.• fte calaloils o f ..... Iou. producer •.

AMERI CAN I NSTITUTE OF SIEEL CONSTR UCTION

1·"
Yb
•
>, x. •N "-
N
COMBINATION SECTIONS
x
y.
j"x ~ . VIF shapes and channels
~~ • ~"
.• Properties of sections
y, ~,
E
-v
• c
~ ~

Y
AXIS x-x AXIS y-y
Total Total
s.-1Y, s.-[Y, ,
Sb;a and Walgllt
W'- Are .. 8,_1
y, y, 8,_1
x, s.--1 , x. b
[~ [-
Seam Channel
". - - - - - -
--
In." In," In." In."
'". '". - - - - --[ '-
In." In.'
'".
". - - '".
lOW" 11 S[U.S ".S 9.55
HI,7I
".,
25.6
29.1
34.8
56.S
65.4
3." 5.78
5.81
18.2
20.2
U.8
12.]
2.88 4.33 11.00
,." 4.18 11.01

""
11.5 3'-' ],72
11.5 40.5 11.89 29.9 39.6 12.5 l.U S." l1.8 12.8 2.73 4.01 11.04

12W' 21
31
8ell.S
11.5
38.S
42.5
11.33
12.48
]].3
38.'
46.8
52.1
78.4
".S
4.53
4.64
6.99
,."
19.9
21.5
12.9
13.4
,." '.47 ll.n
2.14 '.38 n.40
47.5 13.95 45.1 59.6 4.74 6.91 2].] 14.0 ,." 4.28 11.44

14'IF 3(1
" 11.5
sell.S 41.5 12.11 41.4 58.8
96.'
".3 5.26 8,13 ".3 13 .0 2.74 '.51 11.51
13.36 "., U.6 2.69 4.42 11.52
"
38
11.5
Il.S
45.5
'9.S 14.53 54.1
66.2
72.8
100.2
109.0
S."
5.49
I.ll
8.10
21.9
23.3 14.1 2.64 4.35 11.55
16W'" 36 8[11.5 47.5 13.95 56.S 18.5 112.4 6.11 9.21 21.9 U.8 2.66 4.50 11.65

"" 11.5
10[ 15.3
51.5
55.3
!S.U
16.24
64.S
64.4
81.3
93.7
123.1
135.1
,." ,."
6.13 9.48
23.5
".S
14.4
".,
2.62 4.42 11.65
3.R 4.92 13 .65
16W 45
.. 11.5
8[
10[ 15.3
56.5
60.3
16.6()
17.71
12.S
72.5
SO.,
95.7
102.2
134.'
145.8
6.n
6.21
9.17
9.43
25.0
38.7
14.9
>l.'
'.56 4.36 11.69
3.24 4.82 13.69

,." "..
SO 8[11.5 61.5 18.06 Ul4.S 145.5 6.40 9.15 26.1 15.5 2.52 4,32 ll.73
SO lOt 15.3 65.3 19.17 80.' llL2 151.2 '.30 21.6 3.18 4.7S 13 .73
",v.< SO 8tl1.5 61.5 18.01 89.3 115.' 16L 8 7.08 10.15 25.9 15.8 2.55 4.53 11.93
SO lOt 15.3 65.3 19.18 89.3 122.8 114.6 6.97 10.42 39.6 >l.' '.96
13.93
55 Stll.S 66.5 19.55 "., 125.1 114.1 7.15 10.11 21.4
"..
16.S
3."
2.St 4.49 11.91
55 10[15.3 70.3
"." 98.7 132.7 IS7.2 7.OS 10.39 41.6 3.14 4.89 13.97

"'..
60 8[11.5 71.5 21.00 10S.3 135 .1 187.0 1.23 10.13 29. 1 17.2 2.48 4.45 11.99
''''' 60 10[ 15.3
8t 11.5
75.3
75.5
n.ll
22.16
108.3
116.9
143.0 7.13 to.39
1.21 9.81
43.6
30.'
23.0 3.09
2.63
4.83
S.OO
13 .99
12.56
"" 10C 15.3 79.3 23.27 116.9
144.0
151.7
200.3
213.4 1.12 10.10 43.8
".3
25.5 3.18 S.36 14.56
2S.4 17.9 '.SO
"""
"v.< 8t II.S 73 .5 21.59 127.9 160.7 212.0 8.l2 n.69 4.11 12.ll
10C 15.3 11.3 22.70 128.1 170.8 221.8 8.23 11.99 42.2 23 .7 3.09 5.14 14.12
12C2O.7 ".7 24.26 128.4 184.3 249.4 8.10 12.37 62.8 33.3 3.83 5.66 16.32
68
68
lOt: 15.3
12C20.7
83.3
88.7
24,49
26.05
141.8
142.1
185.1
198.9
245.4
267.3 .."
8.32 11.96
12.32
44.5
65.9

....
24.4
34.1
25.1
3."
3.76
5.09
S.58
'.00 5.0S
1'.36
16.36
14.311
"" 10C 15.3
12[20.1
88.3
93.7
25.93
21.49
152.6
153.0
196.3
210.4
259.0
281.2
8.39 11.95
8.27 12.30
46 .'
34.B 3.11 5.52 16.38

,."
..,.""
"v.< lOt 15.3 91.3 26.84 178.6 230.2 293.5 9.47 13.47 45.7 26.2 S.36 14.71
12[20.7 96.7 28 .40 179.2 241.5 318.9 '.36 13.87 66.8 35.6 3.70 5.81 16.71

I<
10C 15.3
12[20.7
99.3
104.7
29.18
30.7.
199.6
200.2
252.2
269.9
319.8
J4S.7
9.59
9,49
13.45 48.8
13 .83 70.6
21.4
36.S
,." 5.31
3.63 5.73
14.74
16.74
,.,. 10[ 15.3
12C2O.7
109.3
1I4.7
32.10
33 .66
224.5
225.2
217.8
296.0
350.5
376.8
9.69
'.60
13.43 52.3
13.19 75.0
28.9
38.1
2.93 5.26
3.55 5.65
14.79
16.79
IS[ 33.9 127.9 37.53 226.6 3311.3 439.9 9.37 14.54 129.8 64.1 4. 17 6.58 19.79

>Iv.< "
"
12[20.7
15C 33.9
114.7
121.9
33.68
37.55
248 .9
251.0
129.8
379.1 ....,
409.4 10.65
10.41
15.J4 71..
16.2() 122.9
39.2
6S.S
3.60 S.1I
'.SO 7."
17.24
20.24

"'.. "., "..

12[20.7
"." 40.S '.06
'"
'" 15[33.9
122.7
135.9 39.91
212.5
214.6
3S1.S 438.4
510.5
10.76
10.54
15.31 75.0
16.14 128.4
3.55
4.72 6.93
11.21
2().21

"..
12C 20.1 42.4 3.48 '.00 17.32
'"
'" 15[ 33 .9
IJ4.7
141.9
39.56
43.'3
305.7
308.'
388.7
440.9
478.3
551.5
10.86
10.61
15.21
16.06 US.1 4.61 6.81 2().32

AMERICAN INSTI TU TE OF ST EEL CONSTR U CTI ON

 1 · 59

Y
COMBINATION SECTIONS y,
, ,
W shapes and channels x x

Properties of sections Y'j

y

A.XIS X·X AXI S V· Y

SIze end Wellhl
Total TolllL .
Wellhl NU
1 5,_ 1 s.-J , y, 1 S ,
~ --
Y,
, -In.-
-- .
"'. ..
- ......" r-- -•••-I'"-.
In.1
... m C~nnel In.' Ln."
'". '". In .' In."

WI> ICIt.5
"..
21.' I."
---
....
19.]
15.' 30.' 3.11 39.0 1.15

......"
10C15.3 9.47 15.7 35.2 3.01 73.5 1'.7 2.19
lOW'" 21 IC11.5
IOC15.1 "..
".l
9.55
10.66
153.6
152.3
U.4
ll.I
H.!
4'.5
4.01
..."
42.0
7&.&
10.5
n.l
2.10
2.&1
12W'" 27 10C 15.3 42.3 12.44 295.6 37.0 70.1 4.B7 7.99 83.S 16.7 2,59
IlC20.7 "., 14.00 314.1 37.5 81.3 4.74 8.37 144.1 24.1 3.22
14W' 30 IOCI5.3
12C20.7
45.3
50). I
!l.28
14.14
41S.3

.....
445.0 "..
45.8 84.2
97.6 ....
5.61 9.13
'.51
14.'
U5.1i
16.'
24.3
2.52
3.U
16W' 36 12C2O.7 ".1 16.62
744.5
62.1i
64.4
121.6 6.33 10.&4 150.2
.... ....25.0 1.01

.."
15CH.9 69.9 20.49 159.1 6.0J 11.56 3l4.7
'OW' 50) 12C2O.7 ".1 20.14 1119.] 97. 4 165.0 1.35 11.49 lM.3 27.5
15C13.' U.9 24.&1 1247.5 100.1 ZIO,Z 7.1Z 12.46 ]u .• 45.' J.11

.
21 ...... 6Z 12C20.1
15C3l.'
12C20.7
" ..
IV
a .I
24.26
ZI.13
n."
1190.5
1990.1
1959.2
1l1.1
U1.1i
151.7
216. 5

..
211.2
""
1.59
8.41
1.67
1l.00
14.05
12.fl
111.2
....50.'
lIi5 . 7
IU.~ 31.4
2.ll
3.5t
1.U
15CH.' 101 ,9 ".Il
"...
Z112.3 155.9 21:5.' 1.5l

....
1l.93 313.0
.... ....49.1 3.53

.
24 ...... 76 12C2O.1
ISC n .'
12C20.7
15Cl1.9
M.I
lot.9
104.7
1t7.9
12.27
30.74
14.61
2712.3
3022.S
3021.Z
119,7
195.0
2ll.0

..... 36'"
3312.6 211i,1
279.2
141.2
101.0
365.1
9.81

9.92
'.81
14.40
15.SO
14.33
15.31
••U
319.1

..... ....36.'
215.4
51.9

53.5
1.47
2.65
l."
n."
,....
12C2O.1 1t4.7 4111.1 11.O!i 15.7g 243.2 2.U
.IW "
..... ......
_
ISC1].9 121.' 11.55 '519.2 261.' 414.1 10.97 16.90 427.1 57.0 1.17
".
.....
-
12C2O.1 122.7 4471.7 .... l 1t.14 15. 11 257.6 42 . ' 2.11
15C13 .' U S. 9 39.n 191 .1 4~ . ' lUIS lli.1Il 442. 151.' l.ll
12C20.1
ISCl1 .9
134.1 3'.56
41.43 "'..
4111.3

.....
5410.1
311.1 411.1
492.1
11.22
lUI
15.66
16.66 "'..
Z77 . 1 " .l 2.55

..
H 7. ' iiI.' l."

1\6
15CH.'
IIC4Z . 7
15Cl1.9
}(1.9
ISO.7
41.67
44.25
......
63U.Z 314.3
3~.'
511.0
562.9
542.1
U ...
11.98
IZ.21
11.)6
18.99
18.29
..... .."
441.7 5'.7
71i.0
liZ .2
l.21
1.'3

..... ....II.'
141. ' ".OJ 465.'

m
18C42.7
15C33.9
IIC42.1
1~.7
157,9
166.1
46.61
41i.M
'1.93
6161.'
7035.0
7152.2
.....
lIil.4

390.9
594.6
510.1
li21.1
12.14
12.32
IZ.26
18.90
18.22
18.81
10>'>
118.7
".l
19.9
l.a
1.U
3.13
.ll 15(33.9 155.9 48.71 7479.7 412.1 596.0 12. 39 18.15 '17.6 l."
18C42.1 174,7 51.31 78011.2 416.9 64'.6 12.34 18.73 734.0 81.6 1.78

......
13W"I30 ISCll.' 163.9 48. 16 8761.1 4'0.9 642.9 13.'9 19.87 514.0 68.5 3.27

'"
18C42.7
15CH.9
IIC42.1
m.7
174.9
113.1
!IO.74
51.41
53.99
9153.3
9977.9
IOll4.S
446.3
483.'
488.9
521.6
701.9
686.8
141i.8
13.C4
13.64
13.S9
ro.51
19.19
20.41
75O.1i
542.3
718.1
.... 1
....
83 .•
72.3
75.1
3.85
l."
l."
l.ll
'" ISC3].' 1".9 54.61 721.1 1l.15 1'.12
18C42.7 194,7
.....
57.19 1075-4.Z 529.5 718.4 1l.11 ro.ll 105.' 19.5 3.71
_

,.
50)

."
15C33.9
18C42.7
lUll.'
IIC42.7
15[31.9
18C42.7
11l.9
192.1
1.1.9
"".1
203.9
212.1
56."
56."
U.51
59.18
6l."
11505.5
11996.7
1221].7
12791.6
llO64.9
U5I9.5
544.5
551.1
511.1
590.0

"'.. ""..
522.1
..
...........
161.5

139.6
14.59
14. S5
14.61
14.65
14.77
14.15
ZI.U
21.77
21.111i
ZI.6I
n.1O
21.60
.....
563.0
199.4
824.4
li13.2
849.6
15 . 1
a.,
71.'
91.'

"..
It.'
l.ll
1.76
1.21
..,.
1.72
1.1it
.82

."
15[31.'
lIC42.7
15[31. 9
11[42.1
215.'
U4.7
227.9
2l1i .l
63."
".Ol
61.01
61.59
13921.5
14470.1
14199.5
153S9 .9
.....
665. 5
672.7
711i.'
88l.1
'41. 1
9l~.0
991.0
14.12
14.10
14.86
1'.86
20.93
21.S1
".11
21.43
.....
.... l

.....
176.1
IS .'
91.4
n.'
100.5
1.11
J."
3.11i
1.61

AMERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION

\ ·60

y
--r
u COMBINATION SECTIONS
x " !"- x Two channels
y,

Properties of sections
y

VertlCIII
Ct..no.1
Slzl

'"'
Weight
...
Horizontal
C~nn.1

'0'
Welghl
Totl'

In.'
-
Weight
,,,' '00'
CO.
--
J

In."
s.-y1s.-
Y,
In.'
AXIS x-X

1 ,
y.
'0.
In.' In.'
.y,
--
'0.
1-
J
AXISY.Y

S
- - --
In.· '0.
,

J[
4C
'.1
5.'
4C
.[
5[
5.'
5.'
6,7
..
2.75' - 9,5 -
- l.li 10.8- - ...
---n I--rT - 4§
2:T
- 3-:0
I+1.44
~f 2.86 4":T ~
2.19 4Jf
'-'
5.' 1.39 2.94 7.7 '.1 1.48
1.21
YTS
6.7- f--H'-
12.1 '.8 2.'
5[- '.90 13.4 """""'ir6 3T - 7.9 1.80 '.60
5C '.7
6t 8.2
.[
7[
5[
8.2
9.8 ....
'.34 14.9
26.5
13.2 3.'
B.8 3.7
7.9 '.2 1.42
8.8 1.74 3.10 U.S '.5 1.76
9.6 1.69 3.18 21.6 6.2 2.12
6.7- ---;r.-34 - 14.9 . ZIT - 5-:-1 " - w.-a 2.22 4.21 - S.l 3.2 ~1.31
6[ 8.2
7[ 9.8
4.78
5.24
16.4
18.0
22.3
23.2
12 . 0 2.16 '.34
5.1
13.2 2.10 4.45
5.2
14.3 2.04 '.54
13.7
21.8 •••
6.2
1.69
2.04
Be 11.5 5.75 19.7 24.0 5.' 33.0 8.2 2.40
9[ 13.4 21.6
6.28 25.015.5 1.99 4.62
5.' 48.0 10.7 2.76
13.5 3.14
~ --oc-O- 15.5 -2.58 ; ~
IDe 15.3 23.5 25.816.7 1.94
5.5 67.6
7C 9.8 HaT 5.24 - 35.0 - ].1 " - 4.95 14.0
.. , 2.:n
'.7 1.69

..
7[ 9.8 5.70 19.6 36.' 7.2
11.0 2.52 5.08 22.1 1.97
Be 11.5 6.21 21.3 18.6
37.6 7.2 2." 5.20 33.3 8.3
9f: 13.4 6.74 23.2 2) .2 2.40 5.30
38.9 7.' 48.' 10.7 2.68
'.05
~A- ~. ~~
IOC 15.3 7.32 21.1 5.39 67.9 13.6
81: 11.5 6C 8.2 5.75 19.7 51-:-9 9.4 - 19.4 '.00 5.5l 14.l 1.68
'.8
][ 9.8
8t 11.5
9C 13.4
6.21
6.72
7.25
21.3
23.0
24.9
53.9 9.5
55.9 9.6
57.8 9.7
21.3 2.95 5.68
23.' 2.88 5.82
25.2 2. 82 5.94
22.' •••
1.90
33.' 8.' 2.24
48.6 10.8 2.59
IOC 15.l 7.83 26.8 59.5 9.8 Z7.l 2.76 '.05 68.2 13.6 2.95
12(20.7 9.39 32.2 ~...!E.:.!.. 32.2 2.61 '.30 129.4 l.7J
91: Il.4 ][- 9.8- - 6.74 ' - 2l.C 16.8 12.l . 26.0 · l.lT 6.26 1#
22.9 '.5 ' 1.84
81: II.S 7.25 24.9 79.5 12.4 28.' l.ll '.42 34.1 8.5 2.17
91: Il.4 7.78 26.8 82.1 12.5 30.8 '.25 '.56 49.1 10.9 2.51
101: 15.3 8.36 28.7 84.' 12.6 33 .2 3.18 6.69 68.7 13.7 2.87
~4
IZI: 20.7 9.92 34.1 90.6 13.0 '.02 '.98 129.9 3.62
101: 15.3 81: U.S ' '1.83 26.8 109.5 - 15.7 33.9 3.74 '.99 1lW-
34.6- 8.' 2:iO
91: 13.4 8.36 2.., Ill.1 15.8 36 . 7 '.68 7. 15 49.6 11.0 2.44
IOC 15.3 8.94 30.' 116.5 16.0 39.6 3.61 7.30 69.2 13.8 2.18
121: 20.7 10.50 36.0 124.7 16.3 47.0 3.45 7.63 130.4 21.7 3.41
151: 33.9 14.37 49.2 140.4 17.2 63.2 3.11 8.18 l14.9 42.0 '.68
12C 20.7 91: 13.r - 9.9<! ~ 204.7 - 25----:-0 · SO.8 4.54 ' 8.20 SIT "fi"T 2.27
36.0 211.0 25.2 54.7 4.48 8.38
,s:iz... '
101: 15.3 10.50 70.8 14.2 2.60
121:20.7 12.06 41.4 225.9 25.7 64.7 4.33 8.79 132.0 22.0 3.31
15 1: 33.9 .. 15.93 54.' 254.0 26.8 81.3 9.49 316.5 42.2 '.46
1st 33.9 101: 15.3 14.37 '""""49.2 - 470.1 48.' 85.0 , 9."71 75.1 15.0 2.29
121: 20.7 15.93
151: 33.9 19.80
54.' SOU
67.8
49.5 98.9 5.63 10.18
570.7 51.6 131.5 5.37 11.06
136.3 22.7 2.93
l20.8 42.8 4.02
18( 42.7 22.38 76.6 602.1 52.7 149.8 5. 19 11.43 557.2 61.9 '.99
l8t 42.7 121: 2O.r -
151:33.9 22. 38
181: 42.7 24. 96
76.' .....
- -
18.51 63.C - 852.0 72.2 131.5 6.78 11.80
75.4 172 . 9 6. 57 12.81
85.' 1020.7 76.9 197 . 0 '.39 13.27
143.1 23.8 2---:78
327.6 4l.7 '.83
564.0 62.7 4.75
cent'" 01 anvlty 0' both Cha nnel' a,e in Iha sarna verti.:.ll;na.

A"'[AI C"N INSTITUTE OF STEEl CONSTRUCTION

 1 · 61

COMBIN ATI ON SECTIONS Yr~ n

Two cha nnels x x
I y.
Properties of sections
y

AXIS X·X AXIS '1.'1

'"'
WelllN
.
Vertical
Channel
Horizontal
Channel
Size
'"'
Weight
Total
"'rtlll
Weight

'" I S,-Y.~I 8-'

'00'
- - - -In-
• y.
- - -- - -
, Y. - --, ---
8 , ~
In ." <'- ." In ." In."
'"- '"- In ." In."
'"-
3C-4~_~1_1:::::j:4~[~5~.4 2.75 ' 9.5 4.5 -1Z.. ~~.Wf .l.6!.. ~~ }.:.21
'4(5.4 4C 5.4 ' 3.12 10.8 8.8 2.7 3.8 1.69 3.23 4.1 2.1 1.15
~-r;d-i5;;[7'6.7 3.51 ~ -1:2. J ~ ---..!.!.. 1.66 3.38 7.7 3.1 1.48
-SC 6.7 5C 6.7 - 3.90 13.4 16.6 1 4.2 6.0 2.06 . 3.99 -n"""""'3T 1.42
'R
' 6C 8.2
lC 9.8
4.34
4.80 16.5
14.9 17.9 4.3
19.1 4.4
-6C '8.2 - 5[- 6.7 " 4:341'4.9 ~--:s 5.8 ----aT -2.47
6.5 2.03
6.9 1.99
4.16
4.31
4.57
13.5 4.5 1.76
21.6 6.2 2.12
' 8-:T""""""'3.2 e3l
6C 8.2 4.78 16.4 28.5 6.0 9.0 2.44 4.16 13.1 4.6 1.69
1[ 9.8 5.24 18.0 30.4 6.2 9.6 2.41 4.93 21.8 6.2 2.04
SC 11.5 5.75 19.7 32.2 6.3 10.2 2.37 5.09 33.0 S.2 2.40
9C 13.4 6.28 21.6 34.0 6.5 10.1 2.33 5.24 48.0 10.7 2.76
_ _ ~[15.3 _ ~~ ~ ~ 6.7 11.1 1:,..29 I 5.37 67.6 13.5 3.14
-7C 9.S 6[ S.2 5.24 IS.0 42.S S.O 11.9 2.86 5.33 14.0 4.7 1.69
7C 9.8 5.70 19.6 45.5 8.2 12.8 2.82 5.52 22.1 6.3 1.97
B[ 11.5 6.21 21.3 48.0 8.4 13.5 2.78 5.71 33.3 8.3 2.31
9[ 13.4 6.74 23.2 SO.7 8.6 14.2 2.74 5.87 48.3 10.7 2.68
' _=-",.-- I-,IOC 15.3 7.32 25.1 53.2 8.8 14.9 2.70 6.03 67.9 13.6 3.05
1- 8C 11.5 6C 8.2 . 5.75 - 19Y - 61.5 iITlIT 3.27 5.88 14.3 4.8 1.58
7C 9.8 6.21 21.3 65.2 10.7 16.3 3.24 6.09 22.4 6.4 1.90
BC 11.5 6.72 2].0 68.S 10.9 17.3 3.20 6.Z9 33.6 S.4 2.24
9C 13.4 1.25 24.9 n.5 11.2 18.] ].16 6.47 48.6 10.S 2.59
10[ 15.3 7.S3 26.8 75.9 11.4 19.2 ].11 6.65 68.2 13.6 2.95
1_~~.-I -,12i;[~ZO.l . _ 9.39 32.2 n.:..s. ~ ~ 1J9 7.02 ~ 21.6 3.71
9C 13.4 lC 9.S 6.74 23.2 90.2 13.6 ZO.3 3.66 6.64 22.9 6.5 1.84
8[ 11.5 7.25 24.9 95.2 13.9 21.6 3.62 6.85 34.1 8.5 2.11
9[ 13.4 7.78 26.8 99.8 14.1 22.8 3.58 7.06 49.1 10.9 2.51
10C 15.3 8.36 28.7 104.5 14.4 2U 3.54 7.25 68.7 13.7 2.87
. 12C 20.7 _ --.?92 . _ 34...:!... 115.2 15.0. ~ 1:.41 ~ IZ9.9 r!~.:.6~ 13.62
toC 15.3 8C 11.5 7.83 26.8 127.8 17.3 2tU 4.04 7.40 34.6 8.6 2.10
9C 13.4 8.36 28.7 134.2 17.6 27 .8 4.01 7.61 49.6 11.0 2.«
10C 15.3 8.94 30.6 140.] 17.9 29.4 3.96 7.82 69.2 13.S 2.78
12C ZO.7 10.50 36.0 1~ .3 lS.7 33.0 3.83 S.27 130.4 21.7 3.52

12[ ZO.7 9( 13.4 9.92 34.1

_
. -.!.5C 33.9 t4:~' ~ 178.3 19:!.. 1 ~ ~2
233.2 27.2 39.9 4.85
. ~ 314.9 42.0
8.59 51.2 11.4
4.68
2.27
10[ 15.3 10.SO 36.0 243.5 27.6 42.2 4.82 8.83 70.8 14.2 2.60
12[ 20.7 12.06 41.4 267.3 28.6 47.8 4.71 9.35 132.0 2.2.0 3.31
""o--I...;IS[ 33.9 . 15.93 . y.~_ _309.0 }O.2 59.7 4.40 10.22 316.5 42.2 ~
15[ 33.9 lor 15.3 14.37 49.2 519.0 51.8 68.6 6.01 10.03 75.1 15.0 2.29
12C ZO.7 15.93 54.6 568.1 5].6 71.5 5.97 10.60 136.3 22.7 2.93
15[ 33.9 19.80 61.8 661.4 56.8 97.8 5.78 11.64 32O.S 42.8 4.02
h"",.-1-i18~[i-i;"i"_'.... r.22.:..38 _ ~ 717.6 58.9 106.0 5.66 12.18 557 . 2~ 4.99
18C 42.7 12[ 20.7 IS.51 63.4 935---:4 76.9 106.5 7.11 12.16 143.1 23.8 2.78
IS( 33.9 22.38 76.6 1086.4 81.5 134.6 6.97 13.33 327.6 43.7 3.S3
l8( 42.7 24.96 85.4 1175.6 84.3 147.0 6.86 13.95 564.0 62.7 4.75
Cen ter. e>! gravity 01 both o;ha nn els are In the ume vertical line.

AMERICAN I NSTITUTE OF STEEL CoNSTRUCTION

 '
1 -62
y
COMBINATION SECTIONS

B
x-

~1!!l
'X
y,

y -----,--,-~--~~~--~--~~~--- I
Channels and angles
Properties of sections
Lanll 'Oil 01 .nllle turnod out

Channel
~

'e'
.
Welllht
, x,

In. In.

6C 8.2

U6
1.23
1.28
1.5Z
1.57
1.85
1..,

AMER tCAN I NSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 1 ·53
y
COMBINATION SECTIONS P
Channels and angles
Properties of sections
x I" x
ShOlt lea (II angl ll iurned down
U y

Welaht AXIS X·X AXIS V.V

'"' Am
.. ,-
Channel Anale '00' /
,.. I,.,.,.Y-' -----
,.. ,..
I .. • r .. * Z,'

....
LO. In.1 In.' In .'

lSI: 33.9 5X3 Y.! X~e

.
43.7 12.n 461.2
.. - - --- -
41.9
- 1.81 1.51
'Xl X~. 42.1 12.30 443.6 '.00 9.10 1.48 1.28
'Xl X"
lXl X"
39.1
38.8
11.59
11.34
,."
412.0
,."
401.2
8.10
8.56
26.'
16.6
11.8
1.20
1.02
1."
D."

"". .... ""

12[ 20.7 6X3112Xo/ie 3D.' 8.90 219.8 4.97 8. 18 35.9 2.01 1.76
'Xl X~. 28.' 8.'13 7 .90 22.0 1.61 1.45
'Xl xlA
lXl xl'
3X2Y.zXI,4
26.'
25.'
25.2
1.12
7.47
7.34
189.5
183.7
176.6
.."
'.90
7.48
7.32
7.19
12.3
7.'
7.2
1.26
1.01
D."
1.15
D."
D."
10[ 15.3 6X3y'!X";, 25.1 7.34 127.7 4.17 7.25 32.8 2.U 1. "
5Xl X ~ . 23.5 6.87 119.0 4.16 US 19.8 1.70 1.58
'xl x l' 21.1 6.16 108.7 '.20 6.57 10.6 1.31 1.22
lXl X"
3X2 ~ XI,4
20.2
19.8
5.91
5.78
105.2
100.1
'.22
4.16
6.42
'.28
•••
5.'
1.01
D."
1.0l
0.97

9[ 13.4 6X3Yt X~, 23.2 6.76 95.8 3.76 6.73 31.6 2. 16 2.04
5Xl X~. 21.6 6.29 88.8 3.76 6.48 19.0 1.74 1.64
'Xl x\4 19.2 5.58 SU 3.81 '.09 10.0 1.34 1.26
lxl xl' 18.3 5.33 78.5 1.84 '.94 5.5 1.02 1.03
3X21,;XI,4 17.9 5.20 74.1 3.18 5.80 5.1 D." D."
8[ 11.5 6X3y'!: X";, 21.3 5.23 70.2 3.30 6.19 30.8 2.22 2.12
5Xl X~.
'Xl xl'
19.7
17 .3
16.4
,...
5.76 64.7
59.0
57.1
3.35
3.42
3.45
5."
5.59
5.'15
,.
18.6 1.80
1.37
1.69
1.31
lXl x l< '.80 5.' 1.02 I. ..
3X2!fl XI.4 16.0 '1.67 53.5 1.38 5.31 '.7 1.00 1.00

7( '.8 6x3YixYl, 19.6 5.12 49.9 2.95 5.64 28.8 2.24 2.28
5Xl X~. 18.0 5.25 45.6 2.95 5.41 17 .3 1.81 1.82
' Xl X"
lXl X"
3X2 ~ XIA
15.6
14.7
14.3
'.54
4.29
4.16
41.6
40.1
37.4
3.03
3.07
1.00
....
5.08

4.81
' .0
'.7
'.1
1.41
1. 04
1.02
1.37
1.09
1.04

6[ S.2 6x3\hx¥I. 18.0 '.26 34.2 2.55 ,.OS 27.3 2.28 2.41
5Xl X ~. 16.4 4.79 30 . ' 2.54 '.M 16.4 1.85 1.92
'Xl XI' 14 .0 '.08 28.1 2.63 ' .55 8.' 1.44 1.45
lXl xl<
3X2!f.rx 1A
13.1
12.7
1.83
3.70
27.5
25.1
• Based on nominal !Ol! 01 lingle Ilusn with beCk 01 chllnnel.
2."
2." .."
'.44 '.1
'.0
1.06
1.04
1.14
I."

AMERICAN IN STITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION

1 · 64

.
COMBINATION SECTIONS A
I-I

I Cover·plated columns w=
Dimensions for detailing
d' jll~.
k iT. E>
'--"--I
14 'IF no CORE SECTION
DIMENSIONS -
COVER PLATES

Thick .
Tolel Tot.,
. Aenae
.I Distance U.".,
Flanll.
WIdth Depth Weight (jai·
Th lckn ...
ne ••
•
--
-".- ".
d
".
per Fool

Lb. ". ". -

".
m

". to.

24 310 51~e 11 .~,

'"
310
"23\,
23%
'1'
891
871
'1\,
5'l'i,
11
11
' 1\,
6 \rIe
34
ll¥.
33%
3·5Y.!·3
1·5Y1·3
3·5\H
, 1\, 331,
"'.
3\4 21l,4 850 11 5 1""6 ]·5y'!·]
31> 23 830 , 1\, 11 5 1¥t, 3-5y'!·3
3 810 ,~, 11 51~6 33~ 3·5*3
"II

23 3 221< '89 ,~, 101> !t1~6 32\, 3-5~·3

'lio 221> 770 4 1,*,
4 I¥!.,
101> '1\, 32\4 3-5'h-3
'II 2214 750 101> 5~fI 321> 1.5*3

22 '16 2214 731 ' '>\0 10 5 ~. ll16 3-5ih-l

2!0 22 713 4 1JA,1i 10 '1\, lH4 l-51h·3
'I> 211< ." ,1\, 10 ,", II 3-5'h-l
'10
'14
211>
2)1,4 '"
65'
4~6
,1\,
10
10
,~,

4 U \,
,."
30\4
l-5Yl·3
l-S'h-l
,
'I> 21
20\4
638 ,",
. ~,
10
10
4 1¥t.
41Y1,
301> l-S Yr3
3-5Y.t·]
'19 30'"
l lio 201> "1 31~6 10 ' 1\, 301> 3·!tY,z·3
1% 20\4
20
582 3'¥t,
3 Ly!.
10
10
" lA.
,1\,
30
29lio
l-5Y.t·3
3-5Y.z·3
I'" '63
II> 19% 544 31\, 10 ,", 2910 3·51h·3

20 II> 191< '24 31\, ,, "¥i, 28 "

1 3·5 1,7·3
I'"
1\4
19Y.i
19l,4
50'
.OJ
37/111
HI, , .~,

3 1¥\e "
27~
3·5Y.t·3
3·5\0;·3

18 1\4
11>
1
19\4
19
18\1 ..,
473
45.
31\,
311,
3~,
8
8
8
3 1o/j6
3 1¥!'e
3 11ft,
,.'.
"1>
,.\4
).5'11·3
3-5ifl.3
3-Sy,.3

Properl'-, .r. ~n lor troll 'Kllon; Pfoperliet; 01 net .ftC1ion m ..... t to. uud II ullemellben
.r. In 'enalon. We1chts ct .... n do nol Include rMl he.ds.

AM[RICAN IN STITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 1 ·65

y
x
CO MBINATION SECTIONS
Cover·plated \/IF columns
Properties for designing
:r
14 W" 320 CORE S ECTION
cOvE.R AXI S x-X AXIS v-v

..
PLATES Tolal
Total
Total
Voldth
Tlt lck.
Ceplh
d
Welllhi
'" "' f S , 1 S ,
.
nt ..
'00' -".- tn.' ~ ~
- - - -
". ". ". co. In.' tn .' tn .'

" ".
'>\
,%
24.06
23.81
23.56
912
891
871
268.1
262.1
256.1
22497
21638
20197
1810
1818
1165
9.16
9.09
9.01
"" ".
""
9411
832
808 ....
6.10

'.06
,~ 23.31 850 250.1 19973 1714 8.94 9123 160 '.04
,3'. 23.06 830 244.1 19166 1662 8.86 8835 1,. '.02
22.81 810 238.1 18371 1611 8.79
"" 712 5."

23 , 22.81 232.1 17784 1559 8.75 7719 671 5.77

", 22.56 '"
770 226.'
220.'
"044 15ll 8.68 1465 "9 5.74
2* 22.31
'" 16321 1463 8.60 7212
'" 5.72

22 2'.4 22 .31 731 215.1 15191 1416 8.57 6515 592 5."
209.'
""
21<0
2%
22."
21.81
21.56
713
.94
6)5
204.1
198.6
15115
14453
1_
1370
1325
1281
8.49
8.41
8.34
6294
6072
5850
572
552
532
5.48
5.45
5.43
2% 21.31 .57 193.1 13175 1236 8.26 5628 512 5.40
210 21 .06 '38 '81.6 12668 1193 8.18 5406 491 5.31
"84
2
1"
1%
20.81
20.56
ZO.31
"9
601
582
182.1
176.6
171.1
11955
11367
10792
1149
1106
1063
8.10
8.02
1.94
".,
4741
471
451
431
5.34
5.30
5.26
III 20.06 563 165.6 10232 1020 7.86 4519 .11 5.22
' 1<0 19.81 544 160.1 !1686 978 7.78 .291 391 5.18

20
'"
III
l'A
19.8t
19.56
19.31
52.
."
154.1
149.1
144.1
9182
..97
921
889
7.12
1."
3635

""
364
347
3JO
'.86
4.82
4.19
"" 8225 852 7.55 3302

18 l 'A
110
J
19.31
19.06
18.81
473
.58
.42
139.1
134.6
130.1
7817
1403
BID
m
1..
1."
742
2850
2729
317
,.,
303 ...,
4.53

' .48
• 999 1.33
""
?rope.tln .r e I lye o 101 IUOIS sec llon: pro pe"l"" 01 o e l .ectloo mu. t be used II ulr.ma lib ....
'f'
10 tensio n. Well hts I lyen do not 1""lu d", .Iy" heed • .

AMERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CoNSTRUCTION

' -66 RtlJiM/ 11/65

COMBINATION SECTIONS
Two unequal angles
Properties of sections
sr-t lea'S ba<:k to back

AX'S X-X
~,.
I s , Y B.,,,. B.,k.f Ao,'''_ 'o,k..
'0_' '0.' '0. '0. o '4
'0. ". co. '0-'

1~5 1-l'1!+l'i
9X' 24.00 24.0 8.0 UIO
iH
52.6
21.22
18.38
15.46
21.6
19.2
16.6
7.2
6.2
5.2
1.01
1.02
1.04
!. 47.6
42.6
14.00
12.50
15.2
13.8
4.8
4.4
1.04
1.05 ::1 1'.51 .:551::
8X6 88.4 26.00 17.6 17.8 1.73 1.65
78.2 22.96 69.7 15.9 1.74 1.61
67.6 19.88 61.4 13.8 1.76 1.56
57.0 16.72 52.7 11.8 1.17 1.52
51.4 15.12 48.1 10.7 1.78 1.50
46.0 13.50 43.4 9.6 1.79 1.47
40.4 11.86 38.5 8.5 1.80 1.45
ax'
~:~ 3~ I~ ;r !!! @ ;~
74.8 22.00 23.1 7.9 1.03
66.2 19.46 21.1 7.0 1.04
S7.4 16.88 18.7 6.1 1.05
48.4 14.22 16.2 5.2 1.07
43.8 12.86 14.8 4.8 1.07
39.2 11.50 13.5 4.3 1.08
34.4 10.12 12.0 3.8 1.09 .83 3.94
7X' 60.4 17.72 20.' 6.9 1.07 1.05
Il:l
52.4 15.38 18.1 6.1 1.09 1.01
44.2 12.96 15.7 5.2 1.10 .96
40.0 11.74 14.4 4.8 1.11 .94
35.8
31.6
27.2
10.50
9.24
7.96
13.0
11.6
10.2
4.2
3.8
3.3
1.11
1.12
1.13 .87
."."
6 X. 54.4 15.96 19.5 6.8 1.11 1.12
47.2 13.88 17.4 5.9 l.U 1.08
40.0 1l.72 15.0 5.1 1.13 1.03
36.2 10.62 13.8 4.6 1.14 1.01
32.4 9.50 12.5 4.2 1.15 .99
28.6 8.36 11.2 3.7 1.16 .96
24.6 7.22 9.8 3.2 1.11 .94
6 x 31h 30.6 9.00 8.5 3.2 .97
23.4 6.84 6.7 2.5 .99
19.6 5.74 5.7 2.1 1.00
5 x 3lh 39.6 11.62 11.1 4.4 .98
33.6 9.84 9.7 3.8 .99
27.2 8.00 8.1 3.1 1.01
24.0 7.06 7.3 2.8 1.01
20.8 6.10 6.' 2.4 1.02
17.4 5.12 5.' 2.0 1.03
'x 3 25.6
22.6
7.50
6.62
5.2
'.7
2.3
2.1
.83
.84
19.6 5.72 '.1 1.8 .84
16.4 4.80 3.5 1.5 .85
~ where ~y v.lues .pp•• r .bove IoOIld
r r.tlolle. tlm,l p .... sr.ph 01 Sed. 1.9.1

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

/lwi#d 11/65 1· 67

COMBINATION SECTIONS
Two unequal angles
Properties of sections
Short lep beck to back

.... ""', ".,

I s , y ..ok to Boo' ., "." , ,.,hn
10. 10. Lb. ' • •' ' •• ' ' • •' ,.. " .
a % " Ih % *
1:-::
4 x 3Y.z I>
Y>
2...
23.8
'.60
7.00
9.0
7.6
3.7
3.0
1.03
1.04
1.04 1.77 ' ~.~ !.~
1.00 1.76 I ~.,:", ; .; 1 ~ . ~
I!,;:: 1.99
2.01 1~.~
~.~
c.:: 1 1.~ I~
1
~, 21.2 6.18 6.' 2.7 1.05 .9B 1.75 1.", 2.03
I> 18.2 5.34 6.0 2.3 1.(16 .96 1.74 1.11.3 1.l1li 11.92 L!l1
II, 15.4 4.50 5.1 2.0 1.07 .93 L.B ~
\4 12.4 3.62 '.2 1.6 1.07 .91 1= 1.80 ..., 1"'" 1.94
1
.X3 I> 27.2 7.96 5.7 2.1 .85 .87 1.84 ~.~ ~.: I ~.~ ~.: I~.~~
Y> 22.2 6.50 4.8 2.2 .86 .83 1.82 1'Qr; • 1~.~~
~,
I>
19.6 5.74 4.4 2.0 .87 .80 1.81 I'~ I~::
II, !~:~ ::: i:~ ~:~ :: :~ !:~ . ~~I
\4 11.6 3.38 2.7 1.2 .90 .74 1.l1!. 11.B7 1.9' 11.96 12.01 12.06 1
3lh X 3 Y> 20.4 6.00 4.7 2.2 .88 .88 1.56 I ~.~~ 1.70 1.15 1.80 ~ .~~ I
~,
I>
18.2 5.30 4.2 2.0 .89 .85 1.54 ' 1.63 ~.~ I ~:;~ !:~ ::~ I

3lh x 2lh
II,
\4
Y>
~:!
18.8
lE II : : :E:: I~
5.50 2.7 1.5 .70
161 ' " 1'10
.70 1.62 1.71 ~.~~ 1.81 ~.~ ~.~~
1:" 1' "
I
~, 16.6 '.86 2.5 1.. .71 .6B 1.61 1.70 I i.~5 1 i.~ 1'B5 I~1.90
I> 14.4 4.22 2.2 1.2 .72 .66 1.61 1.69 1.14 11.1'!! 1.114 11.

1;:~ ~:: ~:: ~:~ :i! :~ ITh 1.67 rm

II,
'A 1.11 Ull
1
3X2)i Y> 17.0 5.00 2.6 1.5 .72 .75 1.35 " :.~ 1 ~.~ 1.60 1 !.~~
~, 15.2 4.42 2.4 1.3 .73 .73 1.34 . 1~ . '.':' 1.59 1~.~
I> 13.2 3.84 2.1 1.2 .74 .71 1.3' 1 ~.?
1.48 1_ i:~·ll53. 1~ I{1~63~1
II, 11.2 3.24 1.8 1.0 .74 .68 1.12. I)A! 1.46 11. 1-:",',":-1+
\4 9.0 2.62 1.5 0.8 .75 .6B 1),}). IHiI 1.45 1 I."
3X 2 Y> 15.' '.50 1.3 0.9 .55 .58 11.42 11.52 1.57 1.62 1.67 1.~3
11, 13.6 4.00 1.2 0.8 .55 .56 1.41 1.51 1.56 1.61 1.65 ~ .!!
I> 11.8 3.46 1.1 0.7 .56 .54 1.40 I ~.~! 1.54 1.59 1.64 •.""
II, 10.0 2.94 0.9 0.6 031 .52 1.39 11.48 1.53 1.58

2lh x2
'.
II,
I>
8.2
6.1
10.6
2.38
1."
3.10
0.8
0.6
1.0
0.5
0.'
0.7
.57
.58
.58
.49
.47
l.38 ITij
l l i l 1.46
.58 ~.~~ 1.22
1.51 1.56 11.61 I."
1.27 1.~ 1 1.~ 1.43
II, 9.0 2.62 0.9 0.6 .58 .56 ~ .~~ 1.21 1.26 I ~:~~ ~.~~
1:31
'A 7.2 2.12 0.7 0.5 .59 .54 1.11 UO 1.25 l.30 1.35 L.40
II, 5.5 1.62 0.6 0.' .60 .51 .LIi l l.19 , 1.24 1.29 1,.34 1."

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

1· 68 Reu~ 11/65

lr
COMBINATION SECTIONS
Two unequal angles
Properties of sections
x=txi'
lon, .... block to beck y

~ .. I S r y
, \4 l!o l!o l4

.X.
31.4 3.45
"
27.2 3.41
n.'
20.'
3.36
3.33

• X,
.'"
1 ....
18.2
26.00
22.96
161.6
144.6
18.6
30.'
26.'
2.49
2.51
3.31
'.65
2.61
67.6 19.88 126.8 23.3 2.53 2.56

"'A," ".....• '.54

57.0 16.72 108.2 19.1 2.52
lI, 51.4 15.12
13.50
98.5 11.9
16.0
2.55 '.50
2.47
"
88.' '.56
11.86 78.' 14.1 2.57 2.45
.X. 1 74.1 22.00 139.3 28.1 '.52 3.05
66.' 19.46 12U 25.' 2.53 3.00
'"" ...57.'. 16.88 109.8
93.8
'U '.55
18.4 2.57
'.95
2.91
" ".
14.22
lI, 12.86 85.'
77.0
16.8
15.0
'.58
2.59
'.88
39.' 11.50 '.86
II, " 34.' 10.12
17.72
68.2
85.'
13.2
19.3
2.60 '.83
,.zo '.55
7X' 60.'

""II,'" 52.'
44.'
15.38
12.96 ....
75.' 16.8
14.3
' .22
2.24 ,."
2.51

II
II,
40.'
" .•
31.6
11.74
10.50
9.24
59.2
53.3
41.4
13.0
11.6
10.2
,."
2.24
'.26
2.44
'.42
'.39
l!o 27.2
54.'
7.96
15.96
41.1
55.5
•••
14.3
2.27
1.86
2.31
'.12
'X,
'"" 36.' 47.2
40.'
13.88 49.0
42.1
12.5
10.6
1.88 '.DS
'.03
"II,
11.72 1."
II, 10.62 38.5 ' .7 1." 2.01
32.' '.50 34.'

........
II '.7 1.91 1.99
28.' '.36 31.0 7.7 1.92 1.96

6 X 31,;
l!o
II
24.6
30.'
7.22
'.00
26.'
33.2
•••
'.5
1.93
1.92
1.94
'.DS
'.0<
'"
lI,
23.•
19.6
39.'
5.74
".7
21.8
27.8
'.5
•.,
5.5
1.94
1.95 2.01
1.75
..,
5X3~ 11.62 1.55

"II,"
II
33.'
27.2
24.0
'.00
7.,"
24.1
zo.,
17.8
7.3
5.3
1.56
1.58
1.59
1.70
l.6.
1.63
l4
II,
zo.•
17.4
6.10
5.12
15.6
132 •••
3.'
1.60
1.6t
1.61
1.59
5X3 II
II, 25.' 7.50 lB.' 5.8 1.59 1.75
22.' '.62 16.9 5.' 1.60 1.73
l!o
II,
19.6
16,4 ....
5.72 14.1
12.5
'.5
3.'
1.61
1.61
1.70
1.68

'"
" M

AMERICAN INSTITUTE Of STtEL CONSTRUCTION

RtNiMd 11 /65 1 - 69

COMBINATION SECTIONS
f
x9\FX Two unequal angles
Properties of sections lr
y Lonlll'lIl b.ek to beek

w,. Am
.,2 AXIS X - X RadII of Gy"tlon About A.la Y - Y
"Thlek- per II.
~,.
n'll 2 I S , Y
Seck to Sack 01 "nilles, Inches

'.
Anile. "nJlles
-Lb.- -- -- 0 li \; li \I
'". '". In ." In .- In .'
'". '". 1U6 - - - - - - - - -
4 x 31fl
''h."
\;
29.'
23.8
21.2
8.60
7.00
6.18
12.7
10.6
'.5
' .7
3.'
3.•
1.22
1.23
1.24
1.29 1.55 1.60 1.65
1." 1.44 1.53 1.58 1.63
1.23 1.44 1.52 1.57 1.62
1.10 1.75
1.67 1.72
I." 1.71
\I
II.
\4
18.2
15.4
12.4
....
5.34

3.62
8.'
7.1
5.8
3.0
2.5
2.1
1."
1.2.
1.27
1.21 1.43 JJf .!:~. .l-!!
1.18 J.g. I."
1.55 1.59
1.16 1.41 1.49 1." 1.58
lc~ ,tI9.
164 1.69
1.63 1.67
. X3
''h."
\;
27.2
22.2
19.6
....
7.96

5.74
12.1
10.1
'.0
•••
3.8
3.'
1.23
1.25
1.25
1.37 1.22 1.31 1.,. 1.41
1.33 1.20 1.29 1.33 1.38
1.30 1.18 1.27 1.32 1.3.
1.46 1.51
1.43 1.48
1.41 1.46
\I 17.0 ' .96 7.' 2.' 1.26 1.28 1.18 ,!:~ -!~~! .l...~~ .!:!f'_ .!~~~.

31fl X 3
..
II.

\;
14.4
11.6
20.'
4.18
3.38
'.00
'.8

..,
5.5
2.5
2.0
2.'
1.27
1.28
1.01
1.26 1.17 1." 1.30 1.35
1.24 ~1:!9 1.25 1.29 1.34
1.13 1.25 1.34 1.38 1.43 1.48
1.39 1.44
1.38 1.43
1.53
'h. 18.2 5.30 ' .2 2.' 1.08 1.10 1.23 1.32 1.37 1.41 1.46 1.51
\I
II.
15.8
13.2
'.60
3.86
5.'
'.7 I.,
2.3 1.09
1.10
1.08 1.22 .Ut ,U~_ 1.40 .L~~
1.06 1.22 1.30 1.3. 'i.-j9- 1.44
l~~_
1.49
\4 10.8 3.12 3.8 I.' 1.11 1.04 1.21 1.29 1.34 1.38 1.43
==-=-=
1.48
3ih X 2Y.z \; 18.8 5." '.5 2.8 1.09 1.20 .99 1.08 1.13 1.18 1.23 1.29
'h. 16.6 '.86 5.8 2.5 1.09 1.18 .98 l.D7 1.12 1.17 1.22 1.27
\I 14.4 4.22 5.1 2.2 1.10 1.16 .97 .l.·91. _
H,I. 1.16 1.21 ):~.
II. 12.2 3.56
••• 1.9 1.11 1.14 .96 1.05 1.10 Tis-'i.-iii 1.24
\4 '.8 2.88 3.' 1.5 UZ 1.11 .. :~. 1.04 1.09 1.13 1.18 1.23
3X 2Y.z \; 11.0 5.00 ' .2 2.1 .91 1.00 1.04 1.14 1.18 l.23 1.21 1.34
'h. 15.2 4.42 3.8 I.' .92 .98 1.03 1.I2 1.17 1.22 1.21 1.33
\I

..
II.
13.2
11.2
3."
3.24
3.3
2.8 I..
1.6 .93
.94
.96 1.02 1.11 1.16
.93 1.01 .1.!19 _U~
1.21 1.26 1.31
J.:1~• .U~, ,1."~

3X2 \;
'.0
15.4 ....'.00
2.62 2.3
3.8
1.1
2.0
."
.92 1.08
=
.. ..
.91 1.00 1.09 1.13 1.18 1.23 1.21
.94 1.00 1.04 1.10
'h. 13.6 3.5 1.8 .93 1.06 .79 .88 .93 .98 1.03 1.09
\I 11.8 3.46 3.1 I.. .94 1.04 .78 .87 .92 .97 1.02 1.07
II. 10.0 2.94 2.' 1.3
." ...1.02 . 77
...
-..~. --.~. .--~. .lAlQ. ,H~_

2Y.z X 2
'.
II.
\I
8.2
'.1
10_6
2.38
I."
3.10
2.2
1.7
1.8
1.1
0.8
1.1
.96
.97
.71
.97
.83
=
.75
.75
.82
.84 .93 .99 1.04
.83 .88 .93 .98 1.03
.91 .96 1.01 1.06 1.11

..... ... .,!! ."."

II. '.0 2.62 1.6 0.' .78 .81 .81 .91 1.00 1.05 1.10
7.2 2.12 1.3 0.8 •78 .79 •l! .'l9. ) ..~. J:~
5.5 1.62 1.0 0.' .79 .76 _ ~1~, .88 .~ ..~ .0

"Section 1.9.11lmltlnS .... Idlh·thleknllss ,aliOs are nOI .~eeedlld .... 1'011... Ty values a pp.ar above solid
line lor "'y _ 36, and duh"d lin" lor Fy _ ~6 o. SO. f or I"S" fatlo. SIIII linal pa"Kraph oj Sect. 1.9.1

AMERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CONSTR UCTI ON

1 · 70 Revi.ed 11 /65

COMBINATION SECTIONS
Two equal angles
Properties of sections
-'1
""OS x· X R.d" , " A.... '~•• y.y

IAn;'.. I s , y
,,,' " ,,,' .,
,..
n.n
o
. x'"'.
,.. Cb. ,. , ' •• ' ,., , ••

. U
~ H:~
35. 1 2.42
I !:~I' I!:~ I
~ " ,.45 ~: ~I
195.9
178.0 31.6 '.44

n 159.2 "'.0 2.45 2.41

~:~ m:~
i
24.4 2.47
2.49
!:f:
20.'
fe 17.36 108.2 18.1 '.50
15.50 97.3 16.7 ' .50
' x, 1
¥a
14.8 22.00 70.9
63.8
11.1
15.3
1.80
1.81
1.86
1.82
2.59
2.57
%
%
66.2
51.4
48.4
19.46
16.88
14.22
".,
48.'
13.l
11.3
1.83
1.84
1.18
1.73
2.55
2.53 . ~
I l~ ~. 'm:~il
1.85
"111
Y.z
~e
43.8
39.2
34.4
1-.86
11.50
10. 12
44.1
39.'
35.'
10.l
9.'
'.1
1.86
1.87 u: Ir=
1.06 ~.~
.
~ 29.8 8.12 30.' 7.1 1.88 1.64
' x' 35.'
""1'Cffi
~ 54.4 15.96 10.l 1.49 1.51 2.17 ,:Hi ~.::I.l
.v, 41.2 13.88 31.5 '.1 1.51 1.52 2.14
%
'h
40.0
32.4
11.12 27.2
,.,5.'
7.7 1.52
1.54 1.48 !.!! !.~
t~'-"!ff~~#~~1
9.50 22.'
~e 28.6 8.36 20.0 1.55 1.43
1.41 ~

,x,
~
'A
24.6 1.22
10.88
11.5
..••••••, 1."
1.19
1.39
1.27
•."
. '" ",
,'.5.•
31.0 15.3
~ 31.4 9.22 13.3 1.20 1.23
Y.z ZS.6 1.50 11.1 1.22 1.18
fie
~
22.6 6.62
••• 1.2l 1.16
~e
1A
19.6
16.4
l3.2
5.12
4.80
3.88
",.I7.' '.0
'-'
'-'
1.23
1.24
US
1.12
1.14
1.,"
i:iu-fHlrH~fI:
1I_:
3'n x 3'n
~e
~
'h 22.2
19.6
6.50
5.14 ,'.7.•
7.' 3.0
2.6
2.3
1.06
1.01
1.07
1.06
1.04
IHi::u-I :~~~~
11.0 4.96
~e
1A
14.4
11 .6
4.18
3.38 •••
'.0
2.0
1.6
1.08
1.09
.99
1.01
.97
'x,
,•••' ..0•
'h 18.8 5.50 '.1 .90 _93
*e
~
16.6
14.4
4.86
4.22
1.'
I.7
.91
.91
.91
.89
~e
1,4
12.2
9.8
3.56
2.88 ,'.0.• I..
1.2 ." .87 I ~~~lU~~~~+!:~1
.93
2\f.z x 2ih 15.4 '.50 ' .5 I.' .74:: I!· !.!! I!· I!·! !!! I!·!
11 .8 '.46 '.0 .75 .76
•.,
1.1
10.0 '.94 I.7 1.0 .76 .74
'.38 I.. 0.' .77
.n 1.l4'!~!#:!!+!;£+~~1
'x,
!~
2.12 1.0 0.7 .59 .64
'.30 0.' 0.' .60
:li
1.8. 0.7 0.5 .61 :jS :.. -:.. i:Di i:..

, Un. 101' F;, _ .nd dull.d lin. 101' Iy .. 46

AM ERICAN INSTITUn OF STEEL CoNSTRUCTION

 1· 71

STEEL PIPE AND STRUCTURAL TUBING

Dimensions and properties
GENERAL
When designing and specifying steel pipe or tubing for structural uae,
refer to comments in the notes for Columna, Steel Pipe and Structuml Tub-
ing, page 3 ·44.
STEEL PIPE
The tables of dimensions and propertice of steel pipe (unfilled ) list 8
selected range of diameters of Standard, Erlra Strong, and Double-Extra
Strong pipe mnging from l, in. diameter up to 12 in. diameter as published
in Table V, Dimensions, Weights, and Teat Pressures For Plain End Pipe,
ASI'M A53 Welded and Seam1esa Steel Pipe.

STRUCTURAL 1'UUING
The tables of dimensions and properties of square and rectangular struc-
tural tubing (unfilled ) do not cover the complete range of s izes manufactured.
TIle Si7.e8 listed have been selected as those that will most frequently be U8ed
8!llItructurai members. For dimensions And properties of other sizes refer to
manufacturers' catalogs.
Structural tubing is available conforming to the physical and chemical
properties of eithe.r AS1'M A7 or A3G steel.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 r i'\ PIPE
,~ Dimen sions and properties
DImensions
I Properties

T
W ••foot
per _", ASA
NomInal Outside Inllde ,
I
Th ick· lb. Schedl,lle
Olllmeler
In.
Ol.me.e.
In.
Ol ....
In.
"t" neSI PlalJl
". Standard Weight
Ends
No. I
In ."
I
A
In.>
I •••
.... .405
.540
.269
.364
....
.088
.24
.4Z
40 .•11 .072 .12
" I>
.675
.840
.493
.•22
.091
.109
.57
.85
40
40
40
.003
.001
. 017
.1"
.....
.167
.16
.21
.26
I
I"
% 1.050
1.315
1.660
.824
1.049
1.380
.m
.133
.1<10
1.13
1.68
2.27
40
40
40
...,
.OJ7
.195
.333
.494
.66'
.33
.4Z

,
II> 1.900
2.375
1.610
2.067
.145
.154
2.72
3.65
40
40 ....
.310 .1"
1.075
.54
.6Z
.19

,....
'\I 2.875 2.469 .103 5.79 40 1.530 1.704 .95
3 3.500 3.... .216 1.58 40 3.017 2.2zt1 1.16
3\\
4
5
4.000
4.500
5.563
3.548
4.026
5.047
.'"
.237
.258
9.11
10.79
14.62
40
40
40
4.1as
7.233
15 . 16
3.174
4.300
1.34
LSI
1.88
•
'8
6.625
8.625
6.065
7.9111
.280
.m
18.97
28.55
40
40
28.14
72.49
5.581
8.399
2.2'
'.94
'10 10.750 10.020 .365 40.48 40 160.7 H.g l 3.67
'12 12 .750 , 12.000 .375 49.56 ... 279.3 14.58 4.38

.... .405 .215 .095

Extra Strong
.31 80 ..11 .093 .11

"I>
I<
.540
.675
.840
1.050
.30'
.423
.546
.742
.1l9
.1"
.147
.154
.54
.14
1.09
1.47
80
80
80
80
.004
.009
.010
.045
. 157
.217
.310
.433
.15
.10
.25
.32
I
1%
1.315
1,660 .'"
1.278
.179
.191
2.17
3.00
80
80
.106
.242
.• 39
.881
.41
.52
,II> 1.900
2.375
2.875
1.500
1.939
2.323
.ZOO
.218
.216
3.63
5.02
80
80
80
.391
.868
1.924
1.068
1.477
2.254
.61
.11
.9Z
"h I."
3 3.500 '.900 .300 10 .25 80 3.894 3.016 1.14
3\\ 4.000 3.364 .318 12.51 80 6.280 3.678 1.31
4 4.500 3.826 .337 14.98 80 9.610 4.407 1.48
5 5.563 4.813 .375 20.78 80 20.67 6. 112 1.84
6
8
'8.625
.6Z5 5.761
7.625
.432
.500
28.57
43.39
80
80
40.49
105.7
8.405
12.76
'.10
'.88
10 10.150 9.750 .500 54.74 60 211.9 16.10 3.63
12.750 65.42 ...
" 11.750 .500 361.5 19.24 4.34

I>
I<
.840
1. 050
.,.,
.434
Double·Extra Strong
.294
.308
1.71
2.44
...
...
.024
.058
.504
.718 .,..ZZ
I 1.315 .599 .358 3.66 ... .140 1.076 .36
114 1.660 .896 .382 5.21 ... .341 1.534 .41
,
I'h 1.900
2.375
2.875
1.100
1.503
1.771
.400
.•36
.552
6.41
9.03
13.70
.. .
...
...
.568
1.311
2.871
1.885
Z.656
4.028
.55
.10
.84
'I>
3 3.500 2.300 .600 18.58 ... 5.992 5.466 1.05
4 4.500 3.152 .674 27.54 ... 15.28 8. 101 1.37
5 5.563 4.063 .150 38.55 ... 33.64 11.34 1.72
•8
'10
6.625
8.625
10.750
4.897
6.875
8.750
.864
.875
1.000
53.16
72.42
104.13
...
...
140
66.33
162.0
367.8
15 .64
21.30
30.63
2.06
2.76
3.47
'" 12.750 10 .750 1.000 125.49 110
·s.e1lonl are not readll, e"ellebre but mey be secured on specllol ord.,..
When orderinll prpe lor Ilructu ..1 purposIII "rer ro notes on page J-44.
641.7 , 36.91 4.17

The "hedule number hi not e Iltllctural term but refers 10 the pressure.llren ratio of pipe. ,~

lurther drscuulon on schedule numberl. lee Americ8n Srenderd ASA 83Ci.lo.t9S9.

AMERICA N IN STITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
 ,."
STRUCTURAL TUBING

{$ Square
Dimensions and properties 0
DIME NSIONS PROPERTIE S

~ ..
Noml".,l· Walt Thk:knns Wellht
per FOOl
Area I S ,
". .500
'". --
CO.

74.54
In .'

Z1.91
In.-

469.4
In,'
78.23
'".
4.63
12 X 12
.375
.3125
.'oo ~
""
II,
57.23
148.24
139.03
16.83
14.19
11.48
371.5
317.7
"'.9
61.92
52.96
43.48
4.70
4.73
•. n
10 X 10 .500
.375
.3125
.'oo
."",
I<
60.95
47.03
39.74
t32.23
17.93
13.83
11.69
9.482
259.8
208 .2
179.1
141.9
51.96
41.64
35.82
29.58
3.81
3."
3.91
3.95

'3.06
.O!
". ,
'X, .500 Y, 47.35 13.93 124.1 31.02
.375 36.8] 10.83 101.5 25.]7
.3125 31.24 9.189 88.10 ZZ.OZ 3.10
.'oo 25.44 7.482 13.38 18.35 3.13
1X1 .500 " 40.55 11.93 18.91 22.55 '.51
"" "."
.375 31.73 9.334 65.54 18.73 2.65
.3125 II, 7.9]9 57.31 16.]7 2.69
.'oo 6.482 13.73 2.72
" 12.04 48.05
.1875 II, 16.85 '.958 37.70 IO.n 2.16

6 X6 .500 'h .14.48 10.14 4!1.38 16.13 2.18

.375
.3125 "", 21.04
23.02
7.954
6.772
40·44
35.47
13.48
11.82
2.25
2.29

'X,
.'oo
.1875
.500
'.
II,
II
18.82
14 .41
27.68
5.535
4.238
8.142
29.85
23.50
25.52
9.'"
7.832
10.21
2.32
2.35
1.77
.375
.3125 "
~,
21.94
18 .77
6.454
5.522
21.95
19,.19
8.778
7.796
1.84
1.88
.'oo
.1875
'.
II.
15.42
11.86
'.535
3....

'.954
16.60
B.n
10.15
6.638
5.283
5.076
1.91
1.95
1.43
'X4 .375
.3125 "
~,
16.84
14.52 4.272 9.203 4.602 1.47
.'oo

.
~ 12.02 3.535 1.988 3.99~ 1.50
.1875 ~, 9.31 2.738 6.468 3.234 1.54
3~ X 3Lf.t .3125 .., 12.69 3.733 6.083 3.476 U,
..1875
'oo

.
' 10.50 3.089 5.284 3.020 1.31
lI, 8. 14 2.394 ..,'" 2.452 1. 34
3X3 .3125 ~, 10.57 3.108 3.566 2.378 1.07
..1875
'oo '
II,
'.SO 2,589 3.151 2.101 1.10
5." 2.019 2.598 1.732 1.13
t Non·c:om~1;1
M<;tJon 1(11' ,,¥
eq .... lto 16 kSI.
• OUlsid. dim.nslons .<;ross flat Side'S.

AMERI CA N INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

1- 74
y

STRUCTURAL TUBING

0
DIMENSIONS
Rectangular
Dimensions and properties

PROPERTIES
x

B y
·x

Nomln.'-
5'..
W..
Thlckn... ...
Welahl

F~
~
......
--1--
I
X · X AXIS
' S ,
Y·V AXIS
:1_,__8_1_'_
". ". co. rn.'
-
In."
..
In .~
". In .- In .'
--- -2."".-
12 X 6 .500 Y, s4.i5 15.93 270 .9 45.15 4. 12 91.71 30.57
.375 l!o 41.93 12.33 219.4 36.57 4.22 74.91 24.97 2."
.3125 ~. t35.49 10.44 189.7 31.61 '.26 65.02 21.67 2.50
2.53
.250 'A t28.83 '.482 157.3 26.22 4.31 54.15 18.05
10 X 6 .500 Y, 47.35 13.93 169.5 33.90 3.49 76.54 25.51 2.34
.375 l!o 36.83 10.83 138.7 21.14 3.58 63.03 21.01 2.41
.3125 r.. 31.24
t25.44
9.189
7.482
120.5
100.4
24.09
20.07
3.62
3."
54.90
1\5.88
18.30
15.29
2.44
2.48
.250 'A
.X, .500 \; 40.55 11.93 95.92 23.98 2.84 61.37 20." 2.27
.375 l!o 31.13 9.334 79.64 19.91 2.92 51.14 17.05 2.34

'X,
.3125
.250
•1875
.500
~.

Y,
.
\Ii
16.99
22.04
tI6.85
34.48
7.939
6.482
'.958
10.14
69.62
58.36
45.77
71.48
17.40
14.59
11.44
17.87
2.96
3.00
3.04
2.65
44.78
37 .61
29.55
23.57
14.93
12.54
9.849
11.78
2.38
2.41
2.44
1.52
.375 l!o 27.04 7.954 59.86 14.97 2. 74 20.04 10.02 1.59
.3125 ~. Zl.02 6.772 52.53 U.13 2.79 17.72 8.861 1.62
.250 II 18.82 5.535 44.23 11.06 2.83 15.03 7.515 1.65
.1875 r.. U4.41 4.238 34.83 8.707 2.87 11.92 5.961 1.68

.x3 .500 Y, 31.08 9.142 57." 14.35 2.51 11.43 7.623 1.12
.'"
.'125
.250
l!o
~.
II
24.49
20."
11.12
7.204
6.147
5.035
48.95
43.29
36.72
12.24
10.82
9.180
2.61
2.65
2. 70
10.06
'.026
7.763
'.705
6.018
5.176
1.18
1.2J
1.24
.1875 r.. f13.13 3.863 29.11 7.276 2.74 6.240 4.160 I 1.27

7X5 .500 Y, 34.48 10.14 60." 17.33 2.45 35.69 14.28 1.88
.375 l!o 27.04 7.954 50.65 14.47 2.52 29.99 J1.99 1.94
.'125 ~. 23.02 6.772 44.40 12.69 2.56 lfi.37 10.55 1.91
.250 \Ii 18.82 5.535 37.34 10.67 2.60 22.24 '.896 2.00
.1875 r.. U4.41 4.238 29.38 '.394 2.63 11.55 7.021 2.04

• x. .315 l!o 21.94 6.454 28.55 9.518 2.10 15.10 7.549 1.53
.3125
.250
. 1815
\4
~ .
~:16 18.77
15.42
11.86
5.522
4.535
'.488
25.35
21.57
17.16
8.449
7.191
5.720
2.14
2.18
2.22
13.46
11.51
9.195
t Non-C:Omp.el Hction 10' ,.., .q .... llo 36 ksl when b.ndlni oee .... s .bo ... 1 y. Y u ll.
6.731
5.754
4.598
1.56
1.59
1.62

" O... tsld. dimensions 'croll II •• sid •••

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF S TEE L CONSTRUCTIO N

 1 ·75
y

STRUCTURAL TUBING
x I-

y
-x Rectangular
Dimensions and properties 0
OIMENSIONS PROPERTIES

Willi ,...
Weillht X·X AX IS
,
Y·V AXIS

I ,
Noml .... • Area
~,. Thkkne .. ,~, I S J S
I
'0 . '". Lb. In ." In.' In."
'". In.- In,- '0.
' X, .375
.3125
"
!I,
19.39
16.65
5.704
4.897
22.61
ZO.29
7.537

.....
6.762
1.99
2."
7.456
6.759 ....
4.971
---
1.14
1.17

'X 2
.250
. 1875
.3125
'.
~,

%,
13.72
10.58
14.52
4.035
3.113
4.272
17.44
13.99
15.23
5.813

5.076
2.08
2.12
1.89
5.'"
4.755
2.504
3.912
3.170

2.504
1.21
1.24

.77
.250 'A 12.02 3.535 13.30 4.434 1.94 2.244 2.244 .80
.1875 0/0, 9.31 2.738 10.82 3.608 1.99 1.871 1.871 .83
5 X, .375
.3125
.250
"11,
'A
16.84
14.52
12.02
'.954
4.272
3.535
13.91
12.61
10.95
5.563
5.045
4.380
1.68
1.72
1.76
6.155
5.626
4.920
4.103
3.750
'.280
1. II
1.15
1.18
.1875 II, 9.31 2.738 8.863 3.545 1.80 4.012 2.675 1.21
5X2 .3125 !I, ll.69 3.733 9.729 3.892 1.61 2.153 2.153 .76
.250
.1875
'A
II,
10.50
8.14
'.089
2.394
8.470
6.885
'.388
2.754
1.66
1.70
una
1.594
1.918
1.594 ."
.82
.X, .375
.3125
l!o
11,
14.70
12.69
4.325
3.733
8.195
7.434
4.097
3.711
1.38
1.41
5.155
4.700
'.436
3.133
1.09
1.12
.250 'A
II,
10.50 '.089 6.450 :t225 1.45 '.099 2.133 1.15
.1875 8.14 2.394 5.229 2.615 1.48 '.340 2.227 1.18
'X2 .3125 II, 10.57 3.108 5.304 2.652 1.31 1.103 1.103 .)4

.
.250 \I '.80 2.589 4.689 2.345 1.35 1.5lZ 1.5lZ .n
'X2
.1875
.3125
II,
II,
'.86
.... 2.019
2.483
3.865
2.433
1.933
1.622
1.38
.99
l.285
1.253
I.'"
1.253
.80
.71
. 250
.1875
'
II,
1.10
5.59
2.089
1.644
2.203
1.855
1.469
1.237
1.03
1.06
1.14 1
.916
1.141
.976
.)4
.n
• Outllde dimensions across Ilat sides.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION

1 ·16

Notes

AMERICAN I NSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUClION

 1·71

BARS AN D PLATES
Availability and selection of
structural steels to specification
Bnra and plates are readily available in the six structural steel 8pecifica.
tions lisled in Section 1.4.1 of the AISC Specification. These are ASTM A7,
A36 and A373, and the high-etrength steels, ASTM A242. A440 and A441.
ASTM A7 steel, for many yeara the most suitable carbon 8teel available
for construction of both buildings and bridges. is rapidly being 8upplanted by
ASI'M A36, an all-purpose steel with greater strength and improved v.elda·
bility in its entire thickness range. Steel funtished t.o ASTM A373 apecifica-
tion fC!ature8 excellent weJdability, and although not IL8 etrong 88 ASTM A36
atecl. is favored by some designers for wclded bridge construction.
TI1C high-etrength steels, AS'fM A242. A440 and A441, have economic
advantages in many structural npplicntions. Where lighter members, result-
ing from Ule use of higber aJlowable sire8se8, are not pC!naliz.ed because of
instability, local buckling. deflection or ot.her similar reasons, these steels
should prove eminenUy satisfactory. Their full economic potential may be
realized in such applications as telUlion members. built-up girdc.rs and girders
where ceilings are not plastered, and continuoWl or comp08ite construction
where deflections can be minimized. Heduction of dead load weight and sav-
ings in shipping costs due to lighter members may also be signjficant factors.
It muat be e mphasized, however. that high-et.rength steels should not be wted
indiscriminately ; effective use of high-6trength, 88 well 811 carbon steels, de-
pC!nds on Ul0rough engineering analysis and design. In this connection, it
should be noted that. ASTM A440 steel is l\Ot recommended for welding by
AISC.
The Swnmary of ASTM Specifications in Part 5 of this Manuallist.s the
$COpe lind principal physical and chemical properties or each of the s ix struc-
tural steels mentioned above. For complete infonnation, refer to the appro-
priate specification.
CLASS I FI CATION
BarB and plates are generally classified as follows:
Ba1'8: 6 in. or less in width, .203 in. and over in thkknC8ll.
6 in. to 8 in. in width, .230 in. and over in thickness.
Plates: Over 8 in. in width •. 230 in. and over in lhjcknC88.
Over 48 in. in width, .180 in. and over in t.hickness.
For complete c1~ification, 900 bottom of page 6 . 3.
BARS
Bars are available from many mills in varying widths and in aU nece8!I8.J"Y
thicknesaee and lengths. Specifying widths in ~ in. and thickne88e8 in ~
in. increments i8 the preferred pmctice.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
,."
PLATES
Defined according to rolling procedure:
Sheared plates are rolled bet\\'een horizontal rolla and trimmed
(ahca.red or gas cut) on aU edges.
Unjuersai (UM ) plates nrc roUed between horizontal and vertiClll
rolls and trimmed (sheared or gaa cut) on ends only.

Sizes
Plate milia are located in various districts, hut the sizeaof plate8 produced
differ greatly and the cataJoga of individual mills should be consulted for de-
tail data. 'l1\c extreme width of UM plates currently rolled is 60 in. and for
sheared plalcs it is 195 in., but their availability together with limiting thick-
nesses and lengths should be checked with the mills before specifying. The
preferred incrementa for width and thickness are:

Widths: Vary by even inches, though smaller increments are ob-

tainable.
Thickness: Li' 2 in. increments up to }i in .
Y( 6 in . increments over .y! to 2 in.
}1J in. increments over 2 in. to 6 in.
J~ in. increments ovcr 6 in.

Ordering
Plate thickness may be apecified in inches or by weight per square foot,
but no decimal edge thiCknCS6 can be assured by latter method. Separate
tolerance tablOil apply tD each met.hod.
"Sketch" plates (I.e., plates whose dimensions and cutearedetailed), exclu·
sive of those with re...entrant cute, can be supplied by most miLIa by shearing
or gas cutting. depending on thickness.
" Full circles" are also available. either by shearing up to 1 in. thickness,
or by gas cutting fo r heavier gages.

In yoicing
Standard practice is to invoice plates to tbe fabricator at actual 8Cale
weight at point. of s hipment. The allowable overweight which may be
charged for is limited in accordance with the tables of a liowlInCCfl in Mill
Practices in Part I of this Manual.
All sketch plates, including circles, are invoiced at actual weight lind are
subject to greater weight I.olerance Iimils than apply to rcctanguJnr plates.
Odd shapes in most. instances require gas cutting, for which gas clILt.ing
extras are applicable.
All plates ordered gas cut for whatever reason, or beyond published
shearing limite, take extras for gas cutting in addition to all other extras.
Rolled steel bearing plates are often gas cut to prevent distortion due to shear·
ing but would also take the regular extra for the thickness involved.
Extras for thickness, width, length, cutting, quality and quantity, etc.,
which are added to the base price of plates, are subject to revision, and should
be obtained by inquiry of t he producer. The foregoing general statements
are made 88 a guide toward economy in design.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION
 1 · 79
FLOOR PLATES
Skid resistant raised pattern plates are available from !leveraJ mille, each
offering their own style of surrace projectionB and in a variety of widths,
thicknesses wld lengths. The maximum combination of width and length is
96 in. and 50 feet, with a corresponding thickness of Ji in. A maximum
thickness of 2 in. is available, but matching widths and lengths 8hould be
checked with the producer. Floor plates are generally not specified to chemi·
ca! composition limits or mechanical property requirementsj fl commercial
grade of carbon 8teel is furnished. However, when strength or corrosion re-
sistance is a coll8ideration, raised pattern floor plates are procurable in any
of the regular steelspecificationB. As in the case of plain plateR, the individuaJ
manufacturers shouJd be consulted for precise information. TIle nominal or
ordered thickness is that of the flat plate, exclusive of the height of raised
pattern. The U9ual weights are as (ollows:

>4 ~ ~~
Nomi nal Thick ·
l\ ~. \I l\ 1
nesi. loehu 1< 10/0 .
Nominal Welaht.
Lb. per SQ. Ft. 6.15 18.7(1 \ 1l.25 13.80 16.35 18.90 21.45 26.55 31.65 36.75 41.85

AMERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CoNSTRUCTION

l -BO

SQUARE AND ROUND BARS

Weight and area

~"
Wellht
Lb. per FOOl ",,'
Square 'neh•• ~"
Wellht
lb. per FOOl
", ..
Square Ine""
Inch ••

0
~,
• •
.013 .010
0
.003'
0
.OCI3l
Inehes

, ~,
• •
30.60
31.89
.24.03
25.05
Cl
,_COO
9.379
I0 7.069
7.'"
.042 9. 766
'"
~,
.053
.1'" .094
.0156
.0352
.0123
.0216
'"
II,
33.'"
34.54
16.08
27.13 10.160
7.670
1.980

.." .213 .167 .0625 .0491

.." 35.91 28.21 10.563 •. '"
~,

",
.332
.478
.651
.161
. 376
.SU
.0977
.1'"
.1914
.0767
.1105
.1503
II,
",
J7.31
38 .73
40.18
29.30
30.42
31.55
10.913
11.391
11.816
..'"
8.618
9.281

..
1\,
Y, .850
1.076
.668
.84'
.2500
.3164
.1963
.2485
Y,
91i6
41.65
43.15
32.71
33 .89
12.250
12.691
9.621
' .968

.- ....
1.328 1.043 .3906 .3068 Iio 44.68 35.09 13.141 10.321
1I1i6 1.607 1.262 .4727 .3712 1~6 46.23 36.31 13.598 10.680
1.502 .5625 37.55
"r.%
1.913
2.245
2.603
1.763
2.044
.""
.4418
.5185
.6013
'A
'lIo
r.
47.81
49.42
51.05
38.81
40.10
14.063
14 . 535
15.016
11.045
11.416
11.793
'II, 2.'" 2.347 .8789 .6903 'II, 52.71 41.40 15.504 tU77
1
~,
3.<00
3.838
2.610
3.015
1.0000
1.1289
.1'" • ~,
54.40
56.11
42 .73
44.07
16.00II
16.®4
12.566
12.962
1\,
\0 4.303
4.795
3.380
3.166
1.2656
1.4102 ."'"
1.1075
\0
1\,
51.85
59 .62
45.44
46.83
11.016
17.535
13.364
13.712

..'.
1\,
M,
s.m
S.8!l7
6.428
I.'"
4.ln
'S.OQ9
.6CO
5.518
1.5625
1.1227
1._
2 .....
1.2272
1.3530
1.4849
1.6230
.."
'A,
II, 61.41
63.23
65.08
66.95
48.23
49.66
51.11
52.58
18.063
18.598
19.141
19.691
14.186
14.607
IS.Oll
15.456

'I,
Iio
%
\I 7.650
8.301
8.918
' .682
6.008
6.519
7.051
I ....
2.2500
2.4414
2 .....
2.8477
1.1671
1.9175
2.0739
2.2365
..
Y,
~6

%
".85
70.78
72.73
74.71
54.07
55.59
51. 12
58.61
"'.250
20.816
21.391
21.973
15.904
16.349
16.800
17,257
II 8.178 60.25 22.563 17.m
%
r.
'II,
10.413
11.170
11.953
8.773
"'88
3.0625
1.28~
3.5156
2.4053
2.5802
2.7612 "r.'II,
'II,
76.71
78.74
BO.BO
61.85
63.46
23.160
23.166
18.190
18.665

2
\-\,
12.763
13.600
14.463
10.024
10.681
11.359
3.7539
'.0000
4.2539
2.9483
3.1416
3.3410
, ~,
82."
85.00
87.14
65.10

.....
66.76
24.379
25.000
25.629
19. 147
l!1.635
20.129
\0 15.353 12.058 4.5156 '.5466 \0 89.30 70. 14 16_'" 20.629
\I, 16.270 12.778 4.7852 3.7583 II, 91.49 71.86 26. 910 21. 135

",.. ...... ..
'A 17.213 13.519 5.0625 3.9761 \4 93.71 73.60 27.563 21.648
~, 18,182 14,2sa 5,3477 '.2000 ~, 95.96 75.36 28.223 22. 166
19,178 15.062 5,6406 4,4301 98.23 77,15 28.891 22.691
2(1,201 15,866 5.9414 Yl6 100.53 78.95 29.566 23.221

.."
1\,
1~6
21.250
22.326
23.428
24.557
16.690
17 .~34
J8.400
19.287
6.2500
6._
6._
7.2227
4.0087
5.1572
5.4119
5.6727
II
1\,
Iio
,~,
102.8~
105.20
107.58
109.98
SO.78
82.62
84.49
30.250
30.941
.6.3. 32_'"
31.641
23.758
24.301
24.850
25 ....
88.29 33. (6)
"r.
'lIo
2!I .713
26.895
20.195
21.123
7.5625
7.9102
5.9396
6.2126
II
'lIo
112.41
114.87 "'.22 33.185
25.967
26.535

,
,~,
28. 103
29.338
30 ....
22.072
23.042
24.013
..'.0000""
8.2656 6.4918
6.7nI
1.... 6
"
,~,
117.35
119.86
122.40
92.17
94.14
96.13
34.516
35_254
l6. COO
27.109
27 .688
28.274

A MERICAN I NSTITUTE OF S TEE L CONSTR Ur.TION

 1 · 81

SQUARE AND ROUND BARS

Weight and area

. W.II'M
Lb. per root
"u
Sq .... lno;h" ~ .. W.""1
Lb. pet fool ""
Squ.relnch. .

• • •
~

-,M. ' •
- -
Inc:"" 0 0
Inch..
CL 0 -
122.40 96.13 36.""
I
28.274 ,M. 275.40 216.30 81 .000 63.617
124.96 98.15
100.18
36.754
37.516
28.866 279.24
283.10 ,,2.3,
219.31 82.lzg
83.266
64.504

"
\I.
127.55
1 ~.17 102.23 38.285
zg.465
30.069
"..
r.. 186.99 225.41 84.410
65.391
66.296

..'.
lI.
~.
112.81
135.48
138.18
140.90
104.31
106.41
IDS. 53
110.66
39.063
39.848
40.641
41.441
30.""
31.29Ii
31.919
32 ....
..
II.
~.
290.91
294.85
298.83
302.83
228.48
231.58
234.70
237.84
85.563
86.723
87.891
89.066
67.201
68.112
69.029
69.953

..
%
\;
lI.
143.65
146.0
"I'"
15 .06
112.82
115.00
117.20
119.43
42.250
43.066
43.891
«.1Z3
33.183
ll.824
34.41Z
35. 125
lI.
..
\;

%
306.85
310.90
314.98
319.08
241.00
244.18
247.38
250.61
90.250
91.441
92.641
93.848
70.882
71.818
1Z.760
73.708

".
%
'l\o
154.91
157.79
160.70
163.64
121.67
123.93
126.22
128.52
45.563
46.410
47.266
48.1Z9
35.785
36.450
37. 122
37.800
"
'II.
%
l\
323.21
327.37
ll1.55
335.76
253.85

"' ...
251. 12
ZS3.71
95.063
96.285
97.516
98.754
74.662
75.6a2
76.589
17.561
7 166.60 130.85 49.000 38.485 10 340.00 267.04 100 .000 78.540
M. 169.59 133.19 49.879 39.175 II. 344.1' 210.38 101.254 79.525
1~.56

...."
172.60 SO.766 348.55 273.75 102.516 fII.516
"
lI. 175.64 131.95 51.660
39.871
40.574 II. 352.87 Z77 .14 103.785 81.513

.."
II.
~,
178.71
181.81
184.93
188.01
140.36
142.79
145.24
141 .71
52.563
53.473
54.391
55.316
41.282
41.997
42.718
4U4S
II.
~,
351.21
361.58
365.98
370.40
280.55
283.99
287.44
M.91
1D5.D63
106.348
107.6.tl
108.~1
82.516
Il.525
84.541
85.563

..
II
lI.
19U5
194.45
197.68
150.21
152.72
155.26
56.250
57.191
58.141
44.119
44.918
45.664 .. II
lI.
374.85
319.33
383.83
294 ,41
297.92
301.46
110.250
1ll.566
112.891
86.590
87.624
88.'"
..'.11.
% 2011.93
204.21
207.52
157.81
160.39
162.99
59.098
60.063
61.035
46.415
47.113
47.937 "..
'110

'II.
388.36
392.91
397.49
305.02
308.59
312.19
114.223
115.563
116.910
89.710
90.763
91.$21
210.85 165.60 62.016 48.707 402.10 315,81 118.266 92.'"
'II. 214.21 168.24 63.004 49.483 'II. 406.74 319.45 119.629 93.957

•II. 217.60
221.01
170.90
173.58
64.""
65.004
50.265
51.054
11
II.
411.40
416.09
323.11
326.07
121.000
122.379
95.033
96.116
I> 224.45 176.29 66.016 420.80 3l).50 123.766 97.205
II. 227.92 179.01 67.035
51.849
52.649 "lI. 425." 334.22 125.160 98.301

..
'A
II.
~.
231.41
234.93
238.48
242.05
181.75
184.52
187.30
190. 11
68.063
69.098
70.141
71.191
53.456
54.269
55.088
55.914
..
'A
II.
~.
430.31
435.11
439.93
444.78
337.97
341.73
345.52
349.33
126.563 99.402
127.973 100.510
129.391 101.623
130.816 102.743

..
II
lI.
%
245.65
249.28
252.93
256.61
192.93
195.78
198.65
201.54
72.250
73.316
74.391
75.473
56.745
57.583
58.'"
59.276
II
II.
..
'110
449.65
454.55
459.48
464.43
353.16
357.00
360.87
364.76
132.250
133.691
135.141
136.598
103.869
ID5.ool
106.139
107.284

"..
'lIo
260.31
264.04
267 .80
204.45
207.38
210.ll
76.563
77 ....
78.766
60.132
50.'"
61.863 "
'lIo
l\
469.41
474.42
479.45
"'."
3n.61
376.56
138.(163
139.535
141.016
10!1.434
109.591
110.754
, 'II. 271.59
275.40
Z13.31
216.30
19.879
81.000
62.737
63.617 12
'II. 484.51
"'.5O
3Ol.54
384.53
142.5IJ.'
144.000
111.923
113.0S8

AME RICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION

1 ·82

WEIGHT OF RECTAN GULAR SECTI ONS

Pounds per linear fool
WIdth
Thickness, Inches

". ~, 01,
" ~, I> II, % % 1
\4 2....
"... '" ...
IYi&
-

1
'".
I>
.16

... ...
.32

.54
.21
•43

.85
...
.27
.53
I.,.
...
.32 .37
.74
."
.85
.48
.96
.53
I.,.
.96 1.12 1.28 1.4] 1.59 1.75 1.91
1.28 1.49 1.70 1.91 2.13 2.34 2.55
.58
1.17 1.28
.69
1.38
2.07
2.76
.74
1.49
2.23
2.98
1.59
2.39
3.19
.85
1.70
2.55
3.40

1"
II>
... I.,.
.96 1.28
1.33 1.59 1.86 2.13 2." 2.66 2.92
1.59 2.23 2.55 2.87 3.19
1.91 ].51
3.19
3.83
3..15
4.14
3.72
4.46
3.98
4.78
4.25
5.10
1% 1.12 1.49 1.86 2.2] 2.60 2.98 3.35 3.72 4.09 4.46 4.83 5.21 5.58 5.95
2 1.28 1.70 2.13 2.55 2.98 3.40 3.83 4.25 4.68 5.10 5.53 5.95 6.38 6.80

21A 1.43 1.91 2.39 2.87 3.35 3.83 4.30 4.18 5.26 5.74 6.22 6.69 7.11 7.65
2\1 1.59 2.13 2.66 3.19 3.72 4.25 4.78 5.31 5.84 6.38 6.91 7All 7.97 8.50
2% 1.75 2.34 2.92 3.51 4.09 4.68 5.26 5.84 6.43 7.01 7.60 8. 18 8.77 9.35
3 1.91 2.55 3.19 3.8] 4.46 5.10 5.74 6.38 7.01 7.65 8.29 8. 93 9.56 10.2

3" 2.07 2.16 3.45 4.14 4.83 5.53 6.22 6.91 7.60 8.29 8.98 9.67 IDA ll.l
31> 2.23 2.98 3.72 4.46 5.21 5.95 6.69 7.44 8. 18 8.93 9.67 10.4 11.2 11.9
3% 2.39 3.19 3.98 4.78 5.58 6.38 7.17 7.97 8.77 9.56 10.4 11.2 12 . 0 12 .8
4 2.55 3.40 4.25 5.10 5.95 6 .80 7.65 8.50 9.35 10.2- ILl 11.9 12.8 13 .6

4" 2.71 3.61 4.52 5.42 '.32 7.23 8.13 9.03 9.93 10.8 11.7 12.6 13.6 14.5
41> 2.87 3.83
4'. 3. 03 4.04 5.05 ,.,.
4.78 5.74 6.69 7.65 8 .61
7.07 8.08 9.08
9.56 10.5
10.1 11.1
11.5
12.1
12.4
13.1
13.4
14.1
14 .3
15.1
15.3
16.2
5 3. 19 4.25 5.31 6.38 7.44 8.50 '.56 10.6 11.7 12.8 13.8 14.9 15.9 17.0

5\1 3.35 4.46 5.58 6.69 7.81 8.93 10.0 11.2 12.3 13.4 14 .5 15.6 16.7 17.9
51> 3.51 4.68 5.84 7.01 8.18 9.35 10.5 11.7 12.9 14.0 15.2 16.4 17.5 18.7
,5\1 3.67 4.89
3.83 5.10
6.11
'.38
7.33
7.65
8.55 9.78 n.o
8.93 10.2 11.5
12.2
12.8
13.4
14.0
14.7
15.3
15.9
16.6
17 . 1
17.9
18.3
19.1
19.6
20.4

9.30
'" 3.98 5.31
61> 4 .14 5.53
6\1 4.30 5.74
6."
6.91
7.17
HI
8.29
8.61
9.67
10.0
10.6
11.1
11.5
12.0
12.4
12.9
13.3
13.8
14.3
14.6
15.2
15.8
15.9
16.6
17.2
17.3
18 .0
18.7
18.6
19.3
20.1
19.9
20.7
21.5
21.3
22.1
23.0
7 4.46 5.95 7.44 8.93 10.4 11.9 13.4 14.9 16.4 17.9 19.3 20.8 22.3 23.8

7V", 4.62 6.16 7.]0 9.24 10.8 12.3 13.9 15.4 17.0 18.5 20.0 21.6 23.1 24.7
7'h 4.78 6.38 7.97 9.56 11.2 12.8 14.3 15.9 17.5 19.1 20.7 22.3 23.9 25.5
7\1 4.94 6.59 8.23 9.88 11.5 13.2 14 .8 16. 5 18.1 19. 8 21.4 23.1 24.1 26.4
8 5.10 6.80 8.50 10.2 11.9 13.6 15.3 17.0 18.7 211.4 22.1 23.8 25.5 27.2

8IA 5.26 7.01 8.11 10.5 12 .3 14.0 15.8 17.5 19.3 21.0 22.8 24.5 26.3 28.1
81> 5.42 7.23 9.03 10.8 12.6 14.5 16.3 18.1 19.9 21.1 23.5 25.3 27.1 28.9
8'. 5.58 7.44 9.30 11.2 13.0 14.9 16.7 18.6 20.5 22.3 24.2 26.0 27.9 29.8
9 5.14 7.65 9.56 11.5 13.4 15.3 17.2 19.1 21.0 23.0 24 .9 26.8 28.7 30.6

9'A 5.90 7.86 9.83 11.8 13.8 15.1 11.1 19.1 21.6 23.6 25.' 21.5 29 .5 31.5
9'h 6." 8.08 10.1 12. 1 14 .1 16.2 18.2 20.2 22.2 24.2 26.2 28.3 30.3 32.3
93;'; 6.22 8.29 10.4 12.4 14.5 16.6 18.1 211.7 22.8 24.9 26.9 29.0 31.1 33.2
10 ' .38 8.50 10.6 12.8 14.9 17.0 19. 1 21.3 23.4 25.5 27.6 29.8 31.9 340

AMERICAN I NSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 1 · 8l

WEIGHT OF RECTANGULAR SECTIONS

Pounds per linear foot
-
wjdlh
Thk_neu. Inchell

". ", -\4

>\.
'"
. ~fi
.
'" -
II,
~~~ I~--
~e ~ l¥l, I

lIP.. 6.53 S.7I 10.9 13. 1 15.3 17.4 19.6 21.. 24.0 26.1
26.'
26.3 3O.S 32.7 ".,
'.93 11.2
"' ..
6.69 13.4 15.6 17.9 "'.1 22.3 24.5 29.0 31.2 33.5 35.7
ID'"
.0"
U
'.85
7.01
9.14 11.4
9.3S 11.7
13.7
14.0
16.0
16.4
lS.3
IS.7 21.0
22.'
23.'
25.1
25.7
27.4
28.' ....
29.7 32.0
32.7
".3
35.1
36.'
37.4

11 \4 7.17 '.56 12.0 14.3 16.7 19.1 21.5 23.9 26.3 28.7 31.1 33.5 35.' 38.3
7.33 ! 9.7S 12.2 14.7 17.1 19.6 22.0 24.4 26.' 29.3 :n.s ".2 36.7 39.1
"'12 "
1llt.i 7.49 9.99
7.65 10.2
12.5
12.8
15.0
15.3
17.5
17.9
"'.0
20.'
22.5
23.0
25.0
25.5
21.5
28.1
30.0
30.'
32.S 35.0
33.2 35.7
:n.5
38.3
40.0
40.'

12\1 7.97 10.6 13.3 15.9 IS.6 21.3 23.9 26.' 29.2 31.9 ".S 37.2 39.S 42.5
30.'
"..
13 8.29 11.1 13.S 16.6 19.3 22.1 24.9 27.6 33.2 35.9 38.7 41.4 ".2
13\1 8.61 11.5
S.93 11.9
14.3
14.9
17.2
17.9 "'..
"'.1 23.0
23.S
25.'
26.8
28.7 31.6
32.7 35.7
37.3
38.7
40.2
41.7 ....
43.0 45.9
47.6
",,\I
is
9.24 12.3
9.56 12.S
15.4 IS.5
15.9 19.1
21.6
22.3
24.7
25.S
27.7
28.7
....
29.'

31.9
33.'
35.1
37.0
38.3 41.4 ....
40.1 43.1 ".2
47.S
49.3
51.0
15\1 9.88 13.2
10.2 13.6
16.5 19.8
17.0 20.'
23.1
23.S
26.' 29.'
27.2 .... 32.'
".0
36.2
37 .4
39.5
40.'
42.S ".1
".2 47.6
49.4
51.0
52.7
54 ..
.,..
16
16\\ 10.5 14.0 17.5 21.0 24.5 28.1 31.6 35.1 38.' 42.1 49.1 52.6 56.1
17 10.S 14.5
17\\ 11.2 14.9
18 11.5 15.3
IS. 1
18.6
19.1
21.7
22.3
23.0
25.3
26.0
26.'
28.'
.... ".
29.'
32.S
33.S
36.1
37.2
38.3
39.7
40. '
42 .1
....
43.4

45,9
47.0 SO .•
48.3 52.1
49.7 53.6
54.2
55.'
57.4
57.S
59.5
61.2

18\\ U.S 15.7

19 12.1 16.2
19.7
20.2
23.'
24.2
V.S
28.3
31.5
32.3
35.'
36.3
39.3
40.'
43.2
44.4
47.2
48.S
51.1
52.S
55.0
56.S
59.0
60.' ....
62.9

19\\ 12.4
20 12.S
16.6
17.0
20.7
21.3
24.9
25.S
29.0
29.'
33.2
".0
37.3
38.3
41.4
42.5 ....
45.6 49 .1
51.0
53.9
55.3
58.0
59.5
62.2
63.S
".3
68.0

"'\\ 13.1 17.4 21.8 26.1 30.5 "., 39.2 .,...... 47.9 52.3 56.' 61.0
...,
65.3 69.7
21 13.4 17.9 22.3 26.' 31.2 35.7 40.2 49.1 53.' 58.0 62.5 71.4
21\\ \3 .7 lS.3
22 14.0 lS.7
22.8 27.4
23.' 28.1
32.0
32.7
36.'
37.4
41.1
42.1 ....
45.7 SO.3
51.4
54.' 59.4
56.1 60.'
".0
65.5
68.S
70.1
73.1
74.S

22\1 14.3 19.1 23.9 28.7 33.5 38.3 43.0 41.S 52.6 51.4 62.2 ......., 71.7 76.5
23 14.7 19.6
23\\ 15,0 20.0
15 .3 20.'
24.4
25.0
25.5
29.3
30.0
30.6
34.2
35.0
35.7
39 .1
40.0
40.'
44.0
44.9
45.9
4S.9
49.9
51.0
53.S
54.'
56.1
59.9 ...,
58.7 63.5
69.9
61.2 ".3 71.4
73.3
74.9
76.5
78.2
79.9
81.6
"
26 15.9 21.3 26.' 31.9 37.2 42.5 47.S 53.1 58.' 63.S 69.1 74.4 79.7 85.0
26
27
28
16.6
17.2
22.1
23 .0
27.6
28.7 "..
33.2

35.7
38.7
40.2
41.7
".2
45.9
47.6
49.7
51.6
53.6
55.3
57.'
59.5
60.'
63.1 ...,
".3 71.8
74.6
65.S 71.4 77 .4
77.4
SO.3
83.3
82.'
".1
".3
88.'
91.8
95.2

.... ....
17.9 23.S 29.'
IS.5 43.1 74.0 SO.I ".3
"
30 19.1
24.1
25.S
37.0
31.9 38.3
49.3
5l.0
55.S 61.6 67.'
57.' 63.S 70.1 76.5 82.' ".3
92.' 98.'
95.' 102
31
32
19.5 26.'
20.' V .2
32.' 39.S
34.0 40.S
".1
47.6
52.7
S4.4
59.3
61.2
65.'
".0
72.S
14.S
79.1
S1.6 ....
85.' 92.2 98.' IllS
95.2 1112 109

A MERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION

1 ·84

I WEIGHT OF RECTANGULAR SECTIONS

Pounds per linear fool
WIdth
'e. .
y"
'.
I~'
21.0 28.<
y" ..
.--
35. < 42.1
~s
._
Thlckl1etiS , Il1ches

"h - ¥is
- - -%-' -
49.1 56.< 63.1
IYI&
-
70.1 77.1
%
'I ~ -fa- -10/16
84.2 9l.Z 98.2
-
m
<
33
34
35
21.7 28.9 36.< 43.4
22.3 29.8 37.2 44.6
".6 57.8 65.0
52.1 59.5 66.9
72.3
74.4
79.5
81.8
86.7 93.9 101.
89.3 96.1 104.
""m
<08 1<6
119
36 23.0 30.6 38.3 45.9 53.6 61.2 68.9 76.5 84.2 91.8 99.5 107. 1t5 122
37 23.& 31.5 39.3 47.2 55.0 62.9 70.8 78.6 86.5 94.' 102 tlO 1t8 126
lB 24.2 32.3 40.4 48.5 56.5 64.6 72.7 SO.8 88.8 96.9 105 tl3 t2l 129
39 24.9 33.2 41.4 49.7 58.0 66.3 74.6 82.9 9l.Z 99.5 108 116 12. 133
40 25.5 34.0 42.5 51.0 59.5 68.0 76.5 85.0 93.5 102. III tl9 12. 136
41 26.1 34.9 43.6 52.3 61.0 69.7 78.4 87.1 95.8 105 113 122 131 139
".8 35.7 44.6 536 62.5 71.4 80.3 89.3 98.2 107 1<6 125 134 143

."
43 27.4 36.6 45.1
28.1 37.4 46.8
54.8
56.1
64.0 73.1 82.2
65.5 74.8 84.2
91.4 101.
93.5 103.
ItO
m
1t9
122
128
131
137
140
146
150
45 28.7 38.3 47.8 57.4 66.9 76.5 86.1 95.6 105 115 124 13' 143 153
46 29.3 39.1 48.9 58.7 108 117 127 147 156

.
68.' 78.2 ".0 97.8 137
47 30.0 40.0 49.9 59.9 69.9 79.9 89.9 99.9 ItO 120 130 140 150 160
30.6 40.8 51.0 61.2 71.4 81.6 91.8 102. m 122 133 143 153 <63
3l.Z 41.7 83.3 93.7 104 tl5 146 156 <67
"
50
51
31.9 42.5
32.5 43.4
52.1
53.1
62.5
63.8
54 .2 65.0
72.9
74.4
75.9
85.0 95.6
86.7 97.5
100
108
117
119
12'
128
130
135
138
141
149
152
159
<63
170
173
52 33.2 44.2 55.3 66.3 77.4 88.' 99.5 III 122 133 14. 155 166 177

5] 33.8 45.1 56.3 67.6 78.8 90.1 101 113 124 135 146 158 169 180
54 34.' 45 .9 57.4 68.9 SO.3 91.8 103 1t5 126 IlB 149 161 172 184
129 140 152 187
55
56
35.1 46.8 58.4 70.1
35 .7 47.6 59.5 71.4
81.8 93.5
83.3 95.2
105
107
117
119 131 143 155 '"
<67
175
179 190
57 36.3 ".5 60.6 72.7 84.8 96.9 109 121 133 145 158 170 182 194
58 37.0 49.3 61.6 74.0 86.3 98.6 III 123 136 148 160 173 185 197
59 37.6 50.2 62.7 75.2 87.8 100. 113 125 138 151 <63 176 188 201
60 lB.3 51.0 63.8 76.5 89.3 102. 115 128 140 153 166 179 191 204

61 38.9 51.9 64.8 77.8 90.7 104 117 130 143 156 169 182 194 207
62 39.5 52.7 65.9 79.1 92.2 105 119 132 145 158 171 185 198 211
63 40.2 53.6 66.9 80.3 93.7 107 121 134 147 <61 174 187 201 214
64 40.8 54.4 68.0 81.6 95.2 109 122 136 150 <63 177 .
190 204 218
65 41.4 55.3 69.1 82.9 96.7 III 124 138 152 166 180 193 207 221
66
67
42.1
42,7
56. 1 70.1 84.2
57 .0 71.2 85.4
98.2
99.7
112
11'
126
128
140
142
154
157
168
171
182
185
196 210
199 214
",
228
68 43.4 57.8 72.3 86.7 101. 1<6 130 145 159 173 188 202 217 231
69 44.0 58.7 73.3 88.0 101 117 132 147 161 176 191 205 220 235
70 44.6 59.5 74.4 89.3 10' 1t9 134 149 164 179 193 208 223 238
71 45.3 60.4 75.4 90.5 II. 121 136 151 166 181 196 211 226 241
71 45.9 61.2 76.5 91.8 107 122 138 153 168 184 199 21. 230 245

AMERLCAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRue' ION

 1-8,

WEIGHT OF RECTANGULAR SECTIONS

Pounds per linear fool
Thlckn .... Inch..
Wldlh i

'. ....
-
". .
~.
~ I ~. -~-+ ~ ~l l ~.
" -- - I
~. % .~.
--- "
- --
11
14
46.5 62.1 11 .6 93.1 109
41.2 62.' 18.'
".. "'
110
124
126
140
102
155
157
171
173 ...
186 202
'"
217

'"
23J
2J6
24'
'"
76
76
47.8
" .5 ....
63. 8 79.7
80.8 96.' III
l2lI
129
14'
145
15,
162
176
118
191
194
"17
210
223
226 '242" 255
25<
49 .1 65. 5 81.8 98.2 115 1Jl I.. 180 196 2lJ
77
78 49.7 66.' 82.' 99.5 116 IJJ '"
109 166 182 199 216 '""2235 '45
24. '"2"
79 50.' 67.2 83.9 101. 118 ". 151 168 185
,..
202 218 252
'"
80 51.0 68.0 85.0
68.' 0 .. ,
'''. "'III ".138 15'
155
170 187
189 207
221 2J8

241
'" 272

275
II
82
51.6
52 .' 69.1 81.1
10'
IDS 122
'" 157
172
174 192 2D9
22'
227 ZO. '"'" 279

.
8l 52.'
53.6
70.6
11.4 89.3
".2 106 ". 141
107 125 14'
159
161
176
179 '"
196
212
214 '"
232
247
250
"5
268 '"
286

..
85 54.2 72.3 90.' loa 126 145 16' 181 199 217 2J5 25' 271 289

".
96 54 .8 73.1 91.4 110 128 146 165 18l 201 219 238 256 27. 292

.
87 55.5 74.0 III 129 148 166 185 20' 221 240 25. 277
'"
..
90
" .1 74.8 93.5
" .7
51.4
75.7
76.5 95.'
....
112 1Jl
II. 132
134
150
151
153
168
170
172
187
189
191
2D8
210
22'
227
23D
143
246
". '"
262

"5
281
284
287
'"
3D,
306
... 71.4 96.7 "'
II. 135 2lJ 232 251
'"
271 ."
"
92 ... 78.2 97 .8 117 IJ7
15'

'"158
17'
176
19'
196 ' 15 235 254 29'
27. 3lJ

." ...
...
79.1
19. 9 99.'
". 119 138
120 140 160
178
180
19.
200
211
22D
2J7
240
257
260
277
280
.,.,
'" '16
320
... SO.S 101. 12l 101 162 182 2D2 222 242 262 28J lOJ
"" ... 122 IOJ 306
32'
J26
. 81.6 102. 16' 184 204 22' 245
'" ,., '12 286

100
ID2
104
...
...
...
.. .
83.3
85.0

....
86.7
104
106
loa
III
125 146
128 10.
13D 152
IJJ 155
167
170
I7J
In
187
191
195
199
2D8
2lJ
217
221
229
234
'"
250

". "" '"

24J 265
271
".
276

287
.....
292

."
J25
JJ2
JJJ

347
354

106
loa
110
ll2
...
.. .
..
... 95.2
90.1
91.8
93.5
III
115
117
119
135
138
140
10'
158
161
164
167
180
184
187

""I..
20'
207
210
21.
225
23D
234
238
". ,.,
25'
257
262
270
275
281
286
..
29'

."
'15
321
327
333
Jl5
J44
351
357
360
367
37'
381
II.
II.
... 96.'
... 98.'
12l
In
10' 170
10. 197
218
222
242
247
267
271
291
296
'15
J2l
339
345
36'
370 .,.
388

II.
120
... IIXI.
... ID2 . '"
128
m 176
153 179
"' 201
204
226
2JO
251
255
276
281
'Ill
306
J26
JJ2
lSI
357
'76
J8J ...
401

122 ... 104 13D 182 207 2JJ 25. 285 Jll JJ7 36' '" 415
124 ...
...
IDS 132 '"158161 185
187
' II
I
237 264 290 ll.
321 '" 36. .., '"
J95
126
128 ...
1D7
ID9
134
136 16' "')
214
218
241
245 '" '"
272
295
326 '"
354
375
381 4D8
'28
'35

AM ERICAN INSt ITU TE OF STEEL CoNSTRUCTION

L..-..
1 ·16

WEIGHT OF RECTANGULAR SECTIONS

Pounds per linear foot
Width
". .. I~ " ~. I> ~. ..
T llkknen, Inches
.-
lIh.- -%" '1*.
- ·..
11 ~'~
-.
130
132
134
III
112
II.
138
".
142
'"
16'
17l
193
196
199
221
22'
22S
249
252
".
276
281
285
304
."
313
3J2
337
342
'"
l65
370
387
38'
'99
."421
427
...
442

'96
136
13.
116
117
145
"7
173
176
202
205
231

'"23.
260
264
289
29'
'18
32'
347

'""7
'76
381
405
4ll ... '"'"
.34

...45' '"."
140
142
144
146
148
119
121
122
12.
126
'"
151
153
155
157
179
181
184
186
189
'"
2ll
21.
217
220
241
245
248
252
'"
2n
275
m
28'
298
302
306
310
315
327
3J2
337
341
346
362
367
372
377
387

'"
398
403
409
417
'22
42.
'34
'59
465
'40 .72
..,
'96
50'
150 128 159 191 22' 255 287 '19 351 38' 41. .46 .78 510
152 129 162 194 291 355 517
154 13l 164 196
226
229
258
262 295
32'
327 360 '"
39'
'20
42'
'52
'58
48'
'91 52.
199 232 '32 ,65 .31
196
158
133
134 '"
16. 201
'"
265
26'
298
302 '36 36' '"
40' '36
464
.70
497
504
530
537

160 136 170 204 238 272 .,. 340 37' 408 '42 .76 510 544
162
184
138
139
In
174
176
207
2lJ9
241
244
275
279
310
31.
344
34'
35'
379
383
413
• 18
448
45' ...
482

.94
516
52J
529
551
558

'"168 ''"" ". 212

21.
247
250
282
286
317
321 357
388

'"
42'
428
459
464 500 536
564
571

170 145 181 253 361 542 578

217
'" '" '" '34 '70 506

AMERICAN IN STITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 1 - 87

AREA OF RECTANGULAR SECTIONS

Square inches
Thickness, Ineh e$
Wl dl h

-".
~
~,

.041
'.
--=-
.c.3
~,

.078
%
.094
~.
f-"'-
.109
\;

.l2'5
%.
.141
%
.156
%
,172
%

.188
%
.203
%
.219
,~,

.234
1

.",
\I .094
.141
.125
.188
.156
.234
.188
.281
,219
.328
.250
.375
.281
.422
.313
.46'
.344
.516
.375
.563
.'"
.600
.438
.656
.46'
.703 :
1" .188 .250 .313 .375 .438 .500 .563 .625 .688 .150 .813 .875 .'38 1.00

l'A .234 .313 .391 .46' .541 .625 .703 .781 .859 .•38 1.02 1.09 1.17 1.25
1\1 .281 .375 .46' .563 .656 .150 .844 .•38 1.03 1.13 1.22 1.31 1.41 1.50
1% .m .438 .541 .656 .166 .875 .984 1.09 1.20 1.31 1.42 1.53 1.64 1.75
2 . 375 .500 .625 .150 .875 1.00 1.13 1.25 1.38 1.50 1.63 1.75 1.88 2.00

2% .422 .563 .703 .844 .984 1.13 1.27 1.41 1.55 1.69 1.83 1.97 2.11 2.25
2\1 .46' .625 .781 .•38 1.09 1.25 1.41 1.56 1.72 1.88 2.03 2.19 2.34 2.50
2% .516 .688 .859 1.03 1.20 1.38 1.55 1.72 1.89 2.06 2.23 2.41 2.58 2.75
3 .563 .150 .938 1.13 1.31 1.50 1.69 1.88 2.06 2.25 2.44 2.63 2.81 3.00

3" .600 .813 1.02 1.22 1.42 1.63 1.83 2.03 2.23 2.44 2.64 2.84 3.05 3.25
3\1 .656 .875 1.09 1.31 1.53 1.75 1.97 2.19 2.41 2.63 2.84 3.06 3.28 3.50
31' .703 .938 1.17 1.41 1.64 1.88 2.11 2.34 2.58 2.81 3.05 3.28 3.52 3.75

• .150 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00 3.25 3.50 3.75 4.00

.\4 .797 1.06 1.33 1.59 1.86 2.13 2.39 2.66 2.92 3.19 3.45 3.72 3.98 4.25
. \1 .844 1.13 1.41 1.69 1.97 2.25 2.53 2.81 3.09 3.38 3.66 3.94 4.22 4.50
4% .891 1.19 1.48 1.78 2.09 2.38 2.67 2.97 3.27 3.56 3.86 4.16 4.45 4.75
5 .938 1.25 1.56 1.88 2.19 2.50 2.81 3.13 3.44 3.75 4.06 4.38 4.69 5.00

5\4 .984 1.31 1.64 1.91 2.30 2.63 2.95 3.28 3.61 3.94 4.27 4.59 4.92 5.25
5\1 1.03 1.38 1.72 2.06 2.41 2.75 3.09 3.44 3.78 4.13 4.47 4.81 5.16 5.50
5% 1.08 1.44 1.80 2.16 2.52 2.88 3.23 3.59 3.95 4.31 4.67 5.03 5.39 5.75
6 1.13 1.50 1.88 2.25 2.63 3.00 3.38 3.75 4.13 4.50 4.88 5.25 5.63 6.00

6\4 1.17 1.56 1.95 2.34 2.73 3.13 3.52 3.91 4.30 4.69 5.," 5.47 5.86 6.25
,\I 1.22 1.63 2.03 2.44 2.84 3.25 3.66 4.06 4.47 4.88 5.28 5.69 6.09 6.50

'"
7
1.27
1.31
1.69
1.75
2.10
2.19
2.53
2.63
2.95
3.06
3.38
3.50
3.80
3.94
4.22
4.38
4.64
4.81
5.06
5.25
5.48
5.69
5.91
6.13
6.33
6.56
6.75
7.00

1\4 1.36 1.81 2.27 2.72 3.17 3.63 4.," 4.53 4.98 5.44 5.89 6.34 6.80 7.25
1\1 1.41 1.88 2.34 2.81 3.28 3.75 4.22 4.69 5.16 5.63 6.09 6.56 7.03 1.50

•'"
1.45 1.94 2.42' 2.91 3.39 3.88 4.36 4.84 5.33 5.81 6.30 6.78 7.27 7.75
1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50 1.00 1.50 '.00

'\4 1.55 2.06 2.58 3.09 3.61 4.13 4.64 5.16 5.67 6.19 6.70 7.22 7.73 8.25
' \1 1.59 2.13 2.66 3.19 3.72 4.25 4.78 5.31 5.84 6.38 6.91 1.44 7.97 '.50
8% 1.64 2.19 2.73 3.28 3.83 4.38 4.92 5.47 6.02 6.56 7.11 1.66 '.20 8.75
9 1.69 2.25 2.81 3.38 3.94 4.50 5.06 5.63 6.19 6.75 7.31 1.88 '.44 9.00
91A 1.73 2.31 2.89 3.47 4.05 4.63 5.20 5.78 6 .36 6.94 7.52 '.09 8.67 '.25
9\1 1.78 2.38 2.97 3.56 4.16 4.75 5.34 5.94 6.53 7.13 7.72 8.31 8.91 9.50

'"
10
1.83
1.88
2.44
2.50
3.05
3.13
3."
3.75
4.27
4.3, 4.88
5.00
5.48
5.63
6.09
6.25
6.70
6.88
7.31
1.50
7.92
8.13
8.53
8.75
9.14 9.75
9.38 10.00

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

1·"

AREA OF RECTANGULAR SECTIONS

Square inches
W'dlh Thlc:kneu, Inch ••
". II, ... II, l> -M.- I!. II, ~ '11,
-
10\& 1.92 2.56 3.20 3.84 '.48 5.13 5.n 6.41
-%- - - --
7.05
"
7.69
'l\o
-- ---- 1

8.33
"
8.97 9.61 10.25
101!. 1.97 2.63 3.28 3.94 '.59 5.25 5.91 '.56 7.22 7." 8.53 0.19 0." 10.50

"'"
11
2.02
2.06
2.69
2.75
3.36
3."
4.03
'.13
4.70
4.81
5.38
5.50
'.05
6.19 ....
'.n 7.39
7.56
8.06
8.25
8.73
8.94
9.41 10.08 10.75
9.63 10.31 11 .00

11l,4 2. 11 2.81 3.52 4.22 '.92 5.63 '.33 7.03 7.73 8.44 9.14 0.84 10.55 11.25
111!. 2.16 2." 3.59 4.31 5.03 5.75 6.47 7.19 7.91 8.63 0.34 10.06 10.78 11.50
11\4 2.20 2.94 3.67 4.41 5.14 5." 6.61 7.34 8.08 8.81 9.55 10.28 n.02 11.75
12 2.25 3.00 3.75 '.50 5.25 ' .00 6.75 7.50 8,25 0.00 9.75 10.50 11.25 12.00

lZih
13
131,7
2.34
2.44
2.53
3.13
3,25
3.38
3.91
• ,06
'.22
....
4.69

5,06
5.41
5.69
5.91
6.25
'.50
6.75
7.03
7.31
7.59
7.81
8.13
8.44
8.59 0.38 10.16
8,94 9.75 10.56
0.28 10.13 10.97
10.94 11.72 12 .50
11.38 12.19 13.00
11.81 12.66 13.50
14 2.63 3.50 '.38 5," 6.13 7.00 7." 8.75 9.63 10.50 11.38 12.25 13.13 14.00

141!. 2.72 3,63 4.53 5.44 6.34 7.25 8.16 0.06 9.97 ID.8S 11.78 12.69 13.59 14.50
15
151!.
16
2.81 3.75
2.91 3."
3.00 '.00
....
4.69

5.00
5.63
5.81
'.00
6. 56
6.78
7. 00
7.50
7.75
8. 00
8,44 0.38 10.31 11.25 12.19
8.72 9.69 10.66 11.63 12.59
0.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00
13.13
13.56
14.00
14 .06 15.00
14.53 15.50
15.00 1600

161!. 3.09 4.13 5.16 6.19 7.22 8.25 0,28 10.31 11.34 12.38 13. 41 14.44 15.47 16.50
l7 3.19 '.25 5.31 '.38 7.44 8.50 0.56 10.63 11.69 12.75 13.81 14.88 15.94 17.00
l71!. 3.28 '.38 5.47 '.56 7." 8.75 0.84 10.94 12.03 13.13 14.22 15.31 16.41 17.50
18 3.38 '.50 5.63 '.75 7." 0,00 10.13 11.25 12.38 13.50 14 .63 15.75 16.88 18.00

181!. 3.41 '.63 5.78 '.94 8.09 0.25 10.41 1l.56 12.72 13." 15.03 16.19 17.34 18.50
19 3.56 4.75 5.94 7.13 8.31 0.50 10.69 11.88 13. 06 14.25 15 .44 16.63 17.81 19.00
101!. 3." 4.88 '.09 7.31 8.53 0.75 10.97 12. 19 13.41 14.63 15.8'1 17.06 18.28 19.50
20 3.75 5. 00 '.25 7,50 8.15 10.00 11.25 12 .50 13.75 15.00 16.25 17.50 lB.75 20.00

201!. 3.84 5.13 6.41 7.69 8.97 10.25 11.53 12 .21 14 .09 15.38 16.66 17.94 19.22 20.50
21 3.94 5,25 6.56 7." 9.19 10.50 11.81 13.13 14.44 15.75 17.06 18.38 19.69 21.00
211!.
22
4.0]
4.1]
5.38
5.50 ....
6.72 8.06
8."
9.41 10.75 12.09 13 .44 14.78 16.13 17.47 18.81 20.16 21.50
9.6] 11.00 12.38 13.75 15.13 16.50 17.88 19.25 20.63 22.00

221!. '. 22 5.63 7.03 8.44 0,,. 11.25 12.66 14.06 15.47 16.88 18.28 19.69 ~1.09 22.50
23 4.]1 5.75 7.19 8.6] 10.a; 11 .50 12.94 14.38 15.81 17 .25 18.69 20.13 21.56 2].00
m~ 4.41 5." 7.34 8.81 10.lS 11.75 13.22 14 .69 16.16 17.6] '19.09 20,56 22.03 23.50
24 '.50 6.00 7.50 0,00 10.50 12.00 1].50 15.00 16 .50 18.00 19.50 21.00 22.50 24.00

"
26
27
....
4.69

5.06
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.81 0,38 10.94
8.13 9.75 11.38
8.44 10.13 11.81
12.50
13.00
13.50
14.a;
14.63
15.19
15.63
16.25
16.88
17.19
17.88
18 .56
18.75
19.50
20,25
20.31
21.13
21.94
21.88
22.75
23.63
23.44
24.38
25.31
25.00
26,00
27.00
28 5,25 7.00 8.75 10.50 12.25 14.00 15.75 17.50 19. 25 21.00 22.75 24.50 26.25 28.00
29 5.44 7," 0.06 10.88 12.69 14.50 16.31 18.]] 19.94 21.75 23.56 25.38 27.19 29.00
30 5. 6] 7.50 0.38 11.25 13.13 15.00 16.88 18.75 20.63 22.50 24.38 26.25 28.13 30 ,00
31 5. 81 7.75 9.69 11.63 13.56 1S. 50 17. 44 19.38 21.31 21. ZS 25.19 27.13 29.a; 31.00
32 '.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20. 00 22.00 24.00 26.00 28.00 30.00 32.00
1
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CoNSTR UCTION
 1 · tl9

AREA OF RECTANGULAR SECTIONS

Square inches
Thick ness. Inches
Width

-'".
33
H.
6.19
14
8.25 10.31
H. %
12.38
~.

14.44
~ %. ~ I~
16.SO 18.56
II
'I~ -%- -'lI,- - -
ZO.63 22.69 24.75 26.81 28.88
1

"'.94 33.00
34 6.38 8.50 10.63 12.75 14.88 17.00 19.13 21.25 23.38 25.50 27.63 29.75 31.88 34.00
35 6.56 8.75 10.94 13.13 15.31 17.50 19.69 21.88 24.06 26.25 28.44 30.63 32.81 35.00
36 6.75 9.00 11.25 13.50 15.75 18.00 ZO.25 22.50 24.75 27.00 29.25 31.50 33.75 36.00

37 6.94 9.25 11.56 13.88 16.19 18.SO ZO.81 23.11 25.44 27.75 "'.06 32.38 34.69 37.00
38 7.13 9.50 11.88 14.25 16.63 19.00 21.38 23.75 26.13 28.50 30.89 33.25 35.63 38.00
30 7.31 9.75 12.19 14.63 17.06 19.50 21.94 24.38 26.81 29.25 31.69 34.13 36.56 39.00
40 7.50 10.00 12.50 15.00 17.50 20.00 22.SO 25.00 27.50 "'.00 32.50 35.00 37.50 40.00

41 7.69 10.25 12.81 15.38 17.94 20.50 23.06 25 .63 28.19 30.75 33.31 35.88 38,44 41.00
42 7.88 10.50 11.13 15.75 18.38 21.00 23.63 26.25 28.88 31.50 34.11 36.75 39 .38 42.00
43 8.06 10.75 13.44 16.13 18.81 21.50 24.19 26.88 29.56 32.25 34.94 37.63 40.31 0.00
44 8.25 11.00 13.75 16.50 19.25 22.00 24.75 27.50 30.25 33.00 35.75 38.50 41.25 44.00
45 8.44 11.25 14.06 16.88 19.69 22.50 25.31 28 .13 "'.94 33.75 36.56 39.38 42 . 19 45.00
4S 8.63 11.50 14.38 17 .25 ZO.13 23.00 25.88 28.75 31.63 34.50 37.38 40.25 43.13 46.00
47 8.81 11.75 14.69 17.63 20.56 23.50 26.44 29.38 32.31 35.25 38.19 41.13 44.06 47.00
48 9.00 12.00 15.00 18 .00 21.00 24.00 27.00 30.00 33.00 36.00 39.00 42.00 45.00 48.00

49 9.19 12.25 15.31 18.38 21.44 24.50 27.56 30.63 33.69 36.75 39.81 42.88 45 .94 49.00
50 9.38 12.50 15.63 18.75 21.88 25.00 28.11 31.25 34.38 37.50 40.63 43.75 46.88 50.00
'1 9.56 12.75 15.94 19.13 22.31 25.50 28.69 31.88 35.06 38.25 41.44 44.63 47.81 51.00
52 9.75 13.00 16.25 19.50 22.75 26.00 29.25 32.50 35.75 39.00 42.25 45.50 48.75 52.00

53 9.94 13.25 16.56 19.88 23.19 26.50 29.81 33.13 36.44 39.75 43.06 46.38 49.69 53.00
54 10.11 13.50 16.88 20.25 23.63 27.00 30.38 33.75 37.13 40.50 43.88 47.25 SO.63 54.00
10.31 13.75 17.19 ZO.63 24.06 21.SO 30.94 34.38 37.81 41.25 44.69 48.13 51.56 55.00
"
56 10 .50 14.00 17.50 21.00 24.50 28.00 31.50 35 .00 38.50 42.00 45.50 49.00 52.50 56.00

57 10.69 14.25 17.81 21.38 24.94 28.50 32.06 35.63 39.19 42.75 46.31 49.88 53.44 57.00
58 10.88 14.50 18.13 21.75 25.38 29.00 32.63 36.25 39.88 43.SO 47 .11 SO.75 54.38 58.00
11.06 18.44 22.11 25.81 29.50 33.19 36.88 40.56 44 .25 47.94 51.63 55.31 59.00
"
60 11.25
14.75
15.00 18.75 22.50 26.25 30.00 33.75 37.50 41.25 45.00 48 .75 52.50 56.25 60.00

61 11 .44 15.25 19.06 22.88 26.69 30.50 34.31 38.13 41.94 45.75 49.56 53.38 57.19 61.00
62 11.63 15.50 19.38 23,25 27.13 31.00 34.88 38.75 42.63 46.50 50.38 54.25 58.13 62.00
63 11.81 15.75 19.69 23.63 27.56 31.50 35.44 39.38 43.31 47.25 51.19 55.13 59.06 63.00
64 12.00 16.00 20.00 24.00 28.00 32.00 36.00 40.00 44.00 48.00 52.00 56.00 60.00 64.00
12.19 16.25 20.31 24.38 28.44 32.50 36.56 40,63 44.69 48.75 52.81 56.88 60.94 65.00
"66
67
12.38
12.56
16.50
16.75
ZO.63 24.75 28.88
20.94 25.13 29.31
33.00 37.13 41.25 45.38 49.50
33.50 37.69 41.88 46.06 50.25
53.63 57.75 61.88
54.44 58.63 62.81
66.00
67.00
68 12.75 17.00 21.25 25.50 29.75 34.00 38.25 42.50 46.75 51.00 55.25 59.50 63.75 68.00
17.25 21.56 25.88 30.19 34.50 38.81 43.13 47.44 51.75 56.06 60.38 64.69 69.00
"
70
71
12.94
13.13
13.31
17.50 21.88 26.25 30.63
17.75 22. 19 26.63 31.06
35.00 39.38 43.75 48 .13 52.50
35.50 39.94 44.38 48 .81 53.25
56.88 61.25 65.63
57.69 62.13 66.56
70.00
71.00
72 13.50 18.00 22.50 27.00 31.50 36.00 40.50 45.00 49.50 54.00 58.50 63.00 67.50 72.00

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

1· 90

AREA OF RECTANGULAR SECTIONS

Square inches

..
,
WId"
II, % II,
"~ II>
Thlckn ... , Inches
II,
" % % 'II, l> % 1
73
14
75
76
13.69 lB.25 22.81
13.88 18. 50 23. 13
14 . 06 18.75 23."
14. 25 19. 00 23.75
27.38 31.94 " .50
27.75 32.38 37 .00
28. 13 32.81 37 .50
28.50 33.25 38.0'
41.06 45.63 SO. 19 54.75 59.31 63 .88 68.44 73 . ~

42. 19 .....
41.63 " .25 50." 55.50 60. 13 64 . 15 69.38
51.56 " .25 60.94 65 .63
42 .75 47 . 50 52.25 57 .00 61 .75 66 .50 71. 7~.~
76 . ~.~
".
n 14 .44 19.25 24 .00 28 ." 31.69 38 .50 4l.11 48. 13 52." 57 .75 62 ." 61 .38 n ...
~.~
.,,.
78 14.6] 19. 50 24 .38 29.25 34 . 13 39.00 43.88 " .75
14.81 19.75 24.69 29.63 34 ." 39 .50 49.)8
15.00 20 .00 25.00 30.00 35 .00 " .00 45.00 50.00
..... 53.63 58 .50
54 . 31 " .25
55 .00 " .00
63 .38 68 .25 73 .U
64. 19 69. 13 14 .06
65 .00 70 .00 75 .00 .,.
7;~
81 15. 19 ".25 25.31 30.38 " .44 40.50 45.56 SO.63 55.69 60 .75 65. 81 70 .88 75 .94 8l~
".50 25.63 30.75 35." 41.00 46. 13 51.25 " .38 61.50 66. 63 71.75 76.88
~.~
82 15.38
83 15.56 20.75 25." 31.13 36 .31 41.50 46.69 51.88 57 .06 62 .25 67 . 44 n.6] 17.81
84 15.75 21.00 ".25 31.50 36 .75 42.00 41 .25 52.50 57.75 63.00 68 .25 73.50 78.75 8'"

." 15 .94 21.25 "".....31.88 37.19

.....
42 .50 47 .81 53.13 58.44 63.75 69. 06 74.38 19.69 ,,~

...
87
16 . 13 21.50 32.25 37.63
16 . 31 21 . 15 27 . 19 32.61 38."
16 .50 >2 .00 27.50 33.00 38.50
41. 50 .....
43.00 " .38 53 .75 59 . 13 " .50 75.25 SO.63
" .38 59.81 65.25 70.69 76.13 81.56
44.00 49.50 55. 00 ".50 66.00 71.50 77 .00 82.50 ....~.~...
16.69 >2 .25 27. 81 33.38 38." " .50 50." 55.63 61 . 19 66.75 n .ll 83.44 n ."
90
91 ... >2.75 18." 34.13 39.81 45 .50 51.1.9
...
.....
16 .88 >2.50 28 . 13 33.75 39.38 ".00 50." " .25 61.88 67 .50 73 . 13 78 .75 84 .38
62 ." " .25 73.94
23.00 18.75 34.50 " .25 " .00 51.75 57 .50 63.25 69.00 74.75
85. 31
86.25 92 •• .,.
7~~
~;
"
.
93 ...
...
23. 25 29." 34."
23.50 19.38 35.25
40 .69 " .50 52. 31 58. 13 63. 94 69.75 75 ... 81.38 87 . 19 93 .•
47. 00 52." 58.75 64.63 70. SO 76 . 38 82.25 88 . 13
..... ..."'IX
.."
41.13
...
~.~
23.75 29.69 35." 41.56 47.50 5] .44 59.38 65.31 71.25 77 . 19 83 . 13
... 24.00 " .00 36.00 42. 00 " .00 " .00 " .00 66.00 n.oo 78.00 84.00 90.00
.. . 24.50 .,.. 36.75 42. 88 49. 00 55 .11 61.25 67 . 38 73 .50 79. 63
~.~ ,:~
"
100
'02
... 25.00
... 25 .50
n .25 37. SO 43.75 50.00 " .25 62.50 " .75 75 .00 81.25 87 .
31." 38 .25 44 ." 51. 00 57 .38 " .75 70. 13 76 .50 82." " .25
93. 75
'02.~
91.88

"...
104 ... 26.00 32 .50 39.00 45.50 62.00 58 .50 " .00 71.50 78 .00 84 .50 91.00 97.50 '04 .00
.. . ".50
'00
"18 ... 27 . 00
33.13 39.75 " .38
33 . 75 40.50 47.25
53. 00 59 .61 66.25 72.88 79. 50
" .00 60.75 61 . 50 74.25 81.00
86. 13
87.75
92. 75 99.38
".50 101.25 ,,..
'~~
UO ... 27 . 50 34.38 41 .25 48.13 55.00 61 .88 68. 75 15.63 82 .50 89.38 96.25 103.11 UO '
IX
112 .. . ".00 >;.00 42.00 49.00 ".00 63.00 10.00 77.00 84.00 91.00 98.00 lOS.00 U2.IX
U' ... ".50 35.61 42.75 49.88 57.00 64 . 13 71.25 78.38 85 . 50 92. 63 99.75 106.88 114·
IX
116 .. . 29 .00 ".25 43.50 SO.75 58.00 " .25 72. 50 79. 75 87 . 00 94.25101.50 108.75 U" IX
... 29.50 36." 44.25 51.6] 59. 00 66 .38 73.75 81 , 13 " .50 95 .88103 .25 110..63
U~.~
U8
120 .. . » .00 37.50 45. 00 62.50 " .00 67 .50 75.00 82.50 90.00 97. 50 105 .00 112 .50 120 .

122 ... » .50 38. 1]" .75 53.38

~:
61 .00 68 .6] 76. 25 83.88 91.50 99. 13106 . 75 114.38
12<
126
.. . ]1.00
.. . 31.50
.1.7.
39.38
46.50 " .25 62.00 69 .75 n .50
" .25
47.25 55. 1] 6] .00 70 .88 78. 75 86.63
91. 00 100. 75108 .50 ", . ~ 12'.
" .50 102.38110.25 118.13 126'.":
118 .. . 32.00 40.00 " .00 " .00 " .00 72. 00 " .00 " .00 96.00 104 .00 112 .00 120.00 128 .IX
1
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
 1 · 91

AREA OF RECTANGULAR SECTIONS

Square inches

-
In.
_
130
132
134
..-- -
'.4
32.50
33.00
33. 50
¥i.6

40.63
41.25
41.88
,.

48.75
49.50
50.25
56.88
57.75
58.63
65.00
66.00
67.00
73.13
74.25
75.38
..
Thickness. In<:h"s

82."
IJA6

81.25 89.38 97.50

90.75 99.00
83.75 92.13100.50
% 1~6 ~ I¥!.6

107.25115.SO 123.75132.00
108.88117.25 125.63134.00
I

IOS.6311l.75 2.1.88 130.00

136 ]4 .00 42.50 51.00 59.50 68.00 76.50 85.00 93.SO 102.00 110.50 U9.00 127.SO 136.00
U8 34.SO 0.13 51.75 60.38 69.00 77.63 86.25 94.88103.50 112.13 120.75129.38 138.00

140 35.00 0.75 52.50 61.25 70.00 18.75 87.50 96.25 105.00 113.75 122.50 131.25 140.00
142 35 .50 44.38 53.25 62.13 71.00 79.88 88.75 97.63 106.50 115.38124.25133.13142.00
144 36 .00 45.00 54.00 63.00 72.00 81.00 90.00 99.00 108.00 111.00 126.00 135.00 144 .00
146 36 .50 45.63 54.75 63.88 73.00 82.13 91.25 100.38109.50 118.631Z7.75136.88 146.00
148 37.00 46.25 55.50 64.75 74.00 83.25 92.50 101.75111.00 120.25 129.50 138.75 148.00

150 31.50 46.88 56.25 65.63 75.00 84.38 93.75103.13112.50 121.88131.25140.63 lSO.00
152 38 .00 47.50 57.00 66.50 76.00 85.50 95.00 104.50 114.00 123.50 133.00 142.50 152.00
154 38.50 48.13 57.75 67.38 77.00 86.63 96.25 105.88115.50 125.13134.75144.38 154.00
156 39.00 48.75 58.SO 68.25 78.00 87.75 97.50 107.25117.00 126.75136.50 146.25156.00
158 39.SO 49.38 59.25 69.13 79.00 88 .88 98.75 108.63118.50 128.38138.25 148.13 158.00

160 40.00 SO.OO 60.00 70.00 80.00 90.00 100.00 llO.OO 120.00 130.00 140.00 lSO.oo 160.00
162 4O.SO SO.63 60.75 70.88 81.00 91.13 101.25 111.38121.50 131.63141.75151. 88 162.00
164 41.00 51.25 61.50 71.75 82.00 92.25 lOZ.SO 112.75 123.00 133.25 10.50 153.75 164.00
166 41.50 51.88 62.25 n.63 83.00 93.38 103.75114.13124.50 134.88145.25155.63 Ui6.oo
168 42.00 5.2.50 63.00 73.50 84.00 94.50 105.00 115.50 126.00 136.50 147.00 157.50 168.00

170 42. SO 53.13 63.75 74.38 85.00 95.63 106.25 116.88 1Z7.50 138.13148.75 159.38 170.00
j

AM ERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONS1RUCTION

' ·92

Notes

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STHl CONSTRUCTION

ReviBed 3/66 1 - 93

STANDARD MILL PRACTICE

General Information
Rolling structural shapes and plates involves such factors as roll wear,
8ubeequent roll dressing, temperature variations, etc., which caWJe the finished
product to vary from published profiles. Such variations are limited by the
provisions of t he American Society for Testing and Materials Designation A6.
Contained in this section is a summary of these provisions, not a reproduction
of the complete specification. In its entirety, A6 covers a group of common
requirements, which, unless otherwise specified in the purchMC order o r in an
individual specification, s hall apply to rolled steel plates, shapes, sheet piling
and bars.
In accordance with the Scope clause of A6. carbon steel refers to ASTM
Designations A7 and A36; high-strength steel and high-strength low-alloy steel
refers to Designations A242, A440 a nd A441.
For further informatio n on mill practices, including tolerances for rolled
tees, ZOO8 and bulb angles in structural and bar Si7.es, and for other grades
of steei see ASTM A6, AISI Steel Products Manuals and Producers' Catalogs.
The data o n s preading roUs to increase areas and weights and mill
cambering of beams is not a part of A6.
Additional material on mill practice is included in the descriptive rna·
terial preceding the "properties tables" for shapes and plates.
Letlcr symbols representing dimensions on sketches shown herein are in
accordance with ASTM AS, AlSI and mill catalogs and not necessarily as
defined by the general nomenclatu.re of this manual.

Methods of increasing areas and weights by spreading rolle . 1-94

Cambering of rolled beams. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 1·95
Positions for measuring camber and sweep .. . ..... . 1-96
Wide Flange t.olerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • ....... . 1-97
Standard Beam tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............. . 1-98
Standard Mill H ·Beam tolerances . . . .......•.... 1·98
Channel tolera nces .. . . ........ . . • .. ................. t ·98
1'008, split fro m wide flange, tolerances ............... , .. . 1-99
Angles, split from channels. tolerances ....... , ..... . . . 1-99
Angles, structural sizes. tolerances... .. . . . . . . .. .... . 1-100
Angles, bar s i".ea, tolerances .......... ... ... •........... I -tO I
Plates, thickness tolerances . .... . . . ...........•...... 1-102
Plates, weight tolerances ............................. . . 1·102, 1. 103
Plates, width and length tolerances .............•.. . 1·103.1·104
Plates, flatness and camber tolerances .......• . ......•.... 1-105,1- 105.1

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

1·"
STANDARD MILL PRACTICE
Methods of increasing areas and weights by spreading rolls

WIDE FLANGE SHAPES

To vary the area and weight within a given nominal size, the Range
width, the flange thickness, and the web thickness are changed 88 shown in
Figure 1.

I~I
I' I Constant for a gi .... en nominal size

Fig. 1

AMERICAN STANDARD BEAMS AND CHANNELS

To vary the area and weight within a given nominal size, the web thick-
ness and the Bange width are changed by an equaJ amount as shown in
Figures 2 and 3.

lam",,,,.,.,'" """"A
I. Constant tor a I
I. Constant for a
given nominal sfze
given nominal size

Fig. 2 Fig. 3

ANGLES
To vary area and weight for a given leg length, the thickness of each
leg is changed. Note that leg length is changed sJightly by this metbod (see
Figure 4 ).

A
Fig. 4
AMEIttCAN ',..,TlTtJTE OF STEEL COHSTRUcnoN
 1 -95
STANDARD MILL PRACTICE
Cambering of rolled beams
All beams are straightened after rolling to meet sweep and camber toler·
ance& listed hereinafter for wide flange shapes and standard beams. The fol-
lowing data refers to the subsequent cold cambering of beams to produce a
predetennined design.
The maximum lengths that can be cambered depend on the length to
which a given section can be rolled, with a maximum of 100 feet. The follow-
ing table QuilinC8 the maximum and minimum camber of wide flange shapes
and standard beams.

MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM CAMBER

Sptlcllied LlllnKttl of Be8m, It.

Sections Nomlnel Depth OYer 30 I Over 42 l Over 52 O\Ier 65 OVM 85

". to 42, Inel. to 52, Incl . 10 65, In t I. to 85, In el.
Ranglll of Max. end MIn, Camber Acee Ptablill, ln.
to 100, Incl.

Wide Flange Beams, 24 1 to 2. 1 to 3, 2 to 4, 3 to 5, 3 to 6,

and over incl. inel. Incl. Incl. Incl.
Wide Flange Beams, 14 %. to 2!f.z. 1 to 3, 2 to 4, 21h to 5,
to 2l,Inci. and Stand- incl. incl. incl. Inel. Inquire
ard Beams, 24

Consult the producer for specific camber and/ or lengtbs outside the
above.
Retention of mill camber in beams of less depth than tabulated cannot
be guaranteed .
A single minimum value for camber, within the ranges shown above for
the length ordered, should be specified.
Camber is measured at the mill and will not necessarily be present in the
II8JIlO amount in the section of beam as received due to releaae of stress in-
duced during the cambering operation. In general, 75 % of the specified
camber i8 likely to remain.
Camber will approximate a simple regular curve nearly tho full lengtb
of the beam, o r between any two points specified.
Camber is ordinarily specified by the ordinate at the mid-length of the
portion of the beam to be curved. Ordinates at other points should not be
apecified.
Although mill cambering to achieve reverse or other compound curves
ia not considered practical, fabricati ng shop facilities for cambering by heat
can accomplish such results as well as fonn regular curves in excess of the
limits tabulated above. Refer to Effect of Heat on Steel, Part 6 of t his
Manua l, for further information.

CAMBER ORDINATE TOLERANCES

Lenaths Plu s Tolenn ~ . Minus Tolennc.
50 ft . and less Ih inch D
Over 50 ft. "h inch plus IAI inc h for each 10 It. or frac- D
lion thereof In excess of 50 II .

AMERIC"N INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 1- "
STANDARD MILL PRACTICE
Positions for measuring camber and sweep

"
"" ""
"" "
" "
" "
"" "
" ""
"
"~
camber
- Sweep Camber
"
"
"
""
Sweep

""
"
""
" "
" "
" "
"':
'":

~ ~ I
WIDE FLANGE BEAMS
Horizontal surface
I ~ a I
AMERICAN STANDARD BEAMS

Camber ... I- Sweep

Camber Camber

Horizontal surface
-AA__~B__~_~~/__
[
i\~L~__
CHANNELS ANGLES
AMERICAN IN STITUTE OF STEEL CoNSTRUCTION
 1·97
STANDARD MILL PRACTICE
\/IF shapes

T~twT'
c A c A

ROLLING TOLERANCES

Section
Nominal
Size, In.
f A
Over
Theo,
0.,,",Unde.
'"
Theo·
e, Fla. Width, In.
O"~
Theo· Theo·
T + T',
Under Ou tFlena",
of Sq uare,
E. Web 011
Cen ter,
max, In.
C, Mu. Depth
et eny C'Ol$'
Section over
Theo.etleal
retlcal retlcal rellcal .ellcel mex, In. Deplh, In,
.
IAI >I, >I, 'A
To 12. Incl.
Over 12 IJtI
"" 'A
~ >I,
'A
~, v., 'A

CUTIINGTOLERANCES
Van-tlon. from $pe<:1I1ed Lenath tor Lenilhl Given, In .
• \IF Shepel 30 It ... nd Under DYe. 30 ft.
Oller Under

r:!
Und.,..
Beams 24 In. end under ,. 11 ,. plus Yl6 fOr each additional 11
in nom inal depth 5 ft , or fraction thereof
Beams ove r 24 In. nom. If,. 'h Y.l pl us Vis for each additional 'h
dept h: all columns 5 ft, or fr action thereof
• Whan \IF Ihapel are ulad 85 baa<lna piles, the lenalh tOlerancals plus S In, end minus 0 In.

OTHER TOLERANCES
Area and WeigJa Variation: ± 2.5 % theoretical or specified amount.
Ends Out-of-Square: 1/64 in. per in. or dept.h. or or Bange width ir it is
greater than t.he depth.
Camber and Sweep:
Permlulble Vanation. In.
Size. Lenglh
Camber Sweap
All sizes un less other· ~ I X ( Io tall ength. ft ,)
All n. 10
wise nOled
Sizes wllh flange widt h ~ . X( tolallenglh , fl .) · ~. X (tolallength, ft. )
less then 6 In . All m . - - -\0- - - In. 5 --
--
b Ce rtain sections with 45 It. and ~ rn , X (Iolal length. It) WI'Ih %. In. malt.
a flange width ap· under 10
pro•. equal to depth
& specitled on order
as columns
OVer
ft .
45 1 ~.
In,
+ [ )it Jn, X
(total length. ft.
10
45)]
0Applle. only to , 8 \IF 31 and heavlet 12 \IF 65 end heavier
10 \IF 49 end h.evle. 14 'IF 18 and h..,lIl..
"olher SectlOnl afa Ipeclfled on the Older a. columnl, tha lolaf'
anca will bal ubjlt<::t 10 negotiation with Ihe manulacture •.
AME RICA N INSTI TUTE OF STEEL CONSTR UCTI ON
'· 98 Revised 3/66
STANDARD MILL PRACTICE
Standard beams, Standard Mill H·beams and Channels
ROLLI NG TOLERANCES
8 ..... 8
\ 8

T':b'~3?
T
A A • A

Standard beams H-beams Channels

• Ba(:k ollquare and centerline 01 web to ba T + T' applle. whlln
parallel when me-sullng "oul-of·square." lIangu 01 channel.
.r. toed In or out.

. gAo Depth. In . B, flail"" Width,

Section Nomina' Size. ". T+T',Oul

oISqua •• Pet
". """
Theo-
Under
n,...· """
Theo·
Under
Theo · Inch 01 a, In.
.albl retlcat flltka' retlca'
Standard 3t01,Inci. y" II,

" " " "

I\,
Beams Over 7 to 14, incl. y" I;, I;, I\,
Over 14 to 24, incl. II, lI, II, I\,
Standard Mill 4 I;, II,
" "
I\,
H·8eams 5 y" II, I;, I;, I\,
II, lI,
"
6and 8 I;, lI>
Channels 3 to 7. incl. y" II,

" " """ "

I\,
Over 7 to 14, Incl. y" I;, I\,
Over 14 II, II, I\,
• A II measured at (;8"lerll"8 of web lor beams; end at bac;k of ~b lor eMonels.

CUTIiNG TOLERANCES
VllrleUons Irom Sped fled Lenl(th for Lengths GIven, In.

s.c tlon To 30 It"

fncl. """
30 10 4ll1t.,
Inct.
"""
4111050 It.,
Inel.
0.."
50 10 6' ft.,
Incl.
eN..- 6$/1.

Ov... ~ Ove' I Unde. Ove. Und&r

""" Under
"""
-- --
Under
Ali Standard shapes Ih I;" % z;.. 1 l \4 1" 'A 1\4 'A

OTHER TOLERANCES
Area. arul Weight Variation: ±2.S% theorntica1 or specified amount.
Ends Out~f-SqlUlre: Standard Beams, Mill H·Booma. and Cha nnels
1/ 64 in. l>er in. of depth.
Cam ber: 1/ 8'Ill. X totallengtb.
5 ft.

Sweep: Due to extreme variations in flexibility about the Y - Y axis, tol-

erances are subject to negotiations between manuracturer and the purchaser.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION
 ,."
STANDARD MILL PRACTICE
Tees split from Wand Standard beams
Angles split from Standard channels

DEPTH TOLERANCES

L}
Dimension A may be approximately 1/ 2 beam or channel depth, or any
dimension resulting [rom off.center splitting, or splitting on two lines 88
specified on the ordor.

Variations In Dept h A
I Depth 01 8 n m from whkll T.as Or Angles are S plit Over e Jld UndM

Te es An glfls

To 6 in, exel. \io \0

6 t o 16, exel. II. lI.
16 to 20, e:.:cI.
20 to 24. exel. "
II. ".....
.
24 and over
"
The above tolerances for depths of tees or angles include the allowa ble
tolerances in depth for the beams and cbannels before splitting.

OTHER TOLERANCES
Other roUing tolerances. as well as cutting tolerances, Area and Weight
variation, and enda out;..of-square will correspond to those of the beam or
channel before splitting, except
ber 1/ 8 . totallengtb, ft.
eam - m. X 5

total length, ft.

Sweep tolerances for tees cut from '!IF shapes - 1/ 8 in. X 5
Sweep tolerances for tees cut from standard beams and channels are suh-
ject to negotiation between purchaser and manufucturer.

AMERI CAN INSTITUTE OF STE EL CONSTRUCTION

1 ·100

STANDARD MILL PRACTICE

Angles, structural size

ROLLING TOLERANCES

B
Length of Lag, In.
Sactlon gNomlnel Sl~e, In. T, 0"'1 or Sq"e'e
<>OM Under per Inch d' B. In.
Th"of"lIce' Thaoretlcel
Angles 3 to 4, Incl. ,~ l\, · 3/ 128
Over 4 10 6, Incl. Yo Yo ·3/ 128
Over 6 ~. Yo ·3/128
-
• For "neq"al'e" an"la', longer'"" determines classification •
• 3/1 Z8 'n o pe. In. _ l lh dell.

cum NGTOLERANCES
Varlallon. from Specified Lenilh for Lenath. Given, In.
<>oM <>oM
Stellen To XI It .. JO 10 40 ft .. "'~
40 10 50 It .. 50 to 65 It .. Over 6S ft .
Incl. Incl. lne!. Incl.

I~ % 'I ~
'A - ,-IIA ?I~ 1.4 ~I~
Ov8f Und.-
Angles Ov.,
Ih 1.4 ~ Over ItA. 1'.4 '.4

OTHER TOLERANCES
Aroo and Weight Variation; ±2.5% theoretical or specified amount.
Ends Out-of-SqUlJre: 3/ 128 in. per in. of leg length , or 1.1.1 degrees. Toler·
ances based on the longer leg of an unequal angle.
Cam ber: Y8 .III. X total length,
5 ft., appred . her 1ego
I to CIt

Sweep : Not applicable; see camber tolerallce.

AMER ICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 1 ·101
STANDARD MILL PRACTICE
' Angles, bar size

ROLLINGTOLERANCES

B
~~T
i..i:i+T
V.mollon. I,om Tt>kkn". lor
B T.OUlot

". L."
espoKilled Tt>\c:knH... GNton. OYer .nd Und.... In.
IAn"" 01
'Ii, .nd
Und...
0.. ... 'Ii, lo"'.
lne!. """' ..
-- L.n"" oIL."
OYer .nd
Under. ,n.
Squ.r. ~
tnet> 01 B. In.

'".
l and under 0." 0.010 ... y"
Over 1 to 2 Inel. 0.010 0.010 0.012
Over 2 to 3, axel. 0.012 0.015 0.015 ~

• Til. Ionlier l'li 01 In uneQuat anile deilltrmines Ih. size lor permissible varl ilion •.
11/121· In. per In. _ 1 'h degrees.

cum NG TOLERANCES
(Hot shearing)
--

...,.~,

All SIZIS 01 Baf·Slze An gles

.
uc:l.
1
No V.,'-Ilon Under

- '1«;1.=
-
1'.
exel.
2
t .
Variations OYer $pe(:lIled Lan"h lor lan"h. G..... n

5101011., 10102011 .. 2010'\0 /1 .. 10 10 &011 .. &0106011 ..

.. exel. Inel.
2Y.z

OTHER TOLERANCES

Cambu: ,,L4''ncb'many 5 ~eet,or I/..,m.

.
X total length,
5 ft.

Swt:ep: Not. applicable; see camber tolerance.

StroiRhtneu: Because of warpage, 8traightness tolerances do not apply
to bar8 if any 8ubsequent heating operation hag been perfonned.
Enth Out~f-Square: 3/ 128 in. per in. of leg length or 112 degroos. Toler-
ance based on longer leg of an unequal angle.

• A member ia "bar lize" when ita gTcatest cr08l-8eCtiooal dimenlion ia JeM

than 3 in.

AMERICAN INSTI TUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION

1·102 Revised 3/66
STANDARD MILL PRACTICE
Rectangular sheared plates and Universal mill plates

THICKNESS AND WEIGHT TOLERANCES

FOR THI CKNESS 15 INCHES AND UNDER
(when ordered to thickness)
p8fmlnlble bcen In Avenge Welaht 01 Loll- lor Widths

,..
Specilled
Thickness.
..... "".... ..,."
"1(1
... ....
..... ... ....,.
72 1(1
.
Given In l no:hes. bpressed In Percentages (II Nominal Welllhts

_w. _.... ..... .w

m. ,...
.
IOBI(I 120 to 132 to 144 to

. ....
'20• ,.,
'"~
'''. "".
..•••, ..,
Under excl. OIIct. eltCl.

,.. ,.. ••••••

'A. exel. 10.5 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.5 ... .. '
6.' 7.'
..
To
'A to 'He, exel.
••• 6.' 7.'
• •• , 10 .5 12 .0 14.0 16 .5 19.5 ...
...
,.. ,•..••
~e to .,.. excl. 6.' 7.' 10.5 12.0 15.0 11.0
~ to ~e. excl. 4.' ••• '.0
7.'
••• •••
'.S 10 .5 13.0 15.' 17.0

,..
~e to Yl. exel. 4.' 4.' 6.' 6.' 7.' '.S 11.0 13.0 15.0
'h to %s. excl. 4.' 4.' 4.' 6.' 6.' 7.' 9.' 11.0 13.0
% to %, exei.
% to 1. exel.
I to 2, excl.
4.'
3.'
4.'
4.0
4.'
4.0
4.0
4.S
4.0
4.0
4.'
4.0
6.'
'.0 •••
6.'
6.0
S.O
7.'
6.0
6.0
7.0
6.0
9.'
'.0
li.O
9.S
3.' 3.' 4.' 7.' '.0
2 to 3. excl. 3.' 3.S 3.S 4.0 4.0 4.S S.O 6.0 6.' 6.' 7.0
3 to 4, excl. 3.' 3.S 3.' 3.' 4.0 4.0 4.' 4.0 4.0 4.' '.0
4 to 6, exel. 3.0 3.0 3.' 3.0 3.' 3.' 3.' 3.' 3.0 3.' 4.'
6 to 8. excl. 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.' 3.' 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.'
8 to 10. exci. 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.'
10 to 12. excl . 2.' 2.S 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.' 3.' 3.0 3.0 3.0 30
12 to 15, incl. , 2.S 2.S 2.S 2.' 3.0 3.0 3.0 , 3.0 , 3.0 , 3.0 , 3.0 1
• The term "lot" means all the plates 01 each tebuler width and thickness lI10uP
represented in each shipment.
Note I: Permissible variation under lpecllled t hickness, O.Olln.
Note 2: Permissible ov_elsht lor circular end &IIetch plates shall be 1\4 limes the emounts
In the abc'lve l abie.
Note 3: Permissible Varlallonlln overwelghtlor single plates shall be l 'A limn tile amounts
In the IIbc'1ve table.
N(lte 4: Permissible ov_elght ,." single circular and sketch plates Ihall be 1% times the
amounts In the .bove teble.
Note 5: The adopted standard density 1M rolled steel hi 0.2831 lb. per cu. In.

AMERI CA N INSTITUT E OF STEEL CoNSTRUCT ION

Rwillfti 3/66 1·103
STANDARD MILL PRACTICE
Rectangular sheared plates and Universal mill plates
WEIGHT TOLERANCES (when ordered to weight)
Permissible V..wllon In A_I,. Welghl 01 Lo'" lor Widlhs
Given In Inch.. , ExPfI...d In PerCentll" of the Speclflld
Welah" pet Squire FOOl

Specified
Welah .s,
Ib, pet .q. It.
".
00'
"'~

• Tne I... m "101 • meln ••lIlhe pI.t.. ol .. cn tlbul., wldlh Ind welahilrouo 'e!)r"entld
In . .cn .hIOmen t .
Note I: Pennl..lb'e vlrllliions In oVilfWellhi tor eircul., Ind sketch 01.... shell be 11,4 time.
In, lmounlS In Ihe a~ I.ble .
Notl Z: Perml..lbI, vatilotlon.ln _fWell'" forliniPe plal" shell be I~ tlml. thl.mounts
In the above I.bli.
Notl 3: ....mI..lbIe variations In _rwellh! for lin"'" clrcullr and &.ketch plate. shell be
I ~ time. thl lmounlsln the .bove tabla.
Note 4~ Th, ldopted Ilindatd density lot roliid ItHIIs 0.2131 lb. per eu.ln.

WIDTH TOLERANCE FOR UNIVERSAL MILL PLATES

(15 in. and under in thickness)
Vllnlltlon. OVII" SpecUl,d Wld l h for Thickness. In •. Ind Equlvllint
Wellhls, lb. per .q. ft., Given

Speclfled Width, T." ."'.

% to %;, "to I,
,....
110 Z. "',.....
Z to 10,
,
"'"
,....
101015
'".
."'. .... ....
~d. IXCI.

To 15.1.
,.... ,....
15.3 10 25.S, 25.510"'''' .,.. to 11.6, .1.610 401.0. «11.010
'Ll.D, Ind.
~, '4
"
Over 8 to 20, eltel. 140 140 \;
~, II, ~, II,
20 to 36, Iltel.
36 and ove, II,
"
'4
~,

Nole. P... mlnlble varllUon under specified width, Mlln.

"
\; II, \!o

AMERI CAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

1·104

STANDARD MILL PRACTICE

Rectangular sheared plates and Universal mill plates

WIDTH AND LENGTH TOLERANCE FOR SHEARED PLATES

(1~ in. and under in thickness)
LENGTH TOLERANCE ONLY FOR UNIVERSAL MILL PLATES
(2}i in. and under in thickness)
Ve~lIon, ov .... Specllled Wldln end Leni1h lorThkknesses,
Spe.:llled OImen&ions, In. In ., end Equlvelenl Welllhll, lb. per sq. It .. Given
To la, uti. %IO~, e~cL, ~ 10 I, e.d, I to 2, Ind.-
-- -- 110.8 to 8l.6,
Lenlillh Wldlh To IS.1, ucl. 15.3 to 2'5.5. 2'5.5 10 40.8,
ud. ncl. Incl.
Width Lenlillh Width Len",h Will i!! Width Leni1 h
To 120, excl. To 6(), axcl. %
-I>- -~.- - \I I>
~
II \I --(-
60 to 84, excl. %, \I I> lVI' \I l> % I
8410108, excl. I> 'A \I ¥. II I I 110
\I ¥. II I 110 110 1\4
"
108 and over

120 to 240, To 50, axcl. I 110

axel. 60 to 84, excl.
\I
I>
II.
%
%
"" "
I>
\I
'II.
\I
'l\o
I
110 I
II

"
1\4
1%
" "
84 to lOS, excl. IYI6
108 and over % I 1\, 1\4 110 1%

240 to 360, T060, excl. % I I>

'" 110 % 1\4 II II>
excl. 60 to 84, axcl. I> I \I % 110 I', ¥. II>
'A.
".
84 to 108, excl. I % 110 1% I II>
108 and over % 110 r. '" I'A I 1% PA

360 to '80, To 50, axcl, 'A. I> 1\4 \I II

excl. 60 10 84, axcl.
84 to 108, excl.
'n
II.
1'.
'\4 \I
\I
'%
.%
II
'%
'1>
"n •I'A
r. ll,
'\1
'\1
•"
'\4
108 and ovar .% l> '1> . ¥.
" '\1

.¥.
480 to 600, To 50, excl. II. '\4 I> '1> \I '\1 II
I> II 'Yo
•' '\4"
excl. 60 to 84, exc l. '% \I '1> '\1
84 to lOB, excl. \I .% II '1> Yo '\1 'Yo
II 'Yo
'"
108 and over '1> ¥. '\1 •
600 to 710, To 60, excl. I> .% r. 2\4
." •'A 2"".¥. "¥.
\I lYe
axcl. 60 to 84, excl.
8410 108, axcl.
\I
,.,
\I
." 'A .¥. l> .¥.
.¥. •'10 2"
2"
I'A 21>
,,2'" ¥.¥. '10'10 •Yo
108 and over 1'• 2'A
120 and over To 60, excl .
60 to 84, excl.
II.
%
II '\4 •'10 ,%
,%
84101(11, excl.
108 and over
•
\I , '10 '102l' , '\4• '\4
"A
' I>
"A
." '%
3
- Permlsslble ve.leUons In len.th epply elso to Un;"en.el M111 pte"s up to 12 In . In width
lor Ihic:knesses OV .. Z10 l~ In .. Incl .
NOle: Petmlnlble vetlellons und .. speeilled width end renilh, \4 In.

AMERICAN IN STITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION

RtfJiMfi 3/66 1 ·105
STANDARD MILL PRACTICE
Carbon steel plates
fLATNESS TOLERANCE fOR CARBON STEEL
RECTANGULAR SHEARED PLATES UNIVERSAL MILL PLATES.
CIRCULAR ANO SKETCH PLATES
• Pefmlnlble Varlallonllrom a Flat Surlac" lor Speclll.d Wldthl.ln.
Spe<:I. "u .
Specllled
a-..:. Ii:. ;:. S. r'tI-
lied
Thick.
We1ahl ,
lb. pe, Iq. II. :
•
, . £1i
• •
~1i
•
",. :tL.
•
-'ri -Ti "'Ii C!
n.lS, In.

I~ To 10.2, excl. ~,
•
:«~
ol;!
i" i· S"
0"

1% 10/1, 11,4
0" !i
~"
I~ 1*
!l;!
:0"
~
1%
ol;!
-e
oil
..set
Iii"""
- oil
~. ;"~
Hi ...
oil·
..
I~
excl.
1;4 to". 10.2 to 15.3.
excl. excl.
Ih % I'. no I~ I'll ......
% to~. 15.3 to ZO.4. "h ~, " I 110
excl. exel.
y.!: to IA. ZO.4 10 30.6. ~, y.!: I I~ IIh 2
sxel. excl.
SA 10 I, 30.6 10 40.8, ~, If.! I
sxel. excl.
I to 2. 40.8 to 81.6, % If.! II,
sxel. excl.
Z 10 4. 81.6 to 163.2. ~, % II, .. 110
exel. excl.
4 to 6, 163.210244.8. " 'li, If.r .. I
excl. tlxcl.
6 10 8, 244.810326.4. 'lI., Y.z I I
excl. tlxcl.
"h I~t I
".
810 10, 326.410408.0, I I
exel. excl.
101012, 408.0 to 489.6, 'h 'lIo ,~,
I I I
excl. excl.
1210 15,
Incl.
489.610612.0,
Incl •
% SA 'II, 'II, I I I I

• Flat nelS Va,latlonl 10' Lenath. The 10naer dlmenllon specified II considered the lenath~
and permissible varlatlonl In 1111'1." alonl the lenath Ihould not .xceed the tabul ..
Imounllor the l!)Killld width In I)lates tiP to 1211. In lenath, or In any 12 ft. ollonlllr
Piat ...
Not. I : Wh.n Ih. Ionler dlm.n$lon Is tinder )6 on .. permissible variation Ihould not
•• c..d '.4 In.
Not. Z: Thl permlsllble vlrlatlon. Klven In Ih. a~ tlbl. apply to pia", which t.. .....
Ip.acllled minimum 'enl.1a str.nath 01 nol "-1 than 60,000 p.s.l. or compatible
ch.mllt".O# ""dnen. FO# ptet.. spec:1l1ed 10 I ~&h'" minimum ,,,n,11to str.nath or
compatlbl. ch4mls", 0# "-"dn,,", th4l1mlts ~n In the tabla .... Ina-used to IIf.r limel
1h4 amounts in the above table.
Note 3: Th. above labl. and not.. c _ th. !*,mlnlbl<t varilitons lor ftalnl .. 01 cwculer
and Ikltch Piates, based on the maMlmum dimensions of thole pta"s.

CAMBER TOLE RANCE fOR CARBON STEEl

SHEARED ANO GAS CUT RECTANGULAR PLATES
Mexlmum permissible camber, in. (all thicknesses) - ~ In. X (lolallenglh, ft ./5)

CAMBER TOLERANCE fOR CARBON STEEl UNIVERSAL MILL PLATES

-"
Olmen$lon, In. Camber for Thlckn..... and
WIdthS GIven
Thkkn.""

To 2, incl. All ~ in. X (tolallength, ft,/5)

Over 210 15, incl. To 30, Incl. ~t In. X (totellength, 1t./5)
Over 2 10 15, Incl. Over 30 to 60. incl.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

I ',4 in. X (Iolellength, ft ./5)
1 ·105.1 Revised 3166

STANDARD MILL PRACTICE

High-strength and high -strength low-alloy steel plates
FLATNESS TOLERANCE FOR HIGH-STRENGTH AND HIGH-STRENGTH LOW-ALLOY
STEEL RECTANGULAR SHEARED PLATES, UNIVERSAL MILL PLATES, CIRCULAR
AND SKETCH PLATES

,...
• Permissible V".latlons from e f lM Su.fa~e 10' Specified Widllls. In.
$pe~l.
Specified
,.
<i
." ." .- •
;.., S...:
" ;i !L ~- ";;"ti §.., •o. .-
,."
." n. ."
We llht. ~
." -" 9~• ." -" ."
."
Thick· lb. pe. sq. ft. .~ '" -" i~
n"s.ln.
~
,"-" -" ." ,-" a" ~" i;
To ~.
exel.
To 10.2. ellci. % 110 1% 2 2\1 2110 2\10 214 -- - -- -
'A to %.
eKei.
10.2 to 15.3. \I
eKei.
'lI, 110 n" 114 1% 2 2" 2110 -- - -- -
~ to liz.
DKcl.
15.3 to 20.4. \I
eKcl.
% 'lI, '>I. 110 Ill. II; 1% 1l<o 214 3110
liz to 'A. 20.4 to 30.6. % \I % % I 110 lit! 1110 1% 2'A 3
allcl.
SA to I.
ellci.
1 to 2.
ellcl.
30.6 to 40.8. %
eKcl.
\I %
'" '>I, I l'A ",, 1\1 2 2%
40.8 to 81.6, ~, % \I I¥U, % I I 1 1% 2'A
ellcl.
2 to 4.
ellcl.
81.6 to 163.2. I; lI, % '" 1 1\4 n.
" " " "'>I, '"
".
ellcl. excl.
• to 6.
ellc/.
6 to 8,
163.2 to 244.8.
ellel.
244.8 to 326.4. %
", %
" " I Ill,
% % 1110 1\1
11; II; II;
11;

allcl.
8 to 10,
excl.
326.4 to 408.0. " 14
'lI, I
'lI. 1110
1\,
l'A
Ill, n. 11; II; II;
DXCI.
10 to 12.
excl.
408.0 to 489.6, " %
'lI, 1110
1110
Ill. n" 1\1 II; 11; 11; 11;
exc!.
12 to 15.
excl.
489.6 10612.0, " 1 Ill,
1%
1110 II; II; 1'. 11; II; I'.
incl. incl.
'" I¥,.&

Ratnes. Variation. fo. length; Tile Ion lie. dimenSIon specified II considered the lanllth.
II
end pe.missible "a.iatlons In n"lnen elonl the lenllh Should not eltceed Ihe labula,
emoun t for Ihe specified wldtll In pl ales up to Il l!. In lenlth, or In any 12 ft. of lonler
pla its.
Note I-When Ihe I\mle, dlmen.lon I, under 36 In .. the ""nallon should nol e.ceed
Wh en the larler dlmenllon Is "om )fj 10 12 in. Ind, the \la,lallon should not Il!tceed 15
In. *
pe,cent of the tabula , emount for Ihe specified width.
NOle 2-This bbf. and O(It.s co."., Ih. tol .... nces for tlatness of clr~ulal and sketch plat.s.
baH'd on the ..... xlmum dim.nllOns of th ose plates.

CAMBER TOLERAN CE FOR HI GH-STRENGTH AND HIGH -STRENGTH LOW-ALLOY

STEEl SHEARED AN D GAS CUT RECTANGULAR PLATES, UNIVERSAL MILL
PLATES , SPEC IAL CUT PLATES
DImension, In. Cambe, for Th ickn.sses and
TIl I~kn.ss Width Widllli Giv.n

To 2. inc!. An ~ In. X (tolal length. tt./5J

Over 2 10 15, incl. To 30, incr. ~e in. X (tola llength. tt. /5)
Over 2 to 15, indo Over lO 10 50, InCl. 1.4 In. X (Iotallengt h. ft./S)

AMERI CA N INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

Rf!lJl~3166 1 -105.2

Notes

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

1 · 106

CRANE RAILS

r- f'
r- Y~Rad .
-1- 13 ,
'
13'

C-
X X R d h
/,
,- F Y~ Rad.
•
13' ~, .L'J3· m
m

I· , .1· I

Bethlehem 104 lb.

A.S.C.E. 40, 60 &85 lb.
c

i
3 (apt)ro~.)
I; I

1 -1: ,...., ...\-13'

.... 13
,
1" ..... I
-- r-" R... r -- --
h
h
-- -- -
~ Rad .
...~ Rad.
,...->-- 13' m ,-Y . "<....., 1 1 13' m

U.S. Steel 105 lb. U. S. Steel and

Bethlehem 135 lb.
c c

I" • "I
4 'f~ (app'0~)

-1:12 ,
I--..,
'OR...
....\-12·
1\ ('.zR3d.
-- -- - ,
-- - / ..... h
-- - -
/J\iRad.
2"',..

r -- t r-
12'
m ,-V ....,1-\"
12' m

Bethlehem 171 lb. U.S. Steel and

Bethlehem 175 lb.
Nomenclature of sketch for A.S.C.E. rails also applies to the other sections.

AMERICAN INSlITUTE OF STEEL CoNSTR UC1 ION

 1 ·107

CRANE RAILS
GENERAL NOTES
The A.S.C.E. rails and the 104 to 175 pound crane rruls listed below are
recommended for crane runway use. For complete details and for profilee and
properties of rails not listed. consult manufacturers' catalogs.
Rails should be arranged 80 that joints on OPI)()sit:e sides of the crane
runway will be staggered with respect to each other and with rcepect to the
wheelbase of the crane. Rail joints sbould not occur at crane girder splices.
Light rails ace generally available in 30 or 33 foot lengths, standard rails in
33 or 39 foot lengths, and crane rails in 39 foot lengths. Consult manufacturer
for availability of longer lengths. Odd lengths, which must be included to
complete a run or obtain the necessary stagger, should not be less than 10 feet
long. For crane rail service, 40 pound rails and crane rails are furnished to
manufacturers' specifications and tolerances. 60 and 85 pound rails may be
furnished to manufacturers' specifications and tolerances, or to ASTM AI.
Raila will be furnished with standard drilling (see page I-t09) in both stand-
8rd and odd lengths unless stipulated otherwise on order. For controlled
cooling, heat. t rc8tment and raj! end preparation, soo manufacturers' catalogs.
Purch8se orders for crane rails should be noted "For crane service."

DIMENSIONS AND PROPERTrES

AMERI CAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

1 .108

CRANE RAILS
Splices
WELDED SPLICES
When welded splices are specified, consult the manufacturer for recom-
mended rail end preparation, welding procedure and method of ordering.
Although joint continuity, made po88ible by this method of splicing, is de-
sirable, it should be cautioned thai the careful control requirod in all stages
of the welding opera Lion may be difficult. to meet during crane runway con-
struction.
In a ny event, raila should not be epliced by welding strope in the webs.
nor should they be attached to atructura1 supports by welding. Rails with
holes for joint bar bolts sbould not be used in making welded splices.
BOLTED SPLICES
It is often more dellirable to use properly installed and maintained bolted
splice bars in making up rail joints for crane ser vice.
Standard rail drilling and joint bar punching, as furnished by manufac-
turers of light and standard rails for track work, includes round holes in rail
e nds and slot.ted holea in joint bars to receive standard oval neck track bolts.
Holea in mila are oversize and I)uncbing in joint bars is spaced to allow If &
to .IS inch clearance between rail ends. (See manufact.urera' catalogs for
spacing and dimell8ioll8 of boles and slots. ) Although this construction is
satisfactory for track and light crane service, its use in general crane service
may lead to joint failure.
For beet service in bolted splices, it is recommended that. tigbt. joints be
stipulated for all rails for crane service. This will require rail ends to be
finished by milling or grinding, and the special rail drilling and joint. bar
punching tabulated below. Special rail drilling is accepted by acme miUs. or
mils may be ordered blank for shop drilling. End finishing of standard rails
can be done at the milli light rails muat be end finished in the fabricating'
sbop or ground at the eite prior to erection. In the crane rail range, from 104
to 175 pounds per yard, rails and joint bars are manufactured to obtain a
tight fit and no further special end finishing, drilling or punching ia required.
Becauae of cumulative tolerance variations in holes, bolt diameters and rail
ends, a sUght gap may sometimee occur in the so-called tight jointa. Con-
verecly, it may sometimes be necessary to ream holes through joint bar and
rail to permit ent ry of bolta.
Joint bars for crane service are provided in various sections to match the
mils. Joint bars for light and stnndard rails may be purchruted blank for
special shop punching to obtAin tigbt jointa. See manufacturers' catalogs for
dimensions, material specifications and the identification neceBl:l8l'Y to match
the crane rail section.
Joint bar bolta, as distinguished from oval neck track bolta, have straight
shanks to the head and are manufactured to ASTM A325 8pecification. Bolt.
aaaembly includes an alloy steel 8pring washer, furnished to A.R.E .A. 8peci6·
cation.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 1· 109
CRANE RAILS
Splices
For tight jOints

,T
A B C c B o c

Rail End JOint Bar

I
Grip Gnp
H /I

,.., .........., ~ ,.-'

~ --f- ~ ---- ----

- ' 1-4
,'; r-' t --- --- I -
~:·::1
5pecified~
~--

CuI wilen
\-- '--
40·60·85·104 105·135· 171·175

R,II JOint B•• Bolt Wash,. WI.2 ea.s

Botts. Nut
".
g ~~
Orllllnil Punchlnll Thick. Wash.r.
W'-
.Id. n.ss
f::d
Jl:'':' ~i~liC H·" ~~I;C
L G
•
Dl'm. Width With l.as

In . In. In . ~I In. In.ln . I~.! ~ ".

fill· fill.
1...,,-- 1/
I~ -
In. In. ~
". '" 1'''11, 3Y.r 2Y.r
". 2'11, In. In.
". Lb. Lb

.
--- --
,, ... 04"A ,, " 2"A, ",12,.~14 2"A "A. 'A,x" ".,
,. ''II, 'lI,x"
1"11.. 0 "II, 2Y.r 5 ..• • 04"11, 5 ..•
"" I UlIIn o ulI, 2~
,~,

... °4"A, ... "

19.9 160'
29.4

..
• "II,

• ,,, ,•• Hoi'"A,• 7"A, ,,, ,,• " ... ~"" ,, 3·A. l"A,A, 'A,x"
21.... • "A, "A. 'A,x" ".0
"
10. 2'A. 11A,
2~ • "II,
~UA.
24 l"ho
'%
l~ 1 l~ rA,X'h
3'11,
L
42.7
1l.5 55.4
.. .
10'
U,
171
175
2'''-
2',,"

'"
2t>m
"II. 0
I~.
1'A.
I'll.
0
, ,
•• , , '"A.
I"A. ,
•'11, 1"11,
, "
7"A, , , .. ...
7'"11.
...
. .'. I~
~
5'1.1 3''11.
" ... 4'11, 66141"11'
I ~ l~ 'A,x'h .. .
'A,x'h ...
3'"11, 1111, 'J\,x'h ...
I~
I~ •
I~.
61.0
75.3
90.'
B7.7
• Specl" r,1I drlllln g.nd loint bar punch ing.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 1 ·110

CRANE RAILS
Fastenings
BOOK BOLTS
Hook bolts are used primarily with light
rails when attached to beams with flanges too
narrow for clamps. Rail adju8bnent up to == ~
inch is inherent in the threaded shank. Hook
bolts are paired alternately, 4 inches apart.
spaced at about 24 inch centers. The special
rail drilling required is accepted by some manu-
facturers, or may be done at the fabricato r's
s hop.
RAIL CLAMPS
Although a variety of satisfactory rail clamps are available from track
aC<:es80ry manufacturers, two, frequently f'1!(;Ommended for crane runway
use, are the fixed and float.ing types illustrated below. The fixed type features
adjust.ment through eccentric punching of fillers and positive at.tachment of
rail to support. The floating type pe~its longitudinal and controlled t rans-
verse movement through clamp clearances and filler adjustment, useful in
allowing for thermal eXI>8nsion and contraction of rails, and po88ible mis-
alignment of supports.
Reversible Clamp Reversible Clamp
lillers plaIts 1IIIers pII les

'"3 '"3
, I
Off cente '" OIl cenler
,-
punchUl& pu nchin&
Rlil baw +I'h 10 '111) "Float"
v. ~ t-Mu..cIjustment

~ 111

"
~D
....d
~Sel l' Ioekin & nut~
Filler

M. ch ine bolt
JWl ~

t"
Gage Glle

Tight Clamp Floating Clamp

Dimension8 shown a bove are suggested. Sec manufact.urera' catalogs
for recommended gages, bolt sizes and detail dimensions not shown.

AM ERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 l· lll

Notes

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 2· 1

PART 2
Beam and Girder Design
Page N08.
ELASTIC SECTION MODULUS TABLE ............... 2-3 - 2-5
PLASTIC SECTION MODULUS TABLE ............ . .. 2-6 - 2-9
ALLOWABLE WADS ON BEAMS
General Notes .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .2·10 - 2-12
Quick Rererence Notes on Beams ....................... 2-13
Tables. W' Shapes .................... . .. 2-14 - 2·29
Tables, Miscellaneous Shapes (M) and Light Beams (8 ) ... 2-30 - 2·32
T ables, Junior Beams and Junior Channels ............ . .. 2·33
T a bles, American Standard Beams ....................... 2-34 - 2·37
T ables. American Standard Channels .... . .............. 2·38 - 2-41
T ables,Angles .. . " ............................ ", .... 2-42 - 243
DESIGN OF BEAM BEARING PLATES ............... 2-« - 2-45
ALLOWABLE MOMENTS IN BEAA'IS
General Notes ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . 2-46 - 2-47
Charts .........................•.......... , .......... 2-48 - 2-53
PLATE GmDERS
Use of AISC Specification and Manual Tables. , ......... . 2-55 - 2-65
Values of 2y' for Computing Moments of Inertia . . . .. . . ... 2-66 - 2-69
Moment of Inertia of One Plate about Axis X - X ......... 2-70 - 2-72
Area of One Cover Plate ........ . ........ ............. 2-73
Reduction of Area for Bolt and Rivet Holes ............... 2-74
Net Section of Tension Members ..... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-75
Flange Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .......... . .......... 2-76 - 2-79
Welded Plate Girders. General Notes and T ables .......... 2-80 - 2-85
COMPOSITE DESIGN FOR BU[LDING CONSTRUCTION
General Notes ........................... . ... . ........ 2-86 - 2-91
Examples ... , , ....................... , .... . ..... . .... 2-92 - 2-96
Composite Beam Selection T ables . . . .. . . . , . . ..... . .. 2-97 - 2-99
Composite Beam Property Tables .......... . . . . . ... . ... . 2-100 - 2-117
BEAM DlAGRAMS AND FORMULAS
Nomenclature ........................................ 2-118
Frequently Used Formulas .... . . . . . . . . . . . .. ........... 2-119
Various Static Loading Conditions ..................... 2-120 - 2-133
Various Concentrated Moving Loads .............. ,..... 2-134
CAMBER AND DEFLECTION COEFFICIENTS ...... . . 2·135.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 ,.,

ELASTIC SECTION MODULUS TABLE

Economy of shapes used as beams
1n this table, it is assumed that t.he beam is la.teraUy supported at points
spaced no greater than LM• If this is not. the case, consult the text and charta of
Allowable Moments in Beams with Unbraced Length Creater t.han L •• page 2-46.
When an adequately braced simply supported beam is elastically designed to
IRIpport a uniform load over its fun le ngth. or an equi valent symmetrica l loading,
U8Il the tables of Allowable Loads on Beams, page 2 - 14.
t n most other loading conditions. it is more convenient. to calculate the required
elastic section modulus, Sh from the design bending moment and allowable unit
bending stress (Specification Section 1.5.1.4) and to select a beam (rom the Elastic
Section ModuJU8 Table.
This table includes \IF shapes, American Standard beams and cho nnals, and
miscellaneous beams s nd channels, aU "Regular Series."
USE OF TlIE TABLE:
Enler the column headed Elastic Modulus and 6nd a value equal to, or next
larger than, the section modulus required.
The beam opposite this value in the adjoining column, and all beams above it,
have a sufficient. bending capacity. The fir13t beam that appears in boldface
type to the right. of or above the required section modulus, is the tightest beam
that will serve.
U the beam must. not exceed a certain depth, proceed up lhe column headed.
"Shape" unLii a beam wit.hin the required depth is reached. TIlen check to see
that no lighter beam of the same depth appears higher up tile column.
A check must be made for web shear capacity of the selected beam. Also, if a
deflect.ion limitation exists, check the adequacy of the selected beam.
Where torsional or other special loading condHions occur, proper provision
must. be made in the design. Consult text.books covering such conditions.
Example: $clect a beam with an Elastic Section Modulus of not. less than
250 in. 1
Solution : Enter the table and find that the nearest section modulus tabulated
equals 250.9 in. 1 which oorreElponds to a 24 I 120. H owever, this beam is not. in
boldface type. Proceed up the shape column and locate t.he first. beam in boldface,
.30 \IF 99.
Next, consider depth limitations:
1. If 30 in. is not too deep, use 30 \IF 99.
2. If 30 in. is too deep, use 27 W 102.
3. If a st.iIl shallower beam is required. proceed upward from the starting
point and select 24 \/IF 110, 21 \IF 127. or 12 \/IF 190 as required.
Finally I check. web shear capacity V of the selected beam by referring to beam
load tables or use the formula V - F.dl; then check deflection.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

' ·4

ELASTI CSECTION MODULUSTABLE

SX For shapes used as beams
Etastk: Shape [tutle Elastic Shape
Modulus Modulus
Shape Modulus

1105.1 36 w= 300 242.8 27 w= 94 109.7 t21 w= 55

234.3 24 [ 105.9 107.8 18W 60
1031.2 36 w= 280 222.2 12 W 161 107.1 tIZ \/IF 79
104.2 16VIF 64
951.1 36 'IF 260 120.9 24 w=94 10] .0 14'/IF 68
22{).1 18 W 114 101.9 18 I 70
892.5 36 YF 245 216.0 14 W 136 99.7 lOW 89
835.5 36 w= 230 211.7 t27 w= 84 ".2 I!W' 55
81Ll 13WZ40 20iU 18 W 105 97.5 tl2W 72
202.0 14 W 127 94.1 I' W' 58
740.6 33 w= 220 197.6 21 W 96 92.2 t14 \/IF 'I
197.6 24 1 100
669.6 33 'IF 200 89.0 18 w= 50
196.3 24 w= 84 88.4 18 I 54.7
66].6
649.9
]6 'IF 194
30 W 210
189.4
185.8
184.4
t14 '/oF II9
241
law 96
., 88.0
86.1
tIl W
10 W
65
77
621.2 36 w= 182 182.5 12 \/IF 133 80.7 I' YF 50
586. 1 30 W 190 176.3 t14 \/oF 111 80.1 lOW' 72
519.1 36 w= 170 175.4 24 YF 76 78.9 P I YF 45
173.9 24 1 79.9 78.1 tiZ W 58
541. 0 36 YF 160 168.0 21 W' 82 17.8 14 W' 53
528.2 30 W 172 166.1 16 \/oF 96 74 .5 -18 [ 58
16].6
502.9
492.8
36 w= ISO
Z7W177
163.4
tOO.a
t14 W 103
12 W 120
10 1 95
13.7
72.4
lOW'

I' W'
"
45
486.4 33 \IF 152 156.1 18 \IF 85 70.7 t12 \/IF 53
70.2 14 W' 48
446.' 33 YF 141 153.1 -18 [ 51.9
444.5 27 \IF 160 151.3
150.7
t24 YF
I'21 W'
W'
"88
73
69.1
67.1
64.7
tI0
12
\IF 60
\/IF 50
438.6 t 36 YF 135 150 .6 t l 4 \/IF 95
413.5 24 \IF 160 150.2 20 I 85 64.4 16 'IF 40
144.5 12 \/IF 106 64.2 15 I 50
404.8 33 YF 130 141.7 18 \IF 77 63.7 -18 [ 45.8
402.9 27 \IF 145 62.7 t14 \/IF 43
379.7 30 \IF 132 139 .9 1I W' 61.0 -18 [ 42.7
372.5 24 \IF 145 138.1
114.7
t14 W
12 'IF
"
87
99
60.4
60.4
tl0 W
8 \IF
54
67
358 .3 U3 YF l18 130.9 :14 W 84 58.9 15 I 42.9
354.' 30 W 124 1.28.2 18 \IF 70 58.2 12 I/IF 45
330.7 t24 W 130 127.8 16W 78
".3 t 16 YF 36
327.9 30 YF 116 126 .4 21 YF 14 \/IF 38
317.2 21 W 142 126.3
126.3
20 I 75
10 W 112
" 54.'
54.'
53.6
po \IF 49
15 [ 50
299.2 30 'IF 108 125.0 12 \IF 92 52.0 8 'IF 58
299.2 27 W 114 121.1 t14 W 78 51.9 t12 \IF 40
299. 1 24 \/IF 120 ' 117.0 18 \IF 64 50 .3 12 I 50
284. 1 21 I/IF 127 116.9 20 I 65. 4 49.1 10 I/IF 45
274.4 24 W 110 115 .9 16 W 71
115.7 t12 W 85 48 .5 : 14 YF 34
269.1 p o YF 99 112 .4 10 \IF 100
266.3 27 W 102 112 .3 14\IF 74
263 .2 12 \/IF 190
250.9 24 I 120
249.6 t21 W 112
248.9 t24 \/IF 100
AME RICAN I NSTITUTE OF STEEL C ON ST RU CTI ON
 '·5

ELASTIC SECTION MODULUS TABLE

For shapes used as beams
SX
Elastic Shope Elastic Shllpe Elastic Shape
Modulus Modulus Modulus
- 41.0 16 B 31 21.0 U4 B 17.2 '.3 -12 JR [ 10.6
46.2 -15 [ 40 20.8 t 8 \'IF 24 '.0 • 8 ( 13.75
45.9 12 W36 20 .6 -10 [ 30 8.1 6 I 17.25
44.8 12 I 40.8 18.8 10 B 19 8.5 5 VoF 16
43.2 8 W'48 18 .1 -10 ( 25 8.1 11.5
42.2 tlO W 39
t 14 YF 30
17 .5
17 .1
112 B 16.5
t8M2Z.S
1.8
1.8
• 8 (
UO JR
t 8 B 10
,
41.8
41.7 "15 [ 33.9 17 .0 8W20 1.1 • 1 ( 14.75
39.4 12W31 16.8 6W 25 1.3 6 I 12.5
16.2 10 B 17 1.' 6 B 12
38.1 +16 8 26 16.0 8 I 23 6.' • 1 ( 12.25
37.8 12 I 15 15.1 "10 [ 20
36.0 12 I 31.8 15.7 6 M 25 6.5 "10 JR [ 8.4
35.5 8W'4O 15.5 laMIa.S 6.0 • 1 ( '.8
35.0 t ID W 33 15.2 t 8 M 20 6.0 5 I 14.75
5.8 • 6 ( 13
"., 14 B 26
tIZ W 27
14.8
14.2
t12 B I.
8 I 18.4
5.'
5.'
4 WI3
4 M 13
".1
31.1 t aWlS 14.1
14.0
188 WI7
M 17
5.1
5.0
t6B 8.5
• 6 ( lO.5
30.8 IOV'oF29
29.2 10 I 35 13.8 tID B 15 '.8 5 I 10
13.7 t6MZ2.S
28.8 t 14 B 22 13.5 • 9 ( 20 '.1 8 JR '.5
25.'
28.2
t8M34.3
IBM 3;'>.6
13.4
13.4
·10 [ 15.3
16W'2O
•••
'.3
"10 JR [6.5
• 6 ( 8.2

·.,•,
12. 9 6 M 20
27.4
".,
".6
8 \IF 31
12 ( 30
tID M 29.1 12.0
12.0
UZ JR 11.8
1 I 20
3.5
3.5
3.3
1 JR 5.5
(
I
,
'.5
"..
..
U.8 8 B 15 3.0 ( 6.1
10 YF 25 11.3
10.9
• 9 (
• 8 ( 18.75 " 3.0
• I 1.1
25.3 12 B 22 6 JR
•••
·,
2.'
24.4 IO I 25.4 10.5 tlO B 11 . 5 2.3 ( 1.25
24.3
23.9
8W'28
-12 ( 25
10.5
10.4
(
1 I 15.3
13.4 1.9
L9
"3 I
( 5.'
1.5
23.6 110 M 22.9 10.1 t6VF15.5 L1 3 I 5.1
22.' 8 M 28 10 .1 6 B 16 I.. • 3 ( 6
9.9 t 8 B 13
21.5 tID YF 21 9.9 5 \/oF 18.5 1.2 • l
( 5
9.5 5 M 18.9
21.4 12 • 19 1.1 • l
( '.1
21.4 '12 ( 20.1
n.I 110 M2I
21.0 I ' M24
tldentlfies non ~ompact shapes for whic h be ndlog stress Fb may nol exceed 0.60 Jo', In Alfi,
11242. A440, and 10.441 ste els (Specifica tion Section 1.5.1.4.1),
Udenll'l"s non·compee! s hll pes for which bending stress J.'b may not e Kceed 0.60 Fy In A.242,
10.440, and 10.441 s teels ( Spec ification Section 1.5.1.4.1),
·Sendlng stre ss F b may not eKc eed 0.60 ]<', (Specification Section 1.5.1.4.6).
Shapes subjected to combined eKial foree lind bending moment m8Y not be compact undM
Se<:tlon 1.5.1.4.1. allhe AISC Specification. Check "II s hap<I$ lorcompllanc" with this Section.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

Z·'

Z PLASTIC SECTION MODULUS TABLE

x Economy of shapes used as beams or columns
In the following table, it 18 assumed that the member is laterally braced
in accordance with AISC Specification Section 2.B. When plastic deeign is
used in proportioning continuous beams and structuraJ frames, bending capac-
ity based on ultimate strength is detennined by the plastic section modulus
of a shape. In the AISC Manual on Plastic Design in Steel, bending capacity
is gjven in terms of plastic moment. M ~ ... F, Z,,_ In order to permit the tables
herein to be appikable to steels of different strength levels. the Plastic Sec-
t io n Modul us, Z. , hM been tabulated.
PlnHtic Design is presently limited to ASTM A7. A373, and A36 steels
in accordance with Section 2.2 of the Specification.
Values of plastic section modulus are given for W" s hapes, American
Standard beams, and Miscellaneous s hapes as listed in the Regular Series
beginning on page 1- 6. The table includes only those shapes whose project-
ing elements meet the width-thickness ratios specified in Section 2.6 of the
AISC Specification. However, shapes marked with the symbol i must. be
checked for compliance with Formula (25) where subjected to combined axial
force and plastic bending moment at ultimate loading.
The use of the table is identical with the procedures outlined for the
Elastic Section Modulus table. Economical shapes, by weight, are listed in
bold-faced type.
The table Lists the area of each shape for the purpose of calculating the
allowable plastic axiruload P, *"' AF, . The acturu depth-thickness ratio d/ w
is givcn to assist in checking compUance with Formula (25). Values of r"
are tabulated for determining the slenderness ratio of columna assuming that
bending occurs about the X - X axis; and, r, values are given for determin-
ing lateral bracing requirements in accordance with the provisions of Section
2.8 of the Specification.

AMERICAN INST ITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 , ·7

PLASTIC SECTION MODULUS TABLE ZX

For shapes used as bea ms or columns in A7/A373/A36 steels

Plaslle Plastic
Shape A dlw Shape A d lw
Modulus " -"
-- Modulu s
" -"-
--
1255.0 36 YF 300 88.17 38.' 15.17 3.73 414.3 §33 ¥F 118 34.71 59.3 13.02 2.22
408.0 14 W 219 64.36 15.8 6.59 4.08
!l67.a 36 YF 280 82.32 41.2 15.12 3.70 407.4 §30 W 124 36.45 51.6 12.11 2.16
391.7 14 \/IF 211 62.07 16.1 6.56 4.07
1076.0 §36 w= 260 76.56 42.9 15.00 3.65
371.6 §30 YF 116 34.13 5].2 12.00 2.12
1008.0 §36 w: 245 72.03 45.0 14.95 3.62 373.6 14 W 202 59.39 16.8 6.54 4.06
369.2 §24 WHO 38.21 42.9 10.24 3.13
942.7 §36 w: 230 67.73 46.9 14.88 3.59 351.0 21 W 142 41.76 32.6 9.03 3.04
918.2 33 \IF 240 70.52 40.4 13.88 3.52 355.1 14 W 19] 56.73 17.4 6.51 4.05
869.3 14 \/IF 426 125.25 10.0 7." 4.34
345.5 §30 YF 108 31.77 54.4 1l.85 2.06
836.2 §33 ¥F 220 64.73 42.9 13.79 3.48 342.8 §27 'IF 114 33.53 47.9 11.0] 2.11
803.0 14 W]98 116.98 10.3 7.17 4.31 337.5 14 \IF 184 54.07 18. 3 6.49 4.04
§24 IfF 120 35.29 43.7 10.15 2.68
767.2
754.4
737.3
733.9
936
§33
14
3D
VF 194 57.11 47.4 14.56 2.49
I/IF 200 58.79 ".2 13.71 3.43
'IF 370 108.78 10.8 7.08 4.27
'IF 2ID 61.78 39.2 12.64 3.38
336.6
321.3
317.8
14 I/IF 176
21 'IF 127
51.73 18.6 6.45
37.34 36.1 .... 4.02
3.01
312.0 §30 'IF 99 29.11 56.' 11.70 2.00
311.5 12 I/IF 190 55.86 13.6 5.82 3.25
716.9 §16 'IF 182 53.54 50.1 14.52 2.47 307.7 §24 'iF UO 32.36 47.4 10.12 2.66
673.0 14 VIF 342 100.59 11.4 6.99 4.24 304.4 §27 'iF 102 30.01 52.3 10.96 2.08
666.7
659.6
t36 'IF 170
30 I/IF 190
49.98 53.2 14.47 2.45
55.90 42.4 12.57 3.34
302.9
298.0
286.3
14 'iF 167
24 I 120
14 'IF 158
49.09
35.13
46.47
19.4
30.1
20.6
,.,.
6.42 4.01
1.56
6.40 4.00
278.3 §24 'iF 100 29.43 51.3 10.08 2.63
623.3 936 'IF 160 47.09 55.1 14.38 2.42 278.0 21 'iF 112 32.93 39.8 8.92 2."
14 'iF 314 92.30 12.2 6." 4.20
..,
611.5
593.0 §30 w: 172 50.65 45.6 12.48 3.30
592.2 14 I/IF 320 94 .12 6.63 4.17 277.7 §27 'IF 94 27.65 54.' 10.87 2.04
273.0 24 I 105.9 30." 38.4 9.53 1.60
579.8 §36 'IF 150 44.16 57.3 14.29 2.38 270.2 14 'iF 150 44.08 21.4 6.37 3."
259.2 12 I/IF 161 47.38 15.3 5.70 3.20
558.3 §33 I/IF 152 44 .71 52.8 13.50 2.39 14 I/IF 142 41.85 21.7 6.32 3.97
556.9 27 I/IF 177 52.10 37.7 11.36 3.16 254.8
551.6 14 I/IF 287 84.37 12.8 6.81 4.17
253.0 §24 'IF 94 27.63 47.1 '.85 1.92
513.2 §33 YF 141 41.51 55.1 13.39 2.35 247.9 18 'IF 114 33.51 31.1 7.79 2.76

51l9.1 936 'IF 135 ]9.70 59.4 14.01 2.28 243.2 §27 'IF 84 24.71 57.6 10.69 1.97
504.3 27 I/IF 160 47.04 41.2 11.31 3.12 242.7 14 \/oF 136 39.98 22.3 6.31 3.77
502.4 14 I/IF 264 77.63 13.7 6.74 4.14 238.8 24 I 100 29.25 32.1 '.OS 1.29
226.5 18 \/oF 105 30." 3].1 7.75 2.73
466.0 §33 'IF 130 38.26 57.1 13.23 2.29 226.3 21 VIF 96 28.21 36.' 8.60 1.97
464.5 14 I/IF 246 72.33 14.4 6.68 4.12 225.9 14 \/oF 127 37.33 24.0 6.29 3.76
463.7
~52.0
~45.4
436.7
427.2
24
§27
14
\/oF 160
\/oF 145
VIF 237
§30 \/oF 132
14 I/IF 228
47.04
42.68
69.69
38.83
67.06
37.7
44.8
14.8
49.3
15.3
10.42
11.26
6.65
12.17
6.62
3.23
3.09
4.11
2.18
4.10
224.0
220.5
210.9
209.7
§24'IF 84
24 I .
14 \/oF Il9
12 \/oF 133
24.71
26.30
34.99
39.11
51.3
38.5
25.4
17.7
9.78
9.21
6.26
5.59
l.89
1.32
3.75
3.16
416.0 24 I/IF 145 42.62 40.3 10.34 ].19 206.0 18W 96 28.22 35.5 7.70 2.71

fCheck shapes s o ma rked lo.compllance with Formul a (25). Sec tion 2.6 althe AlSC SpO(;IIicallon.
when subjecte d to combined nlallo.ce and plastic beodloll ",o ment at Ultimate 10adrO Il.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
2·'

ZX PLASTIC SECTION MODULUS TABLE

For shapes used as beams or columns in A7/A373/A36 steels

PlII.tlo:
Modulus Shllp" A dlw ,. " Pintle
Modulus St._pe A dlw ,.
. "
203.0 \2' I n.' 23.33 48.0 9.46 1.l6 89.'
87.1
i ll YF 4S
14 \IF 53
13.24 53.3
15.59 37.7
7.30 1.55
1.92
5."
"'.1 ~ YF 76 22.37 54.' '.68 1.85 ".5 12W58 17.06 34.0 5.28 2.51
32.65 26.6 6.23 3.73 82.' lOW66 19.41 22.7 4.44 2.58
196.0
192.0
191.6
186.4
14WW
ZO I 95
21 W 82
12 I/rF 120
27.14
24.10
25.0
41.8
35.31 18.S
7.59 1.35
8.53 1.93
5.51 3.13
82.0
78.S
i l6 'IF 45
14 \/oF4S
13.24 46.6
14.11 40.7
.... 1.52
5." 1.91
186.0 16 W- 96 28.22 lO.5 '.93 2.71 78.2 12 WSl 15.59 35.0 5.23 2.48
177.6 laW as
I
24.97 34.'
24.80 30.'
7.57 2.00
7.78 1.38
76.S
75.1
15 I 50
10 w= 60
U.59 27.3
17.66 24.7
5.74
I."
4.41 2.57
177.3
175.5 "
§24 YF
85
68 ZO.OO
....
51.0 9.53 1.79 7'1..7 ; 16 YF 40 11.77 52.1 6.62 1.50
172.1
169.0
163.4
§21 W
16 \IF
12 \foF
13
88
106
21.46
25.87
lUg
46.7 1.76
32.1 6.87 2.67
ZO.' 5." 1: .11
72.6
70.1
69.7
12 W" 50
8 W67
f 14 W 43
14.71 32.9 S.18
19.70
12.65
15.7
44.4
3.71 2.12
5.82 1.89
I."
160.S 18 W 17 22.63 38.2 7.54 1.98 68.' 15 I 42.9
10 w: 54
12.49
15.88
36.' 5.95 1.08
27.5 '.39 2.56
.....
67.0
159.8 §21 ¥F 68 ZO." 49.1 8.59 1.74 ".9 11 \IF 45 13.24 35.9 5.15 1.94
151.8 12W 99 22.0 5.43 3.09
151.5 ZO I 75 21.90 31.2 7." 1.17 6].9 §16 YF 36 10.59 5].0 6.49 1.45
147.5
145.5
10 W 112
16W 78
".n 15.1 4.67 2.67
22.92 M.' 6.14 1.95
61.5 §14 w: 38 11.17 45.1 5.87 1.49
60.7 I2 I 50 14.51 17.5 '.55 1.05
145.4 14 W 84 24.71 ]1.4 6.13 ].02 59.9 .W'58 17.06 17.2 3.65 lolD
144.7 18 \/IF 70 ZO.56 41.1 1.49 1.95 57.' lZW4D 11.77 40.6 5.13 1.94
18.23 52.5 1.71
5S.0 10 \/IF 45 Il24 28.9 '.33 2.00
144.1
140.2
137.3
§21'IF
"
12W 92 27.06
20 1 65,4 19.08
23.2
40,0
8.53
5.40 3.08
7.83 1.Z1
54.5 §!4 w: 34 10.00 48.8 5.83 1.46
134.0 14 W 78 22.94 32.9 '.09 3.00 53.S §i6 B 31 9.12 57.6 6.39 l.ll
131.8 §18 \IF 64 18.80 44.] 7.46 1.93 52.5 12 I 40.8 11.34 26.1 '.n 1.08
131.6 16W 71 20." 33.3 6.10 1.93 51.4 12W36 10.59 40.1 5.15 1.50
130.1 10 \/IF 100 29.43 16.2 4.61 2.65 49.0 8W48 14.11 21.0 3.61 2.08
129.1 12W 85 24.98 25.3 5.38 3.07
125.6 14 W 74 21.76 31.5 6." 2.<18 47.1 §14 \/IF 30 8.81 51.3 5.73 1.41
125,4
ill.'
122.6
121 W' 55
I' I 70
i18 \/IF 60
16.18
ZO."
17.64
55.5
25.3
43.9
8.40 1.65
6.70 1.09
7.47 1.63
47.0
44.4
44,0
10 'IF 39
12 I 35
il2 'IF 31
11.48
10.20
9.12
31.3
28.0
45.6
4.27 1.98
4.72
5.11 1.47
...
119.3 12\/IF 79 23.22 26.' 5.34 3." 43.9 §16 8 26 7.65 62.6 6.24 1.01
117,9 16W 64 18.80 l6.I 6.66 1.91 12 1 31.8 9.26 34.' 4.83 1.01
114.8 14 W 68 33.6 41.6
".00 6.02 2.46
114.4 10 \/IF 89 26.19 17.7 4.55 2.63 5.63 1.04
39.9 §14 8 26 7.65 54.5
111.6 §ll YF 55 16.19 46.5 7.41 l.61 39.9 8W40 11.76 22.6 3.53 2."
106.2 I. W' 58 17.04 ".0 6.62 1.88 38.0 i12 'IF 21 1.97 49.8 5.06 1.44
35.2 IO I 35 10.22 16.8 3.78 .91
103,5 18 I 54.7 15.94 39.1 7.07 US 34.7 aW35 111.]1) 25.8 '.50 2.03
34.7 10W 29 35.4 1.34
..
102.4 14W 61 17.94 36.' 5.98 V IS 1.53 '.29
14.71 SO., 7.38 1.59 33.0 i t4 8 22 6.47 59.7 5.52
100.8
97.7
,'-'
i ll YF
lOW' 77 " 22,67 19.9 '1 .49 2."
14.10 '1 2,8 ' .68 1.54
3V
31.6
I M 34.3 10.09 21.3 3.40 1.87
8 M 32.6 9.59 25.6 3.45 1.90
i 16W 30.' 10 M 29.1 1.55 23.3 3.92 1.14
.,.7 lOW' 72 " 21.18 20.' '.46 2.59 29.5 10W25 7.35 40.0 4_26 1.31
ICheck shapes so marked for comollance with Formul8 (25), Secllon l .6 01 the AI s(; S pedtlealion
wilen subjected to combined uJailorc8 and plntic bending momen l al ulUmata loading.

AMERI CA N INSTITUTE OF STEEL CO N STRU CTI ON

 2 ·9

PLASTIC SECTION MODULU S TABLE ZX

For shapes used as beams or columns in A7/A373/A36 steels

Plastic Plastic
A d/ w Shape A d/w
-"- -"
Sh"pe
Modulus " " Modulu s

29.4 §12 B 22 6.47 1

47:3 4.91 .84 14.3 §12 JR 11.8 3.45 6s:6 4.57 .53
28.0
27.1
10 I 25.4
8 w: 28
7.38
8.23
32.3 4.01 .97
28.3 3.45 1.62
13.6
11.9
8 8 15
7 I 15.3
4.43
4.43
33.1 3.29
28.' 2.86
."
.78
26.5 10M 22.9 6.73 41.2 4.16 1.22 11.6 6 B 16 4.72 24.0 2.59 .96
25.6 8 M 28 8.23 20.5 3.31 1.47 11.4 8 B 13 3.83 34.' 3.21 .83
11.4 5 V'F 18.5 5.45 19.3 2.16 1.28
24.8 §12 B 19 5.62 SO.7 4.81 .•1 ILl 5 M 18.9 5.56 16.0 2.08 1.20
24.7 B 17.2
I"10 VF 21
5.05
6.19
66.7 5.40
41.3 4.14
.72
1.25
10.5
9.6
6 I 17.25 5.02 12.9 2.28
5 w: 16 4.10 20.8 2.13 1.26 ."
24.1
23.7 10 M 21 6.10 41.3 4.14 1.22
23.3
23.1
21.6
8 M
8 I/IF
I. B
24
24
19
7.06
7.06
5.61
33.3
32.'
3.45
3.42
41.0 4.41
1.53
1.61
.86
•.,
9.2

'.3
§10 JR 9
6 I 12.5
6 B 12
2.64
3.61
3.53
64.5 3.85
26.1 2.46
26.1 2.48
.4B
.72
.00
7.' S I 14.75 4.29 10.1 1.87 .63
20.6
19.7
19.2
§12 B 16.5
8 M 22.5
23
'.86
6.61
6.71
52.2
21.3
18.1
4.65
3.23
3.09
.76
1.08
.'1
6.3
6.1
5.6
4 I/IF 13
4 M 13
5 I 10
3.82
3.82
2.B7
14.9 1.72
16.0 1.65
23.8 2.05
."
.94
.65
19.1 •8 V'F20
I 5.88 32.8 3.45 1.20
19.0 6 V'F 25 7.37 19.9 2.69 1.52
18.6 §10 B 17 '.98 42.2 4.05 .83
17.9 6 M 25 7.35 19.2 2.53 1.43 5.4 §8 J. 6.5 1.92 59.3 3.12 .41
17.4 18.5 5.44 34.' 3.38 1.13
17.4
16.3 ••8 M
M 20
I 18.4
5.88
5.34
22.9
29.6
3.22
3.26
1.06
.84 ,,..•• §7 JR 5.5 1.61 55.6 2.74 .39
16.0
15.8
~10 B 15
8 V'F 17
4.40
5.00
43.5
34.'
3.95
3.36
.BO
1.16 3.5 ,, I 9.5
I 7.7
2.76
2.21
12.3 1.56
21.1 1.64
.58
.59
15.7 8 M 17 5.00 33.3 3.35 1.11
15.6 6 M 22.5 6.62 16.0 2.49 1.36
15.0 6 V'F 20 5.00 24.0 2.66 I.SO 2.' §6 JR U 1.30 52.6 2.37 .36
14.6 6 M 20 5.88 24.0 2.57 1.39 2.3 3 I 7.5 2.17 '.6 1.15 .52
14.4 7 I 20 5.83 15.6 2.68 .74 1.9 3 I 5.7 1.64 17.6 1.23 .53

fCheck she pes so m",ke d fo,compllance with Formulll (25). Se ction 2.6 01 the AI SC Speclflclltlon.
when subjecfed to combined axial force lind plastic bending momenllli ultlmllte loading

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRU CTI ON

2-10

ALLOWABLE LOADS ON BEAMS

General notes

The tables of allowable loads for Wide Flange Shapes, American Standard
Beams and Channels, Miscellaneous Shapes and Light Beams, and Angles,
used as simple beams, give the total allowable uniformly distributed loads in
kips for laterally supported beams of ASTM A36 steel baaed on the Stres9C6
specified in Section 1.5.1.4 of the A1SC Specification. The loads include the
weight of the beam, which should be deducted to arrive at the net load which
the beam will support.
The tables are also applicable to similar laterally supported simple beams,
with !l single coll(:entrnted load placed at the center of the span. For this
condition, the allowable concentrated load is one-half of the allowable uni-
formly distributed load for the same span. The deflection for Ulil:l loading
condition is 80 per cent of that for the uniformly distributed load for tbe same
span.
The allowable uniform loads for beams of ASTM A242, A440, and A441
steels can be obtained by multiplying the values tabulated for A36 steel by
the conversion factors, C,F., given at the bottom of the tables for IIF,
Miscellaneous (M). Light (8), and American Standard beams. These
factors are equal to the ratio of allowable bending stteSll permitted for each
particu1ar shape in theee steels, to the allowable bending stress permitted for
ASTM A36 steel. The factors are adjusted fo r the appHcabie F, and bending
stress permitted for a compact or non-compe.ct shape,
It is assumed in aU cases that the loads are applied normal to the X _ X
axis as shown in the tables of properties of shapes, and that the beam deflects
vertically in the plane of bending only. If the conditions of loading involve
forces outside of this pla ne, the aUowable loads must be determined from the
genera l theory of flexure. in accordance with the character of the load and its
mode of application.

SHEARING STRESSES
Wit.h relatively short spans the allowable loads for beams and channels
may be limited by the shearing strength of t.he web, instead of by t.he maxi-
mum bending stress aUowed in the flanges, This limit is indicated in the
tables by solid horizontal lines. Loads shown above these lines wiU produce
the maximum allowable shear on the beam web.

CRlPPLlNG VALUES OF BEAM WEBS

By the provisions of A1SC Specification Sect. 1.10.10, beams with unstif-
fened webamust be ao designed that theoompression stress in the web at the toe
of the fillet, result.ing from reactions or coccentrated loads. shall not exceed
0.75 F,. (For 0.75 P, values, use limiting stress values given in Appendix w
AISC Specification under Section 1.10.10.1.)
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEt CONSTRUCTION
 2 ·ll
Maximum end reaction - 0.75 F.t (N + k )
Maximum interior load - 0.75 F,l (N + 2k ) N
I' 'I
,
where
_ thickness of web in inchcs. "
N+ k 1-t- N+2k --j'
• _ distanoe from outer face of flange
to web toe of fillet in inches. ---"';-j-
N _ length of bearing or length of con-
centrated load in inches. (Not. ~
less than k for end reactions).
.t
When the above values 8.Te exceeded t.he webs of the heam8 should be re-
inforced, or the length of bearing increased. In all cases, proper lateral support
must be provided for the top flanges of beams at the reaction point, to prevent
a decrease in t.he crippling strength of t.he webs.
LATERAL SUPPORT OF BEAMS
When t.he value L. appears at t.be lop of a column, the allowable bending
stress for VF shapes, American Standard beams, mjscellaneous M and B
shapes and JR beams of ASTM A36 steel is 24 ksi and the allowable loads
given in the tables are calculated 0 11 the assumption that the compression
flan ges of Lhe beams are laterally supported at intervals not. greater than L ,.
If the distance between points of lateral support exceeds this limit. but is less
than the value L ~ . the allowable bending stress for ASTM A36 steel is 22 ksi
and tbe tabulated loads must. be reduced 8 J.i per cent. For compact shapes
when the value of Ledoes not appear, L~ < Le. Hence L .. is the limit ofspacing
of lateral bracing, beyond whicb the tabulated loads must be reduced as de-
ecribed in the third paragraph below.
The symbol (t) identifies non..compact sections for A36, A242. A440, and
A441 steels. and the allowable bending stress for such shapes of A36 steel is
22 ksi. The symbol (t) identifies non..compact sections for A242, A440, and
A441 steels, and the a1lowable bending stress for such shapes of these steels
varies with yield points. In this case, the allowable bending stress for each
shape may be obtained by multiplying 24 ksi by the conversion factor, C. F.,
which appears at the bottom of the table. In these cases, the value L . is not
al)plicable and is omitted. The allowable loads tabulated for these shapes
are calculated on the assumption that the compression flanges of the beams
are laterally supported at intervals not greater than L •.
In the case of channels used as beams, the allowable bending atress for
ASTM A36 steel is 22 ksi , and the allowable loads given in the tables are calcu·
lated 011 t.he a ssumption that the compression flanges of the channels are
laterally supported at interva1s not greater than L~.
L~ is the maximum unbraced length of compression flange. in feet, beyond
which the allowable bending stress must be reduced in accordance with the
provisions of Sect ion 1.5.1.4.5 of the AlSC Specification. However, the selec·
tion of a beam for trial calculation under these provisions is not simple. The
use of the charts foUowing the discussion "AUowable Moments in Beams With
Unbraced Lengths Greater Tban L ." which begins on page 2 - 46 is recom·
mended.
The value of L . , in feet, for A36 steel is 12~;;A') 88 derived from the
Appendix to AISC Specification. Values of L •• in feet, for A242. A440 and
A441 st.eels are derived in a similar manner. The values of d / A,are given for
each shape at the top of the table.
AMERICAN 1NSTITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION
2 ·12
VERTICAL DEFLECTION
In the column at the right of each group of nomina l depths are give:l de-
fiectionB for beams of various spans supporting the full tabulated allowable
loads. TIle&C deflections are based on the nominal depth of the beams. The
following formula may be used for calculating the maximum de8ection of any
symmet.rical beam or girder uniformly loaded:

a - -5Wl
1
--
S84 El
where A _ deflection in inches, W "'" total uniform load including weight of
beam in pounds, and I - span in inches. For E _ 29,000,000 pounds per
SQuare inch U1C formula reduces to:
for flexural stress of 24.000 psi
lJ. = O.02483L'
d
and,
for flexural st.ress of 22,000 psi
lJ. _ 0.02276£1
d
where L - span in feet, and d - depth of beam or girder in inches.
The deflectiolls tabulated for Wide Flange Shapes, and American Sta nd-
ard Beams are calculated on the basis of 24,000 psi regardless of whether the
sections are compact. or non-rompact. Therefore, to obtain the deflection of
non-compact sections. Lhe tabulated values should be mulLipUed by the
ralio 22/24. .
The defleclions tabulated for channels are calculated on t he basis of
22.000 psi.
Deflections are not tabulated for the MisceUaneous shapes (M). Light
beams (B), Junior beams, Junior channels and Angles included in the tables of
AUowable Loads 011 Beams. When required. they may be ca lculated from t he
general expression ror deflection given above.
The hve load d e fl ection of Roor beams su pporting plastered ceiUngs s hould
be limited to not more than H60 of the span length. Using A36 steel, this
limit is not reached 0 11 the span lengths tabulated, when the ratio of live load
to dead load 18 approximately 1.0.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRU CTIO N

 2-13

QUICK REFERENCE NOTES ON BEAM LOAD TABLES

The loads tabulated are for ASTM A36 steel having a yield point F. cqual
to 36 ksi, a nd are based o n allowable bending stresses of 24 ksi for compact,
and 22 ksi for non-oompact, adequately braced beams having an axis of
symmetry in Lhe plnlle of loading_
For reductions of Labulated loads wben distance between points of lateral
support exceeds Lo a nd L. see preeeeding discussion under lateral support of
beams.
For ASTM A242, A440, and A441 steels, oonversion factors, C.F., and
lengths L. and L . are tabulated at the bottom of the tables. To obtain allow-
able loads, and deflections, multiply values in the tables by the oonversion
factors. Deflections for non--compact sections should be adjusted by the
rstio 22/ 24.
T o obtain values for V, H, and H, multiply values shown in the tables by
F./ 36, where F. is lhe appropriate yield point of the shape under oonsidera-
tion. Values of N . for the above steels must be oomputed using the formula
given below, with adjusted values for Vand H,.
t - Identifies non-compact sections for A36, A242, A440, and A441
steels. The symbol is placed to the left of the weight of the
particular shape.
: _ Identifies sections which are non-compact for A242. A44D, and
A441 steels. The symbol is placed to 1he left of t he oonversion
factor_
L. _ Maximum unbraced length of compression Bange, in feet, for which
the tabulated loads for a compact symmetrical shape are calcu-
lated with a bending stress of 24 ksi (when this value appears).
L. _ M aximum unbraced length of compression flange, in feet, beyond
which the allowable bending stress would be less than D.6P.. For
oompact sections having an unbraced length greater than L. but
not greater than L~. tabulated loads must be reduced 8,k1 per
cent. H owever, th.is 8M per cent reduction is not required for
compact shapes for wh.ich no L , value is shown, nor for shapes
marked by the symbols (f) or W . nor for channels.

--
d
AI
depth of beam (inches)
area of ftange (sq. in.)
The tabuJllted valuca for V. H. and H, for ASTM A36 steel are oomputed
at follows:
V _ Maximum web shear in kips - 14.5 dt
+
H _ Maximum e nd reaction in kips for 3 J1 inch bearing - R , (3 }i k )
R j _ lnCn'la89 in H in kips for each additional inch of bearing _ 27,
For all grades of steel:
S _ Section ModuJus, in inches'
N. _ Length of end bearing in inchca to develop V

N , _ -V - It
R,
- Load above heavy line is limited by maximum allowable web shear.

AMERI CA N INSTITUTE OF STE EL CONSTRUCTION

2 ·14

A36St•• 1 BEAM S 36 IfF

F, = 36 ksi IfF shapes
Allowable uniform loads in kips
for beams laterally supported
I
..
For bum" l"ter"Uy unsuppOrted, see peae 2 .45
Nom n,,' C"plh 16 X 16~
~~ Wld'h

'" '" ".

,'"...
I W"I,ti1 per fOOl Dflhec;tlo"
r..
L. ...,
11.0 1'.0
12.5
11.9
29.9
11.9
...,
17.' Inches

4/A/
16
1.11 l.40 1.51 I." ,..
1.13
.IB
17
18
1006
982
937
917
888
845
".
793
786
743
.20
.22
931 752
"
20
21
884
842
868
825
786
SOl
761
725
71.
680
704

'"
637
.25
.28
.30
22 804 750 692 649 608 .33
23 769 717 662 621 581 .36
24 737 687 634 595 557 .40
25 707 571 535 .43
26
27
28
680
655
631
'"
635
611
589
609
585
564
543
".
529
510
514
.95
477
.47
.5O
.54
29 61. 569 525 492 461 .58

'"
30 589 550 507 476 .62
31
32
57.
553
532
516
491
476
461
.46
m
418
...
.71
33 536 500 461 433 405 .75
34
36
38
520
491
465
'"
.58
.34
'48
.23
.20
397
376
393
311 ...
.SO
1.00
400
'"
.
40 442 .12 380 357 334 1.10
42 421 J93 362 340 31B 1. 22

..
44
46
50
402
384
368
'"
375
"
34.
330
346
331
317
304
325
310
298
286
304
291
279
267
1.34
1.46
1.59
1.72

34.
""
56
327
316
317
306
295
293
282
27Z
275
264
255
257
24.
23.
1.86
2.01
U6

" 305 284 262 246 230 2.32

.....
so 295 275 254 238 223 2.48
62 285 266 245 230 216 2.65
276 25• 238 223 209 2.82
268 250 231 216 203 3.00
2tiO 243 22. 210 197 3.19
70 253 236 217 204 191 3.38
72 246 229 211 198 186 3.58
Properties and Reaction Va lues
S In.- 1105.1 1031.2 951.1 892.5 835.5
V kips 503. 468. 444. 419. 398.
R kips 161. 148. 138. 129. 121. for
R. kips 25.5 23.9 22.8 · 21.7 20.7 e~pl"n.tlon
N. in . 16.9 16.' 16 .' 16. 169 01 d"IIec:llon

~1:r:ti~~=I==~~==I=~~+=+.it=l=~~·=I==:'~·
A242
A440
A441
I~·f. L.
L.
I
~U
1.11
16.0
1_~I·f'j-'
is.'H-j-_;I.2:1
1.21
15.9
25.9
~ seep"liIe2 ' 12
1.2:1
15.9
2l.' 2:2:.4
15.'
2:1.0
t.o.d "bow he"vy Une Is limited by m"ldmum "llow"ble ""eb she,,'.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 2 ·15

36W BEAM S A36St•• 1

W shapes F, = 36 ksi

I Allowable uniform loads in kips

for beams laterally supported
For beams l,leflllly unsupported, aee paiiO Z· 46

N omn.~~~lh
.nd Wld l h
-Welilht pw Fool
- t..
, .
n .l '"
n .l
36 X 12

'"
n.D '"
U .D
".
n .D '" Deflection
Indies
L.
d I Al
19.0
,." ,..
11.8 16 .7
2.11 ,...
15.5 14.2
1.19
12.1
'-"
11 617 .08
12 682 650 58S .10
815 764 619 540 .12
"
15
14 758
708
710
663
713
662
61.
'"61'577 575
536
501
468
.14
.16
16 664 621 579 541 503 439 .1'
I.
17
19
625
5"
559
58S
552
523
545
515
488
509
481
456
473
447
423
413
300
369
.20
.22
.25
20 531 497 463 433 402 351 .28
21 506 473 441 412 383 334 .30
22 483 452 421 393 366 310 .33
23 462 432 403 376 350 305 .36
24 442 414 386 361 335 292 .40
25 356 270 .47
••
~
28
30
""379 '"
355
331
331
333
309
309
287 251 .54
.62
,
~ 32
34
354
332
312
311
292
309
290
273
289
271
255
'"
251
237
'"219
206
.71
.ao
•n<
36
38
295
279
276 "5/
244
240
228
224
212
195
185 ."
1.00
~ 40
42
44
265
253
241
'"
248
237
226
232
221
211
216
206
197
201
192
183
175
167
159
l.lO
1.22
1.34
46 231 216 201 188 175 153 1.46
48 221 207 193 lao 168 146 1.59
50 212 199 185 173 161 140 1.72
191 178 166 155 135 1.86
" 204

.
54
56
60
62
197
100
183
177
171
184
177
171
166
160
172
165
160
154
149
160
155
149
144
140
149
144
139
134
130
130
125
121
117
1ll
2.01
2.16
2.32
2.48
2.65
64 166 155 145 135 125 110 2.82
66 161 151 140 I3l 122 106 3.00
68
70
156
152
146
142
136
132
127
124 11'
115
103
100
3.19
3.38
72 147 138 129 120 112 97 3."
Propert1es and Reaction Va lues
Sin.' 663.6 , 579.1 541.0 502.9 438.6
621.2
V kips 407. 382. 357. 341. 325. 308.
R ki ps 117 • 109. 100. 95. 90. 83. F~
R ikips 20.8 19.6 18.4 17 .6 16.9 16.1 upl,natlon

.,., Nel n. 17.5 17.4 11.5

,~
17.5 17.4 17 .5 Of dallectlon
1118 paa. Z·12

"'I Ft=
1
.'" L.
L,.
""
11 . 1
n .9
""
U.,
!l.t
;
11 .0
12.2
""
11 .0
, .1
1. 38

to.~
l.Z~

•••
loed eboYe heavy Une Is limited by muimum ellowable .,.eb s hea •.
rw:.
t Non-compa(:t lor .... 242. .... 440 end .... 441 steels. See Quk k Rel ... Npl.' pn b.am •.

AMER IC.... N I NSTI TUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

Z· 16

A36St•• 1 BEAM S 33 W
=
Fy 36 ksi W shapes

I~
Allowable uniform loads in kips
for beams laterally supported
For bAm. laterally unsupportlld. 5/111 paSII Z .'6

)I X IS.... nx 11~
I
i
O<Ilteetlan
Inch ••

10
..09""
11
12
13
14
I-!-463
:~:
441
409
.11
.13
.15
15 747 432 382 .17
l'17 - ~
741
697 -*- '" 458
447
421
495
381
358 . 19
."
..
337
18
19
'58
624
'"
595
564
432
410
397
376
360
341
318
302
.24
.27
20
21
592
564
539
536
510
487
389
371
357
340
324 287
273
261
."
.33
.36
" 23
24 541
515
494 '"
3S4
338
324
325
311
294
282
270
249
239
.40
."
•• "
~ 26
519
499
474
456
44'
429
412
3!!
299
'"
'"
275
259
249
219
220
.47
.51
463 423 383 255
.S
e
•
~
" 30
32
433
406 '"
370
357
335
278
25'
243
238
223
231
21'
202
205
191
179
.59
.".n
~ 34 382 349 315 229 210 190 169 .87
36 360 329 298 21' 199 180 1" .98
38 342 312 282 205 188 170 151 1.09
324 195 179
40
42
44
309
295
296
282
269
'"
255
243
18'
177
170
162
162
154
147
143
136
130
1.20
1.33
1.46
169 155
46
48
282
270 '"
247
233
223 162 149
141
13'
115
11.
1.59
1.73
50
52
260 237 214 156 143 130 !1 !.
250 228 206

.
54
56
6Q
219

1 ,-;;;
212
204
198
191
185

r, 17.
: v.,,,,J1
~ ~

~:~~l[c:F. ::
:ll 1
m':~ ~!., 486.4 ~.8 ~.8
1fT ,,,
A242
1
i~ h H i: !~ I.' ,
A440 H~ "., -",,'
A441 19.' 12.'
Load abo~1I h.aV)'. ~~~ L. IImltlld by maximum aliOWilbl......b .hear.
% Non-comp.ct tor .11.242• .11.«0 .nd A44111I1el.. See Qulc:k Referenc. Notes on beams.

AME RICAN IN STITUTE OF STEEL CO NSTRUCTI ON

 2 ·17

30W BEAMS A36St•• 1

W shapes =
F, 36 ksi

I
I Nomlnlll Cept h
a nd Width
30 X 15
Allowable uniform loads in kips
for beams laterally supported
For bNms lalllrall y un supPOrtlld. see pall. l · 46

30 X lO Y.!
W.llh l per FOCIt
••
. '1' '90
'" '" '" . 116 . '01
- " Oelleetlon

--
16.4 16.3 ,0> 1I.4 11.4 11.4 11.4 Inches
L. ,'-' 26.' 24.3 15.1 14.1 13.5 12.2 10.7
d i Al 1.$3 1.69 1.87 2.17 I." I." 3.14
~}J
.; ,.. 491 474
449
431
.07
.08
11 512 417 435 39. .10
12 506 473 431 399 359 .12
13 46) 436 404 368 33. .14
14 568 434 .DS 375 342 lOS .16
15 683 .20 563 'DS 37. 3SO 319 287 .19
16 'SO 586 52. 380 355 328 299 269 .21
1) 612 552 497 357 334 309 282 253 .24
18 578 521 470 338 315 29' 266 239 .27
19 54) .94 445 320 299 276 252 227 .30
20 520 46' 423 30. 284 262 239 215 .33
21 495 447 402 270 .36
22
23
473
452
42.
408
384
36) '"
276
264
2S8
24)
>SO
238
228
228
218
208
2D5
.96
.87
.40
.44
1
~
24 433 39. 352 253 236 219 .99 .79 .48
E 25 416 375 338 243 22) 210 19. 172 .52
c 26 400 36. 32S 234 218 202 ' 84 '66 .56
•
~

'"
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
..
371
34)
325
289
274
260
335
313
293
27'
260
247
234
302
282
264
249
235
222
2ll
217
203
.90
.79
.69
'60
.52
203
.89
1))
.67
.58
'49
.42
'87
175
.64
•54
.46
'38
111
171
.60
'SO
14 •
III
' 26
.20
.54
.44
.35
127
.20
113
'08
.65
.)4
.S>
.96
1.07
1.20
1.32
42 248 223 20. .45 .35 .25 114 .03 1.46
44 236 .92 .09 1.60
46 226
213
204 '84
.38
'32
' 29
.23
11'
114 .04 "
94 1.75
48 217 '95 .27 118 .00 90 1.91
50
52
208
200
.88
'SO
.".63'76 .22
117
113
.09
'09
.OS
10. ".9
92
86
83
2. 07
2.24
54 .93 ,)4 157 113 .OS SO va
56
58
'86
.79
.67
.62
15.
.46
•08
.OS
10• "
94 85 ))
)4
2.60
2.78
60 173 .56 14. 10'
Properties and Reactio n Values
"
95
90
87
83
80 72 2.98

Sin. ' 649.9 586.' 528.2 379.7 354.6 327.9 299.2 269.1
V kips 341. 310. 284. 270. 256. 245. 237. 224. ,,,
n kips
n ,' klps
N, ln.
'22.
20.'
14 .0
'09.
19. 2
14.0
98.
17 .7
14.0
86.
16.6
81.
15.8
14.6 14.6
)).
15.2
14.5
)4.
14 .8
14 .5
".
14.1
14.5
• .. planetlon
01 dellectlon
.ee paS. l - 12
.,,' 1#~Rt:i=1 '" ~I-"'!LI~'LI-"'!LI~
....""" L. 13.9
-r. lI.' - 19.-' - 13.' 13.1
-r7:r-
9.7
11 .6
9.6
--ro:8~,
LOfId .bo.... h.a...,. lin. I. IImlt.d by maxJmum allowabl . web ,h.a••
9.6 -
-.-:-r ----r:r-
-

l Non-compact lor A242. A440 and A441 steels. Sea Quick Reler. nee Nol •• on beam ••

AMER ICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

2 -18

A36St•• 1 BEAMS 27 ItF

F, = 36 ksi ItF shapes
Allowable uniform loads in kips
for beams laterally supported
For b$amllllllnlily unsupported, lee palle Z·4fi I
Deneo;tion
Inches

I' .1l9
II 308 .11
12 282 .Il
Il 368 328 299 261 .1'
14 342 304 277 242 .1'
I' 319 284 259 226 .21
I. 299 266 243 212 .24
11 282 25i 229 199 .21
I' 266 231 21. 183 .30
19 339 252 224 204 118 .33
20 394 356 322 239 213 194 169 .31
21 315 339 301 228 203 185 1.1 .41
22 358 323 293 21. 194 111 154 .45
23 343 309 201 20. 185 169 141 .49
~

•• 24 329 296 269 199 118 162 141 .Sl

~
25 315 284 258 191 lID 155 135 .51
26 303 274 248 184 164 149 130 .62
•• 21
2B
292
282
263
25'
239
230
111
111
158
152
144
139
125
I2l
.61
.12
~ 29 212 245 222 165 141 134 111 .n
~
3D 263 231 215 160 142 129 ill .83
31 254 22' 2D8 154 131 125 ID9 .83
32 24. 221 201 150 i33 121 ID6 .94
33 239 21. 195 145 129 II' ID3 1.00
34 232 209 101 141 125 II' 100 1.D6
35 225 20' 184 131 122 III 91 1.13
36 219 198 119 i33 II' IIl8 54 1.19
38 201 181 lID 126 ID2 1.33
191 1.1
ISl
120
114
112
101
1'1
91
92
"
85
'1
1.47
1.62
141 1119 91 83 n 1.18
14D 104 93 84 I. 1.95
134 100 89 .1 7l 2.12

II allowable web shear.

Iteel •. See Quick Referenc. Notes Ofl b.ams.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 2 -19

24 W BEAMS A36St•• 1
W shapes F, = 36 ksi
I Allowable uniform loads in kips
for beams laterally supported
For be.rns IIII,,",Uy unsupPOrt.d. se. pal' I . 46
om-~l~plh
. nd Wldlh
2. X I"
n. ,
2. X 12
.. Z. X 9
.
!:+- ,...'..." , •.",
U o.flu.
~r Foot

••L.
'60
15.2 '"
!l.1 '"
n.o
'00
n.o ••• ••• . '.1
"00
Inches

~A's
29.3
1.55 1.71
23.6
1.93
21.0
2.16 ,...
19.4 17.6
'.51
14.1
3.01
13.1
l .U ,...
11.7 10.0
'.55
, 363 32. 305
--;;r-
".
272
.07
.08
10 353 314 24' .10
321 113 .13

'" '"
II ".
11 391 351 32' 195 134 104 .15
391 ""lii8 318 306 241 116
13
14 .70 '"
.16 378 341 184
272
124 100
'88
175
.17
.10
15
16
---m-
41'
397
373
353
331
319
299
31'
'"
174
16'
149
'"136111 109
19'
187
17'
163
153
.13
.16
17
18
389 351
331
3ll
194
182
166
158
144
134
111
108 18'
17.
16'
156
14'
136
.30
.34
I'
10
'"34.
331
314
198
178
16'
151
139
231
210
110
199
19'
186
In
16'
157
14'
140
119
122
.37
.41
11 31' 284 252 228 109 10) 16' ISO 134 117 .46

-•
~
22
13
24
25
301
288
276
271
25'
248
238
241
230
220
212
218
108
199
191
100
191
183
176
181
173
16'
159
161
154
147
141
183
137
I3l
126
128
122
117
lI2
III
107
102
98
.SO
.55
.60
.65
S 26'
184 169 136 108 .70

""
26 254 219 104 153 12l
c
•
~

'"
27
28
19
24'
236
228
m
213
206
".
189
182
177
17l
165
163
157
151
147
142
137
III
126
112
116
lI2
108
104
100
97
87
84
.75
.81
.87
30 221 199 176 160 146 133 lI8 lOS 94 82 .93
191 154 142 128 101 79 .99
31
32
3l
213
107
100
186
181
17l
16'
160
ISO
14'
137
133 "'111 "'107104
110 98
95
"
88
85
77
74
1.06
1.13
34 195 175 156 141 119 117 92 83 72 1.10
35 189 170 151 137 125 II. 101 0) SO 70 l.Z7

." I."
36 184 I" 147 133 122 III 98 87 78 1.34
37 179 161 143 129 108 96 85 76 66 1.42
38 174 157 139 126 "'
116 H" 93 83 14 1.49

""
44
16'
166
ISO
'"
142
135 "'
132
126
110
110
109
110
lOS
100
100
95
91
88
84
80
79
75
71 .
70
67
61

"
56
l.82
2.00
46
48
SO
14.
138
132
130
12.
"' H. " "
II'
liD
104
100
95
88
Prope rties and Reaction Values
.
87
83
77
74
71
"
65
63
61
66
56
53
51
49
2.19
2.38
2.59

... SO. j
In.1 413.5 372.5 330.7 299.1 274.4 248.9 220.9 196.3 175.4 153.l f~
V kips 235. 216. 199. 163. 182. I... 153. 143. , .. pl.n.
R kips
R l klps
N~ ln .
97.
11.7
11.3
16.4
11.3
15.3
11.3
196.
78.
15.0
11.4
179.
71.
13.8
11.3
64.
12.6
11.3
69 .
13.9
11.6
".
12.7
11.6
56.
11.9
11.6
53.
1l.Z
1l.5
aUon of
d.lI . c·
\lonSIl ..
p·lle
~.i.:...,~ 1.38 I~
~I~"-~~ ' ."-
1 2"-1=fR~
Z -12
A20Q
A440 t. Li---ll. 9 --u:r - -#+-1 11.0 - a) -n- -
4441 - L" 2C5- - 19T'--u.r 15.. I.T 1f."9 1 0.9 - 9T '.5 ~
LOild .booI.
h•• ...,. 11 ... Is limited by mulmum ."o"".bl. "".b sh •••.
f Non-cornptlct lor -'2C2. ,,«0 .nd A4Cl sleels. See Qulc;k Reillfllnc. NOles on b.. rn •.

AMERICAN I NSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

2 ·20

A36St•• 1 BEAMS 21 IfF

F, = 36 ksi IfF shapes
Allowable uniform loads in kips
for beams laterally supported
For bums lacerally unsuppot1ed, sea page z .q I
NO~I~a lDepth
end Wldlh
Welpt p.er Fool
-:"" L::-~ --}H-I~
14Z
ltXll
lZ1ill2 .
g.•
a"
82
g., "
g.,
.. ... . .
I.g
g.,
21 X g",
62
, n .. u-.;Uon
,nehes
I.. 1O.5 21.5 24.3 l i T """"i2.2 """"ff:O ---gr
15.5 11.1
II / A, l.49 --r:i5 t:ii""" ""'2.50 """"i:91 """"i:46 """"3.73 """"i:l5 4.i5
7
-- -- '26 .06
•
9 '"31' '"
351
30' '80
268 --m- --;;;- '19
26' '43
195
.08
.10
10 269 ,<1 m 176 .12
11
12
<10
287 '44 219
201
,'22'187" 184
169
160
146
.14

14
13
325
'"
321

285
26'
--;;0 3lil 3ii7 '43
22'
207
192 '" 172
160
156 135
125
.l1
.20
.23
15
16
'"
33. 3<13 266 '26
284 250
21 1
198
179
168
172
161
151
149
140
14'
135
126
117
110
.27
.30
l1
18 282
'"
'"267
25'
'35
222
186
176
158
149
142
134
132
124
119
11'
10'
98
.34
.38
267 210 166 141 118 106 .43
19
20
21
254
24'
227
'16
'"
200
101
158
151
134
128
127
121
115
112
107
101
96
92
88
84
.47
.52
;; 22 207 182 144 122 liD 102 92 01 .57
~
£ " '"
24
221
2ll
198
189
182
17'
166
160
137
132
126
117
112
108
105
"10
97
93
01
88
84
76
73
70
.63
.68
.74
<
•~ "
26
20'
195
188
175
168
154
148
122
117
103
100
"
93
89
i6
83
81
78
75
68 .80
'" "
28 181
175
162
157
143
138
113
109 " " i6 01 72
65

"
.i6
.93
.99

".
29 93 77 70 61
30 169 152 133 01 80 75 67 59 1.00
164 147 129 102 72 65 57
"
32 159
154
142
138
125
121
99
96
87
84
81
78
75
73
70
68
63 55
53
1.14
1.21
1.29
"
34
35
149
145
134
130
117
", "., 79
77
71
69 "62
64
61
59
58
52
50
1.37
1.45
141 126 III 75 67 56 49 1.53
"
88
37

""
137
134
130
123
120
117
105
102 81 "" "" 73
71
69
65
63
62
60
59
57
55

"
52
47
46
45
1.62
1.71
1.01
40
41
127
124 III
",
100 79
IT
67 60
59
56 51
49
44
43
1.99
1.99
42
43
121 loa
11. 100
97
95 75
74 "
64
63
57
56
55

" 48 42
41
'.09
,. "
"
Properties and Reac tion Values
52 47

Sin.' 317.2 284.1 249.6 197.6 168.0 ISO.7 139.9 126.4 109.7
V kips 205 . 181. 160. 176. 151. 140. 132. 122. 113.
Il kips
R, klps
N.in. 9.'
96.
17.8 ".
15.9
9.7
73.
14.2
9.7
79.
15.5
9.'
67.
13.5
9.'
59.
12.3
10.1
55.
11.6
10.1
51.
10.8
10.1
46.
10.1 01
,~

eKpianatlon
delhtdlon
10.1 see paie 2 · 1
u.
IS~I '''~~ '38 1~·2_ =tJA~I-1~I~
A242
A440 L. 12.G 12.0 - --.-:r-- 7.6 1.6 1.6 -
A441 -c;- -22 .'- 20:-2- 11.8 - I f.'l'"""
B.O---U- 11.4 9.6 ~
Lo.d .boYe h..1Iy Iloeis limited by maximum .!lowable web she.r.
I Noo-eompad lor A2:U, "4411 end "441 Sluls. See Quk:k Relerenee Nol .. 00 bum •.

AM ERICAN I NSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 2·21

18 W BEAM S A36St• • 1
W shapes F, = 36 ksi

I Allowable uniform loads in kips

for beams laterally supported
For be.ms la terally unsupported, ... PII'. Z. q

NO~I:-!,,~,!Ith
.nd Wldlh
W-'ehl pot( fool ...
U.I
,II X 11"
1 '"
12.1 "
12.1 .," U
n
I. X,"
...,. I
.
•••
o.flKtIon
Inches
,-
' -'--1
- 4/A
8
20.0
I ."
2...
I.n
24.4
1.8&
lU
2.28
".
I ..
2.49
16.1
2.14
229
. 15.2
2."
209 .09
9 278 250 22' 208 .11
10 270 250 227 205 187 .1<
11 319 294 268 227 206 186 170 .17
12 270 246 189 .20
13
I.
'"
271
252
249
231
227
211
208
192
178
174
162
171
158
147
1"
144
134
.23
.27
15 235 216 197 167 151 137 125 .31
16
17
18
220
207
196
202
190
lao
184
174
164
1"
147
139
142
133
126
128
121
117
110
104
."
.40
.45
11'
19 185 170 ISS 131 119 1'" 99 .50

••
20
21
22
23
176
168
160
153
162
154
147
1<1
148
140
134
128
125
119
11.
109
113
1'"
103
99
.
103

93
94
89
85
81
.55
.61
.67
.73
"
~

~ 24 147 135 123 104 94 85 78 .79

c
a ,.
25 1.1
1"
129
124
118
113
100
96
91
87
82
79
75
72
.86
.93
'" 27
28
1>1
126
120
11.
109
lOS
93
89
84
81
76
73
69
67
1.01
I.'"
121 112 102 86 78 71 65 1.16
"
>I 117 101 98 83 76 68 62 1. 24

31
32
11'
110
107
104
101
95
92
81
78
76
73
71 ." 60
59
1.33
1.41
1.50
33
34
35
104
101
98
95
92
"
87
84
73
71
69
67
65
62
60
59
57
SS
53
1.59
1.69
98 90 82 69 63 57 52 1.79
"
37
38
95
93
87
85
3D
78 "" 61
60
55
54
51
49
1.89
1.99

Properties and Reaction Values

S In.'
V kIps
R kIps
Ri kips
220. 1
159.
83.
16. 1
202.2
147.
n.
15 .0
184.4
135.
69.
13.8
156.1
140.
71.
14.2
141.7
125.
63.
12 .8
128.2
114,
57.
11 .8
117.0
104 .
52.
10.9
,..
.lI.pl. n.llon

I I..
of deflection
N.ln. 8.2 8.2 8.3 8.3 8.' 8.' 8.3 "'PllII". Z· 1
.,,'
.... Ff:1
•
1
10.'
." -
- L-;- -n-.I
I." II 10.'
10.'
I." 1.111
' .1
- 14 .
U
I..
.-I-u.,- " ' .0 •
-Ur- .
! I ."
1.0
"'1 19.5 17.9 11 . 1
Load .bove he.vy line Is limi ted by m.ll/mum .lIow.ble web sh. ., .

A MERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

2 ·22

A36St•• 1 BEAMS 18·16 W

F, = 36 k,i W shapes
Allowable uniform loads in kips
for beams laterally supported
For tJe.ms late.rallr unsupported, StHO ~ae Z· 46
I
Nominal O.,,,n
and Width
Wallht per Foot
L. ..", . " 1.2
I. X 111.

'.1'" "
'.1
Deflection
Inchu
.16 X Il Ya

12.5
II
l Z.5
Dellectlon
Inches
L.
II / AI
13.1
1.4.
11.9
3.'Z
10.'
' .22
•••
' .19
lI.1
I."
2i"7
1.71
7 220 205 181 174 .07
,
8
10
'1'
192
."
196
175
157
178
158
158
140
126
.09
.lI
,,. .16
'" .1' '53
II 157 143 129 lI5 .17 "0 .19
l'13 144 13l lI' 105 .20 '"
221 20' ."
I. 133
123
121
112
liD
102
97
90
.23
.".31
20'
190
186
173
.26
.30
I'l'
17
115
108
101
105
""
95
89
84
84
79
74
.35
.40
177
166
156
"1
151
142
.35
.40
.45
18
19 "
91
87
83
79
75
70
66
.45
.50
148
140
134
127
.50
.56

.
20
21
"
82
79
75
71
68
"
60
.55
.'1
133
127
1'1
lI5
.62
.68
~ 22 78 71 65 57 .67 121 lIO .75
.0 23 75 68 62 55 .73 lI' 105 .82
< 24 n 65 59 53 .79 lI1 101 .89
a 69 57 50 II.
'"
25

"" "
66 "
60
58
55
"
.86
.93 102
97
93
.97
1.05
28 62
59 "
54
53
51
47
45
44
1.01
1.08 "95
90
86
1.13
1.22
1.30
"
30 57 52
49
47 42
1.16
1.24 " "
89 81 1.40
31 56 51 46 41 1.33 86 78 1.49
54 45
"
33 52
51
49
48 43
39
38
,.
1.41
1.50 " "
81 73
1.59
1.69
34
35 49
48
46
45
44
"
.1
40
37 1.59
1.69
78 71 1.79

"
37
38
47
45
42
.1
38
37
"33
34
1.79
1.89
1.99

P'operties and Reaction Values

Sin.' 107.8 98.2 89. 0 78 .9 166. 1 151.3
V kips lID. 10Z. 93. 87. 127. 118. ,~
R kips 53. 49. 44. .1. 74. 68. .~planatlon
Riklps 11.2 10.5 '.7 '.0 14.4 13.6 01 dellecUon
N.in. 8.' 8.' 8.' 8.' Seepaae Z·12 7.1 7.'
......."42,
se. paia 2 · 12
C.F.
L.
--,;;-
,....,
I." , .. ,7.'..
I."
'.7
LlI 11. i'5

7.'
I.~
10.6
2O .e
1.31
"""1O:T"
11.1
LOad above heavy line Is limited br ma~lmum allowable web shear.
t Non..-;ompaet lor A242, A440 end A441 ateell. See Quk:k Reference Not .. on buml.

AMERICA N IN STITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 2·23

16 W" BEAM S A36St•• 1

W" shapes Fy = 36 ksi
I For beam s
Allowable uniform toads in kips
for beams laterally supported
l.te"'l1~ unsupported, see pege Z ·46

,... ,...
Nom.Oepth 16 x 8'11 16 X 7
end Width
WI. per foot
L. "
9.3
71
9,3
64
9.2
511
9. 2 ,".. Dellec1l')n
Inches

1:==~L~'f=;=.I=j~~.~
2.11'==I=i"2.!
2.18' =I~==t
" f;.'t=:I=j'~'H.'==1:j'~2~.'=
11.2 10.0 B.'
4104.1 2.63 2.91 3.66 _ '.'_'_ 4:54 5.30
6 137 .00

, 1.-l~_I.-l~_! ~~_I_:lj._li17~9~1
8
9
250
227
l28
206
206
185
187
167
161
143
145""""i29
162
129
142
114
129
ll3
tOO
.08
.10
.13
10 204 185 167 151 129 116 103 90 .16

82

""
11 186 169 152 131 117 lOS .19
12 170 155 139 125 lOS 97 75 .22
n .26
14
157
146
143
132
128
119
116
lOS
99
92
89
83" " 74 64 .30
.35
15
16
136
128
124
116
III
104
100
94
86
81 1Z
"
77
64
60
56
."
" ""
17 120 109 98 89 76 68 51 .45
18 114 }03 93 84 72 64 50 .50
19 108 98 88 79 68 51 54 .56
.62
20
21
102
91
93
88
83
79
75
72
65
61
" .,
55
52 45
43 .68
.75
22
23
93
89
84
81
76
72
68
65
59
56 " "
50 45
41
39 .82
24
25
85
82
77
74
69
67
63
60
54
52 ""
48
46
38
36
.89
.97
1.05
26
27
79
76
71
69
64
62
58
56
50
48
45
43'" 38
37
35
33
32
1.13
1.22
28
29
73
71
66
64
60
57
54
52 "
45
41
40 36 31
30
1.30
1.40
30 68 62 56 50
" 39 34

29 1.49
31
32
66
64
60
58
54
52
49
41
42
40
37
36 "
32 28 1.59
1.69
33
34
62
60
56
55
51
49
46
44
39
38
35
34
31
30 "26 1.79

Properties and Reaction Values

Sin.' 127.8 115.9 104.2 94.1 SO.l 72.4 64.4 56.3
V kips 125. 114. 103. 94. 90. 81. 11. 69. for
R kips 71. 64. 58. 52. 47. 43. 37. 36. explllnlltion
Rj kips 14.3 13.1 12.0 11 .0 10.3 9.3 8.3 8.1 01 deltectlon
N~ in. 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 S"l>lIlIe2.\2

:~~ ISL~'I-li.~
A441 -r;;-
-1~1'.~-I-li.~-1-17"~
---;;rO
15.4-
I~~-I -
~'.~ I-~"}-I 1::'25
- 9-:-1 - a:r- - 1.3-
12.7- - 11.5- ~

Load IIbove heavy Une Is limitlld by maximum allowabre web shea r.

t Non.compact lor A242, A440 lind A441 steels.See Quick Relerence Notes on beam s.

AMER I CAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

2 ·24

A36St•• 1 BEAMS 14 W
F, = 36 ksi W shapes

I
Allowable uniform loads in kips
for beams laterally supported
For b .. m llater.lI~ un . uppOrled , . e e pa Be 2. 46 I
Nom,~~th
.nd Wldth
Wt. per Foot 110 III
14 X 1 4~

tlOl +~ t" .. 14 X 12

" " ..
14 X 10

" ,."
Dell e.:·

'" .
15.9
...,
15.'
....
13.0 n.o 10.9 IU
n .•
10.' Inches

j*
L. 42. 9 ~., 29.' 27.' Z5. ' 21.0
~/A I
, .." Ul 1.20 UO ' .5Z 1.6l 3.8,
185
."
17'
2.16
152 ---:r.r
10 180 ""T65 """"i48 .18
II
12 ' 40 225 -
200 -
205 190
184
171
169
185
175
175
161
163
150
150
137
134
123
.21
.26
13 ""'233 '""2Tf"" 185 17. 156 161 149 138 127 !13 .30
14 216 201 171 158 145 150 138 128 118 105 .35
15 20' 188 16. 147 135 14. 129 120 II. 98 .40
16 189 176 15. 138 127 131 121 112 103 9Z .45
17 178 166 130 123 106 .51
18
19
16.
159
157
1"
I4l
133
126
123
116
119
113
107
116
II.
"'
108
102
100
95
97
9Z
87
87
82
78
.57
.64
20 152 141 120 101 lOS 97 90 82 74 .71
21 144 134
"'105 100 78 .78

"• 22 138
132
128 "'
109
104
"
" 100 95
9Z
88
84
66
82
78
75
70
67 .66
.94
.< " ""
~ 123 88 91 72 64
24 126 118 100 84 69 1.02
<
•
~
25 l2l 113
" " " 88
87
84 78
75
72 66
51
59 1.11

26 ll7 108 85 78 69 57 1. 20
'" 27
28
112 104
101
" 89 " 82 75 78
75
72
69
67
63
51
59
55 1.29
1. 39

" "" " 79 72 75 64 53

104 97 83 n 76 70 67 62 57 51 1.49
90 94 74 55
31
32
101
98
95
91
88
80
n
75
71
69
"
65
63
70 65 60
" 1.60

33
34 "
89
85
83
73
71
69
67
65
51
35 87
84
"
78
63

"
37
38
82
80
76
74
67
65
63

Properties and Reac tion Values

S In.J 189.4 176.3 163.6 150.6 138.1 130.9 121.1 112 .3 103.0 9Z.Z F~
V kips 120. 113. 102. 95 . 85. 93. 87. 93. 85. 76. ellpla
". n.
R kips
Hi kips
N . ln .

AZ42
A440 L.
78 .
15.4

-
6. 2
73.
14 .6

-
6.2
J£:!; l~ ! 11 - 25 1~1 i1 . 36 1~
66.
13.4

-
6.2
I
61.

--
6.2
55.
12 .6 11.3
6.2
59.
12.2
6.'
U.,.:25
56 .
11.6
6.2
59 .
lZ.2
6.2
t~25 --,:y-
I."
54.
11 . 3
6.2
-,-
'",-
d.... c·
10.Z lion
6.2 ~ .e
..1!.1!..
.
aUon 01

Z· 12

A441 I.. 3fT 29 5 zr.r

ZfT 25 6 13.8 2ij""T 18 15. 4
Load above h.avy tine I, tlmlled by maJtJ mum allowable web s h.. t.
I No n·compact 10. "'36, "242, ... 440 a nd ..... 41 . teel•. Sae Qu ick Refe tence Note. on beam l.
t No n-co mpa ct 'or "'242. "'440 a nd ... 441 steelS.

AMER ICAN IN STITUTE or ST(£l CO NST RUCT ION

 2·25

14 W BEAM S A36St•• 1
W shapes F, = 36 ksi
I Allowable uniform loads in kips
for beams Idteral1y supported
Fot beams IlIt...-,,!!), " ns .. pporl a d. I.a palla Z....
No",. Oepth
ilndWllJlh
WI . par Fool I
"
1.7
,
14
.x. , .,
'r_., .1
f -"
t----£
U )( 6*
~
' - -7. 3
"'- -
..,- -
"7.l
OellllCllon
Ino;has
L.
L. 11.1 15.1
- Z."
' .7
i---¥;? --
4.~
11.2: ---,.'
-tJ 'AI - 2.63 3.2:4 ' .51 5. 31
---r 128 117 I 109 .".
12' m .09

""
7
8 150 136 122 109 97 .11
m 97 .14
9
10
138
12. 12'
112 100 87 "
78
74
67 .18
11
12
II
III
104

""
."
102 91
84
77
79
73
67
71
65
60
61

"51
.21
.26
.30
.35
14
15 83 "
75
72
67
62
58
55
52 "45 .40
16
17
78
73
"
70

"" ." "

6l
. 55
51 "" .45
.51
...
~
18
19
20
""
62
62

"" 53
.
.... .." "
50
43
41
37
35
33
.51
.71
••
.<
••
21
22 "
57
53
51
37
35
32
30 ..
.78

'" """
26
"
52

... .
50
"47
45
43
."
39
38
36
35

34
34
32
31
30
29
28
27
16
.94
1.02
1.11
1.20
29 1.29
27
2B " 37
36
32
31 28 "" 1.39
1.49
29
30
43
41
39
37
35
33
30
29
27

" "
22 1.60

Properties and Reaction Values

SIn.'
V kips
R ki ps
71.S
75.
47.
70.2
68.
43.
62.7
61.
38.
..... ,
54.6
38.
4S.5
58.
34.
41.8
54.
32.
,,,
upl"natlon
R; kips 10.0 9.2 '.3 7.7 7.3 01 dattao;tton
N~ln . 6.2 6.2 6. 2 6.6 6.6 6.6 Ha p.alil& Z·12
I C.f 1."
1."
I
;1 .25 11.25 11 .25

I
AZ.Q . \ 1.38
WO
WI
I. .
,;;-
----r.1
12.7 -I 11.7.'5 10.3
'I.Z.Z
I 7.' I '.Z
Load abova hailvy Una;s Hmltlld by mil,,;mum illiowilbia wab Ihaar.
t Non.o;ompao;t lot A242. A440 iI"d A441 st ..15. SII' Quick R.rer,nce Not.. on beaml .

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

2 ·26

A36St•• 1 BEAM S 12 'IF

F, = 36 ksi 'IF shapes

Nom . Deplh
end Width
Allowable uniformloads in kips
for beams laterally supported
fg, beeml letenlly unsupported. iee pelle 2 · 46

12 X 12 12 X 10
I
WI. pw fool
L.
- "
13.1 "
11.1
t1l
'" 58
10.' "
10.'
DeI1Kllon
Inches
- L. ,,-' 1I.7
d IAl
, -
35.2
L"
3l.7
1-"
29.9
1.52
153
1.67
137
23.9
U,
127
._"
121 _17
10 179 169 143 125 113 .21
'"
11 16. 156
I" 117 114 103
.,.
.25

" 154
142
143
132
11' 108 104
" _35

""
110
13
14 132
123
112 102 "
92
86
87
81 .<1
.47
15
116
11'
" 83 75
_53
16
109
107
101 "
B4
81
76
78
74
71
.60
""
17
18 103
"'" 79
75
72
68 "
66 60
.67
.75

.."
19
20 93 86 71 65 62 57 .83

21 82 68 61 60 54 .91
••
~

£
12
23
24
84
80
71
78
75
71
65
62
60
"
56
54
57
54
52
51
49
47
1.00
1.09
1.19
25 74 69 57 52 50 45 1.29
c
~
~
26
17
28
,.
.."
71

64
66
63
61
"
53
51
50
48
29
62 "
57
49
48
31 60 55
32
33
34
"
56
54
54
52
35 53

Propertie s lind React ion Va lues

- S -In.'
,,_
...,,-
115 .7 107.1 97.5 "_0 7a.1 70.7
V kips
R kips
R ikips
"'65_13.4- 84.
61.
12.7
76 .
55.
11.6 10.5
...
,,7
50.
44_
' _3
,~

o~plenetlon
01 aollldion
Nt In. '_3 '.3 '.3 '.3 5.3 '_3 100 pe"e 2 . 12

A440 ! c.f' l~ U.25 p.36 U.25

I -
:1.36 ;1.25
A242 L.
A441 . L.
-
B .• tu I 2l.9 20.'
Loed ebovo h .....y Itne II IImltOd by medmum eUoweble we b shea r.
17.5 15.9

t Non-c:omplct 101' A36. A2U. "«0 Ind A4(1 st •• ts. See Quick R.I .... nco Not •• on bum •.
t Non-(:ompeet lor Al.2, AUO Ind A4-41 . te,I •.

AM ERICAN INSTI TU TE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 2 ,21

12 'IF BEAMS A36St.. 1

'IF shapes =
F, 36 ksi
I Allowable uniform loads in kips
101 beams laterally supported
For tlNm .... t ....Jly uro.uppor1ed . ... pall' I . 114
Hom. pth
.rod Width I
12 )( a
. 12 )( ,~

.- ....
,
WI. p.r Foot _
_L.!...-- ...
50
"
'.7 1.7 "
7.1 "
7.1 ,.", Dellec;tloro
Inch ..
L.
4 1A1
n.l
.."
11.5
....
15.7 IU
..II."
11.4
••• ...,
!;l-
.07
" .
83
7 131 118 105 OJ 78 .10
12.
8
• 115 "'
103
102
92
92
82 "
70
""
.13
. 17
10
II
12
13
..
104

80
"
85
78
72
83

."
75
. .
73
67
61
50
til
57
53
50
45
42
.21
.25
.30
.35
52 .41
" 74 67 59
" 45
15
16
17
18
"
65
61
58
62
58
55
52
55

.""
52 .
"
" " 43
41
42

37
35
32
30
.47
.53
.60
.67
n
il "
20
54
52 "
17 42 "
37 32
29
27
.75
.83
"• ...
<
a
21
"" "
47

" ."
42 "
38
36
35
35
n
32
3\
30
29
27
26 "
26
25
23
1.00
1.09
1.19
43
"
~

"
15 41 37 n 29 25
" 1.29

Properties and Reaction Valuas

-S In .1
V kips
".7
...
66.
58.2
59.
51.9
51.
45.9
54. ...
39.4 34.1
42 . ,..
R kips 43. 37. 37. 31 .
". upl.n.llon

-
R, kips 10.0 '.1 7.' 8.2 7.2 6.5 01 d.ft.clloro

....
N.ln.
C.F.
L.
5.3

,..
'~=1
5.3
I."
7.'
I
5.3
,,, I
5.6
. ,.~
..
,
6'h
5.6

'"
',0 .
5.6
.1..25
I •• pat. I · U

"'1 L.'r 1'.2 U .•I 1I. ~ U 7'-----

I.Ged.bove h ..\')' Un. Is Ilmlt.d by mulmum .11ow.ble _b .h .....
I Non<Ompacllor 1.242, 1.440 .nd 1."1 IIHI •• See Quick R.I • • nc. Not.. on bNm • •

AMERICAN INSTITUtE OF STEEL CoNSTRUCTION

' ·28

A36St•• 1 BEAMS lOW

F, = 36 ksi W shapes
Allowable un iform loads in kips
for beams laterally supported
for beams Ilitorally unsupported. &ee peas.t . 4'

" XI' " X~

I
Oe ll$1;llon
Inches
-".
:1 '103 ,,+.;; ;:; 49
'116
.09
.1'
-TIl---ll!-
8 138 HH~ ~ 64 62 53 43 .16
"II~ 87 75 57 55 .20
l~ it~ " " 38
107 97 80 79 68 51 49 42 .25
11
12
13
107
98
91
"
89
83
88
81
74
13
61
62
71
65
60
61
56
52
47
43
39
45
41
38
38
35
32
31
29
26
.30
.36
.42
14 ..
15 79
71
12 "64 "" 56
52
48
45
37
34
35
33
30
28
25
23
.49
.56
16 74 61 60 50 49 42 32 31 26 22 .64
11
18
19
""
62
63
60
51
57
54
51
47
"42
46
44
41
40
38
36
30
29
27
Z9
27
Z6
25
2J
22
20
19
18
...
.12
.OJ
20
21
"
56
54

51
..
46
40
38
39
37
34
3Z
26
24
Z5
23
Z1
20
17
16
."
1.09
54 49 36
"
23
24
51
49 "
45
"42
40
36
35
33
25
" 43 39 32
26

" "
28
29
45
42
41
.
41
38
31
31
36
3S
30 39 36

,,," ,',,'
:.1.2
':'
il ' . ~ ;l ::
A242
A,440 I
I , ,:.• :;y
''''

AMERICAN I NSTITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 ,.,.
8 w= BEAMS A36St•• 1
w= shapes =
F, 36 ksi
I
Nomina' D'pth
Allowable uniform loads in kips
for beams laterally supported
For beams IIItenllly unsuppor1.d.

•x• 8 X 6\010
n. palfa Z · 46
8 X S14
and Width

..'"
Walsh t per FOOl

--
•• ..",
'l.l
,."
m
19.1
Z.U
"
'-'
11.1
,."
.
,.,"
I • .'
l.D1
..,
20

11.1
'-',
.

-
17
'-'
....
'-'
OtIna.;tlon
Inches

,• 66.' 56.3
58.'
54.'
53.4
45.1
.OS
.08

• 74.2 66.8 64.' 55.5 45.3 31.6 .Il

7
,•
71.1
62.2
55.3
57.4
"'.,
44.7
....
55.5
43 .2
41.5
41.6
37.0
38.'
34.0
"L'
32.2
28.2
25.1
.15
.ZO
.ZS
10 49.8 40.' 38.' 33.3 27.2 22.6 .31
Il 45.2 36.' 35.3 ".3 24.7 ZO., .38
1Z 41.5 33.5 32.4 27.7 22.7 18.8 .45
13 38.3 30.' 29.9 25 .6 ZO., 17 .4 .SZ
14 35.5 ".7 27.8 23.8 19.4 16.1 .61
15 33.2 26.8 25.9 22.2 18.1 15.0 .70
16 31.1 25.1 24.3 ZO .• 17.0 14. 1 .79

E
••
~
17
18
19
29.3
27.6
26.2
23..
22.3
Zl.'
22.9 19.6 16.0 13.3
.'"
< ZO 24.9 ZO.1
~
~ Zl 23.7
2Z 22.6

Properties and Reaction Values

,~ In.' 31.1 27. 4 24. 3 20.' 11.0 14 . 1
V ki ps
R kips
Rildps ..l.',
37.
37.
33.
34 .
7.'
33 .
33.
7.7
".
29 .
6.6
".".
6.7
Z7.
ZO.
6.'
,~

uplanatlon
01 d"II.<;tlon

,...AI". ,, I ••••
N .ln . 3.' 3.' 3.' 3.7 3.7 see pelle 2 . 12
C.f. ;1.25

16.3
I U.16
14.4
..,
~I12.5
:.1.25

10.9 R"..•••, I
,1.25

6J
Velues 01 R 10 boIdfece e~ce.d m..imum web sh.e, V.
l Oild eboye heeyY lIoe is limited by m ..imum ef!owebl. web Ineer .
t NOo..:ompect lor A36, A242. "UO eod A"1 ste.ls. See Quick Reference Noles on b uml.
t NOI'H:om~ct lor l\2e2, "'40 eod "441 St •• ls.

AMERICAN IN STITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTIO N

2 ·30

A36St•• 1 BEAMS 16·14·12

=
F, 36 ksi Miscellaneous shapes (M)
and Light beams (B)
Allowable uniform loads in kips
for beams laterally supported
Far bum. lalenolly unsupported . see pase 2 . "
I
"~mlna~e.~Plh 16 X SID I' X 5 i4XC 12 X •
end Width
wt.pet fOOl
L. "
' .0 " ,••".• ..••,• ,..
22 11.2
•,.,"•• 0" _1_ ....~ - II<
L.
il/ A I
1.0
6.0
•••
'.25 6.61 8." 12.90 1.20
5.2
1.69
4.1
11.20
"3.'
1 3.4~
3 85.3 80.0 69. 1
• 84.0 92.8
sr:o 68."5
84 . 6 7D.'O 54'T
,5

7
126. 3
125.3
107 .4
Ill. S
101.6
87.1
102.7
93.1
79.8
91.5
76.8
65.S
67.2
56.0
48.0
67.5
57.8
57.1
48. 9
56.0
46.7
40.0
43.4
36.2
31.0
•9
10
94.0
83.6
75. 2
76.2
67.7
61.0
69.8
62.0
55 .8
57.6
51.2
46.1
42.0
37.3
33.'
50.6
45.0
40.5
42.8
38.0
34.2
35.0
31.1
28.0
21 . 1
ZU
21. 7

11 68 . • 55.4 SO., 41.9 30.5 36 .' 31.1 25.5 19.7

12 62.7 SO., 46.5 38.' 28.0 33.7 28.5 23.] 18.1
13 51 .8 46.9 41.0 35.4 ".8 31.1 26 . 3 21.5 16. 7
14 53.7 0.5 39.9 32.9 24.0 28.9 24 .5 20 .0 15.5
15 SI}.l 40.' 31.2 30.7 22.' 17 .0 22.8 18.7 14. 5

,;
• I'
17
47 .0
.4.2
38. 1
35. 9
34. 9
32.8
28.8
27.1
21.0
19.8
25 . 3
23.8
21.'
20.1
17.5
16 .5
13.6
12. 8
.,
~

<
18
19
41.8
39.6
33.9
32. 1
31.0
29.4
".,
24.3
18.7
17. 7
22.S
21.3
19.0
18 .0
IS .6
14 . 7
12. 1
11 . 4
20 37 .6 30.5 27. 9 23.0 16. 8 20. 2 17 .1 14 . 0 10.9
~ 21
22
23
35.8
34 . 2
32. 7
29.0
27. 7
26 .5
".
26.'
24.3
21.9
20.9
20. 0
16 .0
IS .3
14.6
19. 3
18. 4
17 . 6
16 . 3
IS .6
14 .9
13.3
12.1
12 .2
10.3
9. 9
9.'
31.3 2S .4 23.3 19.2 14.0 16. 9 14 . 3 11.7 9.0
"
25
26
30. 1
28 .9
24.4
23 .4
22. 3
21.S
18.4
17 .1
13.4
12 . 9
16.2 13 . 7 11 . 2 8.7

27
28
21.9
26.9
22.6
21.8
20.7
19. 9
17.1
16.S
12.'
12.0
29 25.9 21.0 19.3 15.9 11.6
30 25 .1 20 . 3 18.6 15.4 11.2
31 24.3 19.7
32 23.5 19.1
33 22.8 18.5
34 22. 1 17.9
Properties and Reaction Values
S In.- 47.0 38.1 34.9 28.8 21.0 25.3 21.4 17.5 14 .8
V kips 63. 2 56.7 51.4 4S.8 42.6 46.' 42.3 40. 0 34.5
R kips 32. 9 29.1 30.1 26.8 23.0 29.8 27.1 25.6 21.9
Rlklps
N.ln.
7. '
7.'
'.8
1.'
' .9
,., ,.,
'.2 5.7
7. 0
7.0
5. 9
'.5
5.8
' .2
5.8
5.'
5.8

.... [.EL1_1elLj !I·~j~F.t=¥.=I-.!"

Al42

....1
L.
---S:-a- -'-.I-
5.1 -
- L_--"'--O
I.JI~I'-,-.-
~ .-4.6 - -
.6
.7
~3:I--r.o
3.7 _ -

lOlld eboy. h.evy !lnel. llmlte d by mulmum eUowebl. web shu,.

t Non-com pael lor A36. AZU . A4-'O e nd A441 st e els. See Qu lc:k Relerenee Notes on bflom ••
: Non-compac:t IOf AZ4Z, AUG e nd AU1 Sleets .

AMERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CoNSTRUCllON

 2 ·31

10·8 BEAMS A36St•• 1

Miscellaneous shapes (M) =
F, 36 ksi

I and Light beams (B)

Allowable uniform loads in kips
for beams laterally supported
For boioms laterally unsupported. s ee page Z· 4Ii
Nom nel Depth 10 X S'J6 10 X 4 8 X 6'111
a nd Width
Weigh t per Foot
L.
19~
•••
22.'
.., .., ...7".'
n 11
4.1
_I' 15
4.1 I
flU
"
7.' 7".'
L.
~/A,
2
10.6
.." 10.3
4.42
•••
S... 6.47
S.•
. '~ 9.29
••• I
'.7
IUO
51.5
_!5~!_ ~
'.02 ....
66.7 S'i'T 90.5
3
•
121.8
106.4 68.9 74.3 -
64.' - 38.5 -m-
70.4
55.2
67T 60T 30.'
5 85.1
---
68.8 51.8 44.2 72.0

6 70.9 62.9 56 .3 SO.1 43.2 36.8 25.7 60.0 55.1

7 60.8 53.9 48.2 43.0 31.0 31.5 22.0 51.4 48.0
•
9
10
53.2
47.3
42.6
47.2
42.0
37.8
42.2
37.5
33 .8
37.6
33.4
30.1
32.'
28.8
25.9
27.6
24.5
22.1
19.2
17 .1
15. 4
45.0
".0
36.0
42.0
37.3
33.6
II 38.7 34.3 30.7 27.3 23.6 20.1 14.0 32.7 30.5
35.5 31.5 28.1 25.1 21.6 18.4 12.8 30.0 28.0
"
13
14
32.7
30.'
29.0
27.0
26.0
24.1
23.1
21.5
19.9
18.5
17.0
15.8
11.8
11.0
27.7
25.7
25.'
24.0

~
•• IS 28.'
26.6
25.2 22.5 20.1 17 .3 14.1 10.3
9.6
24.0 22.4

.~
<
[
"
17
18
25.0
23.6
23.6
22.2
21.0
2Ll
19.9
18.8
18.8
17.7
16.7
16.2
15.2
14.4
13.8
13.0
12.3
9.1
8.6
22.5
21. 2
21.C
19.8

~ 19 22.4 19.9 17.8 15.8 13.6 11.6 8.1

20 21.3 18.9 16.9 15.0 13.0 11.0 7.7
21 20.3 18.0 16.1 14.3 12.3 10.5 7.3

I
Prope rt ies and Reac tion Va lues
S 10.1 I 26.6 23.6 21.1 18.8 16.2 13.8 10.5 22.5 21.0
V kip s 60.9 34.' 34.5 37.2 35.2 33.4 25.8 45.2 27.8
R kips 49.5 27.9 27.5 28.3 26.7 25.2 19.4 46. 1 28 .4
R, kip s
N~l o . I 1l.5
'.5
6.5
'.5
6.5
'.6
6.8
'.8
6.5
'.8
6.2
'.8
'.9
'.8
10.5
3.'
6.5
3.'
t~25 I----,:s-
;~25 I :~25 ~~I~I ;~.36 I~ I-1!dL
"'''
"'"
"'1 i"t i 1.8 6.5
Yaluas 01 If In boldlaee eKeeed mulmum web shear V.
U 3.7
5.2
- -
4.3
- -
--r.r- .7 l'f:o ~

Laed ebove h.. ...., tine Is limited by maximum allowable web sheer.
t Nono(:ampat;t lor "36. A241. "440 end "441 steels. See Quick Relerenee Na l" on beams.
: N"' Humpacllor -'242.".uo and "441 steels.

AMERIC"N I NSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

2 - 32

A36St•• 1 BEAMS 8·6

F, = 36 ksi Miscellaneous shapes (M)
and Light beams (B)
Allowable uniform loads in kips
for beams laterally supported
For bean,. lal Qrally Url&upporl ed, SQe palle Z -46
I
Nom . Depth
and Width 8 )( 5'"" • x< • x<

.... ..
.., ... ....., -ro-
n
Wt. per Foot
.., tlO I.

......",
22.5 1'.5 11 15 I' 11.5
L. 5.' 5.' 5.' 5.'
L.
~/AI
10.'
'.21
10.5
4.n
U
5."
'.1
1.17
•••
. 9.1) ,...
11.8
5.18
~
2 81.2 53. 4- 38.' ".0 ".7
3
,•
87.0
68.'
,4.7
81.1
50.' 53.4
49.6
55.7
44.'
57.7
41.2
TzT
39.5
38.1
28.6 ....
47.1

32.3
38.'
29.0
24.8
18 .6

, ...,
48.' 37.8 31.6 22.' 23.2 14.9
45.6 41.3 37.3 31.5 26.3 19.0 26.9 19.3 12.4
7 39.1 34.7 35.4 32.0 27.0 22.6 16.3 23.1 16.5 10.6

10
•• 34.2
30.'
27.4
30.'
27.0
24.3
31.0
27.6
24.8
28.0
24.9
22.4
23.6
21.0
18.9
19.8
17.6
15 .8
14.3
12.7
11.4
20.2
18.0
16.2
14.5
12.9
11.6
'.3
'.3

,..
7.'
11
12
13
24.9
22.8
21.0
22. 1
20.3
18.7
22.'
20.7
19.1
20. '
18.7
17.2
17.2
15.7
14 .5
14.4
13.2
12.2
..,
10. 4

'.8
14.7
13.5
12.4
10.5
'.7
••• '. 2
'.7
14 19.5 17.4 17.7 16.0 13.5 11.3 '.2
~ 15 18.2 16.2 16.5 14.9 12.6 10.5 7.'
•
~

E
<
16
17
17.1
16.1
15 . 2
14 . 3
15.5
14.6
14. 0
13.2
U.8
11.1 •••
'.3
7.1
'.7
•
~

'"

Properties and Reaction Values

17 .1 15. 2 15. 5 14.0 U.8 9.8. 7.79 7.24 5.07
....
Sin.' 10.1

.., ,..
V ki ps 43.5 40.6 26.7 27.8 28.8 26.7 19.5 23.6
..,
20.0 14 .4
R kips 43.0 39.6 26.4 27. 1 27.3 25.2 18.4 25.2 18 .1
R i klps
N~ln.
10.1
3.5 3.'
'.2
3.5 3.' 3.7
'.2
3.7 •••3.7 7.0
2.7
'.2
2.7 •••
2. 7
.,42 ( U..:.,25 ~I~~-!~I~~
A440
.441
I.E£I~
L. -
t:;""" 1.9
:~Z5 1 1:,Z5
6.8 ---y:y- 6.
3.1
5.2
- - 3.1 3.1 _
t r ., - '.1-"""&T • .
Values 01 R In boldfaca axceed maximum web shear v.
load above heavy line I.UmltQd by ma~lmum allo_bre web shear,
t NOrl-c:om pact 101" "36, 1\242, "440 and "441 .teel• • See Quick RelMenee Notes on beam.
: Non -c:ompact for A242, "~40 and AUt sta.ls.

AME RICA N INSTITUTE OF STEEL CO NSTRUCTI ON

 ,. "
BEAMS A36St•• 1
10·8 Junior beams and F, = 36 ksi
Junior chan nels
I [ Allowable uniform loads in kips
for beams and channels laterally supported

~
, ~ ~

,~ ;:: ".9 'L

31.2
".
18.8 14.0
::: I:!l::
9.' ~:~
:::: 23.8
:::~
16.1
5 25.0 15.0 11.2 7.7 27.3 19.1 12.9
, ,.,
,..
32. 0 20.' 12.5 9.3 22.7 15.9 10.8

•
7
9
27.4
24.0
21.3
17 .8
15.6
13.9 ..,
10.7
9.'
'.0
7.0
'.2
5.5
'.3
19.5
17.0
15.2
13.6
11.9
10.6
9.2
'. 1
7.2

,..
10 19.2 12.5 7.5 5.' 3.' 13.6 9.5 '.5
II 17 .5 1l.3 5.1 3.5 12.4 '.7
12
13
16.0
14.8
13.7
,.,..,
10.4 '.3
5.'
5.'
U
'.3
'.0
3.2
3.0
11.4
10.5
'.7
7.9
7.3

•• "
~
IS 12.8 '.3 5.0 3.7 '.1

••
0
16
17
12.0
11.3
7.'
,.,,.,
7.3 ,.,
'.7 '.5
'.0
a
~
18
19
10.7
10.1
20 9.' '.2
21 '.1 5.'
22 '.7
23 '.3
24 '.0
25 7.7

; , , v.,,"

~'5 ~ {' .?! ~.~ -~.~

i-nn t!
I ... •••
VlIlues 01 H In boldler• • ~c •• d maMlmum web shea. v.
Load above heavy lin e I. limit ed by mulmum allowabl. web shear.
: Non-c:ompllct lor A2.2, A44/1 and "441 steels.

AMERICAN INSllTUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

2·34

A36 Steel BEAMS 24·20

F, = 36 ksi American Standard beams

Nomln.1 Olplh 24 X 1~
Allowable uniform loads in kips
for beams laterally supported

2' X 1 20X , 21l X 6'A

I
end Width
W,laht per Foot
L, ..,
120
..,
105.9 II.
'.t ,.," ,.. 79.9 Oelllc·
Uoo
" IS
""""f.8 """'f.& " 65.4
6':8
Defile·
'100

*
Inches Inches
L.
" / /1.1
16.'
'.n ,...
16.5 l1.t
1.11
11.1
U1 -¥J..
'.M
l5.i"" . 14.1 . lU "'"IT.2
... ~
"""'i:'O'l l.Oi'" 3.i1 ••OS
-- --
5 .03
-m-
, 5ii2 -lll- -m- 415
520 .04
~~
6 43' 290 .04
34' 28• IT,
... ...
7 555 •05 366 .06

• ... ~ ...
305 312 .07 320 300 2" 134
417 351 330 284 267 225 .10
10 401 375 '16 297 278 .10 256 240 202 187 .12
11 365 341 287 270 2" .Il 233 218 184 170 .15
248 .15
12
Il
14
15
335

"" '" '" '"

287
288
2..
250
263
243
2ll
212
212
21.
199
185
.17
.20
213
197
18'
200
185
172
160
'"
155
144
IlS
15'
144
134
125
.18
.21
.24
.28
'" 19' .23 17l

'" ...
16 251 234 198 186 114 .26 160 150 126 117 .32
17 136 221 186 175 16. . 30 151 141 11• 110 .36
18 176 165 155 .34 142 134 112 104 .40
19 211 197 166 156 14' .37 135 126 106 98 .45
201 187 158 149 139 .41 120 101 .50
;;
~•
20
21 19l
182
179
170
151
144
142
135
132
126
.46
.50
l2B
122
116
11'
109 ." "
89 .55
.60
"• "24
< 23 175 163 117 12. 121 .55 III 104 88 "81 .66
~
~ 15
26
167
161
154
149
156
150
144
139
132
126
122
124
11'
114
110
116
III
107
103
.60
.65
.70
.75
107
102
98 ."
100 84
81
78
75
"
75
72
.72
.78
.,
..84
27
28 143
138
134
129
117
11'
109
106
103 "" .81
.87
" .,"
91 86
8l
72
70
" 67 .97
1.04

""
29 88
30 134 125 105 99 93 .93
1.06 .,
85
75
67 1.12

" ""
32 125 ll7 99 93 87 63 1.21
34 11' 110 93 87 82 1.20 75 71 55 1.44
36 1I2 104 88 83 77 1.34 71 67 56 1.61
106 99 67 63 49
38
100
83
79
78
14
73
70
1.49
1.66
" " 60 "
51 47
1.19
1.99
"87 "89
40
42
44
"" .,
91
84
85
81
78
..
75
72
" "
71
65
63
60
1.82
2.00
2.19
2.38
61 48 45 2.19

50 75 " "" "

63 56 2.59

Properties and Reaction Values

Sin.' 250.' 234.3 197.6 185.8 173.9 160.0 150.2 126.3 116.9
,,,
V kips
R kips
Riklps
117 . ...
278. 218. 260. m. 174.
103 . 86.
21.5 16.9 20.2 16.8 13 .5
... 50.
232.
113 .
21.6
189.
93.
17.6
186.
88.
17.3
...
145.
•• pl.nation
13.5 01 dellec·
,

N~ln . 11.0 11.0 11.3 11.3 11.3 ~,.

'.0 '.0 '.2
'.2 lIon _

....
.,,' I.K
..., I-¥-
Z .12: peseZ .ll

L, 1':T
I ." I~
7.2 6 T1
'21 ' 'K
. 51 'K
6'T I.~ 1
6.r 'K IS":'9
----rr '~ 5:"1
"- rrtj-I 12.1 1.7 1.6 8.S It T 10 .8 8.4
••
Lad ebove heavy line Is limited by maximum ellowable ,h.. r.

AM ERI CAN I NSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 2· J5

18·15·12 BEAMS A36St •• 1

American Standard beams F, 36 k,i=
I Allowable uniform loads in kips
for beams laterally supported

~N()m'n.'
0e9"' &. W. ,j lh
W'-;-I"I

- L.
pet 1001 70
II )( ,
S4.1
------
6" _I.,.!,L
10.' to.•
I o.ftec.
lion
Inch . .
a x

&.1
~'k

I--ij-fl.,
5.0
De"~·
do.
I~h . .
12

--u- 5.7
x 5'.
!SO _1_40 ••

n.t
11 x

•••" -5:4
__
10:5 to.l
...
5
Detlec-
,~.
11K""

~11O'
L. ---.!~-1_1

~- ~:AI U7 1~1 -u:&

~--
4.21 4.19 lJ2 3.41
3 239 - -
fi5f" ."
4
5
6
17l
rm-~
272 236
.02
.03
.05
r-w-
239

171-Ef
178
.03
.04
.06
161
134
160
143
119
14'
121
101
122
115
0;
.0]
.05
.07
7
,
233 202 .07 147 135 .08 115
.,
102 86 82 .10
8
10
204
181
163
177
157
141
.09
.11
.14
128
114
103 .
118
105
.11
.13
.17
101
89
80
80
72
76
67

.
60
72
64
"
.13
.17
.21
11
12
13
148
13'
125
129
118

.
109
101
.17
.20
.23
93

"
79
86
79
72
.20
.24
.28
73
67

""
."
60

.
50
47
52
48
44
.25
.30
.35
14
15 '"
109
.27
.31
73

" ."
67
63
.32
.37 54
51 43
40
41
38
.41
.47

..•
16
17
102

"
88
83
.35
.40
64
60 ...
.42 50
47
45
42
38
36
36
34
.53
.60

., .,
18 91 79 .45 57 52 .54 45 40 34 32 .67

, 19 86 74
...... .50 54 50
...
.60 42 38 32 .75

..
~
20 82 71 51 47 40 36 29 .83
<
••
~
21
22
23
78
74
71
67

"
61
.,
.67
.73 45 ."
45
...
.73
.88
38
37
35 .," " "
33
31
27
26
27
26
.91
1.00
1.09

." "" ""

24
63 54
.79
.86
.93
43
41
40
39
38

"
.95
1.03
1.12
34
32 29
25
24
24
23
1.19
1.29
27

"" " .,
>I
" .
60
58
..
52
51
1.01
1. ..
1.16
U4
38
37
35
34
J5
34
32
31
1.2'1
1.>1
1.39
1.49
31
32
33
34
35
.
53
51
48
47
44
43
42
40
1.33
1.41
1.50
1."
1.69
33
32
>I

"
1."
1.69

36 45 39 1. 79
37 44 38 1.89
38 43 37 1.99
Properties and Reaction Values
~ !~ .I 101.9
... 88.' ...
64.2 58.' 50.3 44.8 37.8 36.0
...
V kip s
R kips
Hi kips
N~ln .
186. 120.
61.
19 .2 12,4
8.3 8.3
...
pa&"
1 . ll
120.
71. 53.
14.9 11.1
'.8 '.8
...
P'&"
l · ll
120. SO.
89. 60.
74.
53. 44 .
18.5 12.4 11.6
5.1 5.1 5.3 5.3
'.5
F.,
upl.n • • lon
01 dell e<:-
l lon_
pale Z.U
AlU C.f . 1.11 11.18 l.la 11.1I l.31 ~18
--s.o 1." I."
4. 1 ...-
.woIr--:~ 5.1 -5.5 -,:r To 4.1
MU ~ '.0- -u 1.1 --r.r 10.0 1.6 7.'
Lo.d ebo..-. h.-V)" line I, ~mlled by maximum allowable 'h....

AMERICAN INSTI TU TE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

2· "

A36St•• 1 BEAMS 10·8-7

F, = 36 k,j America n Standard beams

Nom. Depth 10 X 4~
Allowable uniform loads in kips
for beams laterally supported

.X<
I
, X '"

"....,
end Width I .
,
Wl pet fool
L.
35.0
•••
Deflection
Inche •
21.0
•••
11.4

..,
'-'
DeIIlI<:llon
In ches
2'-'
••• ..,
15.3 Dellectlon
Inelle •
L. 11.0 10.4 10.1
••• -U-
tll AI U2 01 4.S1 '.11 4.62 ~
.. ---
,,
2 172.3
ISS .7
.01
.OZ
102.3
85.3 62.6 ..,
.01 91.4
~ 50.' ..,
.01

, U6 .8 "., .04 64.0 56.' .05 48.0 ~

.'"
,
93.4
17.9
""""18T""
65.1
.'"
.09
51.2
42.1
45.4

37.9
.08
.11
38.'
32.0
33.3
21.7
.09
.13
,,
7 66.7
sa.'
55.8
48.S
.12 "., 32.' ,15
.20
27. 4 23.8 .17
.23
10
51.9
46.7
43.4
39.0
.1'
.10
.25
32.0
28.4
25.6
28.4
25.2
22.1
.25
,31
24.0
21.3
19.2
20.'
18.5
16.6
,"
.35
42.5 35.5 .30 23.3 20.7 .38 11 .5 15.1 .43
11
12
13
38.'
35.'
32.'
30.0
,"
.42
21.3
19.7
18.9
17.5
.45
.52
\6.0
14.8
13.9
12.8 ..,
.51
.70
14 33.4 21.9 .49 18.3 16.2 .61 13.7 11.9
.70 .80
••
~
15
16
31.1
29.2
21.5
26.0
24.4
23.0
.56
.64
,72
17.1
16.0
15.1

14.2
13.4
.79
,OJ
12.8 11.1

-"e 17
26.0 21.7 .80
15.1
18
:!. 24.6 ZO., .OJ
~
20
19
23.' 19.5 ,"
21 22.2 18.6 L09

Propertie s Bnd Reaction Values

Sin,'
V kip s
29.2
86,
24.4
45.
16.0 14.2
31.
!!.o
46 .
10.4
25.

,. "...,.,,
'L Fg. e~·
R kip s
R ; kip s
N,in .
72.
16.0 s..
paae ,. ,.,
52.
11.9
32.
7.' s..
paa'
52.
12.2
2.'
,,'
29 .
2.'
planallon
old.lle<:·
lion,,"

A2<2 I·
A440 L.
eL
AU1 . L-;' -
I '·9-1·'L
4.5
8.1
4.]
,:-&-
2 ·ll
~.38-1~
].8
'-'
].7
-,-.,-
2 ·12

---r.r- I---r.r
1.38
--r:r --n--
paa.
1.38
2 . 12

Values of R In boldf.ce .~c.ed maximum web shea. v.

load abO ... h'lY)' line I" limited by maximum ellowable shear.

AMERICAN IN STITU TE OF STEEl CONSTRUCTION

 2 · 37

6·5·4·3 BEAMS A36 St~~1

American Standard beams =
F, 36 k,j
I
_ :.~m ne 6 X l%;
Allowable uniform loads in kips
for beams Iatera11y supported

IX' 1 X 2'"
ox '"
o- ptll & Wldt ll

...L.
• .talll .,... foot
,,' ,,,'..
11.25 12.$ [)ellt!(;· 14.1S '00 DeU oc· 7.7 Defloc .
,,' Delloc-

*
do. ,~. , ~.
7" , ~.
-U "a --::9 2,7

T6i" ,...
, ,7
h w;IIOI
-M-
...,
'.7 I,'
l ocll..
,,' u
In,lI..
rU. -H-
...,
-U.
l och..

26 .• . I~ ~50
4/A 5.11 I ,"
2
3
69.640,0
" ,4 38.'
,"
,04
48, 0 30.'
32,0 '25.6
,02
,04 17.6 ~
16 .0
,02
, 06
15.2
10.1 ,,' ---:or-
13. 6
,07
,
,
4 34.8 29,2
27. 8 23.4
.07
,10
24.0 19.2
,"
19 .2 15.4,,' ,,.,," 13.2
10. 6
12.0 ,10 1,'
' ,I ,,'
' ,8 , 13
, 21

,,' .32 ,,' ,,' ,"

23 ,2 19. 5 ,15 16 .0 12.8 . 18 8, 8 8,0 ,22 5, 1 4,5 ,30
1 19. 9 16 .7 ,20 13 . 7 11.0 .24 I ,' ,M 4,3 3,' . 41
,8 17. 4 14.6 ,26 12.0 ' ,0 ,40
10
15. 5
13, 9
13 .0
H .7
.34
,41 ,,' ."
10.7 8,5
1,1
,40 5,' 5,3

11 12.7 10.6
,,.,"
,W ,"
8,1 1,0

"
13
11 .6 ',I
10.7 ',0

"•
~

E
•~
~

Properties and Reaction Values

S In.- 8,1 1,3 ',0 4,8 3,3 3,0 I.. 1.1
F~
V kips 40 ,' 20.0 35,8 15 .2 18 . 9 11. 0 15,2 1,4 u plen.

.
R kips 53 ." 26 .4 55, ' 23 . 7 36,3 21. 2 31, 3 11 .6 . lIon 0
Rl klps 12.6 ' ,2
Ps..
.y. Il .3 5, I 5• •
P.y. 8,8 5,1
P
5 ..
2·f·
',4 4,' dellOC'

.,,,
....
N .ln .
C.Y.
r;
2, '

TrllT
2.' 2 · 2
j i ll I II
.,.
2,0
.,
' ,a •••
2,0 2· 2
1.5
1.11 11.11
1.5 , 2
1
1.0
]I I
1.0
US
lion lee
,.
P. ~

"'1 1: , ~ 6 .7 or
"
Tr lT
---n- "T.r -.-. -n
u Tr
v....... 0 1 R In boldl.ce exceed mulm ...m _b-t;,,-, V .
LoiI d . tMnt. IIn "'Y line I. limited by mul m ...m .!low.boIe .lIu,.

AMER ICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

z· "
A36 Steel BEAMS 18·15
=
F, 36 ksi American Standard channels
Allowable uniform load in kips
for channels laterally supported [
Nom.Oept
1& X 4 15 X J~
a nd Width
t. per Foot
,., "., Oellecllon
'" OeIlK1lon

~
50 51.9 45.' 33.9
Inches ' Inchu
L. 5.5
" I AI 5,,. 1 .0Z
5,'
,," 5,'
7.29 '"
6.21
51=
5.~
5.'
6.19

,
2 365. 4
364,2 :m.2 261.0 234.9
,01
,01
311.5
262.0
226,2
225.9 174.0
.01 -
,01
•
5
273.2
218.5
253.4
202.7
23].6
186. 9
223.7
118.9
,02
,"," 196.5
157.2
169.4
135.5
152.9
122.3
,02
,04
6
7
182.1
156.1
136.6
168 .9
144.8
155.7
133.5
116.8
149.1
127.8 ,06
,OS
m.o
112.3
1l2.9
96,8
84,7
101.9
87.4 ,"
.07
,10
8 126.7 111.8 98.3 76.4
10
11
• 121.4
109.3
99.3
112.6
101.3
92.1
103.8
93.4
84.'
99,'
89,S
81.3
,10
,Il
,IS
87.3
18.6
11.5
75.3
67.8
61.6
68,0
61.2
55.6
.12
,IS
,18
n .9 ,22
12
Il
91.1
84.1
78.0
84,S
78.0
72.4
71.9
66.7
74.6
68,8
63.9
,18
,21
,25
65.5
60,S
56,2 ....
56.S
52,1
51.0
47.0
43.7
,26
,30

,","
I.
IS 72.8 67,6 62.3 59.6 ,28 52.4 45.2 40,8
68.3 63. 3 58,' 55.9 ,32 49.1
16
17
18
64,3
60,7
59.6
56,'
53.3
55.0
51.9
52.6
49.7 ,"
, .1
,46
46,2
0.7
42.'
39,'
37.6
'",2
".0
34.0
32,2
,44
,"
,55
I' 57.5 49.2 47.1 41.4 35.7
20 54.6 SO,7 ".7 44,7 ,SI 39.3 33.9 30,6 .61

"•
~

E
21
22
52.0
49.7
47.5
48,'
46.1
44.S
42.5
40,6
42.6
40,7
,56
,61
.67
37. 4
35.7
34,2
32,'
30,8
29.5
29.1
27.S
26.6
,67
,"
,80

,","
".1 ,",'

...
23
< 24 45 .5 42.2 ,",' 37. 3 32,8 28,2 25.5 ,87
•
~ 25 43.7 40,S 37.4 35.8 31.4 21.1 24.5
"' 26
27
42.0
40,S
39.0
37.5
35.9
34.6
34,'
33.1
,85
,"
,99
30.2
29. 1
26.1
25.1
23.5
22.7
1.03
1.11
28
29
30
'I
....
39.0
31.1

35.2
36,2
34,'
33.8
32 .7
33.4
32.2
31.1
30.1
32.0
30,'
29,8
2S.9
1.06
1.14
1.22
28,1
27.1
26,2
25. 4
24.2
23.4
22.6
21.9
21.S
21. 1
ZO,.
19.7
1.19
1.28
1.37
1.46
32 34,1 31.7 29.2 28.0 1.29 24.6 21.2 19.1 1.55
33.1 30,7 28,' 27.1 1.38 23.8 20,S lS.5 1.65
"
34 32.1
31.2
29.8
29.0
27.5
26.7
26.3
25.6
1.46
1.55
23.1
22.5
19.9
19.4
IS.0
17.5
1.75
1.86
"
36 30.'
29.5
28.2
27.4
26,0
25.3
24.9
24.2
1.64
1.11
21.8
21.2
18.8
18 .3
17.0
16.5
1.97
2,OS
"" 28.8
28.0
26.7
26.0
24.6
24.0
23.5
22.9
1.81
1.92
ZO,7 17.8 16.1 2.19

"
..
40
42
27.3
26,0
24.8
25.3
24. 1
21.0
23."
22,2
21.2
22. 4
21.3
ZO,'
2.02
2.23
2.45

Properties and Reaction Val ues

S In. 1 74.5 69.1 63.7 61.0 53.6 46,2 41.7
V kips 183. 157, 131. ll1 . Se.
156. lll. 87, Se.
R kips 78,
.1. 58,
65, page 93, 68, 52, page
R; klps 18.9
16.2 13 .5
12 .2 2 · 12 19.3 14.0 10.S 2 · 12
N~l n . 8,'
8.' 8, '
8.' 6. 7 6.7 6,7
Load above heayY Une Is Ilmll ed by maximum .nowabl. web sheer.

AM ERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONST RU CTIO N

 2· 39

12·10 BEAMS A36St•• 1

American Standard channels =
F, 36 ksi
[ Allowable uniform loads in kips
for channels laterally supported

~_DePlh l 12 x1 10 X 2111
."d Wldl.!1 , ,
~-"-:. fOCl1 1
" •••
'.G " 20.1
•••
De flection
I~h • •
'".G .., ZS 20
S.•
II ...,.
IS.] o.fte>etlon
I~h ..

h
_. ~2 1
,
1." 1."
In .S I 134 . 7
1.15
.01
1."
151.1
1."
132. 7
I.n
109 .9 .... .01

•5 ". I .... ....

131.5 116 .8 97 .4 .02 100. 7 88.5 76 .8 65 .5 .02
78. 9
87.6
70. 1
78 .5
62 .8
.03
.05
75.5
53 .1
57.6
" .1 ,..,
49. 1
...
.04

•7
65. 8
56 .•
58.'
50. 1
52.3
44 .8
.01
.09
50.'
43.2
44.2
37 . 9
38.'
32.9
32.8
28. 1
...
.11
8 49. 3 43.8 39.2 .12 37.8 33.2 28.8 24.6 .15
9 43.8 38. 9 34.9 .15 33.6 29.5 25.6 21.8 .18
10 39.5 15. 1 31.4 .19 30.2 26.5 23.0 19.7 .23
11 35 . 9 31.9 28.5 .23 27 .5 24.1 20.9 17.9 .28
12 32 . 9 29.2 26.2 .27 25.2 22. 1 19.2 16.4 .33
13 30.' 27.0 24.1 .32 21.2 20.' 17.7 15.1 .38
14 28.2 25. 0 22. 4 .37 l1.6 19. 0 16.4 14.0 .<S
15 26.1 ll. 4 20.9 .43 20. 1 17.1 15 .4 13.1 .51
24. 7 l1.9 19.6 .49 16. 6 14.4 12. 3
...
.58

:-
16 18. 9
ll .l 18.5 .55 17 .8 15.6 13. 5 11.6
...
17 20. '
18 ll.9 19.5 11 .4 .61 16.8 14.1 12 .8 10. 9 .74
19 20. 8 18. 4 16.5 15.9 14. 0 ll .l 10. 3 .82
••
<
20 19. 7 11.5 15. 7 .76 15. 1 13.3 11 .5 9.8 .91
~ 21 18,8 16 ,7 14.9 .84 14.4 12. 6 11 .0 9. ' 1.00
~ 11. 9 15. 9 14. 3 .92 1l.7 12.1 10.5 ' .9 1.10
22
23 11 .2 15 .2 13. 6 1.00 13. 1 U .S 10.0 ' .5 1.20
16 .4 14 .6 13. 1 1.09 12.6 ILl 9.' ' .2 1.31
"
25 15.8
15.2
14 .0
11.5
1l. 6
ll. 1
1.19
1.28
12.1 10. 6 9.2 7. 9 1.42

26
27 14 .6 13.0 11 . 6 1.38
14 . 1 12.5 ll.l 1.49
"29
30
13.6
l3 .l
12. 1
11 .7
10.8
10.5
1.59
1.71

Properties end Reaction Values

-S ·In.' 18.1 15 . 7 13. 4
...
269 ll. 9 l1.4
...
20.'
V kips
N kips
Ni klps
89.
13.8
67 .
48.
10.4
49 .
34 .
Se.
pege
2 · 12
".
81 .
18. 2
76.
14 . 2
55 .
<S.
10. 2
".
29 .
'.5
Se.
peKe
2 · 12
7.'
N.ln. 5.' 5. ' 5 .• ••• ••• , ••• •••
l Oiod eboY. h. . W)' lin. I. " m ilN by mulmum ellow.bI. web . heet.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION

' · 40

A36St•• 1 BEAMS 9·8-7

=
F, 36 ksi American Standard channels
Allowable uniform loads in kips
for channels laterally supported [
Nom •• !?!~th , X ZYI • x Z'-' 1 X 2~
.nd Width
I. p .. Foo~ . 20 i IS I~
0.11&(:.1
lion
..11.75
"''''".
1l.75.....
1...!!:!...-1 Dellee-I
lion
"rr,,,,,:""'
..14.75 12.25
..
U
-I DeIlIO;.
lion
L t o 5.5 5.2 14 Inell.. U 5.2 5.0 I~h " ~"""'i:l s:o Inch..
-EAt, .: •.21 _•• ~1~1_ '''.!L . --.:i2'T.15 9.01 1--m-h',,·!2 --.:7Z"""'i:'f5I_ rurl
99.0 74.4 60.0 .01 7IT - 66--:O I~ .01 56.5- SO.6 "1-42.6 .01
3 66.0 5ITStT .02 53.3 44.0 39.6 .03 37.6 33.7 29.3 .03
4 49.5 41.4 38.S .04 40.0 33.0 29.7 .05 28.2 25.3 22.0 .05
5 39.6 33.1 30.8 .06 lZ.O 26.4 23.8 .07 22.6 20.2 17.6 .08
6 33.0 21.6 25.1 .09 26.6 22.0 19.8 .10 18.8 16.9 14.7 .12
7 28.3 2].7 22.0 .12 22.8 18.9 11.0 .14 16. 1 14.5 12 .6 .16
8 24.7 20.7 19.2 . 16 ZO.O 16.5 14.8 .18 14.1 12.6 11.0 .21
9 22.0 18.4 17.1 .20 17.8 14.1 13.2 .23 12.5 11 .2 9.8 .26
10 19 .8 16.6 15.4 .25 16.0 13.2 11.9 .28 11.3 10. 1 8.8 .33
11 18.0 15 . I 14 ,0 .31 14.5 12.0 10.S .34 10.3 9.2 8.0 .39
12 16.5 U.S 12 .8 .36 13.3 11.0 9.9 .41 9.4 8.4 7.3 .47
13 15.2 12.7 11.8 .43 12.3 10 .2 9.1 .48 8.7 7.8 6.8 .55
14 14.1 lL8 11.0 .50 11.4 9.4 S.5 .56 8.1 7.2 6.3 .64
15 13.2 11.0 10.3 .57 10.7 S.S 7.9 .64 7.5 6.7 5.9 .n
16 12.4 10.4 9.6 .65 10.0 8.2 7.4 .73 7.1 6.3 5.5 .83

••• 1.05."
17 11.6 9.7 9.1 .73 9.4 7.8 7.0 .82 6.6 6.0 5.2
IS 11.0 9.2 8.6 .82 8.9 7.3 6.6 •92 6.3 5.6
19 10.4 8.7 8.1 .91 8.4 6.9 6.3 1.03
ZO 9.9 8.3 7.7 1.01 8.0 6.6 5.9 1.14

21 9.4 7.9 7.3 1.12

Z2

"
9.0
8.6
7.5
7.2
7.0
6.7
1.22
1.34
I

Properties and Reaction Values

S In.1
V kips
R kips
ll.5
58.
53.
11.3
37.
34.
10.5
30.
27. .... 10.9 '.0
Se. 56. 35.
57 . 35.
'.1 ,..,..
So.
page
7.7
...,.
43.
5.' .!,O
3Z.
37 .
21. So.
"- page
R,klps 12.1 7.7 5.' 2·12 13.1 '.2 5.' 2 ·12 11.3 '.5 5.7 2 ·12
N.ln. '.0 '.0 '.0 3.5 . 3.5 . 3.5 . 2.9 . 2.'
Valoll' of R In boIdlflee .1I~d ""'lOmom web sh. ., V.
Lad ebow h. .vy II".. I. limited by mulmum web sh. .,.

AMER ICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 2 - 41

6-5-4·3 BEAMS A36St•• 1

American Standard channels F, = 36 ksi
[ Allowable uniform loads in kips
for channels laterally supported

Ho .... Depth 6x2 5XI'14 4XI% lxl~

r' ll d Width Oellec_ _ _ . 0,11010;:' Oefl ec. _ Oellec.
~ _ per Foot 13.0 1..!!·5 _ ~ 11011 9.0 16.7 . lion 7.25
~ lion ~ . U 4.1 11011
r -:--' L.. 5.6 5.] 50 Incha. 5.5 5.1 Inch. ~ ~ Inch . . ~ :. 6.2 - .!:!I . Inches
r-i'A! -'.11' 1.60 . -'.11 . _ _ 1.29 Til 1.16 ~ , 6." Il;!!. 1.19
2 42.S 36.7 31.5 .02 25.7 22.0 .02 16.9 13.9 .02 10.3 8.8 8.1 .03
3 28.4 24.4 21.0 .03 17.1 14.7 .04 11.2 9.3 .05 6.8 5.9 5.4 .07
4 21.3 18.3 IS.8 .!li 12.8 11.0 .07 8.4 1.0 .09 5.1 4.4 4.0 .12
S 17.0 14.7 12.6 .09 10.3 8.8 .Il 6.7 5.6 .14 4.1 3.S 3.2 .19

6 14.2 12.2 10.5 .14 '.6 7.3 .16 5.6 4.6 .20 3.' 2._ 2.7 .27
7 12.2 10.5
•
_.0
_.2 7. _
.19 7.3 6.3 .22 ••• 4.0 .28 2.' 2.5 2.3 .37

-
10.6
_.5 '.1 7.0
10 '.5 7.3 6.3
.24
.31
.38
6.'
5.7
5.1
..•••-
5.5 .29
.37
.46
'.2
3.7
3.'
3.5
3.1
2.'
.36
.46
.57
2.6 2.2 2.0 .49

11 7.7 6.7 5.7 .46 '.7 '.0 .55

12
13
7.1
6.5
6.1
5.6
..-
5.3 .55
.64
'.3 3.7
3._ 3.'
.66
.77

••
~
14
15
6.1
5.7
..-
5.2 '.5
'.2
.74
.85

£
<
•
~
~

_..""~~~-.-.,...,..,,,--,"'~OT..
~rtl~'r'T:and Reaction Values,,_
--._ , ~.-. ." , ,__ I
S In.1 , S.8 5.0 4.3 3.S 3.0 2.3 1.9 1.4 1.2 1.1 1
V kips 38.0 27.3 17.4 See 23.6 13.8 See 18.6 10.4 See 15.S Il .2 7.4 See
R kips 50 .1 Ji.D n.D page 35 .7 Zl .S paBe 35 .' 20.0 paBe :H .6 21 .7 n .t pege
Rikips 11.8 1.5 5.4 2·12 1.8 5.1 2 ·12 1.6 4.9 2-12 9.6 7.0 4.6 2 -12
N.in. 2.S 2.S 2.S 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0
Value. 01 R In boIdla... eJfc..d maximum _b shu, V.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

Z .42

A36St••1 BEAMS
F, = 36 ksi Angles

for
Allowable uniform loads in kips
fo r angles laterally supported
Neutral axis parallel to horizontal leg
.n~ .. l.l ..... lty unIUPPOfI.d, .now.bla load. mu.t btl reduced.
L
ror .n~. . . ublKI 10 tonkln. make .pedalln..... tlll:.llon .

Span In rut
Horl~ont.1

'"
Anp.
SIt.
w••
."". • • , •
-- - -- -- -- --
. l' 7 8 10 12 18

8 8X 8 X 1
10
51.0
45.0
51.9
51.3
....
41.1
I - ---
38.'
34.2
+-
33.1
29.3
29.0
25.7
25.7
22.8
23.2
20.'
19.]
17.1
16.6 14.5 12,g
14.7 12 .8 11.4
44.7 35.8 19.9 17.9 14.9 12.a 11.2
•••
"'" ,. ..
38.' 29.' 25.' 22.'
'.' •••
,.. ..,
32.7 37.a 30.2 25.2 21.6 la.9 16.8 15.1 12.6 10.8
\(0 30.8 24.6 20.' 17.6 15.4 13.7 12.3 10.] '.8 7.7 ' .8
8x6x~,
II.
25.7 19.4
20.2 15.4
15.5

.., ..,
12 .3
13.0
10.3
11.1
8.8
'.7
7.7 ,..
8.' 7.8
'.2 '.1 •••
8X4X~t 17.2 7.0 '.0 3.' 3.1 2.8

••• ,.. •••••• ••• •••

7 7X4X% ".2 11.0 8.' 7.3 '.3

"II. 22.1 7.' ••• '.2

\(0 17.9 7.7
15.8 7.0 .., ..,
'.2 '.1
'.0
3.'
3.'
3.'
3.1
, 8X 6 X % 3],8 012.9 34.3 28.6 24,5 21.4 19.1 17,2 H.) 12.3 10.1
20.7 la. l 16.1 14.S 12.1 10.4
" 36.3 29.0 24.2 '.1

,.
28.'
\(0 23.0 29.' 23.' 19.6 16.8 14.7 13.0 11.1 '.8 8.' 7.3
II. 20.2 ".0 20.8 17.4 14.9 13.0 11.6 10.4 8.7 7.'

.., .., ,..

6X6X~t 17.2 IS.0 12.0 10.0 8.' 7.' '.7 '.0 '.0 ' .3
7.3 '.7 '.1 '.3 3.7
6X4X~t " 14.9
14.3
12.8
7.0
10.3 8.'
'.0 3.' 3.1

• ,..
••• •••
SxSX" 20.0 14.3 11.4 8.2 7.1 '.7
\; 16.2 11.7
•••
7.' '.7 •••
•••
'.2 '.7

5X3lhX " "II. 12.3 '.8 7.0

10.4 • .4 3.' 2.'
'.0
2.' 2.2
3.' 3.'

8.7 3.7 2.' 2.' 2.1

l.'
• 9X 4 X 1
10
40.8
36.1
....
57.'
51.6 43.0 36.'
".1 38.' 32.'
32.3
28.8
28.7 25.8
25.' 23.0
21.5
19.2
18.4
16.4
16. 1
14.4
49.9 >J.' 33.2 28.' 24.9 22.2 19.9 16.6 14.2 12.5

"'"
31.3

II.
\(0
26.3
23.8
21.3
42.2
38. 1
34.1
....
33.7 28.1 24.1
25.' 21.8
27.3 22.7 19.5
2Ll
19.1
17.0
18.7 16.9
16.9 15.3
IS.2 13.6
14.1
12.7
11.4
12.0
10.9
'.7
10.5
••
••••
,.. ,..
• aX4X"
\(0
24.2 33.7 27.0 22.' 19.3 16.9 15.0 13.5 11.2
19.6 27.5 22.0 18.3 1S.7 13.7 12.2 11.0 '.2
9.' 8.'
7.'
II. 17.2 24.2 19.4 16.1 13.8 12.1 10.8 '.7 8.1 '.0

AMERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION

'" Z·4l

BEAMS A36St•• 1
Angles F, = 36ksi

L For enalea
Allowable uniform loads in kips
lor angles laterally supported
Neutral axis pa rallel to horilonlalleg
l.ter.lI~ unsuppOrted, allowablt 1000di mull be r .duc~.
For e"81 •• lubJect to torsion, m .... • ~I.llny •• Upllon.

w,. S~nln fut

Hoflzontll
'"
An&l"
Sin ,M
H. 2
.-
3 •
,
5
, ,
• j----r-----
1 8 ,, 10 12 14
I--
• 1 X. X~. 15.8 .. .. 18.1 15.0 12.5 10.7 '.3 8.3 1.5 '.2 5.3

••
lO 13.6
X. X" 12.3
X. X" '.8
..
..
..
..
..
16.1 12.9 10.8 '.2 8.1
12.1 '.1 8.1
5.5
••• 3.1
.., •••3.1 2.1
1.2 '.5 5.'
5.' '.8
2.'
••• •••
II, 8.2 .. .. '.8 3.8 3.2 2.1 2.' 2.1
••X3 xli, 1.2 ,.
xllhX'YIe 1.1 ..
..
..
..
3.1
2.1
2.'
2.1
2.'
1.8
2.1 1.8
1.5
5.8 .. .. 2.2 1.8 1.5 1.3

31!. 5 xJ!fJXY.t
lO
U .•
IDA
22.' 14.1 11.0
16.9 11.2 8.'
8.8 7.3 .
'.1 5.'
'.3 5.5
'.8 '.2
.., •••
3.1 3.'

•
II,
xllhxo/i.
8.1
1.1
13.9 '.3 1.'
'.5 ••• '.8
5.'
3.' 3.2
••• ••• 3.'
2.1 2.'
3.1
2.1
2.8

llhxly'!X'YI, 1.2 1.2 '.8 3.' 2.' 2.• 2.1 1.8

3lhxl X" '. 5.8

5.'
5.8
U
3.'
2.'
2.'
2.2
2.3 I.'
1.1 1.'
1.7 1.4
1.2

3
• X3 xI!.
lO
11.1
8.5
13.9
11.0
'.3 1.'
1.3 5.5 ••• •••
5.'
3.1 3.1
••• 3.5
2.1
II, 1.2 8.8 5.'
.., ••• 3.52.' 2.'2.' 2.52.1 2.2

lYlx3 X"
3 X3 xl'
3 x2Ylxl,4
'. 5.8
5.'
•••
'.5
1.3 3.1
5.1 3.8 2.'
'.3 2.8 2.1
2.' 2.' 1.5
2.3
1.1
1.2
1..
1..
1.6
1.8

21!. 1 x2Ylx~
II,
•••
5.'
5.,
5.1
•••
3.'
3.'
2.5
2.'
2.'
2.'
1.1

2lhx2lhx1,4
2lhx2
'.
x'A
' .5
'.1
3.62
'.1
2.'
1.8
2.1
1..
1.2
2.1
1.4
•••
1.'
1.1
1.'

AMERICAN IN STI TUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION

'·44

BEAMS
Design of bearing plates
When a beam is SUPl)Orted by a masonry waH or pilaster, it is essential
that the beam reaction be distributed over an area sufficient to keep the
average pressure on the masonry within allowable limits. In the abeence of
code provisions, an allowable F" depending on the type of construction, may
be selected from AISC Specification. Sect. 1.5.5.
The following method of design is recommended:
An chor as required
R - Reaction of beam, kips
/ A .. B X C - Area of plate,
I square inches
.2- F6 = Allowable bending stress in
c+. I>lnte, kai
F, - Allowable bearing pressure
- -- - - -~
on support, ksi
k .. Distance from bottom of
beam to web toe of fillet,
inches (rrom beam di-
menaion tablee)
C t __ Thickness of plate, inches

The beam reaction, R , is 8.8sumed to be uniformly distributed to the

plate over the area C X 2k. The bearing plate is assumed to distribute this
load uniformly over the masonry SU I>port.
1.Eatabliah F•• kai and F" kai.
2.Detennine the required area, A _ R / F" square inches.
3. Establish C and 80Ive for B - A / C. The length of bearing, C. is
usually governed by the available wall thickness or some other structural
consideration. Band C should preferably be in full inches, and B rounded
off so that B x C;;:::: A.
4. Determine the actual bearing pressure, F, - R/ (B X C) .
5. Determine n _ (8 / 2) - k and, using the actual F" solve for t in the
formula:

,- ~-
3F,n '
-
F.
6. Check web crippling on length C + k.
R < 7SF
(C + Il ) X web thickness - . 7

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 2 · 45
EXAlIIPLE
An 18 \/IF 50 beam, ASTM A36, for which web thicknees _ .358 inch.
It _ 1 1.16 inches and F:y - 36.0 bi . hll8 a reaction of 49 kips and is to be sup·
ported by 8 mU80nry wa ll with an allowablo F, _ 250 psi. The lengtll of bear·
ing. C, is limited to 10 inches. Using ASTM A36 steel. F, - 27.0 bi (AlSC
SI>ecification. Sect. 1.5. 1.4 .8), design a bearing plate for the beam.

A (req'd.) - 49/.250 ~3 X .245 X 8.94t

- 196 sq. in. •• 27.0
B _ 196/ 10 - 19.6 in. ; - LA8 inches; use 1).1 in .
use 20 in. Check for web crippling:
A _ 10 X 20 .75 F:y - 27.0 bi (allowable)
_ 200 2:: 196

F, (actual) - 49/(10 X 20) =--:-~

490:-,..,..,= _ 12.38 ksi
- .245 ksi (10 + 1.06) x.358
n. - 20/2 - 1.06 12.38 :s; 27.0 o.k.
_ 8.94 in.
Usc: Bearing plate 10 X 1~ X 1'·8
Steel bearing plates are u.sually shipped 8Cparately and gruut.ed in place
prior to erection of the beam . Beams are generally not attached to the bearing
plates, but shouJd be properly anchored to the waH. Recommended anchorage
details are shown on page ... 77.
In the event light loads or high allowable bearing preeeures reduce the
bearing area required suHiciently to permit support of the beam without bear·
ing plates, it is recommended that the beam Bange be investigated for bend·
ing by the formula,

F, (allowable) .=3F n2

in which .'
t - thickness of flange, inches
n - (Bange widlh/ 2) - k . inches
F, - 0.75 F,. ksi. allowable bending strees in flange when acting aa a
bearing plate

AMER ICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

Z·46

ALLOWABLE MOMENTS IN BEAM S

With unbraced length greater than L,
GENERAL NOTES

Spacing of lateral bracing at distances greater than L . creates a problem

in which tbe designer is confronted with a given lateraUy unbraced length
(usuaUy less than t.he total span) a long the compression flange, and a calcu.
lated required bending moment. The beam carUlot be selected from its section
modulus alone, since depth and flange proportions have an influence on it.s
bending strength.
The following charta show the total allowable bending moment for w:
and B shapes of A36 steel, used as beams, with respect. to the maximum un·
braced length for which this moment is permissible. The charts a re limited
to a maximum unbraced lcrlgth of 25 feet, gjnce greater le ngths a re infrequent
in design practice.
The T otal Allowable Moment, in kip-feet, is the total allowable bending
moment with respect to unhraced le ngth with no consideration of the moment
due to weiiht of t he beam. Total allowable moments are shown (or unbraced
lengths of spans up to L" of spans between L, and L ", and of SI:l8Il8 beyond L •.
The unbracod length in feet is the maximum latera Uy unbraced length
of the compression flange corresponding to the total allowable moment. It
may be either the total span, o r any part of the total span between braced
point.s.
The unbraced length Let in feet, with tbe limit indicated by a IIOlid symbol
( . ) is the maximwn unbraced length of tbe compression flange up to which
the allowable bending stress p. may be taken at 24 ksi for A36 steel provided
the beam is a compact section as defined in Section 1.5.1.4.1 of the AISC
Specification. 1.n no case is L . taken greater than L •.
The unbraced length L. in feet, with the limit indicated by an open sym-
bol (0) is the maximum unbraced length of the compression Bange beyond
which the aUownble bending stress P~ must be reduced. F or le n.gths greater
than L~, but not. greater t ha n L., p. may be taken at 22 ksi for A36 steel.
For shapes which do not qualify as compact sections, the a llo wable bend-
ing stress is 22 Itsi for all laterally unbraced lengths up to L".
In all cases where tbe unbraced length of the compression fl ange exceeds
L", the a llowable bending stress F. must be calculated according to tbe provi-
sions of Section] .5.1.4 .5 of the AISC Specification. and may not exceed the
la rger val ue given by the followin g Formulas. nor 0.60 F,:

F - [1.0 - (1M ' ] 0.60 F Formula (4)

• 2C~'C. •

P. 12,000,000
F orrowa (5)
• - ld/ A,

Formws (4 ) is simplified fDr each grade of steel 8S shown in the Specifica-

tion Appendix. Fo rmula (5) is independent. of yield point stress and applies
equally to a ll grades of steel.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRU CTION
 2· 41
In computing the points for lhe curves. C. in Formula (4) was taken as
unit.y; a nd the radius of gyration r, about. an axis in t.he plane of the web,
was compui.ed for 8 Tee-Seclion made up of the oompreasion Hange plus one.
sixlh of the web area.
Because 8Ilvera l of its dimensions are involved, a given beam is the tightest
available for various combinations of unbraced length and total moment, over
8 limited range of Icngth. The charts a re designed to assist in 8Illection of Lhe
tightest available beam for the given oombinntion.
Tbe solid portion of each curve indicates the most economical section by
weight. The d ashed l)Ort ion of each curve indicates ra nges in which a heavier
beam will satisfy the loading conditions and may be desired because of a lim·
ited dept.b condition. The dashed portion also indicates beams of similar
weight but of greater depth to assist in maldng a selection wben de l1ection
may be a problem. The d ashed lines have boon terminated at the point beyond
which any furthcr extension would not be practical from a normal design
standpoint. In no case, is the dashed line or tbe solid line extended beyond
the point where lhe a llowable bending stre88 is l~ than 11 ksi.
The following Example illustrates usc of the charts for &election of a proper
size beam with an unbraced length great.cr than L •.

£XAMPLE
Given: Using A36 steel, determine the size of 8 "simple" framed girder with
8 span of 35 feet, which supports two equaJ concentrated loada located
10 feet from ita le fLand right re&cUon points. The compression flange is
laterally aUPl)Ortedatthe concentrnted load point.sonJy. The lands pro-
duce a maximum calculated moment of 208 kip-feet in the ccnLer ] 5
foot section between the loads.

Solution:
Center section or ]5 feet is longest unbraccd length.
With total SI)8n equal to 35 feet, a nd M _ 208 kip-feet, assume approxi.
male weight of beam at 70 pounda per foot (equal to 0.07 kips per
foot).

T otal moment M _ 208 + .07 : 35

1
_ 219 kip.reet.

Entering chart, with unbraced length equaJ to 15 reet on the bottom

sca le (abscissa), proceed upward to meat the horizontal line corre--
sponding to a mo ment equal to 219 kip-feet on the left hand scale
(ordinate). Any beam listed above a nd to the right or the point 80
located sat.is.fies t he a Uowable bending strnss requirement. I n t h is
case, the tightest section satisfying this criterion is a 24 \IF 68, for
which the total allowable moment with a D unbraced length of 16
reet is 220 kip-feet.

Use: 24 YF 68

NOTE: If depth is Limited, a n 18 W 70 could have been selected, providod

deflection col\dition8 are not critical.
AMER ICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
2 · 48
ALLOWABLE MOMENTS IN BEAMS

t:
!!,
'"z
~
~
~
~
9 14•
;/.

! • • .1111
UNBRACED LENGTH IN FT.
"
" "
AMERICAN I NSTITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION
 Z · 49

ALLOWABLE MOMENTS IN BEAMS

" "

...

.. ..
I•
u

"
~
~

.t
;2
i!O
~
zw
"fl
"''"
J

"
~
0
J
J

"
g
J

, ,

UNBRACED LENGTH IN FT.

AMERI CAN IN STITUTE OF STEEL CON STRU CTION
, -"
ALLOWABLE MOMENTS IN BEAMS
... " "

'"1"•
E

"
u
.5

"
~

"-
t:\
t
"-
...
'" ...
~

>-
Z

"'" ...••
0

"'"
~
m
~
9
~

"
~

~
,
... "

...
UNBRACED LENGTH IN FT.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
 2 ·51
ALLOWABLE MOMENTS IN BEAM S
"

UNBRAC£O LENGTH IN FT.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
'·52
ALLOWABLE MOMENTS IN BEAMS

no

'"~ 17.
E

~
u
.<

"-
.!!-
x

t
9,
~

z
...z
w

"
0

"
w
~

'"~
... ,
0
~
~

...
~

...
0

, •
UNBRACED LENGTH IN FT. "
AMERICAN IN STITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION
 ~. 53
ALLOWABLE MOMENTS IN BEAMS
•

, I II
UNBRACED LENGTH IN FT.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRU CTION
2· "

Noles

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 2 · 55

PLATE GI RDERS
Design
Use of AISC Specification and Manual Tables
TIle Specification for the Design, Fabrication and Erection of Structural Steel
for Buildings, adopted by the American i nslitute of Steel Construclion April 1963.
provides for a more effective use of material in plate girder design than W88 previ-
ously IXIS8ible. T he present design rules are based upon extensive analytical re-
search which has been confirmed by numerous large-scale testa.
Since 1936 the Specificatio n haa provided for design by the gross moment of
inertia method, witb certain lim itations. However, for the convenience of those
deeigning for riveted fabrication under net area rules, tables of propertics of flange
angles and cover plates containing rivet boles have been retained in the Manua l.
Tbe examples which follow are given as a guide to the design of riveted and
welded plate girders using the various provisions of the A lSC Specification. Pro-
visions of t.he Specification controlling the design stepe are listed at the right of each
page. Page numbers are also given at the right, where information is obtained
(rom the Manual.
[}ceign of a plate girder by moment of inertia should start with a preliminary
design of 8 trial section. The initial selection may require one or more corrections
before a final CI"068 section can be found that satisfiee all the provisionB of the
Specification with maximum economy.
Example 1 illustrates a recommended procedure when designing a riveted plate
girder. For riveted girders, it is generally expeditious to select a trial section by
the "flange area method," and then check this preliminary section by "moment of
inertia method" as illustrated in the example.
Example 2 illustrates a recommended procedure when designing a welded plate
rirder of constant depth. The selection of a suitable welded girder cross section is
generally simpler than for riveted girders as shown in this example.
In addition. t he Table of Welded Plate Girder Properties beginning on page
2 - 84 provides a wide range of sections with nominal depths from 41 to 86 in.
to assist in s uch a selection. An example illustrating the use of this table is given
on page 2 - 8 1.

EXAMPLE 1
Design riveted plate girder with cover plate. The compression Bange is
lateraIJy supported for full le ngth.
Given: Uniform load: 25 kips per ft.
Maximum bending moment: 6000 kip-ft.
Maximum end reaction: 500 kips
Span: 40 ft.
Maximum depth: 66 in.
Rivets: 1 in. diam. (ASTM A141 )
Skel, AST'1 A36
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CoNSTRUCTION
2 -,.
Specification
or Manual
Reference
Solution:
A. Preliminary web design
L Web depth:
Asaume thickness of cover plates plus rivet heads - 5 in.,
then web depth - 66 - 5 _ 61 in.
Try 60 in. plate with flange angles 6O ~ 4 in. back to back.
2. Web thickness:
Maximum allowable shear stress - F. = 14.5 ksi 1.5.1.2
t _ 500 _ 0.574 in. ; t.ry ~1 in. and
60 X 14.5 Appendix
3. Check depth-thickness ratio, assuming 6 in. angle legs against pg.6·67
web.
h - 60% - 12 - 48.75 in.
h
t - - 162

h _ 48.75 _ 78 < 162 o.k. (no 8ange stress reduction necessary). 1.10.6
t O.~
"1 ''- < 260 o.k . 1.10.5.3
< 320 o.k. 1.10.2
Try web plate: 60 X %; A. _ 37.5 sq. in.

B. Preiiminnry {lange design

1. Assume c.g. of Banges at back to back of angles and a total depth
of64 in. out to out of flanges. Allowable bending stress - 1.5.1.4.4
Fo - 22.0 ksi
-stress
Approxlmate f ata
c.g. a anges ~ ""'6'4"
6O.7522_210ks-
X = . I
Approximate required flange area -
5000 X 12 _ 37.5 ~ 408 .
60.75 X 21.0 6 - . sq. m.
Try: 2 plates 14 X }i: Area = 24.50 sq. in.
2 angles 6 X 6 X J.i; Area - 19.46 sq. in.
Gross area of one flange - 43.96 sq. in.
2. Cover plates to total flange area _
24.50 X 100 _ 55.7 % < 70% o.k. 1.10.3
43.96
3. Rivet boles (1 in. dia. rivets) to total 8ange area,
with one hole out of each leg of 8ange angles _
(2 X I %, X I J..i) + (4 X Y8 X 1 ~) 100 _ 17.91 ~
43.96 X 0
> 15%
D~ '-- ~fi ange ..
-~,uuc t'Ion - (17.91 - 15) 43.96 _ 128 .
. sq. In.
:. ~~Ull""" 1 .10.1
100
Net Bange area - 43.96 - 1.28
- 42.68 sq. in. > 40.8 sq. in. o. k.
AMERI CAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CON STRUCTION
 2·"
Specification
or Manua1
Reference
C. TritJ1ginier Udion
1 web 60 X Ys; 4 angles 6 X 6 X 3i: 4 rover plates 14 X 3i
1. Check by Gross Moment of Inertia method: 1.10.1
A Y Ay' J. J.
Section in.' In.' In.' In.'
".
Iweb60 X%
411n&1e5 6 X 6 X '!oS
37.5
38.92 n ... "31739
1125D
128 II""
31867
2 COY. pl. 14 X l't
2 COY. pl. 14 X ,.
Deduction 2
24.50
24.50 1 31 .25 47849 13
.",.
.,862
fllln&e holes '" 2 X 1.ZS sq. in.
Effective moment of inertia. I ..,
r 2."

"Ent. paae 2 ." with 2y - 57.12. By Int.petatlon.

"'.94
"" .....
-2294
--
obtain a value 011631. Multiply thl. vatue by the I,ll
olonll 1111 nail (pllir of IIn&1") equilito 1611 )( 19.•6 _
31739 In.' Use thl' 'II me method to determine the
cover pillte moment ollnertle.
~Flinae .rell to be deducted I. Illumed concentrllted II'
the c.a. 01 the outs'lIndlna lea' 01 the tllnlle Inilies.

Required section modulus _ 500022X 12 _ 2727 in .'

Section rnoduJua furnished _ 88685 _ 2160 in.' o.k.

32.13
2. Web rivet pitch:
Flange-to-web rivets at ends of girder are most critical.
V mu - 500 kips
J irON (outer cover plate omitted) - 66376 in.'
Q _ (12.25 X 30.81) + (19,46 X 28.56) - 933 in.'
VQ 500 X 933
1/ - T - 66376 - 7.03 kips per in .
.,
I , l~5
,
f- "'-c.,.
-
~

~ ~ ,
-,
Iq
~

U
Ie ~
... ."

x x
PrefelTed minimum pitch for lin. dia. rivets _ 3 in.
1 in. diam. A141 rivet good for 23.56 killS (double shear). pg. 4-6
'-Max. pitch at end of girder _ 23.56 _ 3.35 in . > 3.00 in. o.k.
7.03
• Maximum 8pacing is critical at. ends or girder. Spacing may be illCl"etlMd
as VQ/ I decrefIK'IJ towflrd center ohpan.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTR UCTIO N
,. " Specification
or Manual
Reference
3. Cover plate length:
GroM &eetion modulus with outer cover plate omitted _
51 _ 66376 _ 2124 in,l
31.25
Gross section modulus (see Clabove)
St _ 90979 _ 2832 in.-
32.13
Required net length of outer cover plate ==
L X ~1 -~ - 40~1 - .~ - 20.0ft.

(Furnish 24 ft. outer cover plate to insure partial develol}ment at

theoretical cutoff point.) 1 .10.4
u.lJe: Web 1 plate 60 X ~i
Flanges 4 angles 6 X 6 X Ys
2 cover plates 14 X Y8 X 40 ft .
2 cover p lates 14 X Ys X 24 ft.
D. Stiffener requirement!'
1. End panel spacin!,:
600
CalcuJated 8hea.r Bt.re8lI - f . - - 13.3 ksl (1Il8.l:.)
37.6
Allowable clear distance bet.ween end panel stiffeners
< 11000
a or h _
X 0 .625 _ 596· > 4875
v l3300 . m. .
1.10.5.3
Assume a - 59.6, say 60 in.
a/ h - 60/ 48.75 - 1.22, a nd hit - 78
From Table 3-36, F . - 14.2 ksi > 13.3 ksi o .k .
:.SI:N1ce stiffener 60 in. from each end of girder.
2. Interior panel spacing:
Clear distance between end lIt.iffeneJ1l
(.0 X 12) - (2 X 60) - 360 in.
a 360 h 48.75 Appendix
- - - - - 7.4 > 3.0- - - - - 78 < 260 Table
h 48.75 't 0.625
Enter T able 3 - 36 under column marked " over 3" wit.h hi t value 3-36
of 78. By interpolation, maximum a llowable shear st.ress wit.h-
out st.iffeners, F .. equals 11.8 ksi.
VerticaJ shear 60 in. from end of girder -
V _ 500 - (5 X 25) - 375 kips
CaIL-wated ahear stress _ f. _ 375 _ 10 ksi < U.8 kai o.k.
37.5
No inte rmediate stiffeners are required.

AMERI CAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 2 ·59
Specification
or Manua l
Reference
Optional check:
~ - 7.4 > 3.0 (taken aa 0)
1.10.5.2
k > 5.34
C. > "'::'~~ > 0.937 > 0.8
Formula
F _ 36 X 0.937 _ 11.67 > 10.00 ksi o.k . (9)
• 2.89
l! _ 10
3. Check interaction at stiffener 60 in. from end: 1 .10.7
F. 11.8
Allowable bending tensile stress - Formula
(12)
F. _ (.825 - .375 10 ) 36 ... 18.41 ksi
U.8
Moment. 60 in. from end = 25 ; 5 (40 _ 5) - 2188 kip-ft.

Section modulus 60 in. from end ... 2124 in.' (see C2 and C3 above).
CalcuJsted bendi ng stress at stiffener -
f• ... 21S:12~ 12 _ 12.36 ksi < 18.'1 1 ksi o.k .

Use: Pair of stiffeners 60 in. from each end 01' girder.

E. Stiffener size
For o./h > 3.0, per ccnt. of web area is not specified in Table 3·36. 1.10.5
Therefore, caJculat.e stiffener size 8B follows:
Try 2 angles 4 X 4 x.!4'"
1. Check widt.h-thickness ratio:
4
I.'
and
- 16 o.k. Appendix
0.25
2. Check Moment of Inertia: pg. 5 ·72

I req. 48.75)' = 0 904' • LIO.5.4

- ( 50 . m.
[ furf>. - 3.88 (1.88)1 ::: 13.71 i n. 4 > 0.904 in. 4 o.k. pg. I -70

Use: Two angles 4 X 4 X J,i. (Crimp or use fille r to insure close

bearing on outstanding legs of compression flange angles.
Cut back stiffeners not more than 4 X l from web legs of
tension flange angles.)

AMERICAN I NSTITUTE OF STEEL CoNSTRUCTION

2·60
EXAMPLE 2
Design a welded IJla te girder to support a uniform load of 3 kips per ft and
two concentrated loads of 70 kips located 17 ft. from each end . The oompresaion
Oange of the girder will be la tera lly 8UPI>orted only at points of concentrated load,
Given: Maximum bending moment: 2054 kip-ft.
Maximum vertical shoor: 142 kips
Span: 48 ft.
Maximum depth : 72 in.
Steel: ASTM A36
70 kips 70 kips

17 ft . 17 ft .
1<12 kips 142 kips

142 kips rTTmm,.l),':

21 kips

M__ """ 2054 kip·ft .

M, = 1980 kip-ft . ~'_n'f,.,.,..£
r M, ... 1980 klp-ft.

Shear Moment Diagram

Specification
or Manual
Reference
Solu tion: I
A. Preliminary web design
1. Assume web depth, h _ 70 in.
For no reduction in flange stress, ~ - ~ _ 162 1.10.6
t 22000

Corresponding thic kness of web - 1: ... 0.43 in.

2. Minimum thickness of web - 3~~ - 0.22 in.

1 .10.2
and
Appendix
Try web plate: 70 X Y. 6; A .. - 21.9 sq. in.; -h - -70- - 224 pg.5-72
0.313
B. Preliminary {lange design
1. Required Bange area: Appendix
Assume flanges %' in. thick and allowable bending streas - pg. 5-67
F. - 22.0 ksi
AI::::: 2054 X 12 _ ~ (21.9) '" 12.18 sq. in. •
70.75 X 22
Try: 18 X %: plate; A I - 13.5 sq. in. > 12.18 sq. in. o.k.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 2 ·61
S pecification
or Manual
Reference
2. Check local buckling: 1.9
J!... _ 12 < 16 o.k. and
0.75 Apl>cndiI
pg.6-72
c. ·Trial girder seclwn
1 web - 70 X 716
2 flange plates - 18 X ~
1. Check by Moment of Inertia method: 1.10.1

Secllon

I web 70 X ¥i.
A
In.'
21.9
..
,
Y A,.
In .'
I,
In .'
8933
Iv
In .'

89" PI. 2 -71

1 flange 18 X %
1 flanie 18 X %
U.S}
13 .5 35.38 "33788 I 33,.. pg.2-67
--
Effective moment of inertia. 42722
· S•• lootnol • •• pOi" l . 57.

Section modulus furnished

42722
35.75 ----
1195 in.'

Section modulu.s required _ 205422X 12 _ 1120 in" o .k.

2. Check lateral buckling:
Maximwn bending stress at midspan _ f. _ ~~ 12 - 20.6 luIi
Moment of inertia of flange plus YG web about Y • Y axis -
IS'
10,. - ~ X - 365 in.4
12
AI + J4 A . - 13.5 + .!4 (21.9) - 17.15 sq. in.
365 _ 4.61 in.
17.15
a. From moment diagram, check bending stress in 14 ft. long
panel:
M __ > M t and Ms :. C. = 1 1 .5.1.4.5
l 14 X 12 .
- _ - 36.4 < 40 (no reduction nece88l'.ry )
r 4.61
:. AUowablestress in 14 ft. panel - F. - 22.0 ksi > 20.6 luIi o.k.
Allowable flange stress in 14 f1. panel -
1.10.6
p . _ 22.0 [1.0 _ 0.0005 21.9(~ _ ~OOO__ )] _ 20.9 luIi Formula
13.5 0.313 V22000 (11)
20.9 luIi > 20.6 luIi o.k.
b. From moment diagram check a llowable bending 8tress in 17
ft. lo ng panel between concentrated loads and reaction pointe:

C. - 1.75 - 1.05 M
M,+ 0.3 (M,),
Mf '
t 1.5.1.4.5
wbereMI _ 0; then M t
_ 0 :. C. _ 1.75
M,
• For alternate method ohelecting t rial eection, eee eIllmplea, page 2 • 81.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CONST RUCTION
2 ·62
Specifics t ion
or Manual
Rererence
Calculated bending stress in 17 ft. panel
/, _ 1980 X 12 _ 19.88 ksi
t 1195
1 17 X 12
- - • 44.3 > 40
r 4.61
Allowable stress in 17 rt. )mnel
F. - 22000 - 0.679 (44.3)1 _ 21240 psi _ 21.24 kai, Formula
1.75 (4)
0'

.1'"', -
12000 X 13.5 1 0 ._-- 24 •__ -
(17 X 12) X 71.5 - 1 .1 ./\.tIl ~ 21. ...,,1
Formula
(5)
FormuJa (4) governs; 21.24 ksi > 19.88 ksi o.k.
3. Check flange stress reduction in 17 rt. panel: 1.10.6
F'. - 21.24 [1.0 - 0.()()().5 21.9 (~_
13.5 0.313
24000)] _
V21240
20.25 ksi Formula
(11)
20.25 ksi > 19.88 ksi o.k .
Use: We b 1 p late 70 X 7(6
F langes 2 p lates 18 X ~
D. Sli/fener requirements 1.10.5
1. End panel spacing:
Ca1cuJated shear stress _ f. _ 14.2 = 6.48 ksi
21.9
Allowable clear distance between end panel stiffeners 1 .10.5.3
11000 X 7(0 427-
a - V6480 - ,m.
;. Space stiffeners 42 in. rrom each end or girder.
2. · Provide bearing stiffeners under concentrated loads 1.10.5.1
:. Clear distance between end stiffeners and concentrated loads _
(17 X 12) - 42 - 162 in.
3. Check intermediate stiffener requirements: 1.10.5.3
Th - 224 < 260 o.k.
Check allowable shear stress in 162 in. panel:
a . 162 =2.31 > l
h 70

k - 5.34 + (:"~)' - 6.09

C _ 4500000O X 6.09 _ 0.152 < 0.80
• 36000 X (224 )'
36 Formula
Allowable shear stress - F. - - X 0.152 - 1.89 ksi
2_89 (9)

• Stiffeners are required at unframed girder ends. However, at concentrated loads, their
need is governed by Section 1.1 0. 10.1 of the Specification. )?or purp0&e8 of this eumple
bearing stiffeners are 8l!6umed required under concentrated loads.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION
 2·63
Specification
or Manual
Reference
Vertical shear 42 in. from end of girder -
V - 142 - (3 X 3.5) - 131.5 kipa (max. in 162 in. panel)
Calculated shear stress -
f. - 131.6 _ 6.00 ksi > 1.89 luIi docs not aatisfy
21.9
:. Space intermediate stiffener _ 1~2 _ 81 in. o.c.
Maximum epacing between intermediate stiffeners: 1.10.5.3
~ _ (260 X 0.313)' _ 1.35
h 70
a - 1.35 X 70 - 94.5 in. > 81 in. o. k .
From Table 3 • 36:
Appendix
a 81 h Table
For - - - L16, and - - 224
h 70 t 3 - 36
Allo wable shenr stress - F , - 8.30 ksi > 6.00 ksi o.k.
4. Check interaction at concentrated loada:
1.10.7
Required shear atresa _ f . _ 91.0 _ 4.16 ksi
21.9
Formula
Allowable bending tensile stress - (12)

[0.825 - (0.375 X ::~) ] X 36 _ 22.9 kai > 22.0 ksi o.k .

Use: End s pacing 42 in.

Intermediate spacing 81 in. D.C.

5. Check 14 ft.. midspan panel:

h
,
- - 224 < 260 o .k . 1.10.5.3

Vertica18hear from shear diagram _ V - 21 kips

Calculated shear stress _ f . ... 21 _ 0.96 kai
21.9
Clear distance between stiffeners - a - 14 X 12 - 168 in.;
~ _ 168 _ 2AO > 1
h 70
k _ 5.34 + 4.00 _ 6.03
(2.<&0)'
e _ 45,000,000 X 6.03 _ 0.150 < 0.80
• 36000 X (224)1
Allowable sbear stress - Formula
(9)
F.= 36 X 0.150 _ 1.87 > 0.960 kai o.k.
2.89
AMERICAN I NSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
'·64
Specification
or Manual
Reference
6. Check web crippling (assume construction prevents compres8ion 1.10.10
flange rotation):
Uniform load - 3 kips per ft.
3

-
Calculated compressive stress - 12 X 0.313 - 0.800 ksi
Allowable compressive stress - 1 .10.10.2

+ (2.~)1] ~=
Formula
[5.5 X 1.23 ksi > 0.800 kIli o. k. (15)
No s tiffe n er req uired a t m ids pa n .
Summ a ry : S p ace s ti ffe n ers as sh own:

II II
2 @ 6'· 9
.1. 14'·0
I. 2 @6'·9

E. Stiffener size
1. For intermediate stiffeners: AppendiJ:
a. From Table 3 • 36: Table
Area required - A" - 0.111 X 21.9 ... 2.43 sq. in. 3 - 36
F, - 8.30
f . :i 6.00 ksi see
ksi}
03 bo
a ve
1.10.5.4

Actual area required _ 6.00 X 2.43 =- 1.76 sq. in.

8.30
Try 2 plates 4 X ~ - 2.00 sq. in. > 1.76 sq. in. o.k .
b. Check width·thicknees ratio: 1.9
4
- - 16 o. k .
0.25
c. Check Mome>lt of Inertia: 1.10.5.4
f ... _ (~y _3.84 in.4

f lu •• - 1~ (0.25) (8.31 )' - 11.96 in.' > 3.84 in.' o.k .

d. Length required - 70 - (4 X % 6) - 68% in. 1.10.5.4

Use for inte rmedi a t e s tiffe n e rs! 2 plates 4 X 74 X 68% in.
bearin g on compression fl a nge of girde r.
2. For bearing st.iffeners: Under concentrated loads and at end of 1 .10.5.1
girder, design for end reaction.
Try 2·8 X ~ plates.
a. Check width·thickness ratio: 1 .9

--
8
0.5
16 o. k .

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 2 ·65
Specification
or Manual
Reference
b. Cbeck compressive stress (end bearing): 1.10.5.1

8 X 17
end bearing stiffeners

8 X 17

EHective Area

I 1.<' (16.31)' _ 181 in.'

- 7"l. X 12
- [2 X 8 x)1J + [12 X (;;(6)'J - 9.17 sq. in.
r _ ~181 _ 4.44 in.
9.17
-~X 70 = 52.5in.

~ _ 52.5 _ 11.8
r 4.44
I Appendix
From Table 1.36, for - = 11.8:
Table
r
Allowable sb'e6a - F. - 21.06 ksi 1- 36
Calculated compressive stress in atiffener -
f. - 142 _ 15.50kai < 21.06 kai o.k.
9.17
Use for bearing s tifTeners: 2 plates 8 X J4 X 69~ in. with
close bearing on compression 8ange r eceiving reaction
and concentrated loads .
·Use sam e size s tiffe ners for bearing under conce ntrated
loads •

• lD t.hia U/lmple bearing stiffenen were designed ror eod bearing; however. 25t
may be uaed in determining effective area of web fC»' bearing atiffenera under coneen ·
traled loads at interior panels.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
2·66

~Area

L...J
PLATE GIRDERS
Y
Values of 2y' for computing
x x
y Moment of Inertia
~ of areas about axis X·X
Unit Area (IAy' = Area of one flange X 2y')

.1 ., •• ., ., J •• .,
" 10
••
so 51 52
.3
53 54 55 56
.7
57 58
,. "71
..
11
12 "n " "74 "
7377 " 64 66
78
68 70
82
13
14
85
98 99 101
" 104'" 1115" 107"
102
I< 81
81
94
1118
95
11.
83
97
111
15 113 11. 11' m 1" 120 122 123 12' 116
128 130 131 134 136
"
17
18
145
162
14'
164
148
166
133
ISO
"7
151
1"
153
171
138
155
173
139
157
175
141
158
177
143
16.
179
19 181 182 184 188 195 198
20 200 20' 204
18'
2118
1'"
'"
212
19'
21. m 21.
21 221 '" ", 21'
,..
..
223
'" 227 231 233 '35 '38 '40
"23 '"288
265
'46

'"
'44
'" '"
167 271 214
253
27' '"
218
258
281 283 '"
" 293
""315 31. '" 295 >Xl 303
'" '"31.
"1627 313
338 341
323
343
320
346 348
325
351
328
354
330
356
333
359
335

36' 367 37. 373 375

...37. 381 384 '"
389
28
'" 395 398 400 403 409 412
...'"
415 418

"30 '21
'SO
42l

...'"
." '"
'16
'56

". '" '"'" ".'"561

.'"
.29 432 '35
46'
.38
468
441
471
..
.74
447
'77

..
31 '81 487 .99 502 509
32 '12 51' 531 535 538 541
33
34
545
578 581
551 548
SO, 585
554
588
558
595
564
599 ..,
568 571 575

'"
35
'" '" '" ill 630
'" 641

'" '" '" '"'"'99 '"

'34 644
36 648 '70 673 677 681
"38 '" '" '" '" 703 707 711 71.

. ...
718
722 716 730 733 737 741 745 749 753 757

"
40
761
800 ...
764 768
8118
772
.12 '857"" 701
820
784
82•
788
82. '"
.32
7"
'36
41 841 845 84' 853
,,, ,,,'"
'51 '65 ", ". ,,, 81. 81'
42 882
'" 890 895 903 907
'" 1004'" 10118'"
"4445 '" '"
'"
lOll
9"
'33
on
1022
981 go; ".
950 955
'" 104.
'" 104' 11153
1017 1026 1031 1035 104'
46 1058 1063

.,."
1067 1072 1076 11181 101< 1090 1095 1100
11115 1109 1114 1119 1123 1128 1133 1138 1142 1147
1152 1157 1162 11" 1111 1176 1181 1186 1191 11..
1201 12115 1210 1215 1220 1225 1230 1235 1240 1245
Copyrfahl, W."kop' & Pk:kWWIh .

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CoNSTRUCTION

 2. 61

PLATE GIRDERS ~Areal

y
Values of 21/ for computing
x x
Moment of Inertia )'
of areas about axis X-X
(!Ayl - Area of one flange X 2y!)
~ !
Unit Area

2y .0 .1 .2 _3 . -, -, _7
I •• I .,
- 50 1250 125' 1160 116' 1270 1275 1280 1285 1290 "96
1331
51
52
1301
1352
I. .
1357
1311
13"
1316
1368
1321
1373
I'"
1318 1383 ""
I""
13"
1394
13"
1399
1453
"
54
I'"
"58
1410
1463
1415
146'
"20
1474
"16
1480
1431
"., "36
1491
1546
"" ""
"96 1502 1507

""
57
1513
1568
1625
1518
1574
1630
1524
1579
1636
IS"~
1585
1642
"35
"01
1647
1540
"96
1653
"02
1659
1551
1607
166'
1557
1613
1670
""
1619
1676
58 1682 1688 1694 1699 1705 1111 1717 1723 1729 1735
1741 1746 1752 1758 1764 1770 1776 1782 1788 1794
"
60
61
IBOO
1861
I. .
1863
1812
1873
1818
1879
1824
1885
18"
1891
1836
1897
18"
1013
1848
1910
1854
1916
62 1922 1928 1934 1941 1947 19" 1959 1966 1972: 1978
63 1985 1991 1997 2003 201D 2016 2022 2D29 2035 2042
64 2048 2D54 "'I ,..7 2074 2080 2017 2093 2100 2100
ZI13 2119 212. 2132 2139 2145 2152 2158 2165 2111
".,
66 2178
2245
2185
2251
2191
2258
"98
22"
2204
2271
2211
2278
2218
2285
222.
2292
m!
2'"
2238
2lOS
68 2312 2319 2". 2332 2339 2346 2353 '-'" 2367 2374
2381 2387 2401 24118 2415 2'" 2429 2436 24"
"
70 2450 2457
2'"
2'" 2471 2478 2485 2492
""
2570 "'"
2578
2513
2585
254' 2556 2563

"" ""
71 2521 2528 2535
72 2592 1621 1628 1635 1643 1650 1657
13 166'
25"
2.72 "'" ""
263' 1694 2701 27" 2716 2723
2798
2731
74 2738 2745 2753 2760 2768 27" 2783 2701
"'"
..,
2873 288D
"
76
2813
""
2965 ""
2972
2820 2828
2."
2835
2911
2988
2843
2918
2860
2916
3003
2858
2934
3011
""
2941
3019
294'
3016
2957
3034
77
78 3042 J050
".,
3058 ""
3073 31181 3099 3097 3105 3llJ
3128 m, 3152 3160 3168 3176 3184 3192
"
80
3121
3200
3281
32Il8 3216
3297
3'"
32"
3305
3232
3313
3240
3321
3248
332'
3256
3337
"..
3346
3272
3354
"
82 3362
32"
3370 3378
3461
3387 3395
3478
3403 3411
3494
3420
3503
3428
3511
3435
3520
83
84
85
3445
3528
3613
3453
3536
3621
354'
3630
""
3553 3'62
3647
""
3570
35"
3579
3664
3587
3672
3596
3."
3604
3689
3'"
86 3698 3107 37t5 3724 3732 3741 3750 3758 3763 3776
3811 3819 3828 3837 3846 3854 3863
87
88
89
3185
3872
3961
3793
3881 ""
"01
3978
3898
3987
3907 3916
4005
3925
40"
3934
4023
3943
4032
3952
4041
3959
Copyrlghl. Weiskopf & Pk;kworlh .
""
AMERIC~N INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
2·68

~Ar . .
PLATE GIRDERS
, Values of 211 for computing
x
,x Moment of Inertia
of areas about axis X·X
-= (~Ayl - Area of one flange X 2y')
u-;;'it''',ea
. .,
2, .0 .1 .2 .3 .4
•• .7 .8
••
.,
. 4050
4141
..
....
4150
4068
4159
<on
4168
....
4177
----

"'"
4186
4104
4195
4Ill
42<>4
4122
4214
-.
413}
4223

." .... . "

92 "32
.325
4Z41
4334
4250
4343
..37
4260

....
4352 "" ""
'362
..56
4371
446'
4287
4301
4475 ....""
4390
4308
43"
"94
....
4315

4503
95

".".... 4513 4522

46 ..
4532
46"
4541
46" ....
4551 .560

"" ""
4570 4519
4675
4589
4685 "" 4695

..
4705 4714 47Z4 4734 4743 4753 4763 4m 478Z 4792

...
4802 4812 4822 4831 4841 4851 4861 4871 4881 4891

100 "
• .,1
5000
4910
5010
4920
5020
"30
5030
.940
5040
.950
5050
".0 4970
5070 , .m
.980
,..,
101
102
5101
5202
5111
5212
'121
5222
5131
'5335
233
5141
5243
5151
5253
5161
5263
5171
5274
518Z
5284
5192
5294
103
104
53115
5408
5315
'418
5523
'5429
325
'534
5439
5346
5450
5555
....
5356
""
5471
5377
5481
'387
5492 ""
5502
105 5513 5544 '5671
565 5576 5586 5597 5607
II. 56 .. 5629 5639 5650 5660 568Z 5692 5703 5714
107 5725 5735 5746 5757 5767 5178 5789 5800 5810 5821
II.
10.
110
5832
5941
6050
5843
5951
. .1
5854

''''
6072
5864
5973
6083
5875

....'984
5886
'995
.105
....
5897

6U6
5908
0117
6127
5919
6028
6138
5930
6039
6149
.'" .'"
.."
111 6161 6172 6183 51" 6205 6227 6238 6250 6261
112
113
11.
6272

.... .""""
.'"
6283 6294

.521
...."'"
6532
6317
..30
65..
6328
6441
6555
"52
'567
....
'351

6578
.."
.'"
6590
6113
6487
6601
115
11.
66"
6728
66"
6740
6636
6751
6647
6763 ""
6114
6670
6786 ""
67"
...,
66" 6705
6821
6716
6833
117
118
11.
6845
.'"
7011
68'36
6974
7092
....
6868

7104
"'"
'''7
7116
6891
7009
7128
''''3
7021
7140
6915
7033
7152
.927
704'
71"
7."
.950
"" ".,
7176 7188
120 7200 7212 1224 7236 7248 7260 7272 7264 72" 7308
121 7321 7333 734' 7357 736. 7381 7393 7405 7418 7430
122 7442 7454 7466 7479 7491 7503 7515 7528 7,.. 7552
123 7565 7517 758. 7601 7614 7626 76" 7651 7663 7676
124 7688 7700 7713 ms n38 7750 1763 7775 7788 7800
...,
125
126
127 ...
7813
7938
7825
7951
8077
7838

....
796'
7850
7976
8103
7863
7...
8115
7875
8001
8123
7888
8014
8141
"'.
"'"
8026
8154
7913
8039
8166
ms
8179
128
12.
8192
8321
8Z05
8333
Copyll,hl. Weltkopl & PlckWOf1h.
8218
8346
8Z30
835.
8243
8372
8Z56

"" 8398
8Z8Z
8411 ."
8Z95 8.-
8437

AMERICAN INSnTUTE OF STEEL CoNSTRUCTION

 2 · 69

PLATE GIRDERS
~A"'k
Values of 211 for computing
Moment of Inertia
of areas about axis X-X
~-x
(!Ay2 = Area of one flange X 2y 1) U'" A,.. Y

2y .0 .1 ., .3
•• .5 ., .7 •• .,
"Xl
III
8450
8581
--
8463
8594
8476
8607
....
8620 ""
86" .....na
8515
.". ... ....
86"
.541
86"
.554 8567
86"
13' 8712 "25 873. 8752 8165 8791 8818 8831
133 8845 8858 8871 8884 8898 8911 89Z. 8938 89" 8985
900; 9099
134
135
8978
9113
89"
",.
9005
9140
"'18
9153
"'32
9167
9045
"80 "'"
9194
"''' .m
136
137
9248
'385 ""
9398
9275
9412
"89
94,.
9302
9439
OJ16
9453
9330
9467
""
.343
9481
9357
9494
"34
9371
9508
138
'''' 9536
,...9550 '5" 9577 9591 9605
'"" ,"33 9647
139
140
141

'" "..,
143
...1
0100
9941

10225
'"" ""
9814
9955
1_
10239
lono
...
10253
9702
9842
9983
10125
10267
9716
9856
9997
10139
1028'
9730
9870
10011
10153
10296
9744
9884
"'10161
)2'
10310
9758
9898
10039
10182
10325
9772
9912
10054
10196
10339
""
99,.
lilO68
10210
10354
14. 10368 10382 10397 10411 10426 10440 10455 1046' 10484 10498
145
146
10513
10658
10527
1~73
1054'
10687
10556
10702
10571
10716
10585
10731
IIl60ll
10746
10614
10760 "."
10775
10643
107!Kl
1_ lQ937
147
148
""OS
1095'
10819
10967
10834
111982
1084'
1_
""'3
11011
10878
11026 """
llon 11056
10922
11071 1100;
149 11101 11115 11130 11145 11160 11115 11190 mos 11220 11235
150 11250 11265 mao 11295 tI3l0 11325 113.0 11355 11370 113.5
151 11401 11416 11431 11446 11461 11476 11491 11506 11522 11537
152 11552 11567 11582 11598 11613 11628 11643 11659 11674 11689
153 11705 11720 11735 11750 11766 11781 11796 11812 11827 11843
154 11858 11873 11889 11904 11920 11935 11951 11'" 11982 11991
155 12013 120,. 12044 l2059 12015 12090 121.. 12121 12137 12'"
156 lZl68 12184 121" 12215 12230 12246 lZ26Z 12277 12293 12309
157 12325 12341l 12372 12387 12403 12419 12435 12450 12466
158
I"
1248Z
12641
12498
12656
"'''
12514
12672
12529
12688
12545
12704
12561
12720
12577
12736
12593
12752
lZ609
12768
12'25
12784
160 1,.., 12816 12.32 lZl148 1"" lZl180 1_ 12912 1292' 1294'
161
162
12961 12977 12993 13009
13171
'3025 13041
13203
13057
13219
13013
13236
13090
13252
13106
13268
13122 13138 13154 13187
163 13285 13301 13317 13333 13350 13366 13182 13399 13415 13432
164 13448 13464 13481 13497 13514 13530 13547 13563 l3580 1_
165 13613 13629 13646 1366Z 13679 13695 13712 13728 13745 13761
165 13778 13795 13811 138" 1384. 13861 13878 13894 13911 1392.
167 13945 13961 13978 13995 14011 14028 14045 14062 14078 14095
168 14112 14129 14146 14162 14179 14196 14213 14230 14241 14264
169 1.,.1 14297 14314 14331 1434. 14365 14382 14199 14416 14433
COpYlia:hl, Weiskopf & Pickworth.

AMERI CAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

Z·70

.---
- ., PLATE GIRDERS
Moment of Inertia
x x
d
of one plate about axis X-X
To obtain tha momant ollna,tla 10( any thl<:kn<'!ss olltlate not lI$ted below,
mlJltlply the vallJe lor a plata one In<:h thick by the eslred t hickness,
'-
Uepth Thickness, t, Inches
d
Inches

10
II
31.3
1I.
36.5
Y,

41.7
%.
46.9
%
52,1
l\
62,5
¥.
72,9
1
83.3
-
11 41.6 ".5 55.5 62.4 69.3 83.2 97.1 110.9
12 54.0 63.0 72.0 81.0 ".0 108.0 126.0 144.0

"..
13 ".7 80. 1 91.5 103.0 114.4 137.3 160 .2 183.1
14 100.0 114.3 128.6 142.9 171.5 200.1 228.7

15 IDS.5 123.0 140.6 158.2 175.8 210.9 246.1 28Ll

16 128.0 149.3 170.7 192.0 213.3 256.0 298.7 341.3
17 153.5 179.1 204.1 230.3 255.9 307.1 358.2 409.4

"' ..
18 182.3 m.6 243.0 273.4 303.8 364.5 425.3 486.0
19 214.3 250.1 321.5 357.2 428.7 500.1 571.6

20 250.0 291.7 333.3 375.0 416.7 500.0 583.3 666.7

21 289.4 337.6 385.9 434.1 "'.3 578.8 675.3 771.8
776.4 887.3
"
23
24
332.8
380.2
432.0
388.2
443.6
504.0
443.7
507.0
576.0
499.1
570.3
648.0
554.6
633.7
720.0
665.5
760.4
864.0
887.2
1008.0
1013.9
1152.0

15 488.3 569.7 651.0 732.4 813.8 976.6 1139.3 1302.1

640.' 1098 .5 1281.6 1464.7
"" 549.3
615.1 717 .6
732.3
820.1
823.9
922.6
915.4
1025.2 U30.2 1435.2
1600.7
1640.3

"" 686.0
762.2
BOO.3
889.2
914.7
1016.2
1029.0
1143.2
1143.3
1270.3
1372.0
1524.3 1778.4
1829.3
2032.4

30 843.8 9.... 1125.0 1265.6 1406.3 1687.5 1968.8 2250.0

11 931.0 1086.1 ' 1241.3 1396.5 1551.6 1861.9 2172.3 2482.6
12
33
34
1024.0
1123.0
1228.3
1194.7
1310.2
1433.0
1365.3
1497.4
1637.7
1536.0
1684.5
1842.4
1706.7
1871.7
2041.1
2048.0
2246 .1
2456.5
2389.3
2620.4
2865.9
"" ..
2730.7

3275.3

l5 1339.8 1563.2 1786.5 2009.' 2233.1 2679.7 3126.3 3572.9

36 1458.0 1701. 0 1944.0 2187.0 2430.0 2916.0 3402.0 3888.'
31 1582.9 1846 .7 2110.5 2374.4 2638.2 3165.8 3693.4 422Ll
l8 1714.8 2000.5 2286 .3 2572.1 2857.9 3429.5 4001.1 4572 .7
30 1853.7 2162.7 2471.6 2180.6 3089.5 3707.4 4325.3 4943.3

"
41
2000.'
2153.8
2333.3
2512.7
2666.7
2871.7
3000.'
3230.7
3333.3
3589.'
4000.'
4307.6
4630.5
4666.7
5025.5
5333.3
5743.4
6174.0
""
44
2315.3
2484.6
2662.0
2701.1
2898.7
3105.7
3087.0
3312.8
3549.3
3472.9
3726.9
3993.0
3858.8
4141.0
4436.7
4969.2
5324.0
5402.3
5797.4
6211.3
6625.6
7098.7

45 2847.7 3322.3 3796.9 4271.5 4146.1 5695.3 "4<.5 7593.8

46 3041.8 3548.7 4055.7 4562.6 5069.6 6083.5 7097.4 8111.3
47 3244.5 3785.2 4326.0 4866.7 5407.4 6488.9 7570.4 8651.9
8064.' 9216 .0
"
49
3456.0
3676.5
4032.0
4289.3
4608.'
4902.0
5184.0
5514.8
5760.0
6127.6
6912.0
7353.1 8578.6 9804.1

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONST RUCTION

 Z·71

,---
PLATE GIRDERS . ,
Moment of Inertia
x x
of one plate about axis X- X d
To obtalo Ih'" mom"'ol ollo ..... tla lor lIoy thickness ot plllie nOI 1I*,,,,d b",'OW.
multipl y Ihe vlllue for e pl"'te one i nch Ihlck by Ihe desired thlckoess. L-

-Det n T h ick ness. t. Inches

I; I> II, I; I
- Inches

50
51
3906.3
4145.3
'l\e
4557.3
4836.2
5208.3
5527.1
5859.4
6218.0
6510 .4
6908.9
"
7812.5
8290.7
'"
9114.6
9672.5
10417
11054
52 4394.0 5126.3 5858.7 6591.0 7323.3 8788.0 10253. 11717
53 4652.4 5427.8 6203.2 6978.6 7754.0 9304.8 10856. 12406
4920.8 5740.9 6561.0 7381.1 8201.3 9841.5 11482. 13122
"55 5199.2 6065.8 6932.3 7798.8 8665.4 10,," 12132 1"'5
5488.0 5402 .7 7317 .3 8232.0 9146.7 10976 12805 14635
"
57
58
5787.3
6097.3
6751.8
7113.5
7716.4
8129.7
8680.9
9145.9
9645.5
10162.
11575
12195
13504
14227
15433
16259
59 6418.1 7487.8 8557.5 9627.1 10697. 12836 14976 17115

50 6750.0 7875.0 """. 0 10125 1125O 13500 15750 18000

51 7093.2 8275.3 9457.5 1,",0 11822 14186 16551 18915
62 7447.8 8689.0 9930 .3 11172 12413 14896 17378 19.61
63 7814 .0 9116.3 10419. 11721 13023 15628 18232 211837
8192.0 9557.3 10923. 12288 13653 16384 19l15 21845
"
65 8582.0 10(112 11443 12873 14303 17164 20025 22885
8984.3 10482 11979 13476 14974 17969 20963 23958
"
67
68
9398.8
9826.0
10965
11464
12532
13101
14098
14739
15665
16377
18798
19652
21931
22927 "'"'
26203
69 10266. 11977 1368. 15399 17110 20532 23954 27376

70 10719 12"" 14292 16078 17865 21438 25010 28583

72 11664 Il608 15552 17496 1,.,0 23328 27215 31104
74 1"'3 14774 16884 18995 21105 25321 29548 33769
76 13718 16004 18291 ""77 22863 27436 32009 36581
24716 39548
7B 14830 17301 19773

21333
22245

24000
"""
32000
3""
37333 4"'7
'"
B2
15000
17230
18'"
20102 22974 25845
27783
""7
28717
30870
34461
37044
4<>204
43218
45947
49392
84
B6
88
18522
19877
21296
"""
23190
24845
24'96
26502
28395
29815
31944
33128
35493
39754
42592
46379
49691
5lOO5
56789

!XI 22781 26578 30375 34172 37969 45563 53156 50750

40557 56779 64891
92 24334 28390 32445 36501
"260 "'"
51912 50563 69215
94
96 "'"
27648
29412
30282
32256 "'"
l6B64
38934
41472
44118
46Oll0
4!X120
55296
58825
64512
68629
73728
78433
" 34314 39215

521183 62500 72917 83333

100
102
104
31250
33163
35152
"'"
"'!XI
41011
41667
44217
46869
"'''
49744
52728
552:71
58587
66326
70304
77380
82021
88434
93739
100 37219 43422 49626 55829 62<132 74439 86845 99251
108
"'" 45927 52488 59049 65610 78732 I 91854 104976

AMERICAN IN STIT UTE OF STEE L CONSTRUCTION

2 -12

r-
- -t PLATE GIRDERS
Moment of Inertia
x x
d
of one plate about axis X-X
To obtain tha moment ollnertja lor any thlckn ... o~lata not lI.ted below,
~
multiply the value lor. plate one Inch thick by the a.lred thlckna ...

o.plh
d
Thickness, t, Inchn -
Ii ~. Y, >I. Ii lio
Inch ..

110
112
41594
43904
4852'
51221
55458
58539
62391 69323 "
83188 97052
102443
~
1
l109I7
11.
116 "'"
48778
54<)15
5. .18
61731
65037
65856
69447
73167
73173
77164
81297
"""
92597
97'"
108029
113815
1170n
lZ346Z
130075
11. 59902

120
51345

54000 63000
"""
72000
77017

81000
85575

90000
10Z690

108000
119804

l2tiOOO
136919

144000
122 56745 ..203 85U. 113491 132406
124 59582 69512 """
79443
8334'
89373
94575
99303 119164 "9025
151321
158885

'"
128
62512
6553'
72930
76459 87381
93768
98304
104186
1092Z7
1250Z4
131072
145861
152917
16'69'
174763

130 88'" 80099 91542 102984 114427 b7312 160198 183083

132 71874 83853 95832 107811 119790 143748 167706 191664
134 75191 87723 100254 112786 125318 150381 175445 200509
136
138 """
8Z127
91709
95815
l048ll
10950'
117912
123191
131013
136879
157216
164255
183418
191630
209621
21_
140 857SO 100042 114313 142917 171500 20008'
142 89478 104391 ll9304 """
134216 149129
1555ZO
17_
186624
208781
""'7
23••17
144
146
148
9m2
97254
101306
108864
U""
118190
124416
l29672
135075
""" '''''''
145881
151959 ,.1843
194508
202612
217728
226m
236380
248832
259345
Z70149

ISO ""46' 123047 14"" 158203 175781 210938 246094 281250

152 109744 128035 146'" 164616 182907 219488 296<36, 292651
154 304355
15'
158
114m
118638
133155
138411
143803
152118
158184
171200
,...,.
177951
190Z22
197730 """
237Z76
266311
2768Z2 316368

""'" 164'" 205433 246519 287606

"""
160
162
164
128000
132...
137842
149333
155004
160815
170667
177147
183789
192000
199290
206763
213333
221434
Z29731
256000
265721
215684
"""
310007
321631
341333
354294
361579
142947 166771 214420 238244 333542 381191
'"
'" 148176 172872
190596
197568 222264 246960
285893
296352 345744 395136

170 1535]1 179120 204708 230297 255885 307062 358240 409417

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 2 ·73

PLATE GIRDERS
Area of one cover plate
GROSS AREA

.. ..
Plate Thl~kne ... In~he\l
f'l8te Width ,
I n~hes
~. I; II, '>I. 1 l'A

24
\4
'.0
>I.
--
7.5
-- --
'.0 10.5
-- -
12.0 13.5
--
15.0 16.5 18.0
%
-I- " %
-
19.5
'"
-- -
21.0
-
1\4
-- --
22.5 24.0 27.0 '],0
,.
22 5.5
5.0 ••• 8.2
•••
11.0 12.' 13.7 15.1 16.5
'.2 7.5 8.7 10.0 11.2 12.5 13.7 15.0
17.9
16.2
19.2
17.5
20.6
18.7
22.0 24.8 27.5
20.0 22.5 25.0
18 '.5 5.' 6.1 7.' '.0 10.1 II.2 12.' 13.5 14.6 15.8 16.9 18.0 20.3 22.5
'.0 5.0 '.0 7.0 8.0 '.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 18.0 20.0
"
14
12
3.5
3.0 ••• 5.2 '.1 7.0 7.' 8.7
3.7 '.5 5.2 '.0 '.7 7.' 8.2 '.0
10.5
••• 11.4
.,]
12.2
10.5
13.1
11.2
14.0 15.7 17.5
12.0 13.5 15.0
10
8
2.5
2.0
3.1 3.7
•••
5.0 5.' '.2
2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.' '.0
7.5
••• 8.1
'.5
8.7
7.0 ••• 10.0 11.2 12.5
7.5 8.0 '.0 10.0

NET AREA
Two Rivet Holes Deducted

....
""m.
Plate
Width
..
Plate Thlckn....

..
In~h.'

'". '". \4 -'I. ~. II, ''I.

- -- - - --
16 3.' '.5 5.3 ',2
I;

7.1 8.0 8.'

I-
%
" %
'"
'.8 10.7 11.6 12.5 13.' 14.2 16.0 17.8
1 1\4
-- -
1\4

" 14
12
10
3.1
2.'
2.1
3.8
3.2
2.6
•••
3.8
3.1
5.'
4.5
3.6
6.1
5.1
'.1
6.'
5.8
'.6
7.7
•••
5.2
8.' '.2 10.0 10.7 ll.S 12.2 13.8 15.3
7.0 7.7 8.3 '.0 '.6 10.2 U. S 12.8
5,7 6,2 6.7 7.2 7.7 8.2 '.J 10.3
8 1.' 2.0 2.3 2.7 3.1 3.5 3.' '.3 '.7 5.1 5.5 5.' 6.2 7.0 7.8
18 '.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 '.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 18.0 20.0
'" 16
14
3.5 '.4
3.0 3,7
5.2 '.1
'.5 5.2
7.0
6.0
7.' 8.7 •••
10.5 11.4 12.2 13.1 14.0
6.7 7.5 8.2 '.0 '.7 10.5 11.2 12.0
15.7
13.5
17.5
15.0
12
10
2.5 3.1
2.0 2.5
3.7 4.'
3.0 3.5
5.0
'.0
5.6 6.2 6.' 7.5 8.1 8.7
'.5 5.0 5.' 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.' 8.0
10.0
••• 11.2 12.5
'.0 10.0
8 1.5 I.. 2.2 2.' 3.0 3.' 3.7 '.1 '.5 •••
5.2 5.' 6.0 6,7 7.5
1 ,. •••
22
•••
6.2
5.5
7.' 8.6
6,7 7,8 ••• 11.1 12.3 13.6 14.8 16.0 17.3 18.5
8.' 10.0 11.1 12.2 13.3 14.4 15.5 16.6
19.7
17.7
22.2 24.7
20.0 22.2
18
16
3.'
3.4 •••
'.3
5.'
5.2 '.0••• 7.' 8.' '.8 10.8 11.8 12.8 13.8
6.' 7.7 8.6 '.5 10.3 11.2 12.0
14.8
12.9
15.7
13.7
17.7 19.7
15.5 17.2
14
12
2.'
2.'
3.7
3.0 ••• 5.1
3.7 '.3
••• •••
5.' 7.3 8.1 8.8 '.5 10.3
5.5 '.1 '.7 7.3 7.' 8.5
11.0
'.1
11.1 13.2 14.7
'.7 ll.O 12.2
II>
,." ••••••
22
5.' 6.7
',1
8. 1
7.3 •••
8.5
10.7 12.1 13.4 14.8
'.7 II.O 12.2 13.4
16 .1
14 .6
17.5
15.8
18.8
17.1
20.2 21.5 24.2 26.'
18.3 19.5 21.9 24.4
5.5 6.' 7.7 8.7 '.8 10.9 12.0 13.1 14.215.3 16.4 17.5 19.7 21.9
18 3.' '.8 5.8 6.8 7.7 8.7 '.7 10.7 11.6 12.613.6 14 .5 15.5 17.4 19.4
16 3.' '.2 5.1 5.' '.7 7.' 8.' '.3 10.1 H.O H.8 12.7 13.5 15.2 16.9
14 2.' 3.' U 5.0 5.7 '.5 7.2 7.' 8.6 '.3 10.1 10.8 11.5 12.9 14.4
1"
"
22
5.3
'.8 '.0••• 8.0
7,2
'.3 10.6 12.0 13.3 14.6
8.' •••
10.8 12.0 13.2
15.9
14.4
17.3
15.6
14.0
18.6
16.8
19.9
18.0
21.2
19.2
23.9
21.7
19.4
26.6
24.1
20 '.3 5.' ' .5 7.5 8.6 '.7 10.8 11.9 12.9 15.1 16 .2 17 .2 21.6
18 3.8 '.8 5.7 6.7 7.' 8.' '.5 10.5 11.4 12.4 13.3 14.3 15.2 17.2 19.1
16 3.3 '.1 5.0 5.8 •••
7.5 8.3 '.1
••• 10.8 11.6 12.4 13.2 14.9 16.6

Dla mete, 01 hole II assumed J.i In. large, then nomlnel dlamete, 01 rivet.

AMERICAN IN STITUTE Of STEEL CON ST RUCTION

2 ·74

REDUCTION OF AREA FOR BOLT AND RIVET HOLES

Ar .. In 'q ..... e Inches _ ..sumed dlame1:er 01 l>oIe bylhlc:kn.. , 01 metal. For o;Omputetlon
pllfpose, holes ,nell be ,.Un., Ihe nomln.' dl!,meter oll,lIene' plUI }iInch

Dlameler 01 Hole. Inches

ll' -
Thlc:knell
01 Me,.1
Inehel

" I ~
I 1
I 1'4
I ~I
~, . 141 .164 .188 .m . 234 .258
\4 .188 .219 .2" .281 ,313 .l44
~, .234 ,273 .313 .352 .39' .410
.328 .375 .422 .409 .516
'"
.281

~,
~.
Y,
.328
.'7S
.422
.38'

."
.•38
.438

.,.,
. 500
.492
.,.,
.m
.547

.'"
.7"
....
.602

.m

''"'" .46'
.516
.547
.602
.'"
.688
.703
.773
.781
.85'
.85'
.945
.,.3 .6" .844 1.031
" %
l>
.609
.6,.
,711
.7"
.7"
.813
.,,,
.875
.914
.984
.'38
1.016
1.094
1.1l7
1.203
,~,
.7" .820 1.055 1.l7Z 1.289
1 .750 .875 1.000 1.125 1.250 1.37)
M, ,797 .'30 1.063 1,195 1.328 1.461
\4 .844 .984 1.125 1.266 1.4« 1.547
~, .891 1.039 1.188 1.336 1. ... 1.633
'A .'38 1.094 1.250 1.4« 1.563 1.7l9
II, .984 1. 148 1.313 1.477 1.641 1.015
1.031 1.203 1.375 1.5-t7 1.719 1.891
"%, Y,
1.078
1.125
1.258
1.313
1.438
1.500
1.617
1. ...
1.797
1.875
1.977
2.063
~, l.ln 1.367 1.563 1.758 1.953 2,148
1.219 1,422 2.031 2.234
''"'" 1.'" 1.828
1.266 1.477 1. ... 1.898 2.109 2.320
14 1.313 1.531 1.750 1.969 2.188 2.4«
% ... 1.586 1.813 2.039 2.266 2.492
l> ... 1.641 1.875 2.109 2.344 2.578
% ... 1.695 1.938 2. 180 2.422 2.664
2 ... 1.750 2.000 2.250 2.500 2.750
M, ... 1.015 2.063 2.320 2.578 2.836
\4 ... 1.859 2.125 2.391 2 .... 2.922
II, ... 1.914 2.188 2.461 2.734 3."
... 1.969 2.250 2.531 2.813 3.094
"
II, ...
...
2.023
2.078
2.313
2.375
2.602 2.891 3.180

'" 2.672 2.969 3.266

%. ... 2.113 2.438 2.742 3.047 3.352
Y, ... 2.188 2.500 2.813 3.125 3.438
... 2.297
'""
2.625 2.953 3.281 3.609
... 2.406 2.750 3.094 3.438 3.781
~ ... 2.516 2.875 3.234 3.594 3.953
3 ... 2.' " 3.000 3.315 3.750 . .125

AMERICAN I NSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 2 - 75

NET SECTION OF TENSION MEMBERS

,.
.. _..."'---
YWlbldIoIIed .............. __

i• •

.,
.~

v_. G 01 In 1ncI!Rt

Tha abo .. a chan ...111 .Impilly Ihe aPplicalion o l lhe rut. lor net ... Idlh, sectlon,!,!t,) and 1.lt.4
01 th e AISC SpecllJca tlon. En le.lnlllthe cha ri at I.tt or .llht ... ll h Ih. lale. and proceadlng
horllon~lIy 10 Inl.rsectlon wit h the curv. lor Ih. pl lcl) '. t hence .. ertlcally 10 lOP or bonom, the
.... Iu. 01 ..,4, mey be ••• d dlreclly.
Stftp 1 o 't he .,..mple belo .... IUustno t.s Ihe .ppllcation 01 the rul •• nd tha u.a 01 t he chan .
St.p 2I11u.tret •• t he eppllcatlon 01 t he 15$ of IIIross I rae limItatiOn.

2 2' 2 St.p!: Cheln A 8Cr F

OeduCllor ) holt • • (-% + \40) _ -2.615
2 A
BC" _ 4,. _ 2: edd .1,4, _ +0.25
CE . • _ 10•• _ 2\/'; Idd ..,4, _ +0.16

/s. TOlelDlductlon __ 2.215"

ChllnABCDfF __ l.SO
C Deducllor 4 holes 0(% + '>tI}
18 6 BC, U above, add _ +0.Z!i
0 CD,. _ 6•• _ 4\/,; Idd ,1/4, _ +0.85
Of•• _ " • _ 2: Idd "/'1 _ +0.25
4 E
Tolll Deduction _ -2.15"
Ne t Width _ 18.0 - 2.215 _15.785" .
2 f S tep 2: Net .... Idth _18.0 X 0.85 _ 15.1"
.,.. Rlvftts (Go .. e.".ln Ihls uampr.)
In comparlnllhl palh COE ... lIh t he pet h CE.II Is se.n t hat IIlh•• um 01 t he two ... Iues 01
..,4, lor CO .nd DE .xce.d Ihe slnlllle vetue o . ../ 4, lor CEo by more Ihan Ih. daductlon lor one
hoi •. t h.n Ih. pelh COE Is not Cl"ltica l as compared .... llh CEo
Evldenlty II t h ...alue 01 "", lor one lell CD 01 Ih. pIth COE I, 1I. "'ale. Ihen the deduction
'or ooa !loIe, the pa t h CDE caonot be critical as compar.d wilh CEo Th ...ertlc;al dott.d lin •• In
Ihe chen •• rv. to lodlcal •. lor Ih. respecliv. rl .. et dlemelers no le d Illha top th.. .-ol, thellny
... tue 01 .., 4, to Ihe rlllht o l .uch line I. derived Irom a noo-critlce' chlln .... hlch oeed not be lurt her
con,ld.r.d.

AMERICAN INSTITU1E OF STEEL CoNSTRU CTION

Z • 76

PLATE GIRDERS
Flange angles
TWO ANGLES FOUR ANGLES
Pro~Jes -
..
~
Thick·
ness a.M.
"'" ...
a.~ a..n
"'"
G<M.
w..
:9F
1 - ell ,y
..
;Fuu
."-
I -ell 2x

'".
'X, 1
'".
l<o
In.1
24.00
21.22
18.38
.
CO.
81.6
72.2
62.6
In.-
".00
42 .44
CO.
163.2
144 .4
125.2
In.'
388
347
304
'".
,,.,..
7.0 .. '".
In.·

43
38
1.,
2.0
I..
"'II,"
.1>
15,46
14 .00
12.50
52.6
47 .6
42.6
36.7'
30.92
28.00
25.00
105.2
95.2
85,2
260
236
213
'.7
,.,
'.7
33
3D
28
1.7
1.,
1.7

• X. I I; 33.46 113.8 66.92 227.6 392•••,

..
1
l<o
14
30.00
26.46
22.88
19.22
102.0
90 .0
77.8
65.4
" .00
52.92
45.76
204.0
1SO.0
155.6
130.8
'" ..,
318
279
238
'.7

'II,"
I>
17.36
15.50
59.2
52.8
38."
34 .72
l1.00
118.4
105.6
216
194
'.5
•••
•••
.X, 1 26.00 88.' 52.00 176.8 323 5.3 155 3.3
22.96 78.2 45.92 156.4 5.2 140 3.2
l<o
14 19.88 67.6 39.76 135.2 '"
254 5.1 123 3.1

'II,"
I>
-7A,
I6.7Z
15 . 12
13.50
11. 86
57.0
51.4
46.0
40.'
33 ."
30.24
27.00
2l.72
114.0
102.8
92. 0
80.'
'"
197
177
151
....,,
5.0
5.0
105
96
87
n
3.0
3.0
2.'
2.'
.X. 1 22.00 74.8 ".00 149.6 278 '.1
" 2.1

"
14

'"
II,
19.46
16.88
14.22 ....
".2
57.'
38.92
33.76
28."
132.4
114.8
96.'
""
220
188
'.0
5.'
5.'
42
38
32
2.0
1.'
I.,

I>
-Y1,
12.86
11.50
10 .12
4l.8
39.2

....
34.'
25.72
2l.00
20.24 ....
87.6
78.4
171
154
136
5.'
5.7
5.7
30
27
24
1.8
1.7
1.7

....•••,,
11.72 35." 120.8 172 5.1 41 2.1
7 X'
"
14 15.38
12.96
52.4 30.76
25.92
100.S
88.'
151
1.,
5.0 36
31 1.,
2.0
1.,
'"
II,
I>
11.74
10.50
".2
40.0
35.8
23.48
21.00
80.0
11.6
H.
107
29
26 1.8
~,
.",
9.24 31.6 IS.48 63.2 95 ••• 23
20
I. •
1.7
7." 27.2 15.92 54.'
" ' .7
• X. 1
.. 22.00
19.46
16 .88
74,S

....
" .2
57.4
44.00
38.92
33.76
149.6
132.4
114,8
142
128
113
3.7
3.'

"'" 14 .22 28.44 96.' 97

3.'
3.5
\\,
I>
~.
12.86
11.50
10. 12
, 8.72
43 .S
39.2
34.'
25.72
23.00
20.24
11.44
....
81.6
7S.4
88
80
71
62
3.'
3.'
3.3
3.3
'" 29.' 59.'
. When lona" . It: OI.I"Iendln,end no coY..- " .."Is undo the wkllh·lh!cknu. ra tio for ASTM Al6
s l'eloo.. not comply wllh AISC SpecUk:e l lon Section I.'. For Sl.. ls of hl.h., yield streneths.
check .. llICted en.l.. lor complJanee wllh Ihl& Metlon.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEl CoNSTRUCTION

 2 ·77

PLATE GIRDERS
Flange angles
TWO ANGLES-NET AREA

"'.
Thick·
ne,.
J.c=~,r='lF"O"t
-'0.-
,l> .. '
RIVETS

l>'
"
, 10' W W
RIVETS

" ' 10' .. '

RIVETS

l>'
" '10'
' x '
.. 22.25
19.69
17.07
14.37
22.00
19.47
16.88
14.21
21.75
19.25
16.69
14.05
21.50
19.03
16.50
13.90
20.50
18.16
15.75
13.27
20.00
17.72
15.38
12.96
19.50
17.28
15.00
12.65
19.00
16.84
14.63
12.33
18.75
16.63
14.44
12.18
18.00
15.97
13.88
11.71
17.25
15.31
13.32
11.24
16.50
14.66
12.76
10.77
",'"
'I>
13.02
11.62
11.88
11.50
12.73
11.37
11.59
11.25
12.03
10.75
11.75
10.50
11.41
10.25
11.19
10.00 ....
11.05 10.62
'.50
10.20
9.11
9.78
8.75
8X8 ,'10. 31.49 31.21 30.93 30.65 19.52 28.96 28.40 27.83 27.55 26.71 25.86 25.02

..
28.25 28.00 27.75 27.50 26.50 26.00 25.50 25.00 24.75 24.00 23.25 22.50
24.93 24.71 24.49 24.27 23.40 22.96 22.52 22.08 21.86 21.21 20.56 19.90
2157 21.38 21.19 21 .00 20.25 19.88 19.50 19.13 18.94 18.38 17.82 17.25
% 18.13 17.97 17.81 17.66 17.03 16.72 16.41 16.09 15.94 15.47 15.00 14.53
II, 16.38 16.23 16.09 15.95 15.39 15.11 14.83 14.55 14.41 13.99 13.57 13.15
I> 14.62 14.50 14.37 14.25 13.75 13.50 13.25 13.00 12.87 12.50 12.13 11.75
,
..'"
8X6 24.25 24.00 23.75 23.50 22.50 22.00 21.50 21.00 20.75 20.00 19.25 18.50
21.43 21.21 20." 2O.n 19.90 19.46 19.02 18.58 18.36 17.71 17.06 16.40
18.57 18.38 18.19 18.00 17.25 16.88 16.50 16.13 15.94 15.38 14.82 14.25
% 15.63 15.47 15.31 15.16 14.53 14.22 13.91 13.59 13.44 12.97 12.50 12.03
II, 14.14 13.99 13.85 13.71 13.15 12.87 12.59 12.31 12.17 11.75 11.32 10.90
I>
"Vi.
,
12.62
11.09
12.50
10.98
12.31
10.88
12.25 11.75
10.77 10.33
11.50
10. 11 ....
11.25 11.00
9.67
10.87
'.56
10.50
9.24
10.13 9.75
8.91 8.58
8X'
..
l>
20.25
17.93
15.51
13.13
20.00
17.71
15.38
12.97
19.75
17.49
15.19
11.81
19.50
17.27
15.00
12.66
18.50
16.40
14.25
12.03
18.(10
15.96
13.88
11.72
17.50
15.51
13.50
11.41
17.00
15.08
13.13
11.10
16.75
14.86
12.94
•..,
10.94
16.00
14.21
12.38
10.47
15.25 14.50
13.56 12.90
11.82 11.25
10.00 9.53
'"
II,
I>
·'As
11.88
10.62
9.35
11.73
10.50
9.24
11.59
10.37
9.14
11.45
10.25
9.03
10.89
9.75
8.59
10.61
'.50
8.37
10.33
'.25
8.15
10.05
'.00
7.93
'.50
8.87 8.50
7.83 7.50
'.09 8.64
8.13 7.75
7.18 6."
7x, l> 16.19 15.97 15.75 15.5] 14.66 14.22 13.78 13.34 1].13 12.47 ... ...
%
% 14.07
11 .89
13.88 13.69
11.73 11.57 11.42 10.79 10.48 10.15 ....
13.50 12.75 12.38 12.00 11 .63 11 .44 10.88
9.70 9.13
... ...
... ...
",I> 10.76
9.62
10.61 10.47
'.50 9.]7
10.33 9.77 9.49 9.21 8.93 8.78 8.38
'.25 8.75 8.50 8.25 8.00 7.87 7.50
... ...
... ...
... ...
,',"
~, 8.47
7.32
8." 8.26
7.23 7.14
8.15 7.71 7.49 7.27 7.05 6.95 6.62
7.04 6.67 6.48 6.27 6.08 6.01 5.73 ... ...
6 x6
..
%
.. 20.25
11.93
15.51
13.13
20.00
17.11
15.38
12.91
19.75
19.50
17.49
17.27
15.19
15.00
12.81
12.66
18.50
16.40
14.25
12.03
18.00
15.96
13.88
11.72
17.50
15.52
13.50
11.41
17.00
15.08
13.13
11.09
16.75
14.87
12.94
10.94
16.00
14.2.1
12.38
10.47
...
.. .
...
...
...
...
...
. ..
1\, 11.88 11.73 11.59 11.45 10.89 10.61 10.33 10.05 9.91 9.49 ... ...
II 10.62 10.50 10.37 10.25 9.75 9.50 9.25 '.00 8.87 8.50 ... ...
~, '.35 9.24 9.14 '.03 8.59 8.]7 8.15 7.93 7.82 7.50 ... ...
8.06 . 7.97 7.88 7.78 7.41 7.22 7.03 6.75 6.47 ... ...
* 6."
·Wnen Iona lei is ollillandfni lind no cov .... plllte i$ used. I he wldlh·t hleknu. ,"tlo 10< ASTM -'36
.1. .1 doe. not comply with AISC Specific"tion Section 1.9. f Ol' " . .I. of hIgh.,. yIeld SlTllnith,.
(heck selected angles tor comp/lance wIth thl. nel lon.

AM ER tC",N I N STITU TE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION

2·"

PLATE GIRDERS
Flange angles

-
TWO ANGLES fOUR ANGLES
Propwllel

.. ..... . .. .
:9F'" +uu'"
Thkk .
~ n ... ..~ ~. ..~

"'H "'. A'H w,.

J H , 1 - .L.
. -
"'.
'".
.... ..
'". In.' co. In ." In.'
'". In .' In-
39- 2.2-

""" ,..
6X' 15-:-96" 54.' 31.92 loa.8 111 '.2

~,
13.88
11.72
10.62
47 .2
40.0
36.2
27.76
23.44
21.24
811.0
12.4 77
' .2
' .1
'.0
.,"
28
2.2
2.1
2.0

'""
~, 8.36
7.22
32.'
28.6
24.6
19.00
16.12
14.44
64.8
57.2
49.2
70

"
54
'.0
3.'
3.'
"22
20
2.0
1.,
1.,
5X5 15 .96 31.92 108.8 71 3.1
"
54.4
\I 47.2 94.'
"'" ,...
13.88 27.76 63 3.0
11.72 40.0 23.44 80.0 54 3.0
32.' 19.00 64.8 45 2.'
~, 8.36 28.6 16.72 57.2 40 2.8

" 7.22 24.6 14.44 49.2 35 2.8

6 X 3\0'1

.","'"
' .00
6."
5.74
30.6
23.4
19.6
18.00
13.68
11.48
61.2
46.8
39.2 ."
62
' .2
' .1
' .0
17

"
11
1.7
1.6
1.5

"'A,'" ,..
5 X 3Y.z \I 11 .62
8.00
39.6
33.6
21.2
23.24
19.68
16.00
79.2
67.2
54.'
"
48
40
3.5
3.'
3.3
22
19
16
2.0
1.,
1.8
48.0 3.3

""
7." 24 .0 14.12 36 1.8

"
II.
6.10
5.12
ZO.8
17.4
12.20
10.24
41.6
34.8
31
26
3.2
3.2 11
1.7
1.7

.,
"",'" ....
5X3
,...
7." ".6 15.00 51.2 38 3.5 10 1.5
5.72 19,6 11.44 39.2 3.' 8 1.4
1.,
10.88
16. 4
37.0
32.8
" 3.' 7

""
'X' 21.76 74.0 31 2.5
9.22 31.4 18.44 62.8 V 2.5
II 7." ".6 15 .00 51.2 22 2.'
~. 6.62
,...
45.2

" ....
22.6 13.24 20 2.3
5.72 19.6 11.44 39.2 18 2.3
II, 16.4 32.8 15 2.2
4 X 3\h 29.'
"'" 8.60
7 .00 23.8
17.20
14.00
58.8
47.6
26
21
2.6
'.5
18
15
2.1
2.0

"..
~, 6. 18 21.2 12.36 42.4 19 2.5 14 ' .0
1.,
" '.50
II,
5.34 18 .2
15 .4
10.68
'.00 30.8
17
14
2.•
2 .•
12
10 1.,
• X3
"'" 7.96
6."
27.2
22.2
15.92
13.00
54.'
44.4
24
20
2.7
2.7
12
10
,
1.7
1.7

" .."
~, 5, 74 19.6 11.48 39.' 18 2.' 1.'
17.0 9.92 34 .0 16 2.' 8 1.6
1\, 4.18 14.4 8. " 28.8 14 2. 5 7 1.5
~ '.38 11.6 6.16 23.2 11 2.5
• 1.5
- WII.n Ionl 1.1 1$ ou,,"ndlnl end no eov. plat. Is used. tile -..ldlll ·tlllc:kn.SI .. 110 lor ASTM A)6
s'''' dOn not eompty wltll AI SC SpeclflceOon Section L9. For sl.els 01 hlan. yield Itr.nrtlli.
ell..:!! HI":led .nat.llor eomplienc:. .itllltds $iICIIon.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEl CONSTRUCTION

,. ,.79
PLATE GIRDERS
Flange angles
TWO ~NGLES-NET AREA

SU'
Thick·

""' 1 ,C= ~,~'lF.

RIVETS RIVETS RIVETS
·"t

-
-

'". lO' 1" 1~' "'. ft" ' I" j 1"'" lO' W I' 1\\'
"" .. -~-~- .
,...
... ...
, X'
'"
lO
14.43 14.21
12,51 12.38
13.99 13.77 12.90 12.46 12.02
12.19 12.00 11.25 ID.8a 10.50
11.58 11.37
10.13 ... ... .........
",'II" ,...
10.63 10.47 10.31 10.16 9.53 '.22 8.91 8.00 8.44 ... ...

",
9,49
8.62 8."
'.35 9.21 8.65 8.37
8.37 8." 7.15 7.50 7."
7." 7.27 '.83 6.61 '.39
8.09 7.111 7.67
7.00 ....
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.....,
'"
7.S9 7.48
'.56 6.47
14.43 14.21 13.99
•. " '.28 5.91 5.12 5.53
13.77 12.90 12.46 12.02
6.17 '.06
5.34 5."
11.58 .. .
...
...
...
...
...
...
5X 5
'"
lO 12.57 12.38 12.19
lQ.63 10.47 10.31
12.00 11.25 ID.88 10.50
10.16 9.53 ,." 8.91
10.13 ...
8.59 ...
...
...
...
... ·,.
·.,
'"
II
",
8.62 8." 8.37
7.59 7.48 7.38
'.56 6.41 '.38
8." 7.75 7.50 7."
7.27 6.83 6.61 '.39
6.28 5.91 5.72 5.53
7.00 ...
6.17 .. .
5.34 ...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
6 x 3'rt '"
II 8.12 8.00 1.87 ... 7." 7.00 ... ... '.38
... 5.53 5.34 ... ... 4.87
...
...
...
...
,
...
..
5 x Jill
'"
,~,

lO
6.18 '.09 '.00
5.19 5.11 5.04
10.31 10.12 9.93
... 4.65 4.49 ... ... 4.10
... 8.99 8.62 . .. ... ... .. . ...
... ...
·
.. ,
....
... 7.65 7.34 ... ... ... ... ...
'"
II
lI,
8.75 8.59
1.12 7.00
'.29 5.35
6.18
8.41
6.87
'.08
... •." ' .00 ... ... ... ... ...
... 5.53 5.31 .. . ... ... ... ...
... 4.79 '.60 ... ... ... ... ...
·. ..
·.,
. ..
'"
II,
5."
'.57 4.49
5.26
4.42 ... '.03 3.81 ... ... ... .. ... . ...
SX ' II 6.62 '.50 ...
...
... 5.75 5.50 . .. ... ... ... ...
... 4.41 '.22 ... ... ... ... ...
...
......
'" •." ,." ...
~,
5.06 4.97
4.17 ... 3.71 3.55 ... ... ... .. ... .
' X' lO 9.51
7.97
9.19
1.81
'.00 8.26 7." ...
7.66 7.03 6.72 ...
... ...
... ... ·
...
... ·.... ......
... ... . .. ...
8.13
'"
II
II,
6.62
....
5.85
6."
5.74
6.37
5."
6." 5.75 5.50 ...
5.53 5.09 4.87 ... ... ... ·.. ...
...... ...... .... ...
.. .
...
.........
'" •."
!\,
5.06 4.97
4.17 UO
4.78 4.41 4.22 ...
'.02 3.71 3.55 ... ..
4 x 31h % 7.51 7." 7.19
5.87
... 6.42 6.10 ... ... ... .
... 5." 5.00 ... .. ... . ... ...
...
.... ...
...
II
II,
6.12
5.41
6.00
5.30 5.'" ... 4.65 4.43 ... . . .. ... ...
... 4.03 3.84 ... ... ... ... ...
...
...
'.68 4.59
... Ul 3." ... ... ... ... ...
'"
lI, 3.95 3.87
...
'.50
3."
... 5.77 5.46 ... . .. ... ... ...
. ..
...
•X3
'"
II
lI,
6.87
5.62
4.97 '.86
6.71
...
5.50
...
... 4.75 '.50 ... .
... 4.21 3." ... .
....
... ... ...
... ... ...
...
...
Ii '.30 4.21 ... ... 3.65 3.46 ... ... .. . ... ... ...
... 3.09 2.93 ... . .. ... ... ...
II,
\4
3,63 3.55 ...
2.94 2.88 ... ... I 2.50 2.38 . .. ... ... ... ... ......
• Wh.n lon, I"Is O1.Itsl.ndl",."d "0 COlI .. pi,,, Is used, th' wldth ·th lckn ... ,"10 tOt ASTM All
.t.., does not comply wl1h AtSC Specfflcllion Sec:tlon 19. F« ste,t. 01 hither yield st"nllhl.
check aelKled .n.... lOt compl!ef\C' with this seelion .

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CoNSTRUCTION

, . OJ

WELDED PLATE GIRDERS

Dimensions and properties
The (aUowing tables of dimensions and properties of welded plate girden
are presented 118 a guide for selecting girders of economical proportiona. Selec~
ticn of profiJes of intermediate depth may be made by methods iUustrated
in the following examples. EIMDpie 3 gives a suggested procedure (or
selection of such sections, without intermediate stiffeners, from the tables.
Example 4 ahowa a similar procedure in selecting a girder using intermediate
stiffeners. It is suggested that the Moment of Inertia method, illustrated in
Example 2 on page 2·60, be used in checking profiles of intermediate depth
selected from the tables.
I n order to faci litate an intermediate girder selection, only one width of
Hange plate is listed for a given depth of web plate. Several t.hicknesses are
listed for each flange plate width to afford a fairly wufonn variation in bend·
ing strength for a given web plate depth. No preference is intended for the
Range plate dimensions tabulated, as compared to other flange plate& having
the eame area. Substitution of wider but thinner flange plates, without.
change in flange area, win reault. in a 8light. reduction in section modulU8.
The thinnest flange plate listed in each case has a width-thiclrne88 ratio
for A36 steel, which complies with the provisions of Section 1.9 of the AlSC
Specification. If thinner flange plates are used, or j( 8teels or higher yield
points are used, the proportions of girder sections 8hould be checked for com-
pliance with this Section.
In long girders, it may prove economical to reduce the size of flange
platee at one or more points near the girder enda, where the bending moment
is 8ubstant.ially 1888. In analyzing overall economy, weight aavings mU8t
be balanced against higher fabrication costs incurred in aplicing the flanges.
Economy, through reduction of 8ange plate sizes, win moet likely occur with
long girders where flanges mU8t be 8pticed in any case.
or
Only one thickness web plate i8 given for each depth of girder. When
the ratio of maximum 8hear to maximum moment i8 relatively Inrge, overall
economy may dictate selection of a thicker web plate. The resulting increase
in section modulU8 can be obtained by multiplying the value 5', given in the
table, by the number of sixteenth8 of a n inch increase in wob thickness, a nd
adding the value 80 obtained to the section modulus value S for tbe girder
profile 8hown in t.he table.
Overall economy may often be obtained by u8ing a web plate having a
thicknC88 auch that intermediate 8tiffeners are not required. However, this
is not alwaya the case. The girder sections listed in the table will provide a
"balanced" design with respect to bending moment and web 8hear without.
el:ceseive use of intennediate stiffeners, and often without uee of any inter-
mediate 8tiffeners. When 8tiffeners are required. their proper apacing can be
determined with tbe help of the appropriate Table 3 given in the Appendil:
or the AlSC Specification.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEl CONSTRUCTION
 2 ·81
The maximum end reaction l>ermiseible without intermediate stiffenen
for the tabulated web plate thicknesses of ASTM A36 steel is listed in the
table column headed R. if a thicker web phl.te is used, the value R wiD be
increased in proportion to the increase in web plate area. Use of a thicker
web plate will also result in an increase in the allowable shear 8tre88 through
reduction of web depth-thickness ratio hi t (refer to the approprinte Table 3
in the Apl>endix of the Specification ). I n Table 3, allowable values fo r shear
stress in the case where intermedinte stiffeners are not required are given in
the right hand column headed "Over 3."

Specification
and Manua1
Reference
EXAMPLE 3
Given : Using A36 steel, design the section of a 52 in.
deep welded plate girder with no intermediate stiffeners
to support a uniform load of 2.4 kips per linear foot on an
85 ft. span. The gi rder wiD be framed between columns
and ita compre88ion Bange wiD be laterally supported for
its entire length.
Solution:

2.4 X 85 X 85 X 12
Required section modulua
8 X 22
= 1182 in.'
Maximum vertical shear - 2.4 X 85 / 2 _ 102 kips
Enter Table of Welded Plate Girders, Dimensions and
Properties:
For girder having 48 X :t~ web with 16 X 1 ~
Bange I>intes, S - 1097.7 in.' < 1182 in.'
For girder having 52 X '" web with 18 X 1M
Bange plates, S - 1332.1 in.* > 1182 in"
A. Determine web required:
Try: Web - 50 X Ys; A . - 18.75 sq. in.
Check web:
For hi t - 50/ 0.375 - 133; from Table 3-36 under Apl>cndix
column hended "Over 3," allownble shear stress Table 3·36
wi thout. intermediate stiffenel"8, by interpolation
- 4.8 ksi
Allowable vertica1ahear - 18.75 X 4.8
- 90 kips < 102 kips
T ry; Web - 50 X }16; A. - 21.8aq. in.
For hi t - 50 / 0.4375 _ 114; re-enter Table 3-36;
allowable shear stre88 without intermedjate stif-
feners, by interpolation _ 6.5 ksi
Allowable vertical shear _ 21.8 X 6.5 -
141.7 kips > 102 kips o. k.
AMER ICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
,."
Specification
and Manual
ReferenCE!

B. Determine {lange required:

Try flange t.hickneSK _ ll i in.; d - 52.25 in.
Required moment of inertia
1182 X 52.25/ 2 - 30880 in.·
Less moment of inertia of
50 x}1' 6 web - 4557 in. 4 "g. 2-71
Required moment of inertia 2 flanges = 26323 in. 4
Distance between flange centroids _ pg.2-67
2y _ 51.125 in.; then 2y! - 1307 sq. in.
·Req'd area o(one flange - 26323/ 1307 _ 20.14 sq. in.
18 X Iii - 20.25 sq. in.> 20.14 sq. in. o. k .
Use: Web - 50 X 716
2 nange pl ates - 18 X 1,J{
EXAMP LE 4
Given: Design conditionBsn! t.he same as given in Example
3 except intennediate stiffenen are to be used.
Solution:
A. Determine uri stiffeners required:
Try: Web - 50 X ~16; A. - 15.63 sq. in.
1. Check stiffener 81>8cing at. ends of girder:
Calculated shl,lar stress at. ends of girder -
f. - 102/15.63 - 6.53 ksi
Allowable clear distance between end pallel 1.10.5.3
stiffeners _ a _ IHX~,~.3 13 _ 42.5 in.,
say 42 in. _ 3.5 ft. 6530

2. Check intermediate stiffener requirements:

Calculated shear stress 3.5 ft. from end of
._>
gnuer - f • - 102 - (3.5 X 2.4) _ 599. •.>U!I
_.
15.63
Allowable c1e8 r distance between intermediate 1.10.5.S
stiffenet1l: o/h _ (260 ~O 0.313)2 _ 2.64,
say 2.5

0. - 50 X 2.5 - 125 in.

From Table 3-36 for a/ h "" 2.5, Appendix
h/ t - 50 /0.313 - 160 Table 3-36
F. _ 6.6 kai > 5.99 ksi o .k .

• In long girders. it. may prove economical to reduce t.he size or flange plates
near the girder ends where the moment. gradient i8 small. See dillCu88ion in Welded
Plate Girder notes.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
 2· 83
Specificat.ion
and Ma nual
Heference

Area ofeLiffener required - 1.10.5,4

5.99 (.063 X 15.63) _ 0.894 sq. in.
6.60
Try: 2 plalell6 X 3 8 ;
A u - 4.5 sq. in. > 0.894 sq. in. o.k.
6
Width-thickness ratio - 0.375 - 16 o.k. 1.9
D istalU:e between end s tiffeners _
(85 - 7) X 12 - 936 in.
No. of panels required between intermediate
stiffeners _ 936 _ 7.5. 88y 8
125 936
Space intermedjateslifTeners at 8 - 11 7 in.
_ 9.75 fl.

Use: Web - 50 X ;.{ G with 9 pairs of 6 X 3,

stiffeners. Space as follows:
2 at 3.5 ft. from each end - 7.0 ft.
7 at 9.75 ft. (8 pane ls) - 78.0 ft.
85.0 ft..
B . Determine {lange required:
Try flange thickness - '11 in .; d - 5 1. 75 in .
Required moment of inertia
- 1182 X 51.75/ 2 - 30584 in}
M oment of inertia of 50 X 5 16 web pg.2-71
- 10417 X 5 16 -
Required moment of inertia of2 Hanges -
Distance between fl ange centroids -
2y - 50.875 in.; then 2y2 _ 1294 sq. in.
·Req'd area ofoneftange - 27329 1294 - 21.1 sq. in.
25 X 1!j _ 21.9> 21.1 sq. in. o.k.
25/ 0.875 - 28.6 < 32 o.k. 1.9
Use: 2 flange plates - 25 X ~

• In long girders, it may prove economical to red uce the me of flange plllteec
neRr the gi rder ends where the moment gradient msmall. &'8 diacuMion in Welded
Plate Girder notes.
A.MERICA,.. INSTITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION
2 ·84

86-61
r-c,;=l:=I= tt

I
WELDED PLATE GIRDERS
Dimensions and properties

Depth
d
I,,":'::';:"c-,-I!.,,---':';:'cc-'-"':'=;-=--=-r--I
Depth Thick
h t I

90.00 28 3 84
89.00 28 21;
88.00
87.50
28
28
2
114 """
1~~!ili~fgI 86.00
87.00
I I; 84
86.50 28 I" 84
2B
28

""
I
85.75 28 ¥.
80 X 26 84,00 26 3 78
hIt = 125 83.00 Z6 Z!h 78
82.00 26 2 78
"ii:Qli2i:iiI81.50
I ~: 81.00 Z6
26 1'.4
llh 78
78
80. 50 Z6 11.4 78
80,00 26 1 78
79.75 26 ¥II 78
78.00 24 3 72
'~~:iJi~;~I 76.00
I'! 77.00 24
24 21h
2 7Z
12
75.50 24 PA 72
75. 00 24 1Y.z 72
74.50 24 11.4 72
74.00 24 1 72
73.75 24 Ya 72
72.00 22 3 66
71.00 22 2Y2 66
~i!i!~1 69.50
.~
70.00 22
22 213.4 66
66
69.00 22 lIh 66
68.50 22 l\A 66
68.00 22 1 66
61.75 22 ¥a 66
67.50 22 % 66
65.00 20 21; 60
64.00 20 2 60
63.SO 20 114 60
63.00 20 I I; 60
62.50 20 1\4 60
62.00 20 I 60

'".
61.75 20 60
, 61.50 20 60
: 61.25 20 % 60
• S' - Additional leellon modulus eon'flSpondlng to ~ .. 'nc,ene In web thlckn....
6 r _ Radlu. 01 iYf8llon ollha "T" seelion compriSing Ihe compression l'anl. ph... '4 t he web
. , ... about en aJll,'n the ptln, of the web .
• R - Mexlmum end , ••etlon permissible wllhoutlntermedlale sllffeners lor l.bul.l.d web pi",.
The wldth·thlckn", .. 110' 101" pdmll In this teble comply with /l ISC 5pe-e1f1c,IJon Slctlon 1.'
lor /l5TM /ll6 steel. For , 1••1. 01 higher yield slreng1hs. check lIanl'" lor compllanc.
whh this nc:llon .
, ,
See Section 1.11).5 for dulln of sllffeners.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 2 ·85

57-41

WL
Area
WELDED PLATE GIRDERS
Dimensions and properties
I -R d
'"
'00' AI

84.3

""""
i8 52
18 52 84.3
18 52 84.3
18 52 84.3
84.3
18
18
52
52 " 84.3
18
18
18
52
52
52
""" 84.3
84.3
84.3
I'I'
I'16
2IA
2
48
48 """ 91.3
91.3
1%
IV,
48
" 91.3

""""
48 91.3
16 m 48 91.3
16 1 48 91.3
91.3
16
16
16 "
%
48
48
48
""
91.3
91.3
45 X 16
hit = 141
16
16
'"
1%
IV,
44
44
57.7
51.1
16 I'A 44 51.7
16 1 44 51.7
16 r, 44 51.7
16 % 44 51.7

"'n
16 44 51.7
16 44 51.7
40
40
40
40
40
40

_ Additiona! section modul us correspon ding 10

Or _ Radiu s of gyration of the' 'T-- secllon comprising the compression fiange plus 14 th e web
area. about an axis In the plane 01 the web.
~ R_Maximum end read ion permlsslbla without Intermediate s\ilfeners for tabulaled web plate.
The width ·thlckness ratios lor girders In this table comply with AISC Spedllcatlon Section 1.9
lor ASTM A36 steel. For steels 01 higher yield strenlllhs, check ilang8$ for compllence with
this section.
See Section 1.10.5 lor design 01 sUlfeners.
I
AM ERICAN INST ITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
2 ·86
COMPOSITE DESIGN
for building construction
GENERAL NOTES
Composite Design is a proven method. Its unrestricted application to
building construction in the United States is relatively new. The foUowing
di8cwt8ion is presented as 8 guide to the designer who is unfamjJjar with its
application.
General Considerations
1. Composite construction is most efficient with heavy loading, rela·
lively long spans, and the beams spaced as far 81)(lrt. as practicable.
2. Concrete compressive stresses will seldon1 be crit.ical, except in the
case of spandrel beams or other beams with the concrete slab present.
0 11 only one side.
3. Because composite collstruction wiU usually have relaLively long
spans and wide spacing oi beams, the AlSC Specifical.ion limitation
(Section 1. 11 1) which will most ofteD govern the effective slab width
wiIJ be a project.ion beyond the edge of lhe beam Limit.t.-d 1.0 eight.
Limes the slab thickness.
4. Slab thicknesses on Ule order of 4 to 5 inches wiU be most often used
bocaU80 of fireproo6ng considerations and because of t.he wide spac-
ing o( beams.
OeOcction
A composite beam b.aB a much greater stiffness and will deflect only lS
to ~ 88 much 8.8 8 non-c:omposite beam of the same size with identical loads
and span length. In practice this means that sballower beams are used and
that. deflections, particularly of the steel section alone ca.rrying construction
loads, should be checked. Excessive dead load deflections can be prevented
by means of cambering or use of temporary shores. Such shoree should re-
main in place until the concrete has attained 75 % of its 28 day strength. If
practicable, dead load deRection o( the steel section acting alone should be
limited to approximately Hi inches.
Limiting the depth-span rat.io will also prevent many deflection problems.
I t is recommended that the minimum depth-span raLio be limited as follows:
1/ 24 (or beams and girders under static load.
1/ 20 (or beams and girders subject to heavy impact. or vibratory loading.
The depth u!:lCd in the above ralios is the distance from the top of the concrete
to the bottom of the steel gection. It. is usually good practice also to limit
the dept.h-span ratio of the steel section alone to 1/ 30.
Use o f Covcr Platcs
Bottom cover plates are an effective means of increasing the strength of
composite beams, but they should be used. with overall economy in mind.
The cost of a 3.. inch thick plate in place is not appreciably more than the
coet of 8 1, inch plate in place. A good rule is to either use heavy cover plates
or avoid cover plates completely. Use of a bottom cover plate having an
area Icsa than one-half the area of the rolled beam can Beldom be justified
AMERIC~N INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
 l· 81
[rom a standpoint of economy except wben headroom ill a problem. Similarly,
cover-plating of emall beams is generally not justified.
Cover·plating of beams having a concrete flange on one side only is to be
avoided since the presence of such cover plates will often cause an ovel1ltres8
in tbe concrete Bange.

Othe r Con siderati.ons

Specification provisions for the design of composite beams are baaed on
ultimate load considerations, even though U,ey are presented in terms of
working stresses. Because of this, for unshored construction, actual sire88e8
are higher than calculated stresses. Formula (17), Section 1.11.2.2, protects
the tension fl ange from the possibility of over-strotl8. Attention should also
be given to t.he compression flange.
Adequate lateral support for the compression flange of the steel section
will be provided by the concrete slab after it haa ha rdened . During con-
slruction, however, positive lateral support. must be provided or working
st.rosacs must be reduced in accordance with Section 1.5.1.4.5 of the Specifica-
t ion. Steel deck with adequate a ttachment to the compression flange, or
wooden forms wedged against both sides of the beam web adjacent to the
flanges will usually provide the necessary support for the type of construction
shown in t he sketches, accompanying the composite beam property tables.
For construction using fully encased beams or haunched slabs. particular
attention should be given to lateral support during construction.

DESIGN AIDS FOR COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION

The data in this sect.ion is limited in scope. Tables have been prepared
only for the most common conditions encountered in building design. These
conditions are:

1. 3000 psi concrete (n - 9)

2. An effective Bange width of 16 times the slab thickness pIuS com-
pression flange width of steel section (tables also include slabs of
one-baH this widt h)
3. Floor slabs ranging in thickness from 4 to 5 inches
4. Steel beam depths ranging from 8 to 21 inches. This will generally
be satisfactory for span ranges from 20 to 60 feet

Two types of ta bles are provided. The aelection tables provide a means
of selecting the most. economical beam section for designs which confonn
exactly to the above four conditions. The property tables present an exact
tabulation of the properties of that section. For cases where designs do not
confonn to these four conditions, the tables still furnish the designer with a
guide to t.he selection of a trial section.
For buildings it will be found that. the above four conditions will be fully
met in most cascs. The tabulated elTective nange width (condition 2, above)
should be checked against the given span and beam spacing in accordance
with Ule proviswns of Section 1.11. 1 of the "Specification for t he Design,
Fabrication and Erection of Structural Steel for Buildings."
AMERI CAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CON STRU CTION
2 ·88
Nomenclature
A. Area. of rolled beam. in. '
A. Area of bot.tom cover plate, in.'
A. Total area of steel 8eClion _ A. + A ", in. t
D Deflection coefficient
J Moment of inertia, in.'
K Coefficient for detennining the t.heoretical length of cover plate for
simple span. uniformly loaded beams
L" Theoretical length of cover plate. ft.
N Number of shear connectors
Q Statical moment of cover plate area about neutral axis of trans-
formed section, in.1
S. Section modulus (or bot.tom fibers of CI'088 section
5, Section modulus for top fibers of cross section
V Maximum permissible web &bear, kips
Va Total horizontal shear to be resisted by connectors, kipe
b Effective concrete Bange width in inches (for these particular tables
assumed to be 16 times slab thickness plus flange widlh of rolled
stool beam)
6, .F lange width of rolled steel beam, in.
d Dept.h of rol1ed steel section, in.
t,.
d. Total dept.h of steel aection _ d + in.
n Modular ratio E,IEc (for these tables assumed to be 9)
t. TIlickness of bottom cover plate. in.
t Thickness of concrete slab, in.
Y. Distance from neutral axis to bottom fibers of CI'08II eection, in.
Explanation of Tables
The tables apply to compo&ite beams with a concrete slab placed direct.ly
on the steel beam with the two elements connected by stud, channel or spiral
shear connectors. Slab Ulicknesaes of 4, 4}i and 5 inches are included in the
tables.
Data is included for both cover plated sections and sections without cover
plates. This data is applicable to all grades of steel included in Section 1.4
of the AISC S,>ecification, except that the quantities Vand V. (where Formula
(19) governs values of VI) apply only to ASTM A36steel.

Selection Tables
Selection tables are given for slab thicknesses of 4, Hi and 6 inches and
include both cover plated and uncover plated sections. Effective nange width
of t.he concrete slab is 8B8umed a8 16t + b,. For the beam sections used and
with a n n va lue of 9, bi n ranges from 7.6 to 9.8
Cover plate areas for a given si7.e rolled beam are varied in equal incre-
ments of one square inch throughout the useful range of cover plate areas.
For ready comparison with other combinations of rolled beam and cover
plate, the average weight per foot of each steel section is given. This average
weight per foot assumes uniformly loaded, simple spans and is numerically
equal to the total weight of the beam plus the total weight of the theoretical
length of cover plate, divided by the span length. The designer entera the
appropriate aelection table with the required section modulus S.. and aelects
the lightest l:I8Ction equal to or greater than this value, commensurate with
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTtON
tbe desired depth. It will be found that for a given value of S. at least three
,."
choices of beam depth will usuaUy be available.
After the designer has selected a section from the selection table, he
obtains the neoessary design properties from the compo&ite beam property
tables.

property Tables
T abular data is given for composite 8eCtions with effective Hange width
h, with effective 8ange width 6/2, and for the steel aection aloDe. Data is
included for the unoover·plated beam 118 well as fo r the beam with several
incrementa of cover plate area. The thickness of the bottom cover plate
used in computation of these tabular proJ>erties is given in the 1efL-hand
column. Use of plates having the same 8rea but with thicknesses UI) to twice
the value shown is proper as errors caused by such substitutions Ill'8 negligible.
Effective Ba nge width, b, depth of the rolled beam d, 8teel beam flange width
b" a1'68 A .. and maximum beam web shoar capacity, V, (or AST'M A36 steel
are also given.
In addition to covcr plate areas, the avera ge weight of the rolled beam
and cover plate per foot is also given for estimating purpoaes.
Tabular data for the three categories of sections is discussed below:

Trans formed Section for Slab Width b

The quantitiesy. and I are given primarily for the benefit of the designer
who may wish to chock other tabular data, since they will not ordinarily be
used in design procedures except for cover plate development calculations,
5 1and 5 •• the section moduli of the lOp a nd bottom fibers of the transformed
cross section are ul:lCd to 89Certain that actunl stresses in the concrete and steel
do not exceed th08B given in the AISC a nd ACI Specifications. The designer
is cautioned to always cbeck concrete stresses s ince it is 8.S8umed in the
selection tables that such stresses are not critical. Bending &tresges are
checked by the conventional formulas

12M
f. - - - for steel
S.

and

12M
f. - - - for ooncrete
nS.

f. - computed bending stress, kBi

M _ moment in kip-feet
- modular ratio. E,/Ec
II.
AM ER ICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION
2·90

.-
For deOection computations the coefficient D is provided for use in the
formula:
=D",'",'
, -o;,;;;L",'
1,000,000
where
a midarNln deflection in inches
D .. deftect.ion coefficient equal to 6'11J7/ 1. IL is applicable only to
sim l,ly supported, uniformly loaded beams
At_ • .. maximum moment. in kip-feet
L .. 8jlran length in feet.
For cover piated seclions. computed deflections obtained by the above
formula will be slighUy le8Ii than Actual deflections since the formula tacitly
ll8Sumea that the cover plate length is the same as the apan length. The error
involved is on the order of 1 to 3 %.
The (annula can aJ80 be modified. for use for girders carrying concentrated
loads. Ilrovided these loads are equal in magnitude and symmetrically 1)laced.
For various combinations of loading, the deflection computed by the formula
should be multiplied by the following constants:
One concentrated load at center .. ..... . . .............. 0 BOO
'l'wo equal concentrated l oad~ at l ~ points . . . . . . . .. . . . . 1 022
Three equal concentrated louds at 7:'i points ........ . . 0 950
The constant K is a coefficient for determining the theoretical length of
the cover plate. It is exact only for simply supported beams with uniformly
distributed loads. The theoretical cut-off point. for any type of loading occurs
where the mome nt is equal to the maximum moment mu ltiplied by the ratio
(5. of uncover plated transformed Beetion -+ 5. of cover plated transformed
soction).
For uniformly dislnbuted loading:
L" _ KL
where L., _ t heoretical length of cover plale in feet.
The actual required length of cover plate is dependent on the provisions
of Section l.lO.4 of the A ISC Specification regarding Hange development.
For estimating purposes it is safe to add a length equal to 4 limes the plate
width to the theoreticaJlength.
'The quantity V. is the total horizontal shear to be resisted by shear
connectors eoch aide of the point of maximum moment and has boon computed
using Formula (18) or (19) in Section LilA. Using Table 1.1104 in the
Specification, the n umber of shear connectors requi red is computed as
follows:
N _ V.
q
where N is the number of shear connectors required each Bide of the IKlint of
maximum moment, q is the aUowable shear load on one connector in kips (from
Table 1.1 104 of AlSC Specification).
'The required number of shear connectors thus obtained may be spaced
unifonnly between the points of maximum and zero moment.
The quantity 12Q '/ is tabulated for use in the fannula:
F _ 12MQ
1
AMERICAN I NSTITUTE Of SlEEt CoNSTRUCTION
 2 ·91
where P - total force to be developed by weldlJ connecting cover plate to
rolled beam at theoretical cut-off point, kipIJ, M - moment at theoretical
cut-ofT point, in kil> feet, and Q - IJtatical moment of cover plate area about
neutral axi!l of tralllJformed section, in, I For development at t.he enda of
partial length cover plates, the designer'!l attention is called to t.he provisions
of Section 1.10.4 of the AlSC Speci,fication.
The quantity 12QIJ can also be mult.iplied by V / 12 to determine the
shear in kips per linear inch of beam to be developed by intermediate welds,
where V ilJ the shear in kips at the theoretical cut·off point.
Transfor med Section for Slab Width b 2
This tabulation is included to serve as a guide for t he Sl!lection of trial
sections for composite beams when the slab is present. on only one Ride of the
beam. Properties tabulated are defined above.
Steel Section
For ease in com puting construction load stresses and deflections, the
propert.ies defi ned above are tabulated for t.he !lwei se<:tion alone. This da ta
will also facilitate the computation of propert.iCIJ of t rial sections when bIn
does not. con form to t.he limits of t.he tables. For convenience, this wbu lation
is repeated for aU throe slab t.hicknesses.
F urther General Comments
Interpolat.ion betwoon tabulated increments of area for all three caw·
gories of cross sections is considered proper. I n some cases direct interpolation
\\ ill result. in mjnor errors. but in no C8.B8 will these e rror.> exceed 2%.
1lllUlY be 9OOn, by comparing t.he tabulated I values for fiange widt.h b
and flange widt.h b/ 2, that. t.he effect of slight. cha nges of concrete area, or of
bIn rat.ios is insignificant. Reducing t he concrete area 50 % resu ll.8 in a re-
duction of t.he moment of inert.ia by Cluy 10 to 15 %. For t.his reason, the
tables may be used 8.S 8. guide for detennining trial sections for concrete having
strengths other t.han 3000 psi. for sla b t.hicknesses outside t.he tabulated t.hick-
nesses, Rnd for effective concrete flange widths other than 16t + bl . More
comprehensive tables for a large range of bi n values are available from other
00W"CeS.

AMERI CAN I NSTI TUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

'·92
COMPOSITE DESIGN
EXAMPLES
EXAMP L E 1
Deeign t.he lightest. weight composite member for the interior floor beam of an
olflO8 building. There is no depth restriction. Do not. use teml)()rary shores. Limit
dead load deflection to 1 in. and live load deflection to 1 360 of the span.
Given: Span length , L - 30 ft. Live load - 100 lb. (t.'
Beam 8pacing, S - 10 ft. Partition load _ 20 lb. ft.'
Slab thickncss, t _ 4 in. Cei1in~IOad _ 8 Ib./ft,'
3000 p.s.L concrete 9
A36 Steel n -
A1SC
Specification
Reference
Solution :
A. BendinglMments:
1. Construction loads:
4 in. slab - 48 Ib. / ft. '
Steel (assumed) - 6
Wn - 54 lb. ft.'
1
/if D _ .054 X 10 X 30 _ 60.8 kip-ft.
a
2. Loads applied after concrete hardens:
Live load - 100 lb. ft,'
Partition load - 20
Ceiling load 8
WE. - 128 lb. ft .'
_ .128 X to X 30' _ 144.0 kip-ft.
a
3. Maximum moment:
M __ - Mo + M" - 6O.S + 144.0 - 204.8kip.ft.
B. Check e/feclil.oe width. of concrete /lange :
b -,!{X L -!{X 30 X l2 - 90 in.
b ~ 8 - lO x 12 - l20in. 1 .11.1
b r:::! 2 X 81: - 2 X 8 X 4 - 64 in. (governs)
C. Required section modulus Sb:
Total load: S. _ 12 in. ~:O~'i8 kip.ft. _ 102.4 in.' 1 .5.1.4.1

Dead load: S, _ 12 in. X 60.8 kip-ft. _ 30.4 in.'

24 k8i
O. Select secticn and tktermine properties:
1. E nter selection table fo r 4 in. s lab t.h ickness with
Sb - 102.4 in.'
Select 14 B 22 with A., _ 4 in.' (8. _ 105.2)

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTiON

 AISC
,."
Specl6cation
Rererence
2. From property table for 4 in. slab and 14 B 22 with
A, - -4 in.':
bf - 5.00 in.; allow l~ in. for weld.
Use plate 6 1'2 X % CA, - 4.06).
Compoeite section: S I _ 286.8, S. - 105.2, K - .75.
V.. - 188.5, I"Q - .44, D - 4.36
Steel soctio n: 8, _ 33.S, S. - 67.4, D - 18.98
E. Check stresses:
Concrete: f. _ 12M _ 12 X 204.8
nS, 9 X 286.8
- 0.952 ksi < 1.35 o.k. (See ACl Spec. )
Steel (totall08d) 105.2 > 102.4 o.k.
Steel (ex)I\str. load ) 33.8 > 30.4 o .k .
F. Check dead iOfld de/lecticn:
A DM O LI 18.98 X SO.8 X 30·
~/)J,. -
1,000,000 1,000.000
- 1.04 in. !:!!: 1 in. o.k .
G. Check Formula (17):
For unshored construction, S. of composite section cannot
exceed:
(1.35 + .35 Z:) s. (where S. - S. of steel section) -

(
1.35 + .35
X 144.0) 67.4 _ 146.9> 105.2 in.1 o.k. l.ll.2.2
60.8
H . Shear connectors:
Use: ~1 q, X 3 in. beaded studs: q - U.5 kips Table
V. 188.5 . 1.11.4
N -q - 11.5 - 16.4 (17 eac.h 81de of midsl>an point)
Use: 34 ~;f q, X 3 in. hended studs equlllly s paced. l.ll."
1. Liue load deflection:
D /If t.V ,4 .:::36
"-,X~I4,,,4:::.0=X,-30
=·
d LL -
1,000,000 - - 1,000,000
- .57 in. < J2L, 360 o.k.
J. Cover plate length and development:
1. Theoretical length, L .. - KL - .75 X 30 - 22.5 ft.
Distance rrom support to theoretical cut-off -
30 - 22.5 _ 3.75 rt.
•
Moment at theoretical cut-olT -
1.82 X 3.75 X (30 _ 3.75) _ 89.6 kip-rt.
• 12 MQ
Force to be developed - - 1-
- 89.6 X .44 - 39.4 kips

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CoNSTRUCTION

Z·94
AISC
Specification
Reference
2. Cover plate termination weld:
Use: LI' in. fill e t. weld (min. size).
Table
1.17.4
Capacit.y of >:1 in. fill et - 2.4 kips per in. 1.5.3.1
Length required by force _ 39.4 _ 16.4 i.n.
2.4
(equals 8.2 in. each side )
Length required by Specification - 2.0 X 6.5 - 13.0 in . 1.10.4
each s ide (governs) Point 3
Use: 13.0 in. each side.
3. Cover plate intermediate welds:
Use: II :l in. min . leng th . 1.17.7
Horizontal shear ntcut-off - 1.82 (15 -S.75) - 20.48 kips
Unit shear _ VQ _ 20.48 X .44 _ 0.75 kips per inch
T \2
D~_ ,_ • ..1 • 2.4 X 2 X 1.5 .
.I.""iwruu spaClIlg - .75 - 9.6111.
Max. spacing allowed - 24 t,"" 24 X .335 _ 8.04 < 9.6 in. 1.18.3.1
Use: 8 in . spacing

=;::.:=-==========-

Theore\lcal
cul·oll

EXAMPLE 2

Design the beam in Example 1 for minimum depth of construction. Use tem-
porary shores if required.
AISC
Given: Same data aa Example 1 Specification
Solution :
Reference
A. Minimum recommended depth:
.Jio X 30 X 12 - 12; Usc: 12 in. beam
(see discussion, page 2 • 86).
Depth.span ratio for composite section _
12 + 4 _ 1 > 1 o.k.
30 X 12 22.5 24
B. Select sec1ion and determine properties:
1. Enter selection table for 4 in. slab with S. - 102.4 in.1
Selec t 12 B 19 with A" .,. 5 in.' (S. - 105.0)

AMERICAN I NSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 AISC
.. "
Specification
Ref......
2. From property table for 4 in .•lah and 12 B 19
with A. - 5 in.l:
b, - 4.01 in. Use Plate 8 X % CA. - 5.0 in.')
Compoeitesection: S, - 253.8. S. - 105.0.
V~ _ 191.2, D - 5.01
Steel section: 8, - 25.9, S. - 65.6, D - 26.27
C. Check stresses:
12M 12 X 204.8 .
Concrete: f. - nS - - - - 1.08 ksl < 1.35 o.k.
, 9 X 253.8
(See AC I Spec. )
Steel (total load): 105.0 > 102.4 o .k .
SLeeI (coll8tr. load): 25.9 < 30.4
Steel section over-atressed. use temporary shores. 1.11.2.2
(CoNllr. load deflection - 0 )
D. Shear connectors:
Use: 3 [ 4.1 X 0 ft.-4 in. q - 4 X 4.3 - 17.2 kips T able
N _ V _ _ 191.2 - ILl (12each sideofmidspan point.) 1.11.4
q 17.2
Usc: 24 3 [4.1 X 0 (t.-4 in. equally spaced.
E. Dead load deflection (upon remooal of shores )
'0' _ DMoL', _ 5.01 X GO.8 X 30'
... .. - 0.27 in.
1,000,000 l,OOO,OOO
F. Liue load deflection:
IlLL -
D JI1 "j..'
- -
:-1c'X=14.:,'~X,,30
_5.:0-=: ::::..·
1,000,000 1,000,000
- 0.65 in. < 12[./ 360 o.k.
Calculations for cover plate length snd development similar to Example 1.
EXAMPLE 3
Select composite section required for the interior floor beam of a warehouse
when IIlab thickness lica outside the range of tabular data.
Given: Beam lipan, L - 24 ft. Beam III)8cing, 8 - 8 ft.-6 in.
Live load - 375 Ib. / ft.t Slab thickness, t - 6}i in.
3000 p.a.i. concrete} _ 9
Solution : A36 steel n
A. Maximum moment:
Live load - 375 Ib./ft. '
6,!.1 in. s lnb - 81
Steel (assumed ) - 6
Total load _ 462 Ib./ ft.·
M _ 8.5 _~ .462 _X 24' "" 282.7 kip-ft.
8
B. Effective width of coru:rete fla~ :
" - K X L - If X 24 X 12 - 72 in. (governs)
b ::i 5 - 8.5 X 12 - 102 in.
b ~ 2 X 8t - 2 X 8 X 6.5 - 104 in.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

..,.
C. Requ,,·t!d se::tion moduiUl, 51:
12
S. - 24 X 282.7 - 141.4 in.'
D. Trial section:
Enter selection table for 5 in. slab with S. _ 141.4. If 8 slab of this
thickness were actually used a 16 B 26 with A, _ 5 in.' would satisfy
loading conditions. For this section, b - 85.50 and the ooncrete area,
A . - 85.50 X 5 - 427.5 in ,' In t.his case, A ~ - 72 X 6.5 - 468.0 in,l,
The added depth of section and slight increase in A . should permit a
reduction in A , . For trial section, try 16 B 26 with A, _ 4 in.',
From property table , for steel section alone: d _ 15.65, t, - 0.75,
A . - 7.65, y. - 5.75, J - 474.9.
E. Compute properliu of oomJJO'ik li!dion :
72 'I Transformed area of concrete - ~•
}.
....I . . "

. I ."..
'
•• 'if • • !oJ ~5
-468.0
-9- - 520'
. In . I
A . _ A. + A , - 7.65 + 4 - 11.65 in.'
16.40 d. - d + t, - 15.65 + .75 - 16.40 in.

l:M _ : 11.65 X 5 .75 _ 67.0 (steel)

52.0 X 19.65 _ 1021.8 (concrete)
--
63.65
--
1088.8 (total)

Y. - 'M- - -1088.8
- - 1. 71·In. (neU ~, . . lab)
...uu8XlSm8
2;A 63.65
: .Effective thickne88 of slab _ t - (16.4 + 6.5 ) - 17.1 - 5.B in.
Ac _ 72 X 5.80 _ 464' I _ 46.4 X 5.8' _ 130.1 in .•
n 9 .. ""'a.re.. .
12
Moment of Inertia :
Concrete 46.4 X 2.9t - 390.2 in.1
Steel 11.65 X 11 .35' - 1500.8
I........ _ 130.1
10.-L - 474.9
2496.0 in.'
Section Modulus:
I 2496.0
S. - - - 146.0 in .- > 141.4 in. ' o.k .
Y. 17.1
I _2496.0
_ _ - 430 .3·In. •
S , - .,-,---,-'c----:-
(d. + t) Y6 5.8
F.
Bending stresses:
Concrete: f. _ 12M _ 12 X 282.7 _ .88 < 1.35 o.k .
lIS , 9 X 430.3
'. _ 12M _ 12 X 282.7
Steel: II - 23.2 < 24 o.k.
S. 146.0
Section is satisfactory.

AMERI CAN INSliTUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 2· 97

COMPOSITE DESIGN
Com posite Beam Selection Table
4 Inch Slab

S,

--
In.'
-~,

ae.m
A,

,,
In.t
Aya·

...'
W,.
,~.

Lb.
S,

In.'
Section

aeem
A,
I-;;.a -
AYI .
WL
, ~.

Lb. ~
S,
Section

a.am
A,
-rn-
-- .t
...
Aya·
W••
,~.

--
Lb.
--
357.5
337.7
21 \IF 62
11 \IF 55
84.'
n.7
159.6
159.1
14 B 26
16 B 26 ,
7 45.3
42.2
,el.'
85.8
14 B 22
12 B 16.5
3
•
29.1
27.3
,• ,•
316.3 21 \IF 55 14.6 151.1 12 VoF 27 49.2 82.' 16 \IF 36 0 36.0
299.3
294.9
18 \IF 55
21 \IF S5 7
17.5
71.6
152.1
144.3
21 VoF 55
14 B 26
0 55.0
42.1
81.9
75.3
10 \IF 21
8W17 ,• 31.1
30.'

293.8 18 W45
,,
10 11.8 144.2 12 VoF 21
,
7 46.0 74.7 I. 822 , 26.2
275.1 18 \foF 45 68.6 142.0 16 B 26 39.0 72.8 10 8 I'
• 25.9
Z73.5
"'.
21 \IF 55
16 \foF 50 , 68.'
73.0
136.9
130.8
18 \foF
12 \foF
55
21 ,,
0 55.0
42.8
72.1
11.0 " B 16.5
16 B 31
3
0
24.1
31.0

,,• •
256.3 18 \foF 45 65.4 129.0 14 B 26 38.' 65.4 8 W 17 21.4

252.0
251.6
21 W 55
16 W45
,
65.7
68.'
125.0
124.6
l' 8
18 \IF 50 " ,• 0
35.'
50.'
63.3
61.0
14 \foF 30
10 B 15 3
• 30.0
22.7
241.1
231.6
16 W40
18 \foF 45
,
7
64.'
62.3
120.5
117.3
14 B 22
12 \IF 27 , 35.3
39.6
59.3
58.3
16 B 26
12 B 16.5 ,• 26.0
21.1
"'.• 16W36 60.' 114 .1 16'IIFSO 0 50.' 55.5 8 \foF 17 3 24.3

218.8
215.1
18 w: 45
16 w: 36
•• 59.3
57.'
111.9
109.9
18 w:
12 B 22
45
•, 45.0
35.3
54.'
52.'
14 B
12 w:
26
21
0
,•
" .0
27.0
205.1
,.0.0 16 B
18 w:
31
45 ,• 53.0
56.3
107.9
IOS.2
16 B 26
14 B Z2
3
,•
32.'
32.'
49.1
46.2
10 B
14 B
15
22
,
0
19.6
22.'
188.0 16 B 31 7 49.8 105.1 10 \foF 21 37.5 45.4 8 YF 11 21.'
182.4 14 VoF 30
•• 52.' lOS.O 12 8 19 , 32.1 42.6 12 B 22 0 22.0
181.1
l1Z.4
18 W45
21 w: 62
,
0
53.'
62.0
103.6
93.5
16W45
IOW 21 ,• 45.0
34.3
36.'
36.'
12 B 19
10 YF 21
0
0
19.0
21.'
170.8
167.1
16 B 31
14VoFlO 7
46.'
"..
92.5
91.2
16W40
12 8 19 4
• 40.0
29.5
31.6
26.4
12 B 16.5
8 VoF 17
0
0
16.5
17.0

Z5.' 10 B 15
• 15.0

AMERI CAN I NSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

2· "

COMPOSITE DESIGN
Composite Beam Selection Table
4Ji Inch Slab

__ ~"'::::U:;:-."__I ""II,
w,. Secnon A"II.
s. S. I----~- W,.

8eam '"
,~,
Beam a.am
A. "..
,~,

_'"_-'_I____+-"-'"._'.I, ~ In,l In.'

'1-7-
In I
...
'b

361.5 21 W62 !J 84.0 165.2 14 B 26 7 45.2 93.8 14 B 22 3 29.1

347.0 ZII/oF 55 9 77.6 164.3 16 8 26 6 42.1 89.7 12 B 16.5 .4 27.2
325.1 21 VIF 55 8 74.5 163.8 12 W27 8 49.1 86.3 16W 36 o 36.0
308.4 laW-55 9 77.5 157.2 Zl W55 o 55.0 86.3 lOW 21 .4 31.0
303.2 21 w: 55 7 71.5 150.0 12 W27 7 45.9 79.9 8W17 5 30.5

302.4
283.2
18 VF 45
18 \/oF 45
10
9
71.7
68.'
149.5
146.8
14 8 26
16 B 26 ,• 42.0
38.9
78.1
76.7
14
10
B
B
22
15
2

,
4
26.2
25.8
281.3
211.0
21 W55
16 \IF 50
•
9
68.'
72.9
142.0
136.2
18 W55
12 IfF 2]
o
,•
55.0
42.7
75.5
74.3
12
16
B
B
16.5
31 o
24.1
31.0
264.0 18 \/IF 45 8 65.4 133.8 14 B 26 38.8 69.5 8 \/IF 17
• 27.4

259.7 16W45
,
9 68.' 129.4 16 B 26 4 35.8 66.S 14W-JO
,o 30.0

,,
259.4 21 W55 65.7 129.3 18 W- 50 o SO.O 64.3 10 B 15 22.6
248.7 16W40 9 63.9 125.0 14 B 22 35.3 62.1 16 B 26 o 26.0
244.8
239.9
18 W45
16W36
7
9
62.2
60.'
I22.A
119.5
12 W-
16 W-
27
SO o
39.6
50.0
61.3
59.0
12
8
B 16.5
\/IF 17 ,
2 21.1
24.3

225.6
222.5
18W45
16W36
•
8
59.2
51.]
116.2
114.6
18W 45
12 B 22 ,,o 45.0
]5.2
51.6
55.5
14 B 26
12W 2T
o ".0
o 21.0
Zll.4
206.'
16 B 31
18 W45 ,
8 52.9
56.2
lIZ.O
110.2
16 B 26
10 W 21
,•
32.8
]1.4
51.8
48.7
10 B 15
14 B 22
2
o ".0
19.6

193.9 16 B 31 7 49.7 109.5 12 8 19 32.6 48.4 8 W-IT 2 21.4

188.7
187.1
14 W 30
18W45
8
•o
51,9
53.4
109.4
107.9
14 8 22
16W4S
•
,
o
32.2
45.0
45.0
39.0
12 B 21
12 B 19
o
o
22.0
19.0
178.1 21 \/oF 62 62.0 98.3 IOW2! 34.1 38.8 lOW 21 o 21.0
176.4
173.1
16 B 31
14 \/oF 30
•
7
46.5
48.1
96.5
95.3
16W40
12 8 19
o
•
4!1.0
29.4
]3.5
28.4
12 B 16.5
8 w: 17
o
o
16.5
17.0

27.6 10 B IS o IS.o

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 .."
COMPOSITE DESIGN
Composite Beam Selection Table
5 Inch Slab

S.

,",,
317.2
'um
Seciion

Zl VrF 62
--
2
A.

,
In.
- "'YII.

--
WL

F~.

".
83.'
S.

In,l

m.l
Section

B•• m

14 B 26
A.
InJ
1
-
AYII.
W, .

,..
F~'

45.1
s.
-
In,'

97.9
See'ion

'um

14 B 22
A.
--,;;-y
3
""II:'
W•.

'"
F~.

Lb.
r-
29.0

,•• ,• "'.• •0•

356.0 21 \IF 55 77.6 170.4 12WZ7 49.0 93.7 12 B 16.5 21.1
21 W55 74.5 169.7 16 B 26 10 w: 21 31.0
"'.•
333.7 42.0
317.5 18W55 77.4 162.5 21 W55 0 55.0 16W36 36.0
]11.4 21 W55 1 71.5 156.2 12 \IF 27 1 45.8 84.5 8 \/IF 17 5 30.5

310.9 18 W45
,,
10 71.6 155.1 14 B 26 , ,..•
41.9 81.6 I. B22 2 26.1
291.3 18 W45 68.' 151.9 16 B 26 5 SD.S 10 B15
• 25.7
289.1
Z79.7
21 W55
16W5D , 68.5
72.8
147.4
142.1
1811'F 55
lZW 21
0 55.0
• ,..•
42.6
79.0
77.7
I. B
16 B
16.5
31
3
0
24.0
31.0
271.8 18 W45

,•
65.3 139.1 14 B 26 5 73.6 8WI7
• 27,]

267.9 16 W45 68.3 134.3 18WSO 0 50.0 69.S 14 W30 0 30.0

••6.8
256.4
21 W55
16W40
5
, 65.6
63.S
134.2
130.0
16 8 26
14 B 22
•
5
35.8
35.1
67.6
65.0
10 B 15
16 B 26
3
0
22.'
".0
252.2
247.3
18
16
w: 45
w: 36
1
, 62.2
60.4
127.9
124.6
12 W27
16 WSO
5
0
39.4
50.0
64.'
62.6
12 8 16.5
S VF 17
2
3
21.0
24.3

232.5
229.S
IS VF 45
16 w: 36
•• 59.1
57.2
12O.S
119.6
ISW45
12 B 22
0
5
45.0
]5.1
60.5
58.S
14 B 26
12 w:
21
0
0
16.0
27.0
21S.0
212.9
16 B 31
ISW45 5
• 52.'
56.2
116.3
115.8
16 B 26
10W21
3
•
32.7
37.2
54.'
51.5
10 B la
SW17
2
2
19.6
21.3
200.2 16 B 31 7 49.6 114.3 12 B 19 5 32.5 51.2 I' B 22 0 22.0

195.3
193.2
14 W 30
ISW45
•• 51.S
53.3
1I4.0
112.6
14 B
16 VIF
22
45
•
0
32.0
45.0
47.5
41.2
12 B
12 B
22
19
0
0
22.0
19.0
W.,
182.3
21 VIF 62
16 B 31 , ...,
0 62.0
46.5
103.3
1OO.S
10 VIF
16 VIF
21
40
5
0
l4.l
40.0
41.2
35.4
10 VIF
12 B
21
16.5
0
0
21.0
16.5
119.3 14 VIF 30 7 "., 12 B 19
• 29.3 30.' S VIF 17 0 17.0

29.4 10 B 15 0 15.0

AMER ICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION

2 -100

COMPOSITE DESIGN
Properties of composite beams
4 Inch Slab

1'
• 'I
t'.
o· • •'" 'iT. .".'".. ... a,'.3:>
• • ~' 0 .
d. d
y.
,"
AVi·
A.
w,. Transl<>rmed Section for Slab Wid th b
,~
SEAM y. S,
-In.- '00' 1 S.
-- K --
·V .
D ~2Q
lbs. ". In.' In.' In.- K1ps
-. ..1
ZI YF 62
b n.24 in.
d 20.99 In.
t, 1.00 In.
A. 18.23 in 2
y 8.24 In.
• 122.0 kips ,•
0
7
6Z.0
78 .0
81.0
".0
18.46
17.14
16.86
16.5.8
3184.9
5395.8
5668.3
5931.7
.... 1 172.4
610.3 314.6
621.1 336.1 .70
630.9 357.5 .72
...
.67
328.1 1.94
'368.4 1.15
<368.4 1.09
'368.4 1.04
..
.
.28
.29
21 YF 55
b 72.22 in. A. 16.18 in. 2 ,
0 55.0
65.7
18.64
17.84
2837.5 460.' 152.1
4498.4 565.6 252.0 .63
,...,
291.2
'368.3
2.18
1.37
...
.23
d 20.80 In.
'. 1.00 In.
b, 8.22 in.
' V Ill.O kips ,
7 71.6
77.7
17.21
16.63
5018.6 591.8 .70
5618.4 613.0 337.7 .74
' 368.3
'368.3
1.22
1.10
.28
.31
18 YF 55 0 55.0 16.38 2244.4 391.5 136.9 ... 291.4 2.76 ...
b 71.511n.
d 18.12 in.
I. 1.00 In.
A.
b,
16.19 In.2
7.53 In.
' V 102.0 kIps ,• n.'
7
74.5
77.5
15.23
14.97
14.72
3987.3
4200.7
4406.6
505.8 261.6
51S.7 280.' .72
524 .6 299.3 .74
." ' 364.8 1.55
'364.8 1.47
' 364.8 1.40
.31
.33
.35
18 YF 50 0 50.0 16.51 2059.6 315.8 124.6 ,.. 264.' 3.01 ...
b 11.50 In. A. 14.71 In.2 7 15.Z9 3822.4 495.9 249.9 .71 '364 .7 1.62 .33
d 18.00 In.
t. 1.00 In. :(, 7.50ln.
93.0 kips ,• 66.'
69.9
73.0
15.02
1·4.75
4037.]
4244.4
505.9
51S.0
268.7 .73 <364.7
287.5 .75 '364.7
- --
-238.3
1.46
1.53
--
.35
.36
18 'IF 45
b 71.48 in. A. 13.24 In.' ,
0 45.0
59.3
....,
16.64 1863.2 357.2 111.9
15.62 3419.9 472.8 218.8
... 3.33 ...
.70 346.] 1.81 .32
d 17.86 In.
t. UlOin. " 7.48In.
' V 87.0 kips 10• 65.4
71.8
15.05 494.7 256.]
14.52 4269.1 512.3 1 293 .•
.75 ' 364.5 1.60
.79 '364.5 1.45
.36
.39
--
16 YF 50 0 50.0 15.0] 1725.9 ]3o.g 114.7 ... 264.' 3.59 ...
b 71.07 In. A. 14.70In.2 7 66.8 13.99 ] 193.8 440. 1 228.2 .70 '362.5 1.94 .35
d 16.25 in .
I. 1.00 in. " 7.07 in.
' V 90.0 kips ,• 69.9 13.74 3372.6 449.4 245.]
13.50 3545.0 262.4
.73 ' 362.5 1.84
.75 '362.5 1.75
.38

I~
73.0 .40
16 YF 45 0 45.0 15.14 1569.4 315.6 103.6 ... 238.3 3.95
b 71.04 in. A. 13.24In.2 7 62.2 14.03 3052.4 430.7 217.5 .72 '362.3 2.0] .37
d 16.12 In.
t. 1.00 in. "
'V
7.04 In.
81.0 kips ,• 65.3
68.'
13.77
13.53
3232.2
3405.3
440.2 2.34.6
448.7 251.6
.75
.77
'362.3
' 362.3
1.92
1.82
.39
.41
• For st~.ts with ",01)6 kll only.
• Formul. (19) iOvernl unt~u noted and values .re lor steels with P, 01)6 kll only.
• Formula (18) governl; V,buad on concreta . r....
4 For usa In cover ptale developmenl calcul.llons only.

AME RICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 2 ·101

COMPOSITE DESIGN
Properties of composite beams
4 Inch Slab

'/2
I' I
I', ,.'
o . ... ".
. ~
Q
"'~ :~
•• 1 ~
~
[[ I"
T
" [ • t,
•
J"
Translormed Section Steel Se-ctlon
A, lor SI"b Width bj2
BEAM
- - - - -- -s.-
S, S,
I~
y. I y. I
D D
In!
0
".
16.34
In."
2ti8O.9 310.1
In.' In.-
-- ".
164.0 2.31 10:49
In."
1326.8
In.'
126.4
In .-
126.4 4.67
21 YF 62
bl2 36,12 In. 7 14.48 4331.1 376.6 298.9 8.44
1.43 1938.8 143.1 229.5 ,.ro
8 14.15 4522.3 382.2 319.4 1.37 8.14 1999.6 144.4 245.6 3.10
9 13.84 4704.6 387.3 339.8 1.31 7." 2055.9 145.5 261.5 3.01
21 YF 55 0 16.57 2400.9 1
291.8 --
144.8 2.58 10.40 1140.7 109.7 109.7
-5.44-
'/2 36.11 In. 5 15.28 3663.2 348.2 239.7 1.69 8.82 1594.9 122.8 18D.6 3.89
7 14.52 4078.1 361.7 280.7 1.52 8.10 1721.8 125.7 212.3 3.60
9 13.84 4452.7 372.5 321.5 1.39 7.50 1828.5 127.9 20.6 '.39
11 YF 55 0 14.53 1892.2 249.6 130.1 3.1B 9.06 889.9 98.2 98.2 6.97
'/2 35.77 In. 8
7
9
12.84
12.53
12.24
3192.5
3341.2
3482.1
315.7
320.2 ,....••
,..
310.7 248.5 1.94
1.85
1.78
........
7.17 1337.1 Ill .8 186.3
1379.9 112.8 200.0
1419.3 113.7 213.6
--
4."
4.49
4.37
II YF 50 0 14.71 1746.0 239.5 118.6 3.55 9.00 SOD.' 89.0 ".0 7.75
'/2 35.75 In. 7
8
12.81
12.55
....8 302.8 237.9
3214.2 307.8 255.9
2.02
1.93
6.93 1229.2 101.8 m.2
6.65 1268.9 102.7 190.7 ....
5.04
4.75
11 YF 45
9
0
12.25
14.89
335... 312.3 273.8
1588.3
....
221.9 106.6 . ,.,
1.84 '.39 1305.2 103.5 204.1
8.93 704.5 78.9 78.9 8.81
'/2 35.74 In. •8
13.26
12.51
2767.3
3075.6
288.' 2.24
299.0 244.6 2.01
'.98 1072.1
6.37 1148.6
".2
91.9
153.4
180.0
5.78
5.40
10 11.95 "".5 307.4 280.' 1.85 5.87 lZll.9 93.2
r-so;
""., 5.12
16 "IF 50 0 13.36 1456.9 211.7 1111.9 4.26 8.12 655.4 80.7 9.47
./2 35.54 In. 7
8
11.77 2552.6 269.5 216.6 2.43
!l.48 2676.6 274.1 233.0 2.31
6.34 1008.7
6.08 1041.4
92.'
93.1
159.0
171.1
6.15
5."
9 11.20 2794.3 278.2 249.3 2.22 5.84 1071.4 93.8 183.1 5.79
------
16 YF 45 0 13.53 1333.0 202.3 98.5 4.65 8." 583.3 72.4 72.4 10.64
35.52 In.
'" 7 11.80 2444.0 262.' 207.0 2.53 6.09 919.4 83.4 lSO.7 6.75
8 11.49 2568.' 266.9 223.3 2.41 5.83 949.3 84.1 162.6 6.53
9 11.21 2686.' 271.0 239.6 2.31 5.59 976.6 84.7 174.5 6.35

AMERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION

2 · 102

COMPOSITE DESIGN
Properties of composite bea ms
4 Inch Slab

,. 1
•
.,. .. . .. .
'
b
•....
• •
'1
~1>
I ...

d. d
y.
,4

.... Vll.
A. w,. Transformed Section 'or S'ab WIdth b
BEAM
- '"
Foot
,•. -
y,
±j 51
'n I~
S,
K -'V,- D
"12Q
I
16 YF 40
'n."
0
Lbs.
40.0
--
'n.-
15.28 1414.8 299.9 92.5
I

...
Kip.

211.9 ,." ...

b 71.00 in. A. 11.77 In .t 7 57.7 14.08 2916.6 421.9 207.0 .74 337.9 2.12 .l9
d 16.00 In. b/ 7.00 In. 8 60.8 13.82 3097.7 431.6 224.0 .77 355.9 2.00 .4l
lp 1.00 In.
15 YF 36
· V 71.0 kips
•-
0
".0
36.0
13.56 3271.9 440.2 241.1
15.35 1269.4 l82.4 82.'
.78
...
-362.1 1.89
190.6 4.88
.4l
. ..
b 70.99 in. A. lo.59ln.t 7 ".2 13.86 2755.2 ....0 198.7 .76 316.6 2.25 .41
d 15.85 In. b, 6.99 In . 8 57.4 13.59 2933.6 418.8 215.7 .79 334.' 2.11 .4l
t. 0.75In. oV 69.0 kips
• 60.' 13.33 3105.0 427.5
I~
.80 352.'
~
.45
lIi B 3l
b 69.53 In. A . 9.12 In.'
•• ....
0 31.0
40.4
15.57 1106.6 159.1
14.87 2032.4 355.9 136.5
71.0
... 164.2 5.60
236.2 3.05 .34

.... ......
d 15.84 In. ~ 5.53 In. 14.t4 2435.0 384.0 170.8 .76 212.2 2." .41
t. 0.15In. 13.67 2')4.1 4OS.3 205 1 .81
~
• 63.2 kips 8 3011.2 2.21
1 .

•5 ".•
16 B 26 0 26.0 15.69 931.1 235.7 59.3 ... 137.7
b 69.50 In. A. 7.651n. 2 14.93 1867.7 341.9 125.0 .73 209.7 3.32 .37
d 15.651n.
tp O.15ln.
~ 5.50 In.
• 56.7 kips
• I~
39.0 14.60 2015.0 357.' 142.0
14.28 227Z.9 In.6
I~
.76
.79
227.7 2."
245.7 2.73 ...
.4l

14 YF 30
b 70.33 In.
d 13.86 In.
A. 8.81 In.2
~ 6.73 In.
0
)•
30.0
45.6
48.8
13.90 880.2 222.5 63.3 ...
12.80 1945.3 ". 151.9 .76
12.53 2096.5 345.3 167.1 .79
.• 158.6
,.. .•
266.6
7.05
3.19
2."
.........
t,. 0.75 in. .81
I~
• 54.0 kips 8 52.0 12.28 2241.5 35<.5 302.' 2.76 .51
14.10 m.4
"..
14 B 26 0 26.0 204.5 ".8 137.7 8.02
b 69.03 In. A, 7.65In .~ 5 13. 18 1700.9 311.7 129.0 .76 227.7 3." .45
d 13.89 In. b, 5.03 In.
• I~ 42.1 12.89 186l.4 323.9 144.3 .79 245.7 3.33 .48
tp 0.75 In.
14 B 22
b 69.00 In .
d 13.72 In.
t,. 0.75 In.
· V 5}.4 kips

A . 6.41ln.2
V 5.00 In.
• 45.8 kips
7
0
,5
3
22.0
29.1
32.2
35.3
12.61 W14.7 334.5 159.6 .81
14.20 657.4 ls6.7 46.2 ...
13.83 1245.5 268.9 ".0 .70
13.51 1422.4 286.8 IOS.2 .75
13.19 1591.0 301.8 120.5 .78
263.7

170.5 .... ......

3.08
116.5 9.44
188.5 '.36
206.5 3."
.51
--
...
.l9

• For lleell wlill 1>', 0136 hi only.

• Formul. (19) ,overns unlell nOled end v.'ues .re lor I teels wltll 1', 0136 hi only.
o f ormu'. (II) governl: V~ b"ed on concrele .....
~ for 1,1 • • In cover pl8Ie development c.'cu •• lions onty.

AM ERICAN I NSTITU TE OF STEEL CoNSTRUCT' ON

 2 ·103

COMPOSITE DESIGN
Properties of composite beams
4 Inch Slab

b/2
I' I

-w
b,
t'!ii'," ·':.~ ·"'i.:~
. o t >-Q. · .,

E[~, [ " I"

Transformad Section Steel Section
A, for Slab Width bl2
BEAM S, S, S,
S.
- - - - D -X.-
Y., I I
-In.1- - - -In- D

1& YF 40
'/2 35.50 in. 7
". .' In.'
~ -- ~
0 ujz 1210.6 193.0 8.., 5.12 8.00
11.84 2341.0 255.7 197.6 2.65 5.83
In .'
515.5
833.2
.... . .
In .'

74.5
In.'

142.9
12.G4
7."
8 11.52 2466.2 260.3 213.9 2.51 5.56 .... 2 75.2 154.7 7.21
9 11.22 2534.5 "'.3 "'.2 2.40 5.31 "'.1 75.7 166,4 7.01
1& YF 1& 0 13.86 1091.5 182.3 18.7 5." 1.92 446.3 56.3 56.3 13.90
b/2 35.50 In. 1 II.52 2213.2 246.6 190.3 2." 5.37 736.9 65.4 137.1 8,42
8 1I.29 2336.2 251.1 "'.1
...,
2.65 5.10 760.6
781.8
66.0 149.0
160.8
8.16
7.93
usn
9
0
10.99 2452.2 255.1 223.1
~ -957.4
--- 168.4 i l l ....
2.53
1.92 372.5
66.5
47.0 47.0
--
16.66

••
'/2 34.76 in. 12.87 1684.1 218.1 130.8 3." 6.14 564.0 53.9 91.8 11.00

"..
12.05 1976.2 231.5 163.9 3.14 5.37 621.7 55.3 115.6 9."
8 11.33 2232.' 241.2 196.8 2.78 '.19 666.1 138.9 9.31
16 S 26 0
- --
14.39 -812.5 --
154.6 56.4 7.63 1.82 298.1 38.1 38.1 ".82
'/2 34.75 in. •
5
12.96 1556.5 "'.3 120.0
12.51 1709.4 216.8 136.5
3." 5.75
3.63 5.33
474.9
501.6
524.4
".5
45.1
45.8
82.4
94.0
105.5
13.07
12.37
~
6 12.09 18"51.8 223.1 153.0 3.35 11.83
14 YF 30 0 12.65 760.7 146.0 .oJ 8.15 6.93 289.' 41.8 41.8 11.43
'/2 35.37 In. •
1
8
10.84 1579.2 203.3 145.6
.. ,.
'.44
10.51 168'5.3 208.0 160.3
10.19 1784.9 21Z.2 175.0
3.93 4.72
3."
].47
430.3
498.0
5117
48.'
".9
49.3
101.7
112.0
12.08
lZZ.2
12.92
12.46
- - - - - - -- -- -- --- - --
14 S 26
b/2 34.51 In.
0
,
5
tz:91 671.4 134.9 51.9
11.28 1396.8 190.0 123.7
10.91 1511.9 195.6 138.5
9.24
'.44 ....'.94
4.10 4.47
242.6
404.8
423.0
34.9
41.1
41.5
34.9 25.58
84.3
94.'
15.33
14.67
10.56 1619.3 200.' 153.]
14 B 22
1
0 13.09 575.0 124.2 43.9 10.79
].83
....
~
438.7
191.4
41.9
--
28.8
-104.5
---
28.8 31.44
14.14

'/2 34.50 in. l

•
5
11.21 105].3 168.] ".2 5." 5.31
11.75 1188.0 176.8 101.0 5.22
11.32 1312.7 183.8 115.8 4.72 4,45
.... 30...
326.9
345.2
33.2
33.8
34.'
57.]
67.4
77.4
20.36
18.98
17.97

AME RICAN INSTil UTE OF STEEl CONSTRUCTION

2 · 104

COMPOSITE DESIGN
Properties of composite beams
4 Inch Slab

b
I
}.,.; .,. .• ..
•'ii'••• •. - "1, j>
"I
~

d. d
-:4}'
SEAM
A. , .
AVI ·
WO.

'000 Y.
Tran$lormed Section lor St.b Wtdth b

-tn."I- S, 50
K -·V.
- D '12Q
In.- Lb •.
". In.' ~ Kip. I
--
,• ,..,
12 'IF 27 0 27.0 12.35 650.3 lBO.5 52.6 ... 143.5 '.54 ...
b 70.50 In A . 7.97 in.2 11.91 1237.1 258.2 103.8 .70 215.5 5.01 .45
d 11.951n.
t, 0.75 In .
b, 6.50 In.
oV 42.0 kips
•
42.8
49.2
11.40
10.94
1492.5
1725.8
281.4 130.8 .77
299.1 157.7 .82
251.5
287.5
4.15
3.59 ."
.59
12 8 22 0 22.0 12.90 549,9 161.7 42.6 ... 116.5 11.28 ...
b 68.03 in.
d 12.31 In.
A. 6.U in.'
b, 4.03 in.
· V 46.4 kips
3
•
29.1
32.1
12.62 1037.3 233.1 82.1
12.32 l1U6 249.7 ".0 .15
12.03 1322.' 263.2 IOU .n
." 170.5 5.98 .4l
188.5 5.24
206.5 4.69
...
.".
I. 0.75 In. 5 35.3
12 819
b 68.01 in A. 5.62In. 2
-
0
3
19.0
,6.4 12.96 478.6 149.6
12.37 958.0 223.7 n.3 .12
... ,.., - ..
155.2 6.47
-
101.2 12.96 ...
d 12.16 In
' .. 0.50 In.
61 4.01 In.
' V 42.3 kips •
5
29.5
32.1
12.07 1101.4 240.1 91.2 .77
11.78 1237.8 253.8 IOS.0 .•1
m.2 5.63 .52
191 .2 5.01 .S<
- --
12816.5
,
0 16.5 12.99 411.4 137.1
..,.,
31.6 ... 87.5 15.08
123.5 ' .38
..,
...
b 68.00 In.
d 12.00 In.
I, 0.50 In.
A. 4.86ln.t
b, 4.00 In.
oV 40.0 kips
3
• --
21.1
24.1
27.3
12.68
12.35
12.04
740.3 194.1
215.0
1033.7 232.1
58.3 .51
72.1 .15
85.' .19
- --
141.5
159.5 '.00
-
.." --
.4D
.55
10 'IF 21 0 21.0 10.83 395.0 12lI.' 36.4 ... 1Il.4 15.71 ...
6 69.75 in.
d 9.90 In.
A. 6.191n.2
b, 5.75 in. •
5
31.1
34.3
10.17 833.'
'.94 929.'
197.2
'08.4
81.9 .14
93.5 .n
183.4 7.44
201.4 ,.., .51
.63
'r 0.50 In. oV 34 .0 kips
•, 37.5 9.71 1021.3 218.0 lOS.! .'1 219.4 6.07 .61
10815
6 68.00 in.
d 10.00 in.
A. 4.40In.2
b, 4.00 In ,
0
3
15.0
19.6
22.7
11.29
11.01
10.10
293.0
541.0
653.6
108.2
155.3
172.4
25:9 -
49.1
61.0
..
.,
.15
.
19.2 21.18
115.2 11.47
133.2 9.49
....
...
.
.58
t, 0.50 In.
8 VF 17
°V 33.4 kips
•
- -
0
25.9
--
17.0
lQ.43

9."
760.1 186.9
247.2 93.6
72.8
-- -90.0
26.4 ...
-.
151.2 8.16
25. 10 ...
b 69.25 In. A. 5.00 In.2 3 24.3 '.95 497.2 140.2 55.5 .12 144,0 12.48 .63
d 8.00 In
t, 0.50 In
~ 5.25 in.
• 27.0 kips •
5
27.4
30.5
8.71
'.50
571.0 151.0
640.9 160.5
65.4
75.3
.16
.01
162.0
1., 0 ,...
10.87 .11
.77
• for It.... wi t h " '7 of 36 kll only .
• Formul. U') acw_nl .nd vatua•• r. lor $t..t$ with loy 0136 kllonly .
4 for u.. in cov., pt.ta deyalopmant caleul.,lonl only.

AMERIC"N iN STITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

r COMPOSITE DESIGN
2 ·105

Properties of composite beams

4 Inch Slab

'/2
I' I ~

r.'ir: •
~ • .
.--~;' :~

[[ j4
1
" [ •
4 I"
Trenaformed SKllon
lor Slab Width bl2 51'" Seellon
A,
-r s, . - s,
BEAM S,
J S. y.
~ - D D
In,"
". In ." In ." In." In.' In.1 In ,-

U YF 27
'/2 35.2'5 In. ,•
0 11.26 561.3 119.6
10.33 HI25.4 160.8
49.8 11.05 5.98

'.66 1210.4 171.7 125.2

'.60
5.12 '.00
..., '.05 ~ 104.1
311.8
342.6
34.1
38.'
39.2
34.1
67.6
85.'
30.41
19.90
lUI
• 9.07 1372.1 179.1 151.2 '.52 '.54
- - -- --. -
365.7 39.' IOU 16.97

,
-
12 B 22
6/2 34.02 In.
0

•
11.86 m.l
II.12 871.9
10.70 983.0
107.3
146.8
154.6
40.'
78.3
91.8
13.00 6.15
7.ll '.83
6.31 4.41
".,.,.• 155.7
243.2
261 .2
".3

" .1 "'lI]
SO.2
59.2
25.51
23.75
5 10.ll U85.7 160.9 105.2 5.71 4.OS 276.1 68.0 22.41
128 I! 0 11.96 417.7 99.6
f--=-= -
34.8 14.85
-----
6.08 130.1 21.4 2U 47.70
;/2 14.01 In. 3 ID.Y2 8119.1 141.0 74.0 1.67 4.37 "".5 ".0 41.6 ".76
•
5
10.49 918.4 148.9 87.5
10.09 1019.3 155.2 100.9
'.75
6.08
3.94
3.59
223.8
236.'
".7
25.'
56.'
65.'
V.,]
26.27
-51.94
-
12 B 16.5
;/2 34.00 In. ,
0
3
12.05
11.43
10.94
360.1 91.4
636.0 125.5
755.6 136.0
f--=-= -
".• .."
29.9 17.20

69.0 8.21 4.11

'.00
'.67
105.3
160.6
m.B
17.5
20.'
21 .1
17.5
34.'
41.2
38.62
34.90
• 10.SO 865.3 144.2
-- 82.' 7.17 3.67
-- -191.0
- 21.1 51.9 32.48
-21.5- -51.'"
-
10 'IF 21
;/2 34.88 in.
0
,•
9.91
'.83
8.51
340.' 85.5
"'.7 123.9
760.7 129.1
78.0 ....
34.3 IB.Z2 I 4.95
89.3 8.15 3.12
3.40
106.3
172.0
181.1
21.5
24.5
24.7
50.'
57.9
36."
34.25
• B.21
---
825.5 133.6
t-n.a
100.6 7.50
I~
188.8 25.1 65.3 32.87
10 B 15
34.00 In. ,
0 10.44 255.8
462.5 101.1
24.5 I Z4. Z6 5.00
46.5 13.41 3.85
68.'
106.7
13.8 13.8
27.6
90.21
58.15
'" 9.92 16.0
3 9.49 552.0 110.4 58.1 11.24 3.37 118.0 16.5 35.0 5Z.5a

• 'IF 17
•
0
9.10
8.55
634.0 117.5
m.s 61.1
69.6 9.78
24.8 29.19 I~
'.00
126.6
56.'
16.9
14.1
42.2
14.1
49.01
110.05

'"
34.63 In. 3
•
5
7.90
7.58
7.29
414.3
·170.5 95.'
522.3 100.4
90.1 52.4 14.97 '.90
62.0 13.19 2.61
71.5 11.88 2.37
...,
90.3

101.6
16.1
16.4
16.5
31.0
37.0
42.8
68.71
64.23
61.05

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CoNSTRUCTION

2 ·106

COMPOSITE DESIGN
Properties of composite beams
4}i Inch Slab

b
1 '1
., ..•, '"'iI••,,'.
}'
• 0'. .. , ...

~ r'
& &
...i." ••-"'rJ'
~ I

d. d
y,
".
",VI!.
A, w,. Tr.nsformed Section lor Sieb Wldlh b
BEAM
- '"
,~,
y. J
--
S. S.
-- K
·V.
-- 0
~12Q
In.' lbll. ". In." In." In.- KIp.
-1.., - J
21 w: 62 62.0 19.25 3430.5 550.4 ~
•• .,......
0 3'8.1
b 80.24 in. A. 18.23In.2 7 78.0 18.14 5871.1 703.2 323.6 .67 454.1 1.05 .25
d 20.99 in.

"
1.00 in.
b, 8.24 In.
- V 122.0 kips
17.87
17.61
6In.7
6475.2
717.1 345.5 .70
729.8 367.5 .72
' 460.4
' 460.4 ...
1.00 .27
.29
21 w: 55 0 55.0 19.41 3053.2 518.7 1s7.2 291.2 2.03 .. ,
b 80.22 in.
d 20.80 In.
A. 16.18In.2
b, 8.22 In.
5
7
65.7
71.5
18.78 4874.7 649.0 259.4 .63
18.21 5522.7 682.7 303.2 ... )81.2 1,27
417.2 1.12
.22
.27
'. w: 1.00 in. · V 113.0 kips
• -n.'- 17.66 6131.0 710.3 341.0 .74 453.2 1.01
."...
18 55
b 19.53 In.
d 18.12 in.
A. 16191n.2
b, 7.53ln.
0
7
55.0
71.4
--
17.09
-
.... -- 1.2. - ..
16.14
••. _ - - - - - - - --
74.4 15.89
-
2428.7 439.8 142.0 ...
.11356.0 582.4 269.8 .
4596.9 595.1 "'.1 .71
.. 291.4 '.55
417.4 1.42
435 ..11 1.35
.

.".12
'. 1.00 In . ·v 102.0 kips
.
17.5 15.65 4830.4 6<16.7 .13 453.4 .34
18YF SO
b 79.50 in. A. 14 .71 jn.~
0
7
".0
66.'
17.21
16.19 "'....... 2.7'
2226.5 421.0 129.3
4172.8 571.1 257.6 .71 1.48 .32
'

d 18.00 in. b, 7.50 In.

,• 69.9 "".,
15.94 4415.3 276.9 .73 408.8 1.40 .34
t,. 1.00 in.
18 'IF 45
' V 93.0 kips
0
73.0
--
45.0
15.69
-- - - -
17.31 2012.8
."
4650.1 596.1 296.1 .75
mo 116.2
4Z6.8
238.3
1.33
To8
.

b 79.48In.
d 17.86 In.
1.00 In.
A. 13.24In.2
b,
'V
7.48 In.
87.0 kips
••
10
59.2
65.4
71.7
16.50
15.97
15.48
3724.0 543.1 225.6 .70
4219.6 571.6 264.0 .75
4683.8 594.9 302.4 .78
346.3 1.66
382.3 1.47
418.3 1.32
.31
.35
.38
- - - - - - - - --- --
"'.•
" ._- - -
16 w: 50 0 ".0 15.68 1815.5 370.5 119.5 ... 3.31) ...
b 79.01 In. A. 14.70In.2 7 66.7 14.83 3500.8 506.4 235.9 .70 390.6 1.17 .~
d 16.25 in.

"
1.00 In.
b,
'V
7.07In.
90.0 kips •• . ~ 69.8 14.60
14.38
3703.1
"".1
518. 4 253.5
529.3 271.0
.73
.75
408.6 1.67
426.6 1.59
.37
.18
16 w: 45 0 45.0 15.78 1704.1 352.2 107.9 238.3 3.64 ...
b 79.04 in. A. 13.24In.2 7 62.2 14.87 3343.2 495.6 224.7 .72 364.3 1.85 .36
d 16.12In.
'. 1.00 In.
b,
'V
7.04 In.
81.0 kips •• 65.3
68.'
14.63
14.40
3546.5
3143.3
508.0 242.2 .74
519.1 259.7 .76
382.3 1.75
400.3 1.65 ...
.38

• for at..'a willi "'" 0136 ..al only.

• formule (I') rov.,na unles, noted end vatu ... ere lor $I.el. with F" of)6 ... 1only.
• formu'- (IS) eove,na V. bflsed on conuete eln.
4 fIX" use In cover plele developmenl celcuJetlons only.

AMER ICAN I NSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTI ON

J Z· 107

COMPOSITE DESIGN
Properties of composite beams
41i Inch S~b

b/2
I

EL';'
I'
•
• ."!' :~ rt1
[~d. d _

, "
I' . 0::: ~Y'
Tr.nsform.d Sectio n S IMI Section
A, for SI.b Width 6/2
BEAM
y, I S, So y, I
.. S,-._-
S,
-- -- -- -- - D -- D
".
In.-
'" In .' In.-
-- '". - - --
169.5 2.13 10:49 1326.8 126.4
In .' In .- In.1
- 4.67
-
21 w: 62 0 17.17 2912.0 350.0 126.4
40.12 In. 7 15.44 4760.8 430.8 " .3 1.30 8.44 1938.8 143.1 229.5 3.10

_
6"

21 YF S5
8
•
0
lS.11 4979.3 437.8 329.3 1.24
14.80 5188.5 444.1 350.3 1.19
17.40 2607.5 330.1 1
.
8.14
7."
2.38 10.40
1 49.8
_- 1999.6 144,4 245.6
lOSS.1I 145.5 . 261.5
1140.7 109.1 109.1
3.10
3.01
._-
5.44
6" ~. 11 in. 5 16.23 4015.9 "'.8 241.4 1." 8.82 159409 122.8 180.6 3."
7 15.50 4488.0 415.6 289.5 1.38 8.10 tnl.l 125.7 lI2.l 3.60

11 YF 55
• .~I~
0 ......
15.29
m.1 1.26 7.50
281.8 I ~~
135.0 3.00 .... ..... Ill.a
1828.5..127.9
-
243.6
.....U...,
6" 3fJ.n in. 7
8
•
11.12 3527.8 356.' 251.0
13.42 3698.11 362.8 275.4
1.15
1.67 ..' .64..
7.17 1337.1
1379.9 112.8 200.0
" .2 " .2
186.3
4.49

...
13.14 14 19.3 113.1 213.6
I~
368.5 293.9 1.60 4.37
11 YF 50 0 15.46 1904.0 210.6 123.1
3.25 ' .00 800.' " .0 " .0 7.7>
6" 39.75 In. 7 13.77 3388.' " '.5 245.9 ' .'ll lZ29.2 101.8 m .l
8
•
13.46
13.16
3560.' 354.8 264 .•
--
....
1.83
1.74
3725.0 360.5 282.8 1.66
'.65 1268.9 102.7
- .1305.2..103.5-
190.7
204.1
5.04
4.75
11 YF 45
,,2 39.74 in.
0
•
8
15.63
14.16
13.49
1731.1 257.5 110.6 3.58
3054.7 332.1 215.6 2.03
3410.1 345.8 252.' 1.82
.... 8.93 704.5 78.'
1072.1 80.2
6.37 1148.6 91.9
78.9
153.4
180.0
8.81
5.78
5."
10 12.89 3732.5 356.' 289.' 1.66 5.87 1211 .9 106.3 5.12
16 YF 50 0
-
14.07 1l596.2
239.1 111.4
. - - 1.88 8.12 655.4
.
'" - --
" .7 iii] U1
." 39.54 in. 7
8
12.61 2832.8 310.1 224.5
12.32 2976.2 315.9 241 .3
• -- --.
12.05 3113.0 32U 258.1
._-
.. ..
' .34 2.19
2."
1.99 5." .
1008.7
1041.4
1071.4
91.' 159.0
93.1 111.1
93.8 183.1
6. 15
5.95
5.79
16 YF 45 0 14.23 1459.3 228.5 102.5 4.25 8." 583.3 72.4 72.4 10.64
6/2 39.52 In. 7
,
8
302.'
12.65
12.35
12.07
2713.5 214.4 2.28
2851.7 308.5 231.2 2.17
2995.1 1ll.8 248.0 2.07
' .09
5.83
5.59
919.4
949.3
976.6
....
83.4
" .7
lSO.7
162.6
174.5
6.75
6.53
6.35

Aa.IIERICAN IN STITUTE Of STEE L CONSTRUCTIO N

2-108

COMPOSITE DESIGN
Properties of composite beams
437 Inch Slab

r:. ..• •. :ii'•.. . . 41, ..f

I I
<>

d, d
y.
i·
,
Ayg.
M. Translormed Section lor SI.b Width b
-
A,
BEAM "'. y.
'00' , .. I I $, S.
K
·V. D
~IZQ

16 'iF 40
b 79.00 In. Ab 11.77 In.2
In."
0
7
\.bs .
40.0
57.6
15.89
14.92
In.'
1534.8 lll4
~

3191.3 485.5 213.7

...,I....74-
In ."
-...
KillS
211.9
337.9
4.04
1.94
I

.l8
d 16.00 In. b, 7.00 In.
• 60.8 14.68 3396.0 498.2 231.2 .76 355.9 1.82 .40

, - - - - 4.50 -."
· V 71.0 kips 3594.0 509.' 248.7 .7B
- - -...-
1.00 In. 9 63.9 14.44 313.9 1.72
"
16 'iF 36 0 36.0 15.94 1377.5 313.0 190.6
b 78.99 in. A. 10.59 In.2 7 54.1 14.69 3014.3 470.7 205.1 .76 316.6 2.05 .40
d 15.85 in.
t~ 0.75 In.
b, 6.99ln.
·V 69.0 kips •
9
57.3
60.5
14.45 3215.9 W., 222.5
14.21 3410.8 495.1 239.9 . ., 334.' ~ ."
.n
352.6
1.93
.44
16 B 31 0 31.0 16.16 1201.4 287.5 7U 164.2 5.16
b 77.53 in.
d 15.84 in.
A,
~
9.12In.l
5.53 In. •, 40.4
46.5
15.62
15.06
2210.1 404.'
141..
2658.3 441.0 176.4 ." .76
236.1
272.2
1."
2.33
.33
.40
t, 0.75 In. • 63.2 kips • 52.9 14.53 3014.4 469.1 211.4 .81 308.2
-- 2.01 .44
16 B 2fi
b 77.50 In.
d 15.65 In.
A. 7.65In.2
~
5.50 In.
0
,
4
26.0
35.'
38.9
16.21
15.67
15.37
1011.3
2028.6
2258.0
...
261.0 62.1
387.9 129.4 .72
408.5 146.8 .76
...
.. .
137.7
209.7
227.7
6.13
'.05
2.74 .40
t~ 0.75 in.
_.
14 'iF 30
• 56.7 kips •
0
42.1
30.0
15.08 2478.7
14 .46 962.1 246.9 ..., -...
426.3 164 .3 .79 245.7
...
158.6
2."
6.45
.4l

b 78.71 in.
d 13.86 In.
A. 8.81In.2
tJ
6.73 In. •
7
45.5
48.7
.... -- -..,- 284.'
13.54 2132.6 382.9 157.4
13.30 2302.9 ".., 173.1
.76
.7B
266.6 2.91
2.69
.44
.41
I, 0.75 In. • 54.0 kips • 51.9 13.07 2467.1 188.7 302.6 2.51 .49
14 B 26
h 77.03 In.
d 13.89 In.
A.
7.65 In."
h, 5.03 In .
,,
0 26.0
38.'
42.0
14.67 845.9 227 .5 57.'
1

13.90 1861.2 355.2 133.8

13.64 2040.7 371.1 149.5
.75
.7B
137.7
7.33
227.7
3.33
245.7
...
.44
.41
'.04
t.. 0.75In. · V 51.4 kips 7 45.2 13.39 2213.5 3S5.1 165.2 .81 263.7
2." .49
-14.76- -719.3 - --
- -208.0 -- --
14 B 22
b 77.QO In. A~
6.47 In.2
0
, 22.0
29.1 14.46 1357.8 301.6
48.7 I-- 116.5 8.62
93.B .69 170.5 4.57
...37'
d 13.72 In.
t,.
0.75In.
h, 5.00 In.
' V 45.8 kips ,• 32.1
35.3
14.18 1552.5 324.2
13.90 1739.3 343.4
109.4 .75 188.5 '.99
125.0 .78 . 206.' '.56
.4l
.47
• For I teels wllh 1", 01 36 ~slonly .
~ Formul. (19) pv6l'1I1 end v.lue!< .te lor steels with F , of 16 ksl only.
' For use In tOv.r IIlel. d ....lollment call:ule,lons only.

AMERI CA.N INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 2 -109

COMPOSITE DESIGN
Properties of composite bea ms
4,!.1lnch Slab

.' 2
I I
I'.'ii' : • •
• . .~J' :~ "
-M
[[ 14
1
" [ ,4 J"
Transformed Seclton
for Slab Width bj2 Sleel Sect10n
...&..
BEAM s, S, S,
I~
I I
In." ~
". In.' In.1 In."
D ~
". In.' In.1 In."
D

I6YF 40
. ,2 39.50 In.
0
7
rxw-
12.71
- -1
1323.6 217 .7 91.7 '.68
2599.7 295.7 204.5 2.38
8.00
5.83
515.5
833.2
64.' 64.'
14.5 142.9
12.04
7.44
8 12.40 2745.1 301.7 221.3 2.16 5." "'.2 75.2 154.7 7.21

16 YF 36
•
0
12.10
1 14 .54
2883.3 307.0 238.1 2.15
--
1193.3 ~ 82.0 5.20
5.31
7.92
884.7
446.3
75.7
".3
166.4
".3
1.01
--
13.90
'/2 39.50 In. 7 12.50 2460.2 286.0 196.8 2.52 5.37 736.9 65.4 137.1 8.42

UB 3l
8
•
0
12.18
11.88
14.83
2603.5 292.0 213.6 2.38
2739.4 297.2 230.5 2.16
1046.6 190.1 70.5 5.93
....
5.10

7.92
760.6
181.8
372.5
".0
".5
41.0
149.0
160.8
8.16
1.93
41.0 16.66
'/2 38.76 in. •6
8
13.11
12.94
12.25
1858.3
2193.7
2492.2
251.' llS.5 3.33
269.1 169.5 '.82
281.9 203.' 2.49
6.14
5.37
4.79
564.0
621.7
....1
53.9
,.55.3.• 115.6
138.9
•.,.
91.8 11 .00
9.31
16 B 26 0 15.04 887.5 113.9 58.' 6." 7.82 298.1 38.1 38.1 20.82
'/2 38.75 In. •
5
13.80 17l6.5 242.0 124.2
13.39 1891.4 251.8 141.2
3.61
3.28
5.15
5.33
414.9
501.6
44.5
45.1
82.' 13.07
" .0 12.37
6 12.99 2055.7 260.0 158.1 3.01 4.97 524.4 45.8 105.5 11.83
14 'IF 30
'/2 39.37 In.
,
0
7
13.27 835.'
11.64 1758.9
11.33 1882.5
164.2 62.9 7.42
235.7 151.0 3.52
241.9 166.1 3.29
I 6.93
....
4.72
289.6
480.3
498.0 .......
41.8 41.8
101.1
112.0
Zl.4l
12.92
12.46
11.02 1999.3 247.4 181.2 3.10
14 B 26
8
0 13.52 737.9 151.7 54.5 8.41 ,'.80..
'.20 513.7
242.6
49.3
34.'
122.2
34.'
12.08
25.58
.,2 38.51 In.
,
5
7
12.09 1552.9 220.5 128.3
11.74 1686.2 227.9 143.6
11.40 1811.6 234.2 158.8
3."
3.68
3.42
4.47
4.19
404.8
423.0
438.1
41.1
41.5
41.9
....
84.3 15.33
14.67
104.5 14.14
- - - - -- -- - -
14 B 22 0 13.67 631.7 139.1 46.1 9.82 6.86 197.4 ~ 28.8 31.44
bl2 38.50 In. 3 12.96 1162.5 193.4 89.6 5.33 5.31 304.8 33.2 57.3 20.36
•
5
12.53 1315.6 204.5 104.9 4.71
12.14 1458.7 213.6 120.1 '.25
'.84
4.45
326.'
345.2
33.8
34.'
67.4 18.98
11.4 17.97

AME RICAN I NSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTiON

1 · tiD

COMPOSITE DESIGN
Properties of composite beams
4~ Inch Slab

.I' •
.. •'ii'•• • •. ' ,I ~ ,
.
}\" 0;. •
~

d. d
y,
".
,
AVII·
WI. Translormed Sadlon for Slab Width b
A.
'EA" -In.1 '"
'~I y. 1 S,
- - --
S. K
'V.
-Kip.
- D
~12Q

Lbl.
". In.' In.1
In."
I- I~
12 YF 21 0 27.0 12.90 201.5 55.5
116.9 143.5 8.65
b 18.50 In.
d U.95ln.
A ~ 1.91In.2
tI 6.50 In . •
6
36.5
42.1
12.54
12.08
291.5 IOB.5 .70
1361.3
1646.3
321.1 136.2 .77
215.5
251.5
4.55
3.11
.43
.51
t,. 0.15In .
12822
• 42.0 kips
•
0
49.1
".0
II.65 1910.6
344.2 163 8 .• 1
13.46 606.' 181.3 45.0
. 1
281.5
116.5
3.24
10.22
.57
...
b 16.03 In. A. 6.41In.2 J ".0 13.22 1139.0 262.6 86.1 .69 110.5 5.44 .41
d 12.31 in.
I, 0.15 in .
b, 4.03 In.
· V 46.4 kips •
5
32.1
35.2
12.95 1300.1 282.5 100.3 .74
12.70 1455.8 299.6 114.6 .78
188.5
206.5
4.17
' .26
.46
.51
12819 0 19.0 13.51 528.3 167.9 39.0 ... 101.2 I-m4 ..
• "..
b 16.01 In. A. 5.621n.l 3 26.3 12.91 1052.1 251.1 81.1 .72 155.2 5.89
d 12.16 in. b, 4.01 In . 12.69 1210.4 211.1 95.3 .76 113.2 5.12 .49
t, 0.50 In. · V 42.3 kips 5 32.6 12.43 1362.1 288.5 lot.5 .01 191.2 ' .55 .54
12 B 16.5 0 16.5 13.55 454.5 154.1 33.5 ... 87.5 U.65 ...
b 76.00 In. A. 4.86ln.' 2 21.1 13.26 SU.2 217.1 6t.3 .67 123.5 1.63 .38
d 12.00 In. if 4.00 In. 3 24.1 12.94 918.4 241.3 75.5 .74 141.5 6.34 .47
t, 0.50 in.
10 YF 21
• 40.0 kips •
0
21.2
21.0
12.65 1135.9 261.6
11.36 441.5 1-45.5 38.'
",7 .78
...
159.5
111.4
5.46
14,OS
~
b 71.15 in. A~ 6.19 in .2 4 31.0 10.74 927.0 222.9 86.3 .74 ISH 6.69 .54
d 9.90 In. ~ 5.15 In. 5 34 .1
]1.4
10.52 1034.S 236.4 98.3 .77 201.4 5." .60
t,. 0.50 In. • 34 .0 kips 6 10.32 1138.] 248.5 110.2 .80 219.4 5.45 .64
- - - - -- - - -- --
10 B 15 0 15.0 11.83 321.6 122.7 21.6 ... 79.2 18.94 . ..
b 16.00 In. A. 4.40 In.' 2 19.6 11.51 600.8 115.6 51.8 .68 11 5.2 10.33 .45
d 10.00 In. 4.00 in. 64.3 .75 .55
t, 0.50 in. "
· V 33.4 kips
3
•
22.6
25.8
11.27
11.00
725.1
844.3
194.9
211.5 76.7 .79
- - - -I - - - ----
1312
15"1.2
8.55
1.35 .61
I YF 17 0 11.0 9.88 280.7 101.2 28.4 90.0 22.11
b n.25In. A. 5.00 In.2 3 24.3 9.49 56<1.' 160.0 59.0 .72 144.0 1l .06 .59
d 8.00 In .
t,. 0.50 In. " 5.25 in.
· V 27.0 kips •
5
27.4
.,.5
9.26
9.05
644.1 112.4
123.5 183.3
69.5
79.9
.76
.79
162.0 9.6]
180.0 8.51
.67
.73
• For '''al, with If, 0136 IIsI only.
• FormulI (19) govlrns Ind vllues Ira lor stHl1 with P, 013ti kll only.
~ For uSl ln cover pllta davelopm,nt cllculltlons only.

AMERICAN INSTtTUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCllON

 2 - III

COMPOSITE DESIGN
Properties of composite beams
4>i Inch Slab

I' b" I
I','if :
~ I . I>
..." . ' .~ : :{
' tt1
[[ I"
y.
[; ~y.
T,,,nslormed Sectloll Steel Se<;lloll
lor Slab Width bn
A,
BEAM y, } S. S, y, } S, s,
'0. 1m:;- 0 --
'0. -In.- -- -- 0

12 YF 27
' n ."
0
' n.'
11.83 621.1 134.2 52.4
In. 1
- --
•." '.60 5.98
' Ill."
204.l
In .'
34.1
- 34.1 --
30.41
, ,2 39.25 In.
•
6
11.03 1141.9 185.0 103.4
10.40 1355.9 199.1 130.3
1545.8 209.7 151.1
5.43
4.51 '.00
4.01 3.54
311.8
342.6
365.7
38.'
39.2
39.8
61.6
85.6
103.1
19.90
18. 11
16.91
U B ZZ I~
0 I~
12.42 528.7 120.6 42.5 11.13 6.15 155.7 25.3 25.3 39."
38.02 In. 3 11.82 ".6 168.9 81.9 6.40 '.83 243.2 29.' 50.2 25.51
'" •5 11.43 1095.4 178.9 ~.7 5.66 4.41
11.07 1213.8 181.1 109.5 5.11 '.05
-- - - --
261.2
276. 1
30.1
30.6
59.2
68.0
23.15
22.41
U Bn
bl2 38.01In.
0
3
12.51 463,0
11.62 898.5
111.8
162.2
".•
13.40
77.3
6."
6." 4.37
130.1
2<18.5
21.'
25.0
21.'
47.6
47.70
29.76
•
5
11.22 102H
10.85 1139.1
172.4 91.1
180.1 104.9
6.00 3.94
5.44 3.59
223.8
236.2
25.7
25.'
56.6
65.6
21.13
26.27
12 B 16.5 0 12.60 400.' 102.7 31.7 15.49 6.00 105.3 17.5 17.5 58."
38.00 In. 12.01 104.0 143.0 58.2 8.81 4.67 160.6 20.' 34.3 38.62
'"
2
3 11.63 838.7 156.4 72.0 7.39 4.11 177.8 21.1 0.2 34.0)

10 YF U
•
0
11.22
ID.43
963.8
382.2 ....
161.0 85.8 6.43 3.61
".6 16.23 '.95
191.0
106.3
21.1
21.5
51.9
21.5
32.48
58.39
bl2 38.88ln. •
5
9.47
9.17
775.8 142.9 81.9 8.00 3.40
B58.0 149.7 93.5 7.23 3.12
172.0
IBl.l
24.5
24.1
50.' ".D5
57.' 34.25
6 8.88 935.1 155.5 105.2 6.63 2.89 188.B 25.1 65.3 32.B7
10 B 15 0
-- - - -- --
10.97 2tl7.S B1.4 26.2 12i58 5.00 68.8 13.B Il.B
-90.21
517.2 115.1 49.2 12.00 106.1 16.0 27.6 58. 15
'" 38.00 In. 2
3
•
10.50
10.12
9.16
61B.5 126.7
712.4 135.9
-242.6
- -10.6
- ---- ---
61.1 10.03
72.9 B.71
3.B5
3.37
3.00
-
I1 B.0
126.6
-14.1--110.05
16.5
16.9
35.0
42.2
52.58
49.01
8w: 17 0 '.00 26.7 25.57 4.00 56.' 14.1
55.7 13.17 2.0) 0).3
'" 38.63 In. 3
•
5
8.45
8.16
7.89
470.9 103.5
535.8 110.7
596.] 116.7
65.6 11.58 2.61
75.5 10.40 2.]7
56.6
101.6
16. 1
16.4
16.5
31.0
37.0
42.8
68.71
64.2]
61.05

A MERICAN I NSTI TUTE OF STEEL CO NSTRUCTION

2. -112

COMPOSITE DESIGN
Properties of composite beam s
5 Inch Slab

b
1'

~" •
..,. ~
., .
,.,.... .., 'iT,... . ... :_ .. --'.' ~'I·1".}
.

d. d

," ".

Avg.
Tr'flslormed Sectlofllor Sieb Width b
BEAM
A. W ..
OM
- '00'
-- -Y.
- I S, S.
K
·V.
D
412Q
-
Ifl." lb •. '0. Ifl.' In.S Ifl ."
I---
Kips
I-..!....
21 'IF 62 0
, 62.0 19.96 3612.9 609.8 183.9 328.1 1."
b 88.24 in.
d 20.99 in.
t. 1.00 in. •
A. 18.23In.t
~ 8.24 in.
122.0 kips 9•
77.9
BO.9
83.9
18.79 "".•
19.03 6329.5 795.9 332.4 .67
SI3.4 354.S .59
18.55 6998.9 829.4 377.2 .72
454.1
472.1
490.1
.98
.93
.88
.25
.26

21 "IF 55 0 55.0 ZO.09 3267.0 572.9 162.5 '" 291.2 1.89 ~

Il 88.22 in.
d 20.80 in.
t. 1.00 In.
A. 16.ISin. t
~ 8.22 In.
- IllO kips
5
9
, n.. 65.6
11.5
19.63 5237.7 730.5
19.10 5949.6 m.l
18.59 6623.0 807.6
266.8 .53
311.4 .59
356.0 .74
381.2
417.2
453.2
1.18
1.04
.93
.22
.26
.29
11 YF 55
Il 87.53 in. A. 16.19In.t ,
0 55.0
7L3
17,73
16.95
2614.3 485.2 147.4
4715.1 658.1 278.0 .59
... 291.4
417 .4
'"
L31 .29
d 18.12 in.
t. 1.00 in .
b, 7.53 In.
-V 102.0 kips 9• 74.3
77.4
16.12
16.50 5242.1 .....
4982.2 674.1 297.S .71
317.5
~ 264.'
435.4
453.4
1.24
1.18
.31
.33
lIYF SO
Il 87.50 In. A. 14.11 In.l
0
, 56.' SO.O 17.82
17.00
2395.3
4513.3
463.1
645.1
134.3
265.4 .70 390.'
2.59
L37
...
.31
d 18.00 In .
t. 1.00 in.
b, 7.50 In.
'V 93.0 kips 9• 69.8
12.9
16.77
16.54
4782.0
5043.2
661.6 285.1 .n
676.7 3<)4.7 .75
408.8
426.8
1.29
1.23
.33
.34
18 YF 45 0 45.0 17.91 2165.1 437.6 120.8
r- -238.3- --
2.86
I---
b 87.4S In.
d 17.86 In.
t. 1.00 In .
b,
A. 13.24In.t
7.48 In.
' V 87.0 kips 10
•• 59.1
65.3
11.6
17.28
16.80
16.34
4019.9
4567.3
5084.3
611.3
647.2
676.9
232.5 .59
271.8 .75
31D.9 .78
346.3
382.3
41S.1
1."
1.35
1.22
.'.37"
.34
I---
16 'IF SO
b 87.011n. A. 14 .70In.2
0
, ".• SO.O 16.27
15.59
2028.9 407.7 124.6 ...
3802.2 571.6 243.7 .70
264.'
390.6
3.05
1.63 .33
d 16.25 In.
t. 1.00 In. .\! 1.07 In .
90.0 kips 9 • 69.7
72.8
15.38
15.17
4027.0 586.' 261.7 .72
4245.6 600.4 279.1 .74
--
408.6
426.6
1."
1.46
.35
. .37
16 YF 45
b 87.04 In. A. 13.24 In.' •, 45.0
62.1
16.35 1843.0 386.' 112.6 ...
15.63 3628.3 559.1 232.1 .72
238.3
364.3
3.36
1.71
...
.35
d 16.12 In.
I. 1.00 in.
b, 1.04 In.
' V SI.O kips •
9
65.2
".3
15.41 3654.' 574.6 250.0 .74
15.20 4013.4 588.S 267.9 .76
382.3
400.3
1.61
1.52
.37
.39
• For steell wilt! "'7 01)6 ksl Oflly.
t Forml.Ole (l9) lio~erns end velues ere lor steels with P, of 36 ksl only.
4 For use Ifl co~er plet. development celculetions only.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL COJ\lSTRUCTION

 2·113

COMPOSITE DESIGN
Properties of composite beam s
5 Inch Slab

b/2
I' b,

• d .(I1 - 4I-~
?
[
.. I,·
Transformed s.ctlon Steel S.ellon
A. for Slab Wid t h b/2
BE-'M
y~ I S, Sh Y. J S, S~
D
I-:-:cc:::-;;:--+~
"~"'- ~ ~
D -In.
- " In.' In. ' In.S
In.- -'-'"-'
21 'IF 62 0 17.94 3143.3 lSO.8 17S.1 1.97 10.49 1326.8 126.4 126.4 4.67
b!2 44.121n. 7 16.35 SI90.8 487.9 317.4 1.19 8.44 1938.8 143.1 229.S 3.20
8 16.03 5437.1 496.4 339.0 1.14 8.14 1999.6 144.4 245.6 3.10
::;-;c.;:;;-- -il -;;.-9 15.73 5674.0 504.2 360.5 1.09 7.86 2055.9 ~ 261.5 3.01
21 'IF S5 0 18.16 2813.4 368.7 154.8 2.20 10.40 1140.7 109.7 109.7 5.44
b/2 44.111n. S 17.12 4365.9 451.3 254.9 1.42 8.82 1594.9 122.8 180.6 3.89
7 16.42 4895.7 472.0 297.9 1.26 8.10 1721 ,8 125.7 212.3 3.60
-cc==-__ I-~',-I~'~ ' "=-
78 5382.9 488.8 340.9 1.15 7.50 1828.5 127.9 243.6 3.39
11 'IF 55 0 IS.99 2239.3 314.4 139.9 2.71 9.06 889.9 98.2 98.2 6.97
b/2 43.77 In. 7 14.56 3864.6 404.5 265.2 1.60 7.17 1337.1 111.8 186.3 4.64
8 14.27 4058.6 412.3 284.2 1.52 6.89 1379.9 112.8 200.0 4.49
9 13.99 4244.6 419.4 303.1 1.46 6.64 1419.3 113.7 213.6 4.37
o 16.16 2063.1 301.8 127.6 3.(10
- - -9.00."- 800,6
- -89.0
- 89.0 7.75
11 'IF SO
b/2 43.75 in. 7 14.62 3711.9 396.1 253.7 1.67 6.93 1229.2 101.8 177.2 5.04
8 14.32 lS07.3 404.0 272.6 1.58 6.65 1268.9 102.7 190.7 4.89
9 .~ _
::-:=::-_ _ 1 _ -::- _ "_' I:'::;l1,,"':-I-:'''''C;"'+ 'C;"':l;- ~ 1305.2 103.5 204.1
'''' 4.75
11 'IF 45 0
16.32 1874.7 287.0 114.8 3.31 8.93 704.5 78.9 78.9 8.81
b/2 43.14 In. 6
15.00 3340.3 377.4 222.5 1.85 6.98 1072.1 90.2 153.4 5.78
8
14.37 3143.0 394.5 26D.4 1.65 6.37 1148.6 91.9 1SO.0 5.40
-.,.==-=:-_-1-_'-';:__"_"'_' _' _11_1._' _"_' "_2 .298.2 ~ _ '_"'_' _"_11_"' _ '_3_.2 _206.3 __
'"_" _
16 YF 50 0 14.73 1737.9 266.7 117.9 3.S1 8.12 655.4 SO.7 80.7 9.41
bl2 43.54 In. 7 13.40 3115.1 352.3 232.3 1.99 6.34 1008.7 92.4 159.0 6.15
8 13.13 3218.3 359.6 249.6 1.89 6.08 1041.4 93.1 171.1 5.95
-:==-=:-_-1---:'_ ~ _34_34_"_' _",_"_, _",
_ "_, _,_",_, "_ __10_'_1._' _'_3._, _'_
'"84 "_.1__'_"'_'
16 'IF 45 0 14.88 1587.6 254.5 106.6 3.90 8.06 583.3 72.4 72.4 10.64
b/2 43.52 in. 7 13.45 2983.7 344.S 221.6 2.08 6.09 919.4 83.4 150.7 6.75
8 13.17 3148.0 351.8 238.9 1.97 5.83 949.3 84.1 162.6 6.53
9 12.90 3305.3 358.S 256.2 1.87 S.59 976.6 84.7 174.5 6.35

AME RICAN I NSTITUTE Of STEEL CON STRUCTIO N

2 ·114

COMPOS ITE DESIGN

Properties of co mposite bea ms
5 Inch Slab

V, •
I'
. •.
0'. ..
'" 'if.. ~' ... •
.,,I

d. d

". "
AVI·
w,. T,ansla,mOld Section 10< Sllb Width b
A.
BEAM
1-In.2 '"
foot y. I S, S.
-- 'Y. ~12 Q
K
~ D

16 YF 40
6 87.00 In. A ~ 11.77 In.2
0
7
Lb ••
40.0
57.5
'". In.' In.'
--
16.46 1659.4 365.5 100.8 ...
15.67 3460.3 547.1 220.7 .74
In.'
211.9
331.9
3.74
1.79
-."
.37
I

d 16.00 In .
'. 1.00 In.
6, 7.00 In.
'V 71.0 kips •
9
60.7
63.8
IS.45 3687.3 563.2 238.6 .76
IS.23 3907.7 577.8 ".., .78
3S5.9
373.9
1.68
1.58
.39
.'1
16 YF 36 0 36.0 16.51 1490. 1 343.5 ." rgo.z 190.6 4.l6 " .
6 86.99 In. A. 10.59 In. ~ 7 54.0 15.43 3268.0 530.2 211.7 .76 316.6 1.89 .39
d 15.85 In.
" 6.99ln.
' V 69.0 kips 9• 57.2 15.21 3491.5 546.5 229.' .78
14.99 3708.4 561.3
".., 1.77 .'1
~
" 0.75 In. 60.' .01 352.6 1.67 .43

,, ..
16 B 31 0 31.0 16.72 1300.2 316.2 77.7 164 .2 ' .12 ".
h 85.53 In. A . 9.12 in.l 4003 16.28 2386.8 450.1 146.5 236.2 2.60 .32
d IS.84 In. h, 5.53In . 46.5 15.n 2877.2 495.2 182.3 .76 272.2 2. 15 .39
I
,...
I, 0.75 In. ' V 63.2 kips 8 52.8 15.:lI 3337.2 5311.' Zl'.O .811 308.1 1.85 .43
16826 0 26.0 16.83 1094.9 287.3 65 .0 137.7

,,•
6 85.50 In. A. 7.65In.~ 35.8 16.31 2189.2 430.2 134.2 .72 109.7 2.83 .35
d 15.65 In. 61 5.50 In. 38.9 16.04 2439.0 455.6 151.9 .76 227.7 2.54 .39
t, 0.75 In. ° V 56.7 kips 42.0 15.79 2680.7 477.9 1169 .7 .79 245.7 2.31 .• 1
HYFJO
b 86.73ln. A . 8.81In.t ,
0 30.0
45.4
15.01 1048.0 272.5 69.8
14.19 2319.6 428.5 163.3 .76 ,...,,
158.6
,... '.92
2.67 .4l
d 13.86 in.
t, 0.75In.
6, 6.73 In.
' V 54.0 kips
7
•
48.6
51.8
13.98 'BJ7.7 445.5 179.3
13.77 2690.0 460.7 195.3
.78
.01
2.41
302.' 2.30 ...
.46

14 B 26
b 85.03 In . A. 7.65In.2 ,,
0 26.0
38.'
15.22 922.0 251.7 60.'
14.53 2022.2 396.0 139.1 .75
131.7 I 6.73
227.7 3.116 .42

-...-
d 13.89 In. 6, 5.03 In. 41.9 14.30 2219.4 415.7 15S.1 .78 245.7 2.79 .45
t, 0.75 In.
.
°V 51.4 kips 7 45.1 14.07 2410.3 433.2 171.2 .80
-- -- -- -- 263.7 2.57
14 B 22
6 85.00 In.
d 13.72 In ,
A. 6.47In,2
hy. 5.00 In .
0

,,
3
22.0
29.0
32.0
15.31 784.2 230.3 51.2 " . U6.5
15,05 1473.5 333.' 97.9 170.5
14.77 1684.9 359.0 114.0 .74 188.5
.. 7.91
4.21
3.68
."
.16
.'1
t, 0,75 In. • 45.8 kips 35.1 14.52 1888.7 381.9 130.0 .12 205.5 3.28 45
• Fo< . ",,1. wllh 1'7 01)6 k'l only.
• Fo<muli (I9) 1000.,n•• nd value. ere for . teel. with F, 01 J6 lI.i on ly.
• For u.eln cov., plale developmenl ... I.. ul.tlon s only.

AM ERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 2 ·m

CO MPOS ITE DESIGN

Properties of composite bea ms
5 Inch S~b

./2
I I
. f~
• • ~j' ~~
I'. • • •
d. d
-

::;J' [ I, I"
Transfotm.d S.cllOIl
lot Slab Width b/2 $ t •• ' S.cllon
BE .... M
A.
1 S. S, ~ 1 S, S,
-- ~
".
~

0 -- 0

16 "IF 40
bl2 43.50 in.
Ill .'
0
1
In.'
15.06 1438.4 242.2
13.52 2857.7 337.1
In._ tn .'
95.5 4.J1
211.J 2.17
".
8.00
5.83
In .'
515.5
8"-2
.... ....
In .-

74.5
1 In .

142.9
12.04
1.44
8
•
13.22 3023.5 344.'
12.94 3182.0 351.3
228.5
245.8 1.95
2."
-
5.56
5.31 ....,
"'.2 75.2
75.7
154.7
166.4
7.21
7.01

.•
228.4
.
~

l5.i7 1296.8 .
,.,.. ".•
16 "IF 16 0 85.' 4.78 1.92 446.3 56.' 56.' 13.90
bl2 0.50 in. 1 13.31 2705.7 ". lOU 2~'" 5.37 7l1i.9 137.1 U2
8
•
13.01 2869.3 "'.1
12.72 "".5 ..... 220.' 2.16
237.7~ ... ~
5.10 66.0
66.5
149.0
160.8
~
8.16

a 31 47.0
16
>/2 42.76 in.
0
••
15.44
14.48
13.75
fnii:5 211.0 716 5.45
2030.7 285.7 140.2
2408.4 307.4 175.0 2.57
,." 7.92
6.14
5.37
In.5
564.0
621.7
47.0
53.9
55.'
91.8
115.6 •.,.
16.66
11.00

16 B 2&
' /2 42.75 in.
8
0
•
13.10
15.63 ..... I~
2749.1 209.8 2.25
192.2 61.6 6.43
14.57 1873.9 274.5 128.5 3.31
1 •.
79
7.82
5.75
666.1
298.1
474.9
56.'
38.1
44.5
~
138.9
-
38.1
82.'
9.31
--
20.82
13.07
5 14.18 2070.1 286.' 145.9 2.99 5.33 S01.6 45.1 ".0 12.37
• 13.81 2255.8 297.4 163.2 2.75 4.97 524.4 45.8
-
105.5 11.83
14 "IF 30
' /2 43.J7 in.
~--
0
1•
13.83 913.4 181.7 66.0
U ... 1938.4 168.' 156.4
U ... 2079.2 276.5 171 .9
6.79
' .20
2."
6.93
' .n
'.44
I

498.0
....,
289.6 41.8
48.4
48.'
41.8
101.7
ll2.0
21.43
12.92
12.46
8 H.80 2213.2 2815 187.4
tUI8 807.2 167.9 57.' 1.68
- 2."
....•..,
' .20 . 513.1
.... ....84.'
49.] 122.2 12.08

,,....
14826 0 242.6 25.58
b/2 42.51 In. 5
• 12.50 1859.2
....
12.83 1708.1 251.0 133.0 l.63
148.7 3.33
,...
404.8
4.47 423.0
41.1
41.5 .... 15.33
14.67

14 B 22
>/2 42.50 In.
7

,
0
12.18. 1002.5
_- 164.3
._-
14.22 691.3 153.8 48.5 8.97
1l.63 1271.6 217.9 93.2
....
'4. 19 438.7

......" '.84
5.31
"
197.4
304.8
-
41.9
18.8
33.2
104.5
-- --
18.8
57.3
14.14
31.44
20."
•
5
13.24 1442.3 231.7 108.8
12.87 1603.3 243.2 124.4 3.87 4.45
"6.9
345.2 ....
33.8 67.4
77.4
18.98
17.97

AMERICAN INSTITutE Of STEEL CO NSTRUCTl13N

2 ·1I6

COMPOSITE DESIGN
Properties of composite beams
5 Inch Slab

I' • 'I
¥,
••
-:
0:,
,
, '. ".'ii', .' .
:i.' ~ .. ~ ~' ...
b . .• ~ ...
:
'.
d. d
y,
,4
,
Beam
A,
- I~
,.
Avg.
WL
y,
T, an$lo, med Secllon 10' Slab Width

I
~
S,
K
'V.
b

D
~12Q
In.2 lb$.
". In.' In.'
--- In.'
- Kip. I
12 ¥F 27 0 27.0 13.44 787.3 223.8 58.5 143.5 7.88 ...
b 86.50 In.
d 11.95 fn.
A, 7.97In.2
6.50 in. •• 36.'
42.6
n.10 1489.2 323.6 113.6
12.68 1802.7 358.7 142.1
.69
.77
215.5 4. 16 .41
t. 0.75 in. "
oV 42.0 kips 49.0 12.30 2'9'" 387.5 170.4 .81
215.5
I
3.44 .49

....•. ,. ...
8 287.5 2." .55
12 B 2Z 0 22.0 14.01 .... 7 202.0 47.5 ... 116.5
A~ 6.47In. 2 13.79 1244.7 291.9 ".2
b 84.031n.
d 12.]1 In. y 4.0] in.
3
•
29.0
32.0
35.1
13.53 1421.] 314.1 105.0
n.29 1591.-'1 "'.0 119.6
.58
.73
.77
110.5
188.5 '.36
.39

~"
t. 0.75In. • 46.4 5 206.5 3." .49
12 B 19 0 19.0 14.06 580.' 187.3 -'11.2 ... 101.2
--
10.68 .. .
b 84.01 In. A , 5.62ln.1 3 26.3 13.54 1149.8 279.4 84.8 .71 155.2 5.39 .42
d 12.16 in.
t,. 0.50 In.
b. 4.01 In.
· V 42.3 kips •
5
29.3
32.5
1].27 1323.0 301.7 99.' .76
13.02 1489.4 321.5 114.3 .79
173.2
191.2
4.69
4.16
.47
.51
12 B 16.5
b 84.00 In. 4.8610. 2
A~
0
2
16.5
21.0
14.09 500.0 172.2 lS.'
13.83 889.0 2-'12.3 64.2 .67
... 87.5 12.41
123.5 .... .37
d 12.00 In. ~ 4.00 in. 3 24.0 13.51 1069.2 268.' 79.0 .74 14l.5 5." .45
t. 0.50 In.
10 ¥F 21
• 40.0 kips •
0
27.1
21.0
13.23 1241.6 291.4 93.7 .78
11.89 491.0 163.4 41.2 ...
159.5 '.99
lilA
-- .50
--
12.64 ...
b 85.75 in.
d 9.90 In.
A. 6.191n.2
b? 5.7510. •5 31.0
34,1
11.29 1025.5 249.7 ".8 .73
11.07 1145.1 264.9 IOU ,77
183.4
201.-'1
'.05
5.42
.52
,57
I. O.SO In.
10 B IS
• 34.0 kips •
0
37.2
15.0
10.87 1260.2 278.7 115.8 .79
12.36 364,3 138.2 29.4 , ..
219.4
79.2
4.92
17.03
,61
--
b 84.011 In. A. 4.4D In.2 2 19.6 12.13 663.5 197.0 54.' ,58
,75
115.2 9.35 ,43
d 10.00 In. ~ 4.00 In. 3 22.6 11.83 801.2 218.6 67.6 133.2 7.74 .52
t. O.SO In.
• ¥F 11
• 33.4 kips •
0
25.7
17.0
11.51
10.4D
932.4 237.3
316.6 12LS
.,,5
,.,. .79 151.2
I~
".0 19.59
,58

b 85.25 In. A~ 5.00 In.2 3 24.3 10.03 628.2 181.0 62.6 ,71 144.0 9.88 ,56
d 8.00 In.
I~ O.SO in.
t; 5.25 in. • 27.3 9,.,
9.59
72l.6
810.9
195.2
207.6
73.6 .76
84,5 ,79
162.0
180.0
8,60 ,64
,69
• 27.0 kips 5 ".5 7.65
• For . taet. wllh Py 0136 k$l only.
t fOfmula (19) ROve,". lind values ale fOf steel with P" 0136 ksi onty.
4 for u.e In cover pla'. deveiopmeni calcutations only.

A MERICAN INSTITUT£ Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 2 -117

COMPOSITE DESIGN
Properties of composite beams
5 Inch Slab

b/2
I'

Transformed Section
for Slab Width b/2 Steel Section
BEAM
A,
~Y~'_~-cI,-I~S~'_~~S~'~1 ~~Y~'_f~/C-I-'S~,~ S. o
I----::-::::-:::---+
12 YF 27
-;:-;-
~'"~0..'_+~'~"::. +-~"~.',:+7'::"·~'+-'~"~·'+7Dc:::
12.35 684.4 148.7 55.3 9.06
In .
5.98
In."
204.1
In.-
34.1
~
34.1 30.41
b/2 43.25 in. 4 11.68 1260.2 209.1 107.8 4.92 4.60 311.S 38.4 67.6 19.90
6 11.08 1502.6 226.9 135.5 4.13 4.00 342.6 39.2 85.6 lS.11
8 10.55 1720.8 240.4 1610 3.60 3.54 365.7 39.8 103.1 16.97
1-~I2C:B:-2::2:---II-:O:- 12.96 583.4 134.2 - .-, -10-.'-3
- .. 6.15 155.7 25.3 - ,,-.,- - ,,
- .,,
-
b/2 42.02 In. 3 12.46 1066.5 190.6 85.5 5.81 4.83 20.2 29.4 50.2 25.51
4 12.10 1208.4 203.0 99.8 5.13 4.41 261.2 30.1 59.2 23.75
5 11.77 1342.2 213.4 114.0 4.62 4.05 276.1 30.6 68.0 22.47
12B1> o 13.06 51l.l 124.6 39.1 12.14 6.08 130.1
-:;;-;-.
21.4
r-:;;.~t-;= 1
21.4 47.70
b/2 42.0110. 3 12.25 989.0 182.8 SO.7 6.27 4.37 208.5 25.0 47.6 29.76
4 11.88 1128.7 195.5 94.9 5.49 3.94 223.8 25.7 56.6 27.73
1_::,:;-;;-;-__1-;':- ~1;:l.54;;-I.:l~.;.2
"" ~206"".O;' f'I:;I19;:;.I+:c4.;;:",!-;'::;.',,'_!-;236~.2+";.;:;.'+~65"·';' 1 26.27
12 B 16.5 0 13.14 442.5 114.7 316 14.02 6.00 105.3 17.5 17.5 58.94
b/2 42.00 in. 2 12.65 m.1 159.8 61.1 8.01 4.67 16D.6 20.4 34.3 38.62
3 12.25 923.1 176.0 75.3 6.72 4.11 177.8 21.1 43.2 34.90
4 11.88 ~~ 89.4 5.84 3.67 191.0 21.7 !--C'.:l.::.'+-0"::..48=
10 YF 21 o 10.95 427.0 1113.1 38.9 14.53 4.95 106.3 ~ 21.5 58.39
b/2 42.88 in. 4 10.05 864.6 161.1 85.9 7.11 3.40 172.0 24.5 50.4 36.06
5 9.n 958.0 170.3 97.9 6.47 3.12 181.1 24.7 57.9 34.25
-,-=-::----1---'-'_ ~'".'"1-f-cl046
=_·~'I-l~n,,.'+1_c1OO,_,_
.O _'_.'_3 ~ 188.8 ~2':"·71_f-c"65".'+-=32,,.B,7,
10 B 15 0 11.49 321.3 91.8 27.9 19.31 5.00 68.8 13.8 13.8 90.21
b/2 42.00 in. 2 11.05 574.7 129.3 51.9 10.79 3.S5 106.7 16.0 27.6 58.15
3 10.68 687.4 142.7 64.3 9.02 3.37 118.0 16.5 35.0 52.58
4 10.35 792.8 154.0 76.5 7.82 3.00 126.6 16.9 42.2 49.01
• \IF 17 o 9.57 275.2 80.2 28.7 22.55 4.00 56.4
-
14.1
- 1=
14.1 110.05
b/2 42.63 in. 3 8.97 531.2 117.3 59.2 11.68 2.90 90.3 16.1 31.0 68.71
4 8.69 604.8 125.8 69.5 10.26 2.61 96.6 16.4 37.0 64.23
5 8.43 674.0 133.1 79.8 9.20 2.37 101.6 16.5 42.8 61.05

AM ERICAN I NSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

2·118

BEAM DIAGRAMS AND FORMULAS

Nomenclature
E Modulus of Elasticity of steel at 29,000 ksl.
I Moment of Inertia of beam (In. 4).
M/Dh Maximum moment (kip In .).
M, MaJdmum moment in left section of beam (kip in.).
M, Maximum moment in right section of beam (kip in.).
M, Maximum p'osltive moment in beam with combined end moment
conditions (kip in.).
ME Moment at distance x from end of beam (kip in.).
P Concentrated load (kips).
PI Concentrated load nearest left reaction (kips).
P, Concentrated load nearest right reaction, and of different magnitude
than PI (kips).
R End beam reaction for any condition of symmetrical loading (kips).
R, left end beam reaction (kips).
Rt Right end or Intermediate beam reaction (kips).
~ Right end beam reaction (kips).
V Maximum vertical shear for any condition of symmetrical loading
(kips).
VI Maximum vertical shear in left section of beam (kips) .
V2 Vertical shear at right reaction pOint, or to left of intermediate reaction
point of beam (kips).
V, Vertical sh!!ar at right reaction point, or to right of Intermediate reac·
tion point of beam (kips).
VII. Vertical shear at distance x from end of beam (kips).
W Total load on beam (kips).
a Measured distance along beam (in .).
b Measured distance along beam which may be greater or
less tkan " a" (in.).
Total length of beam between reaction points (in.).
w Uniformly distributed load per unit of length (kips per In.),
WI Uniformly distributed load per unit of length nearest left reaction
(kips per In.).
W:I Uniformly distr ibuted load per unit of length nearest right reaction,
and of different magnitude than w,·(kips per In.).
x Any distance measured along beam from left reaction (in.).
XI Any distance measured along overhang section of beam from n,arest
reaction point (in.) .
.6. max Maximum deflection (in ) •
.6." Deflection at point of load (in .).
t.z Deflection at any pOint x distance from left reaction (in.) .
.0.., Deflection of overhang section of beam at any distance from nearest
reaction point (I n.).

AMERICAN I NSTITUTE Of STEEL CoNSTRUCTION

 2·119

BEAM DIAGRAMS AND FORMULAS

Frequently used formulas
The lonnulaa given below are frequently required in structural designing. They
are included herein for the convenience of those engineers who have infrequent use for
such Cannulas and hence may find reference necessary. Variation from the ltandard
nomenclature on page 2 - 118 is noted.
BEAMS
Flexural .tre.. at edrem e fiber:
f .. Mel T - M IS
FleJnlr.l . tre.. a t any fiber:
r _ My/ i y - distance from neutral axis to fiber.
AYerare Ylllrtieal .hear (for maximum see below):
v _ VI A _ V/ dt ( for beams and girders)
Ho,l;u,nta l .hearinl' . t re .. at any .ection A-AI
v _ VQ/ I b Q _ statical moment about the neutral axis of the entire
section of t ha t portion of the croM-section lying out·
side of section A-A.
b _ width at section A-A
( Intensity of vertical shear is equal to that of horizontal shear acting !lonnal to it
It the same poinl and both are usually a maximum a t mid-height of beam.)
Slope a nd de Hection at Any point:
EI
d',
elii - M x and y are abscissa and ordinate respectively of a point
on the neuual axis, referred to axes of rectangular ro-
ordinates through a seJecttd poinl of support.
( Fint integration gives slopes: scrond integration gives defleCt)!)ns. Constants
of integration must be de termined.)
CONTINUOUS BEAMS (THE THEOREM OF THREE MOMENTS )
Uniform load: MaA+ 2Mb (~+ ~ ) + r.1c II __
I, I, I, 1;
1-(
"I,
willI + l(l.lt' )
It
Conclllnt..ated load.:
M.T." + 2Mb(l!.I, + l!.)
h
+ Me .!:!. __ Pla,b, (1+ .!'l.)_ Paa,bs (I + E!.)
I. I, 'I II I,
Considering any two consecutive spans in any oontinuou& structure:
Ma, Mb. Me - momenlll at left. center. and right supports respectively, of any
pair of adjacent span!.
11 and I, length of left and righ t spans respectively, of the pair.
I I and, I, moment 01 inertia of left and right s~ns respectively.
141, and w, .. load per unit of length on left and right spans respectively.
PI and PI concenlrated loads on left and right ~pans respectively.
al and a, distance of concentrated loads from left support in left and right
spans respectively.
b l and ~ distance of concentrated loads from right support in left and righ t
spans respectively.
The above ~uations are for beams with moment of inertia constant in each span
but differing in different spans. continuous over three or more SUI)porli. By writing
such an equation for each successive pair of spans and introducing the known values
(usually uro) of end moments. all other moments can be found.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEt CoNSTRUCTION

2· 120

BEAM DIAGRAMS AND FORMULAS

For various static loading conditions
Equlvalant Tabular Load I. tha uniformly dl.trlbuted load Riven In bum tables. pea:" 2 ·14 to 1 · 41-
For melninR of symbols, He PIIRe 2 · 111,

1. SIMPLE BEAM-UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD

--,-,
_fu;7II~'IIIIIIIL v.
-,
I-.,\--+-t M mix. ( I t canter) --,-,.-
M. ••
· T {I-,,'

,) ma. , (at cantar ) ,"',.

- 3iiET

"
2, SIMPLE BEAM- lOAD INCREASING UNIFORMLY TO ONE END

Equivalent T a bular Load

R, _ V,
.,'
.~_I.02MW

W
• w -T
-, -, RI _ VI ma • . --,OW-
W W.·
,a'H ' V.
-T-""'"
Y,
Ih ....
Mm ... (at. _,,~_,m41) .:!'!:!J..._
• .[i
,'2I3W,
V.
M, . • • . . . •• -
W. ( 11 _,1,
Ttl

,) mu. (au.',"- '\ffs-.5\'31) •.01304 ~~"

.I.. . . • - 111O~j(l (h"- lOJ·.I +71· ,

3. SIMPLE BEAM- LOAD INCREASING UN IFORMLY TO CENTER

-,
.w
-,w
v.
M ma.. ( at cente r ) --,w-,
M. ( ... hen. <i) - w·G·- !~:)
4 ma.. (at canter )
w,·
• &(lEI

4.. . . . . . . W.
- 480 Ei /. {S/I - hl, 1

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 2 ·In

BEAM DIAGRAM S AND FORMULAS

For va rious static loading conditions
fot meanlns of symboll , lee pase l · 111-

<, SIMPLE BEAM- UNifORM LOAD PARTIALLY DISTRIBUTED

A,
hfi'r
, R, _ V.

R. _ V.
( ...... .... h.na < c)

( ... u ..... hena > c) ..••

-2T(2C+ b)

-2T(2a + b)

r-'",-,
~
A, V, (When. > a .nd < (a + b) ,
- R, - .. (o _ a,

M ... ax.(atx_a+ ~.)

II
V, Ih .. ,
_ R, (a +;';' )
V~Mx _ R••
r"Pl M,
( .... hen. < .)

(When. > land « I+b)) .. R'x - ; (X_ I)I

+ AI III Moml nt
~ M, (When. >(.+b)) . _ RI (I_ x)

5, SIMPLE BEAM- UNIFORM LOAD PARTIALLY DISTRIBUTED AT ONE END

r'-
R. _ V. max. ....
-21 (21 - 1)
,
R,
1m' A,
R . .. V.

V (Wh.n. < .)
,

,
, -21"
... A. _ ...

r--
If, Il'hA,-
Mmu.(at. _ ~. ) . -.. ,1,0--,-...
A,'
-,;;-

- .... a'
,
,
V M,
-, ( .. henx < .)

( .. heno > a) , _ R. (1_.)

"I- ~ ~ .,
(When. < .) . - 2:.l·· (21·· )1- 2U 1(2j• • '+/x')
" .... · ( / _ . ) (4xl _ 2>o· _ .')
(when. > .) -~ EI
Mom.n!

6, SIMPLE BEAM- UNifORM LOAD PARTIALLY DISTRIBUTED AT EACH END

,
R. .. V, - "'1~ (2/ - a )

"
+ II'tel

. ,
R. _ V.
V, ( .. heno < a)
-- ",.c(21

R. -w , • "
c) + .....

A,
1m A, V, (When . > ."nd < (a + b)) _ R. _ R,

r---- V, (Whenx >(a + b») . .. fh - .... (l - x)

I. ~ I (t.
Mm ••.• R _ ....1 .... h.nR. <"'•)• . -r;;--
R'
,h... 1-'-"
V '" •
~ ~-I Mm"x. ( Ux _{ _ R, _ wh.nR. <IO",c ) A,'

+W nrr rth -,
M,
"'.
(When. < .)

( .... h.n. > •• nd « . + b))

_, _
10".
.. R •• - -,-
' oO
- R'· - -
w •••

2-{b- · )
Mom_",
M, (When. ><a+ b)) . - R. (/_ a)_ , xl'
.., (1-

AMERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CoNSTRUCTION

Z-IZZ

BEAM DIAGRAMS AND FORMULAS

For various static loading conditions
[qulvlllllni Tllbutllr lOild Is Ihe uniformly distributed load lliven In b .. m IlIbl.., PII'_' Z- 14 to Z _ 43.
7.
For m .. nlnll of symbols, "'. p.a. Z - 111.

SIMPLE BEAM - CONCENTRATED LOAD AT CENTER

-
[qul .... ltnt T . butar
'~
Lo~d - 2.

,M
V
~-+-l4-
IIIII
,

.h... IIII
" - V

M mu.(alpoOlntof load)

M, (
.

)
.
-.,".
-.,.•

.,.
wh e n ... < -} -T
I
M
. 1A11 ~ .1 ....... (.t point of loa d)

( .. htnx<t )
.. 4IEi

••
.. TaIT (31 1 - 4. 1)
IoIO"'an\ " .
SIMPLE BEAM --CONCENTRAT ED L OAD AT ANY
•• POINT

, Equ ln lant T abular Load . · - -.,B Pab

,-.-
1--'1 • R . .. V.( ........ hen. < b)
· --,-
·· --,-
'. '. RI _ VI( m.x. when ill > b)
· ••
."
--,-
-. ·
M mu . ( iIIt pOint 01 load ) ·
If. m ( whanx < . ) ."
--,-
....., V.
.1m ...
·
(.u .. ,: iII (iII~2bl Wh a na > b) - Pillb /II + 2bj VSII (II +2b)
21 EI I

+IA ~ "'om."1
"
"
( It

(
pOint 01 load )

wh,n l« . )
PI"b"
"lETT
."
.. 6ETT (/ 1 - bl _ xl )
,
•• SIMPLE BEAM --TWO EQUAL CONCENTRATED LOADS
SYMMETR ICA LL Y PL ACED
, •••,-
,h
• • ,
_.-
Eq u ivalent T.bular Lo.d

,-V
--
-
-
...
V
~-
mn
'M[" III V
M m ... (between 10.d_)

M. (Whena < iII) - .,

.1mu. (u"enttr)
.,••
.. 24ET(3/ 1 -41 1)

• WITT._m~ .,
" (Wh 'nX < iII)

(Wh,nX > land « /_III) •

.. 'iET' (SI .
••
- "" - Xl )

.. TET {S/x -3xl - .I)

AM£RICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 Z-123

BEAM DIAGRAMS AND FORMULAS

For variou s static loading conditions
[qLlIv.I.rll hbul.r t.o.d Is Ih. uniformly dl.trlbut.d 1000d elv.n In b.. m lables. pa ... Z · 14 10 Z· '3.
ror m .. nln. of . ymbol', ..e pa.e Z_II'.

' 0. SIMPLE BEAM - TWO EQUAL CONCENTRATED LOADS

UNSYMMETRICALLY PLACED
, R. - V.("'ax. ... h.na < b)
p
- T U - a + b,

"1 P P

R,
Ro O' Vo( "' . .. ... h.n a > b)
P
-TC/- b + aJ

.,.
R,
P
~~
I-~ V, ( ... "en II > •• nd < 11- b)) - T Cb - a ,

It, III I
0 V,

-,
,
(",u_...hene > b)
( ...... ... ".n. < b)
_ R••

0 -, .
II ~
_ R••
,
l' A1 _.M
(w". n. < .)

M, (Whl". > •• nd < (I- b, ) . - R.It _ P (I _ a )

11 . SIMPLE BEAM - TWO UNEQUAL CONCENTRATED LOADS

UNSYM METRICALLY PLACED
P, II
. . 0 I J + P.b

fn'
R. _ V.
I
P,

R, R,
RI _ VI
· 0 p,, + ,
P, ! ' - bj

1, III
r~

O~.
.,., IIIII v,
V, (Whl"It > .a"d <{ ' - b») .

( ......... ".nR. < p.)

_ R, _ P.

_ R. a

_ Rob
(", ... ... hl " Ro < P.) ·
;. 141 111 ~l .,
_ R. It
M, (Whl" .< a) ·

12.
-- BEAM FIXED AT ONE END, SUPPORTED AT OTHER-
(W".nl > .a"d « ' - b») _ R•• _ P , (II_ a)

UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD

Equl".llnt TabLlI.r LO.d . 0"

R,
.........
., R. _ V.

R.R, - Vom • •.
·
··
.
0-30'
,-
0-,-,
·
.,.,
V, - R. _WJI

,
M ",a •. . . · ."
0-,-
y, (.tl-I l ) • · • ""
- ""iZi
7,~ ~
."
1',
._.... ~{'\l':t-"~ma........... .. •. (au _ / , (1+.J U) _.4ZU') . .,-
_ R.It - -,-

.. InEt

- 41'";,1 (l1 - 311 ' + h' )

AMERICIoN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTIO N
2 -124

BEAM DIAGRAMS AND FORMULAS

For various static loading conditions
Equlvll.nt Tlbular Load II the unllormly d istribu ted load BIven In bum tlbln, PIIg •• Z· 14 to 2 -0.

13.
1'0.- <n.lnlna 01 symbols. see plge 2 - 118.

BEAM FIXED AT ONE END, SUPPORTED AT OTHER-

-
CONCENTRATED L OA D AT CENTER

Equl~llent Tlbular L.... d - -,. ..

R, ,, V• .
- - . "'li
..
h f R. _ V,ma •.

mu.(at Ibed end)

- -IS '"
'"
H+t-
M .. ""1i'"
R, R,

V, TTIT
In..,
V,
M,

M,
(at point of lo ..d) .

(when· <·D
."
.
---,,--
,
-"""'iij'""

M, (When. >{)
, "
.. p(.!..-.!.!!.)

-:::;:;:rr r....
.,
om... (at l< _I \/{ _ .4472/) PI" PI'
M, - 48EI .JT - .008317 E I
Moment
r<ll-."..- (It point of IUd)
7 PI'
- 7I8EI
ft '
.," (Whtnl«{)

(Whenx >{)
-
.
_ : ; , (Sri _ 5.1 )
,
.. 9IIfi ( I - I ) I (1" -21)

14. BEAM FIXED AT ONE END, SUPPORTED AT OTHER-

CONCENTRATED LOAD AT ANY POINT

R, ,, V. 'b' (I +21)
.. 2'ji""

RI _ v. .. :I~ (3/ 1 - 1 1)

(at point of laId) .. R,.

(It fixed end) ".
.. 2'ji"" (. + I)
(When' < I) .. R"

V,
M, (When. > a) .. R,I - p el - I )
1/•••• 1L1l1l1l1leV
"", PI ~ "
om.... ""',n. < .414latx _1 31'-
11 + 11)
1_ -3ET (S /I - IIii"

..
(

oml •. (w"'.n. > .4141 It I -/ '"'U-fi " -!7+0"

') " ""iEI •
(It point of I....d) .
P.-b"
- 12EI/1 (S I + I )

Pb'x
(W,.,.nl < l) - T2Ei'7i" ( hl l - 211 1- U' j

(WhlnX > I) .. ,';;irl (,-.) · (lI'x~'.-2II'1)

"
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
r
Z·125

BEAM DIAGRAMS AND FORMULAS

For various static loading conditions
Equlv.I.nt Tabuler Load I, th' unllormly dIstributed load II"en In b.. m labl .. , ~I" 2: . 14 to 2: · 43.
For me.nlna: 01 symbol., ••• pa,. 2: , 111.

15. BEAM F IXED AT BOTH ENDS- UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED

,
LOADS
Equ l.... lent Tabul,r l OJld
..
--,-,
-,
r: ---1 _,

..
. _v · --,-
•
-4- ~4-
• v, .
· --,. (,-,)
.
r rIrrr,. .-
M m ... ( at.nCII)

M.
·
· .,.
.. "'"'i2
-z.-
--,.
(at cent .. )

~1~
"-J..I..I.l ~ M, .·· . -iT(tll - I I - 6•• )
~

M
r Mom,nc
l~r
M, ~ mn .

"
(at cent •• )
· ...
.. 3iiET
.. 24ET (1- ""

16. BEAM FI XED AT BOTH ENOS- CONCENTRATED LOAD AT

,, CENTER
--1 EQ",y.t,nl Tabul'r Load - ,,
• • . _v -..,.
- -& - .... i - ·
v I11111I
M mu. (at cent.r and end.) --,-
,"
....., IIIII Y
M, (Whln. <{) -T(4~ - I )

,
' 1..1' I)-.,. M
_"I
.) m . . . (at UInta.) -1'i2£j
..
,''"
- 4iET (III - h ,

".t1Y' ._- ~!i-

17. BEAM FI X ED AT BOTH ENDS- CONCENTRATED LOA D AT

ANY POINT

R. _v.(m.... wh.n. <b) · .. P,~.

,, RI _ v.(mu.Wh,na > b) " .
.. Ii'"""
(Sa + b)
+ 3b)
-'l M, (m ••. Whlna < b) P,b"
- i l-
Ca

" " M. (ma •. Wh.n. > b) --,-.-

P."b
• .~

V'.l IIIIIII_w M, ( at poInt of load) -- ,-.-

2:PI"b"

1III1 v. M, (Wh'nl < l) . · . .. R," __P,b'

,_._

.
2P.'b"
"mao. (wh.na > bUI .. Sa~b) ' .. leI {Sa + b)1
rl"f M,
P"b '
( It poInt of IOld ) .. !Efii"
"LCJ.Y "'.""nl "tUM•
(Wh,n. < I) . Pb".l'
.. IEII' (SaJ _ Sao _ bll)
"
AMERI CAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
Z· I26

BEAM DIAGRAMS AND FORMULAS

For various static loading conditions
EqulY.l.nt T.bul., Load I. th. uniformly dl.trltwted load afven In *m ,.bI••, ""111" 2 -14 10 Z -u.
for m .. oln, ol.ymbol., . .. POOIl' 2 · 11'.

18. CANTILEVER BEAM- LOAD INCREASING UNIFORMLY

TO FIXED END

Equ ' ......nt Tabular Lo.d

l-=PlWiII11IlJ. A_V

.J V. Wfa .'
w,
-S
M. w.·
.';0
4 mIX , w,·
.. I !EI

.. ~I' (.... _ 5/·. + . /.)

"

.
19. CANTILEVER BEAM- UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD

- ,
~1:[[[[e-c'[c[[[[d[] A
A_V

V.
--.."'
•
",.
••
-,-
--,-
~ .
",.
-lEI
_-"- C
.- - 4 / ',, +3/ ' )
" 2UJ

20. BEAM FIXED AT ONE END, FREE TO DEfLECT VERTICALLY BUT NOT
ROTATE AT OTHER- UNIFORMLY OISTRIBUTED LOAD

Equivalen t T abula. Load •

.. 3 M"

~ ~J;Ii·fu'IIlJI2.
.j
A _V
V.
--.."'
--,-",.
" ..
M mlll.(.t " ..d Ind)

M. (It deflecteol Ind) . --.-

•• .. -i (1' - hi)

<lorn ... (U d__ '"d) ",.

.. 2<IIEI
• (I' M" ) I
<lo.. • •••••••
24E I

AMERICAN INSTlTUT£ Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION

r
, . 121

BEAM DIAGRAMS AND FORMULAS

For various static loading conditions
Eq uivalen t Tlbuler LAd I, the unlfOl'mly dlllribultd tNd Ilvln In b.lm lebl", pIa" Z· 14 to Z. 43 .
FOf m.. nlnll of symbol., ••• "'111 Z - ila.

21 . CANTILEV ER

,
BEA M--CONCENTRATEO
EquiVlt,nl Tabu.a. Lo-d ...
L O AD AT AN Y POINT

--,-
'1 ' R_V (whlna < a) -,
_. , M ma"(ltfhMl,nd)
(whtna >_)
-"
1--'-
_.
IIIIIIIII V
M,
;5 m •••

~
(nt ......nd)
(.t pOint 01 load ) •
·

·
.
- P(I: - I )

'"
-"ilI C3 '-b)
-!iI'"
-, (Whana <l) . '"
~rr
- iE\(SI-h- b)
"'_ant
-, (Whtna ,. _) -
Il
P (! Ei )' (3b - I + II)
.

..
22. CANTI L EVER BEAM-CO NCENTRATED LOAD A T FREE EN D

, -
, ., Equivalent Tabular Loed

R _V
·
·
-,
~,J J' MmU.(Ullxtd,nd)
·· - P'
IIII IIIIIIIII V M,
-"
-"
~..J.~
n", ••. (Uf..... nd)
.
'"
-m
,
" . - eer(2/ I - l / '''+ " )

23. BEAM FIXED AT ONE END, FREE TO DEFLECT VERTICAllV BUT

NOT ROTATE AT OTHER-CONCENTRATEO LOAD AT DEFLECTED END

,
, Eq u lvaltnt T ab",'a. Load -..
<; h ,-V
· . -,
~-l p' M mlL( .t both Ind. ) --.-"
. .
- i · - P(i- -.)
M,
11111111111111
4"'''' (.t d~'nd) .. . - 12Ei
".
.::~r--l--
~om.m ~~
-, . · ·
_ P (1-_)-
12EI
(I+b)

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

2- 128

BEAM DIAGRAMS AND FORMULAS

For various static loading conditions
For mea nlna 01 sy m bols . s ee paSe Z · 118.

24 . BEAM O V ERHANGING O NE SUPPO RT- U N IFORMLY

D IST R I BUTEO L OA D
R. _ V. . •
- 21 (/ I _ a l )

• + a)l
-..•
RI _ VI + VI -2T(I
/0--'
\"""1 ... (1+ . ) ..; v. . · ·
V. . -21 (1' + . ')
ft, R.
V. Cbltwlln IUPPOrt. ) _ R , - ,, ~

f( . ")
~ '-12
n;:;:: V" Cfor OVlrh a n g ) OM ",( I _ I.)
vJ' v.
"'llllJ
,- , v. M,

M.
(" '- H' - ::f)
( ....) · --,-, ..
- .7. U + a )I (I- a )1

M
;[!<arrl- ••
...... J lIP'
1-1(1- ~:)
M.
M.
M.,
(betW"ft IUPPOrts )

( for overh .. ng )
· .
" u (ll - a' - d)

• Ca -
-2 I, ) "

"
",
( bltw"ft I ... pport. )

(fo r OVlrh .. n g )
...
.. 2:;, ,0' .2/1.1+ /11.21 1/1+ 2., •• 1)

- 24Ei (41,/- p + 6a l x. -4 u , I + I ,. )

25. BEAM O VERHANGIN G ONE SUPPORT- UNIFO RML Y

DISTRIBUTED L O AD ON OVER H ANG
R, _ V. . . -21
.. ,
RI _ V, + VI
··· ••
-2T l21 + a)

v. · . - ..
l '
·
~• •
i-.
R,
v" ( for overh .. n g )

M mu. (atR1)
..,
..

--,-
" (I - ~IJ

R.
M. (between I UPport, ) '"2/
. ..
...
V
lh." y.
M. , ( , orovcrh . ng ) •
- T Ca - .,) 1
I hlar

M~ IIV M7"
;1 ma •• ( betW"nlupportu tl _ ./-,
' ) -

Ama •• (forOVerh.,ng .. t x, _ .)
.....
,.wa l l £1
'/3

,
.. 2iET l41 +
...
" _.03208 _,_,_
So)
... 1/'

(bl tW"n IU PPO rt8) _12Ei/ ( ,I - I I)

"
", ( lor overh .. n g ) .. ~~i-(4." +6· · · · _"' " +· '·)1

A MERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CON STRU CTION

r 1 · 129

BEAM DIAGRAMS AND FORMULAS

For various static loading conditions
[qu .....'.n l T, bul,r t.o. d b the u n llOO"mly d r.trlbuled 1000 d ..... 1' In !Mo,m tabln, ".••• Z. " 10 Z. o.
f Olf m•• n'nll oj .~ mbol..... PllII' 2: - IlL
f-
26. BEAM O VERHANGIN G ONE SUPPORT- CONCENTRATED
LOAD AT END OF OVERHAN G

)o--- '-+-'
R, .. V. --,- P.
p

~'1 M P
R, _ V. + V.
v. ..
Mm ...(atR.) . .
. _,(1+ . )
. . " fO
.. PI
" '. M. ( btotwHn IUPPOrt-I )
P ••
.. - , -

!IIIl - 1f. MI, (,oro"".hlno) .. .. P (I - I "

',-r=!rmll!!!}mlJj
yo ........ ~ m... (betW""IUPPOI'U1U -?1 ') .. 9 Pa" EI " .06411 £
Pa'"
1

d nla •. ( for overhlnglt I I .. . ) .. =:; (I +II

4. (bltwH n luoporu) .. ::.-, (I I - I ' )

dl , ( ,orov,.han g ) .. _ {;: (21 1+ 3u' - O,I)

27 . BEA M OV ERHANGING ONE SUPPORT- UNIFORMLY

D IST RI BUTED LOAD BETWEEN SUPPORTS
Equ l.. a llnt T abu'" LoIod 0 - .,.,
1---'
--,
.~

1-'" ,_,
"1 R ... Y .

-·u
• I-+-!-
, IJn".. • y.

Mm • • . (ltunt.r)
0

0 0
.,. -.)
--,-
....
0

>
..- ""'-'J
M. 0 0 0
.. T"-I'
,
~

.,
Y
4 ,."... (.t ... nt. .) .. 3$4E I

T~
0 .. 24£1 (I' - 21. ' + I" )
Mi ' .. Ia.,
0:........-
I "' _ _ '"
", • 24 EI

28. BEAM O V ERH A NGIN G ONE SUPPORT- CONCENTRATED

L O AD AT ANY POINT BETWEEN SUPPORTS
Eq u ivalent Tabular l..Nd • '~:b
RI . v . (m ... Whlnl < b j ' . P,b
RI _ VI ( m . .. whlnl > b . -N,

" ". Mm ... ~.tpolnt of IO.d ) . .~

M" whln" < 1 __,_ Pb.
,
.:o m... ~• t ,. _ 1(l t2b)
3 h b) _'P!"!.J!('C+t!!":1'~'~"~(~·3+~'~b~'
w In l> .!. 211! If

~ It poin t of lo.d ) .
PI"b"
- :iETT"
.1. (whln. < I) _ ; ''', -U I - bl - • •)
o!." (
wh,n.)
>. • -- P. u-"
. E I ,---{! I. - .I - . I )

~'" • "::.~. (I +I )
AMERICA N IN STITUTE OF STEEL CO NSTRUCTIO N
, . 130
BEAM DIAGRAMS AND FORMULAS
For various static loadin g conditions
Equiv.len t hbuler LOIId Is the unUormly distributed load Illven In b . . m ,eb'u, ptIges 2 ·14 to 2 _41.
1'.'.
29 .
For m .. nlnfil 01 symbols, see

CONTI NUOUS BEAM- T WO EQUAL 5PA N5-

2 _ 118.

U NIFQRM LOA D
-
ON ONE SPAN
Equivafent Tabula. Load . - $4""
,
..
$~@m lllllll [I R, _ V,
· - Ti"""
H,
I I ,
R2
, &It. Ra - V. +Va

R. _ V.
. . T""• -,
1!. ~
--l¥""
~
I1
~lb .... ~ v2
• M. lT V' V. . - •"'if ",/

- Nit'
49 ,.

I~~~
M Mu.(ats _ 11,1)
,
M. (at lupPOrt R, ) - a",I'
--
~ 1 M......... M. (Wh.n. <I) ~
""it C7 /- h )
3 M... (0.4121 from RI) 0.0012 ....,./ EI

30 . CONTI NUOUS BEAM- TWO EQUAL SPANS--CONC ENTRATED

LOAD AT CENTER OF ONE SPA N

H- "-4---j Equi ... len t Tabutlr Laid

- ..!!p
•
" , '.
=r R, - V.
-".!!p
R. _'o'. +'o',
· - ",..!..!.. p

fV, D m]]]]]]
I ,
.M. IT
v. R. _ V.

v. - .!!." p
'"'-12 P

M+-~
MMU.(U
e "POrt RI) -
point
..
0' 'oad) . - .!! .. ,

M, Moment
M, I t ....

,). Mn. (D._

- "
I from fb I
...!... P I
0.015 P(lI EI

31. CONTINUOU S BEAM- TWO EQUAL SPANS--CONC ENTRATED

LOAD AT ANY POINT
r--._ ' '1 R. _ V.
· - :I~ (~I"-a CI+a»)
" >--, " ,- " R, _ V, I-V,
· - ,.,:/~ (2J 1+b C!+ ' J)

v,
v, lTv•
R, _ V.
· . --....,.(1+.)
IIIII • ~u
v. - :,~ (4/1+b (I+ a»)

- eo,
+
(.t point Oll o.d) • :~: (~I"-' Cl+a))
&J1lIW ~ M
,
M mu.

(at lupPOrt R.) - 4/ 1 (1+.)

IDJ Mom e",

AMERICAN INSTlru l E OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 2 -l3l

BEAM DIAGRAMS AND FORMULAS

For various static loading conditions
for meani ng 01 symbols, se. pee. l -1I8

3~ BEAM- UNIFORMLY OISTRIBUTED LOAO ANO VARIABLE END MOMENTS

, R, =V, =:
wi
+ M-, ,
-M ,
-
.,
C-M~
' IIIJi't
M , _M ,
M
N"
R. =V. = Z - - ,-
> .ITIII
,

" " V. ='" ( 2' - ') + . , -M,

I

M. ( u-= -z, + . , wi_M,)

_ wi' _ M , +....!'!!. + 1M, _ Il0l ,)'
- I l l Ull'

Il0l . =
••2 (/-0) +
(M, _M,) ._M,
---,-

.(TO lo"ue ) = _/ 1' _(M' +.!',) +(M' - M.),

Inll<Octlon polnu ) V, III ""

_ •• [ , _ (., +'M' _ 'M.) , +12M. +/,_IM J _ 'Mol]

,J" -Z.£I· "" "" ..., ' .. ' III ..

33. BEAM- CONCENTRATED LOAD AT CENTER AND VARIABLE END MOMENTS

,
"( 'I M,,,. M.
).,
R, =V' =2
P Il0l , _Il0l ,
+ --r-
• ,,, ~

R. =v· =i-~·
'"
M . (At cent..-) =PI-; - -Il0l , +Il0l
,- ,
---'-
T" M. (When ' < f') = ( 'Z +--
. , -M,)
, - .- M,
•
') P 1M, -Mo).
Il0l , ( When' > --r = 2(/-')+ j _M ,

~ (When. < !) = oI3~ 1 (lJ' - ,.' - III ;; ·'IM,(2I-.) + M,(I + .)))

AMERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION

2· 132

BEAM DIAGRAMS AND DEFLECTIONS

For various static loading conditions
FO<' mfllnlnll of symbols. see page Z . ilL

... CONTINUOUS BEAM- THREE EQUAL SPANS-ONE END SPAN UNLOADED

wI wI ,
A I.'I' i'l
)II ' III ~ I:B '"
I .I.e I
.10
Rio - 0.383wl Ra = 1.20 wi Rc = 0.450 wi Ro = -0.033 wi
0.383 wi iT,. 0.583 wi 0., 0.033 wi
0.033 wl
SHEAR 0.617 wi 0.417 wI
-0.1167 w12
+0.0735 wP +0.0534 wl z -0.0333 wiz
A 'l1>-
MOMENT
0.3831 0.5831
<1 Mn. (0.00 I from A) .. 0.0Il'59 ..-ro/ EI

35. CON TIN UOUS BEAM- THREE EQUAL SPANS- END SPANS LOADED

Ar
'
I
',
wi
"" }e l
••
fe l
wi
·1' I·t 'I' :jo
Rio = 0.450 wi Ra = 0.550 wI Rc = 0.550wl Ro = 0.450wl
0.450 wi 0.550 wi
0.550 wI 0.450 u:l
SHEAR
0.050 w/2
+0.1013 wP ]Ii l ll III 111 1Ih- +0.1013 wP
MOMENT I"'- JIII Il lW "J..IJ IIIII .w
0.450 l [ 0.450 I
tI Mn. (0. 4~ I from A or 0 ) _ 0.1IIIt! u:I"/ EI

36. CONTINUOUS BEAM- T HREE EQUAL SPANS-ALL SPANS LOADED

Rio
A r'
= 0.400 wI
wi
II' I' '; 'III'II' I~I"
Ra = 1.10 wI
1" ';'"
wi

Rc = 1.10 wi
wi
I' I I'T~IIII I II; ' 1111 1:\0
11

Ro = 0.400 wl
0.400 wl 0.500 wl 0.600 wl
, 0.600 wi 0.500 wI 0.400 wi
SHEAR
-0.100 w/2 - 0.100 wlZ
+0.080 wLz
A1 ill".
+0.025 wl'A +0.080 wl Z
fh.-
MOMENT
0.400 1 0.500 1 I, 0.500 I 0.400 l

.1 Mn. (a.,", I itom A or DJ _ O.DOH .."./EI

AMERICAN I NSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 .
2133

BEAM DIAGRAMS AND DEFLECTIONS

For various static loading conditions
FOt munlng of symbols, se. pal_ Z · Ill.

". CONTINUOUS BEAM- FOUR EQUAL SPANS-THIRD SPAN UNLOADED

wi wi wi
A[ ' ","'"':/r .,.; " '•I •c I .
, f~ 'I"'~ I
"'J.
Rio - 0.380 wI Re = 1.223 wI Rc = 0.357 wI Ro - O.598 wl
RE = 0.442 wl
0.380 wl 0.603 wi 0.558 wI
SHEAR 0.620 wi
'-'.1 0.397 wI 0.040 wI ....... 0.442 wI
-0.1205 wIz -0.058 wlz
~ -0.0179 wl2
+0.072 wi' A1 +0.0611 WI2 +0.0977 wl 2

MOMENT "-l
~ 0.603l .4421
& M ... (0.475 I f r om E) _ 0 .01154 ",I"/E.

38. CONTINUOUS BEAM- FOUR EQUAL SPANS- LOAD fiRST AND THIRD SPANS

A r" II
wi
~"111B
Rio - 0.446 wi Re = 0.572 wl
I
wi
. f~ '''''I''' ' 1D
Rc = 0.464 wi Ro = 0.512 wI
I IE
RE = -0.054 wi
0.446 wi fr,.,. 0.018 wI 0.482 wl 0.054 wi 0.054 wi
SHEAR "'-'-I.l 0.554 wi ........ 0.518 wi
-0.0536 w/2 -0.0357 wi Z -0.0536 w[2
+0.0996 wP A I +0.0805 wl 2
MOMENT
0.4461 0.5181
4 Mu. (O.4n I hom A) _ 0.0011 ...,./ EI

39. CONTINUOUS BEAM- FOUR EQUAL SPANS- ALL SPA NS LOADED

A rI'" ','" '"

wI wI
:r~"" "r'" "'T~'
wi
"" ;'"":1:6""'I'I""!.
R" _ 0.393 wI Ra - 1.143 wI Rc - 0.928 wI Ro - 1.143 wi RE = 0.393 wi
wi

0.393 wI 0.536 wI ~ 0.464 wl 0.607 wI

0.607 wl 0.464 wi 0.536 wI 0.393 wi
SHEAR
-0.1071 wP -0.0714 wl z -0.1071 w12

+0'0@:ifA ~+O.O~ wlJ, +0.03611 w10 I't\. +0.0772 wit

MOMENT ~ 0.536 ;j 0.536 1
<1 M••• (0.440 I lrom A . IId £ ) _ O.OOliS 1d'/£1
~
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
2 ·134

BEAM DIAGRAMS AND FORMULAS

For various concentrated moving loads
The v.tu . . IIYen In Ihelll formut . . do 1'01 Include Imp.ct which v.rlel .eeordlnl!O Ihe requirements
of e.eh e.... For m eaninl of symbols, see page ;t . lit.

40. SIMPLE BEAM -QN E CONCENTRATED MOVING LOAD

-.,P
°r~, r .
R, max ... V, mn. (at x .. 0) .
M mn. (It point of load, wkan ... f ) . -

41. SIMPLE BEAM- TWO EQUAL CONCENTRATED MOVING

LOADS

R, rna . ... V. mu. (at x .. 0) - P(2 -.;')

t~·~ p (~hena < (2 -
I
v2) I ... S861
underloadt't' '' ~(I - t)
J -;;(I-tY
O' ~,~O'
M
m" l ~Ith wken a > (2 -.[2) I ... 58e1
a_ load ,t unter of Ip,j
( Ule .o)
.. ~I

". SIMPLE BEAM- TWO UNEQUAL CONCENTRATED MOVING

LOADS

p, > 1'. R,m, •. _ V,ma.. (atl _ a) .. p, + P. -1-•

,-

{r"d.",.... -H'- p"+·p,)r-(', ..,)~

5
p, PI
Rt R,
~ad +P
M mn. M max. may QCCu r wIth r,I'1I" I
ateentfrof.pan and otllj ..
1 load 0« ,pan(caM «I)

GENERAL RULES FOR SIMPLE BEAMS CARRYING MOVING

CONCENTRATED L OADS

T ha mul mum 'hur due t o moving conc:entrued 10lds

p.~~'o.-; I'll
QCCU", a t one IUpport when one of til, load' r, at that IUpport.
WIth Icver.r mov,,,, lo.dl, tke locatto" tl'lat will produce m axi .
mum ,l'Iear mu~ be daterml"ed by tr Ial,

~
0, The maximum h."dl"O momant produced by movl", co'"
.. tntrated load, QCCU,. under 0'" of the lo.d, wh,,, that 10ld
I, at f •• Irom one tupport at the canter of or ...ity of ,rr the
movlnllioadt on tke beam I, from the other,upport,
In the accompanyinll d lallram, tke max'mum ""ndlng

._m moment OCC:U,. und .. load P. wh." . .. b. It should II.., ""

noted thlt this condition QCCU,. whtn tht untt. lin, of t h e
.pan i, midway betw"n the center of IIrlvlly of load, Ind the
nn .... t concentrated load.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 Z·l35

CAMBER AND DEFLECTION

Coefficients

Given the simple span length, the depth of a beam, girder or truss. and
Uw design unit bending stress, the center deflection in inches may be found by
multiplying the span length in feet by the tabuJaled coefficients given in the
follow ing table.
For the unit stress values not tabulated, multiply t he foctor given for
10,000 psi by the ratio of the given unit bending stress to 10,000.
The maximum fiber stresses listed in this table correspond to the al.lowa-
hie unit stresses 8S provided in Section 1.5. 1.4 of the AISC S,>ocifiClltion for
albels having yield points ranging between 33,000 psi and 50.000 psi.
The table values. us given, assume a uni fonnly distri buted load. For a
single load a t center span multiply these factors by 0.80; for two equal COli·
centrated loads at. third points, multiply by 1.02. Likewise, for three equal
concentrated loads at quarter points multiply by 0.95.
The labulated factors are correct for beams o( consta nt cr088 section;
reasonably accurate (or cover plated beams and girders; and approximate
(or trusses.

R.lloof Mulmum Ab ... Suus In lbs. Per Sq. In~h

.-
o.pth
",. 10.000 20,000 22,000 24,000 25.000 27,500
--
28,000 30.000 ".500 33,000
---

.-.-
II' .0034 .006' .0076 .0083 .0095 . .,,7 .0100 .0105 .0114
1/5 .0043 .0086 .0095 .0103 .0108 .0119 .0121 .0129 .DIll .0142
II' .005' .0103 .0114 .0124 .0129 .0142 .0145 .0155 .0158 .0171
117 .0121 .0133 .0145 .0151 .0166 .0169 .0181 .0184 .0199

.-
1{8 .006' .0138 .0152 .0166 .0172 .01go .0193 .0207 .0210 .om
1{9 .0078 .0155 .0171 .0186 .01911 .0213 .0217 .0233 .0237 .0256
1110 ,am .0190 ,02tl7 .0216 ,0237 ,0241 .0259 .0'" .0284

.-
1/11 .0190 .0209 .0228 .0237 .0261 .0284 .0289 .om
1112 .0103 .0207 .0228 .0248 .0259 .0284 .0290 .0310 .0316 .0341
1/13 .0112 .om .0247 ."., .0280 .03(18 .0314 .0336 .0342 .0370
1/14 .om .024 1 .02'" .0302 .0332 .0338 .0362 .0368 .0398
.o,m

.-.... .-
1115 .0129 .0259 .0284 .0310 .0]23 .0356 .0362 .0388 .0394
In' .0138 .0276 .0303 .0331 .0345 .0379 .0386 .0414 .0421 .0455
1/17 .0147 .0293 .0322 .0352 .0366 .0403 .0410 .0440 .0447 .0484
1118 .0155 .0310 .0341 .0372 .0388 .0427 .0434 .0473 .0512
1M .0164 ."28 .0360 .0393 .04" .0450 .0459 .0491 .o.n
"'"
1m
1/22
.0172
.0181
.0190
.0345
.0362
.0379
.0379
.0398
.0417
.0414
.0434
.0455
.0431
.0453
.0474
.0474
.0498
.0522
.0483
.".7
.0531
.0517

,
.0543
.0526
.0552
.0578
.0569
.0597
.Il626
1/23
1!2'
.0198
.11207
.0397
.0414
.0436
.0455
.0476
.0491
.040;
.0511
.0545
.056'
0555
.0579 .""
.0621
.0605
.0631
.0654
.0683

AM ERICAN INSTITU TE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 PART 3
Column Design
Page Noe.
ALLOWABLE LOADS ON COLUMNS -
GENERAL NOTES ................................... ,3.-3 - 3-11
ALLOWABLE CONCENTRIC LOADS ON COLUMNS
Table I- A$TM A36 Rolled & Cover-plated Shapes
Cover·plated \IF Shapes ........ . ..... 3·13 - 3-15
W' Shspe8.................... . ......... .3-16 - 3-23
Light. ltV=' and Misc. (M) Shapes ... . .................. 3-24 - 3·25
H Bearing Piles .. .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... 3·26
American Standard Beams .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3·27
T able J l- ASTM A242-440-441 Rolled & Cover.plated
Sb.peo
Cover-plated VF Shapes ............ . .................. 3-29 - 3-31
'!/IF Sha pea ..................... .................. . 3-32 - 3-39
Light '!/IF and M isc. (M) Shapes .. • ............... 3-4q - 3-41
H Bearing Piles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • .......... . 3-42
American Standard Beams..... . .. .... . . . . 3-43
St.ee1 Pipe COlumnlt.......... . .. , .......... 3-44 - 3·47
Structural Tu bing Columns ....................... . 3.44, 3·48 - 3·56
ALLOWABLE CONCENTRIC LOADS ON
DO UBLE·ANGLE STRUTS ........................... 3-58 - 3·73
COLUMN BASE PLATES
Design Procedure; Finishing .......................... 3·75 - 3-76
Dimensions for Maximum Loads, A36 ... .. ... . .. 3·77 - 3-79
Dimensions for Maximum Loads, A242-440-441 ........... 3-81 - 3-83

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

-
 ,.,
COLU MNS
Allowable loads - General notes
CONCENTRIC LOADING
The allowable load tables which fo Uow are for axially loaded members
having the effective unsupported length indicated at the left. of each table. The
efl'ective length KL is the actua] unbr8l:00 length, in feet. multiplied by the
eRective length factor K which is dependent upon the restraint at Ule ends
oftbe un braced length and the means available to resist lateral movements.
Table C1.8.2, apperu-i ng in the Commentary on the AISC Specification,
affords a guide in making lhe selection of the K factor. lnterpolation between
the idealized cases presented is a matter of engineering judgment.
Once sections have been selected for t he several framing members, Fig.
CLS.3, as shown in the Commentary and reprinted below, affords 8 means
of obtaining more precise values for K, should this be desired.
'I'ho londs in the tables are computed in acoorda n(;e with UlO provisions
of the A1SC Specification, Section 1.5.1.3. Colum n londs tabulated for cover-
plated \/IF, W , BP, American Standard, light. \/IF a nd miscellaneous (M) shapes,
pipe and structural tubing columns, are based on Formulas ( l) a nd (2).
Losds for double-angle struts a re bru!ed 011 Formula (3) when Kl/ r (K c: 1.0)
exceeds 120; otherwise, loads are based 011 Formula ( I ).
'rhe loads in Tables I and 11 are tabulated in kips for main members.
AU values above the heavy horizolltalline are for Kl/ r ratios equal to or less
than 120. Values for Kl/ r greater t han 120 are shown below the heavy hori-
zont.alli ne. Vdlues are omitted when Kl j r exceeds 200. The radius of gyra-
tion r is taken about the y. y axis.
Table I shows values for cover-plated and rolled s hape columns using
ASTM A36 steel (F . "" 36 ksi ).
Table II 8ho\','s values for columns using ASTM A242, A440, and A441
ateel (F. ranges from 42 to 50 ksi according to group claseificaLion established
by ASTM Specification. See page 5 - 153 of Ule Manual).
T able 11 does not show loads fo r slenderness ratios equal to or greater
than 126.1 ( C~ for AS6 steel), since the values above 126.1 are the same for aU
slools with y ield points greater than A36 steel. For loads on A242. A440,
$nd A441 st.ee1 columns not shown ill Table II , refer to values given in Table I.
T ables sbowing allowable concentric loads for unfilled pil>C, square and
reet.angular tubing, and double-angle struts a re al80 providod. Refer to the
not.es proceeding these tables.
Ratio r~ /ry : Allowable loads in the column tables nre given for effective
lengths unbrn~ with re9pect to Ule minor axis. It muy be nCCCflSflry, h ow~
ever, to investigate the capacity of columns with reference to both major
(X - X ) and mirwr (y. Y) axes. The ratio rl jr~ included in t hese tables
provides a rapid and convenient method of investigating the strength of the
column with respect to the major axis.
'\'0 obtain the allowable effective length with respect to the major axis
corresponding to the minor axis for which loads are Ulbulatcd, it is only nec;cs..
sary to multiply the tabulated effective le ngth KL by the ratio rIfT,. If thia
product is greater than the actual effective length with respect to the X • X
axis, the column is satisfactory. However, if this product is less than the
actual effective length relative to the major axis, the X - X axis is critical. In
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CoNSTRUCTION
,.,
this case, enter Lhe table with the actual effective length with respect to
tbe mfJjor axis divided by the rzl r. ratio and aelect a column to satisfy the
calculated concentric load.

EXAMPLE 1
G iven : Using A36 steel, design a 12 \/IF column to support a concentric load
0£670 kipll. The effective length with respect to its minor axis is 16 ft. The
column's effective length with respect to its major axis is 31 It.
Solution :
Enter Column Table I with effective length of 16 ft.; select. 12 'IF 133,
good for 679 kips > 670 kips. o. k.
For 12 'IF 133, rz/ r, - 1.77; alJowable effective length relative to X· X
axis - 16 X 1.77 - 28.3 ft. < 31 ft.
o'. Effective length for X· X axis is critical.
Approximate effective length relative to Y - Y axis with an average Tz/ r. _
1.77, which wouJd satisfy given conditions ,.. (31 / 1.77)...... 17.5 ft.
Re-enter Table I fo r lightest 12 \IF column with effective length of 17.5 ft.
to satisfy axial load of 670 kips; select 12 \IF 161 with rr/ r. - 1.78.
By interpolation, the column is good for 799 kips > 670 kips. o. k .
Usc: 12 YF 161 col umn .
EXAMPLE 2
Given : Using A36 steel, design an 11 ft. long 12 \IF interior bay column to
support a concentrated concentric axial and roof load of 540 lcips. The
column is rigidly framed at the top by 30 ft. long 30 I/F 116 girders con·
neeted to each flange. The column is braced normal to ita web at top and
base 80 that sideaway is inhibited in this plane.

Solution :
a. Check Y . Y u:is:
Assume column pin connected at top and bottom with eidesway in·
hibited.
From Table C1.8.2 for condition (d), K = 1.0; effective length _ 11 ft.
Enter Table 1; 12 \IF 99 good for 552 kips > 540 kips o .k .
b, Cbeck X • X axis:
1. Preliminary Selection:
ASSWDl;! sidesway uninhibited and pin connected at base.
·From Table C1.8.2 for condition (0, K - 2.0; approximate efTec·
tive le ngth relative to the X . X axis - 2.0 X 11 ~ 22.0 ft.
From properties section in Tables, for 121/F column, rz/r, :::: 1.76.
Corresponding effective length relative to the Y - Y axis -
22.0
1.76 :::: 12.5 ft. > 11.0 ft.
:. Effective length for X - X axis is critical.
Enter Table I with an effective length of 12.5 ft.; 12 I/F 106
column, by interpolation, good for 577 kips > 640 kips o.k .

• Table C1.8.2 givea K values, in moet ca.ae6, on the oonBervative lide; therefore,
final ee1ection may be made byU8e of Fig. C1.8.3 when determining effective length.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 2. Final Selection :
Try 12 VtF 99.
UsinK Fig. C1.8.3:

G. K G.
Th.... b«ripu. A aDd B..t. to

'"
100.0
'"j88 '"
1000
Ill. jolnu. at Ill. two ~ ur the
column MCUon bein. ronalciertd,
G Iodellned aa
50.0 50.0
30.0 5.0 >OD
2 0 ,0 4.0 20.0

10.0 ' .0 100 In .hicb % indM:iau.. .......""'llcIn

0·8 l8 or .11 _'*- ".soU- _.-..d
to Ulat jolnl.nd lyI ... h. the pla_
h
6 .0
7.0
6.0
I n whldo bo.ockli.,. or Ih4I column
!. bel... ...........ed. I e Ie the
5.0 _ l or inertia aod I.e the
5.0 ,,_ted loeDcth or e column
4.0 4.0 OIIICtion. end I, ;. u.. _1 0'
I ....,tlr. and r.., thoo " ..... pported
~ of R FnIe. o. oth.. _

' .0 ' .0 atn.lnin. ..-nboor. I e and I,

aN IIlkea aboul ••• parpeadleulu

2 .0 2.0 .............
to the ~ 0' buckllAr balq

F.... 001....... .-t. ... ppc>f'Wd

by bul _ ric\db" _ _ _ to •
roow.,: or bmdaliDa. 0 Ie
th.....wau,. inlbolt7. but, "na-
1.0 1.0 act ...1Ly d~ .. a true 'fico.
tioD r... plD.. may he til .......
" 10" ro. prKIkal ~ U
the column eDd Ie ric\db" . tloadMd
to • prol*17 ......... roow.,.
O.I~
a 1Da7 be '--kea u 1.0. am.Uer
o o val_ n>IlJ' he ...ad If juatit\ed b7
.... JyooIa.
S ideaway Unin hi bited

Alignment Char t (or Effective Length of Co lumna in Continuous F ramel

Fig. C) .8.lI

I~for 12 VtF 99 column _ 858.5 in. I; I" fo r 30 VtF 11 6 gi rder

- 4919 in.1
G <at base) - 10 (assume supported but not rigidly connected),
858.5
11
G (a t top ) - 4919 X 2 - 0,238, say 0.25,
30
Connect points G,I - 10 and G. - 0.25, read K 1.75,
For 12 VtF 99, T~ ", 1.76. _
Actual effective length relative to y. Y axis
L 75 X 11.0 _ 10.9 ft . < 11.0 ft.
1. 76
Since e ffective length fo r Y • Y axis was crit ical:
Use 12 YF 99 column
AM ERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
..,
EXAMPLE S
Given : Using A440 steel, design a 20 ft. long 12 w: column with same load-
ing and girder conditions as outlined in Example 2. However. in this case
the column will be braced for ita weak axis by crosa bracing at top and base,
and at balf the length 80 that. aidesway is inhibited in this plane.

Solution:
8. Check Y - Y axis:
Assume column pin connected at top and base, and braced at center
80 that sidesway is inhibited.
From Table C1.8.2. K - 1.0;
effective length - 1.0 X M X 20 - 10.0 ft.
Enter Table II ; 12 w: 72 good for 548 kips > 540 kips o.k.
b. Check X - X axis:
1. PrelimiTllJry Selection:
Assume sidesway uninhibited and pin connected at base.
· From Table C1.8.2, K - 2.0;
approximate elTecLive length relative to the X - X axis =a
2.0 X 20.0 - 40.0 ft.
For 12 \IF column, rz/ r....... 1.75
Corresponding effective length relative t.o Y - Y axis
-:::.': 22.8 r1.
40.0 > IO.Ort.
1.75
.-. Effective length for X - X axis is critical.
Enter Table 11 with approximate effective length of 22.8 ft.;
12 w: 106 column, by interpolation, good for
542 kil)8 > 540 kips o.k .
2. Final Selection:
Try 12 w: 99.
Using Fig. C1.8.3:
G (a' base) - 10
858.5
20
G (at top) - 0.131 say 0.15.
4919 X 2
30
Connect points G. = 10 and G.. - 0.15; read K - 1.70.
With r~ /r, _ 1.76, the actual effective length relative to
y _ Y axis _ 1.70 X 20 _ 19.3 > 10.0 ft.
1. 76
:. Effective length for X - X axis is critical.
Enter Table II with effective length of 19.3 ft.; by inter-
polation, 12 w: 99 good for 582 kips> 540 kips o .k.

Use: 12 'IF 99 column

• See footnote at boltom of I)age 3 · 4.

AM ERI CO\N INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTR UCTIO N
 ,- ,
COMPRESSION MEMBERS WITH Kit ,. OVER 120
Maximum loads for columns, Tables I and 1I, and for structural tubing
and pipe with Kll T values over 120, are tabulated for main members (AISC
Specifi~tio n . FormulWi (1) and (2)).
'rhe concentric loads tabulatad in the Double-Angle Struts Table are
permit.ted on main members for KI r values equal to or less tha n 120 (Section
1.5.1.3.1, Formula (1».
For double-angle stl"U ts witb lIT values greater than 120, the tabulated
iOllda are for secondary members (Section 1.5.1.3.3, Formula (3 )). In this
case K is taken 68 unity. II double-angle struts with li T fati(),!l greater than
120 are used as main members. the tabulated loads mu.st be reduced. VaJues
are omitted when L/ T exceeds 200. The tabulated loads with respect to the
y. Y axis are based on ~ 8 in. back to back of angles.
Using the table of comparative allowable unit stresses for A36 steel given
below, Example 4 illustrates a meLhod by wh ich a tabulated co ncentric
load for a main member may be converted to Lhe concenLric load for a sec-
ondary member having the same dime nsions,
Double-angle b-tru ts with l/ r ratios greater than 120 arc seldom used as
main members, However, Lhe following table may also be uJ;Cd to convert a
t.abulated concentric load for 8 secondary member to a coll(:entric load for a
moin member, This conversion is illusLTated in Example 5, provided K can
be taken as unity.

ALLOWABLE STRESS (KSI)

fOR COM PRESS ION MEMBERS Of Al6 STEEl
WITH Klf r OVER 120
(K - 1.0)
M ~mber

....
Me mber Wpe Member Type Type Member "T}'pe
,
Marn
,
Second
KI
MaIn
,
---
Second
KI
Main
"
-,- - -
M.rn
,
Second
KI
r r
-r -KIr
- - - -"- -- -- " " - - -"-
". ..
(kll)
,"'
(kll)
F.
(kif)
F ••
(kll)
F.
("'sl)
(ksl)
p ••F.
"- (kll) (kll)
-- -10 ,14
- - - - - - - -- - - - -
121 10.19 141 7.51 8_39 161 5.76 '.25 181 '-', ._"
122 ,-"
,-"
10.09 142 7,41 8_32 162 5.69 7.2, 182
.."
4.51 0.53
123
12' 9.70
10.00
'-',
143
144 ,.,.
'.30 8.25
8.18
163
164
5.62
5_"
7.16
7.12
183
184 4.41
6.51
6.49
125 9,55 '-", 145 1,10 8,12 165 5,49 '.08 1" '.36 .-"
125 9.41 9.70 14' 7.01 8." 16' 5.42 '_04 186 4.32 6.44
117
128
'_26
9.11
9.59
9.49
147
148
6.91
6.82
,-"
7.93
'67
'68
5.35
5.29
'_00
._" 187
188
4.27
4.23
6.42
6. 40
129
130
131
8.97
8_84
8.70
9.40
'_30
9.21
14'
150
151
6.73
'_64
6.55
7.87
7.81
7.75
16'
170
171
5.23
5.17
5.11
6.93
'_89
6.85
189
190
191
4.18
4. 14

4_"
..'.38"
6.35
132
133
8.57
8.44
9.12
9.03
152
153
,-"
'.38
7.69
'7.59
_64
172
173
5."
4."
6.82
6.79
19Z
193
4_"
4.01
6,33
6.31
134 8.32 8_"
8_86
154 '.30 174 4.93 6.76 194 3.97 '_30
135 8.19 1" 6.22 7.53 175 4.88 6.73 195 3.93 '_28
136
137
138
8.07
'.0;
'7.73
_84
8.78
8.70
8_62
1"
157
158
....
6.14

5.98
7.48
7. 43
7.39
176
In
178
4.82
4.77
4.71
6.10
6,67
'6.61
_64
1"
'"
198
,-"
,-"3.81
6.27
'-',
6.24
'39 8_54 15' 5.91 '.34 17' 4." 1" 3.77 '-',
140 7.62 8.47 160 5.8] '.Z9 ISO 4.61 ' _58 ZOO 3.71 ' _22
AMERICAN I NSTITUTE OF STEEl CoNSTR UCTION
3· •
EXAMPLE 4
Given: Using ASS steel, determine the allowable safe load on an 8 W 24,
used 8.8 a IICOOndary member and having an actuallengtb of 20 ft.
Solution:
Section to be used as secondary member; therefore, K _ 1.0.
Enter Table [ with effective length - 20 ft.;
safe concentric load as main member - 47 kips.
Area of 8 W 24 _ 7.06 sq. in.
F. - ~ _ 6.66 ksi.
7.06
Enter table above under Col. I with F. ,., 6.66 and read oppoeite in Col.
11; F•• - 7.82 kBi (by interpolation ).
AUowable safe load as a secondary member '"' 7.82 X 7.06 _ 55 kips.

EXAMPLE 5
Given: Using A36 stool. determine the allowable sa fe load on two angles 8 X
4 X 1 with 8 in. legs back to back used as a main member. With respect
to the Y - Y axis. the effective length equals 24 ft. a nd K - 1.0.
Solution:
Enter Double-Angle Strut Table with effective length equal 24 ft.; safe
concentric load 8a secondary member _ 146 kips.
Area of 2 - 8 X 4 X 1· angles _ 22.00 sq. in.
F •• _ 146 _ 6.64 ksi.
22.00
Enter table under Col. n with F .... - 6.64;
read opposite in Col. I; F. - 4.71 oi.
Allowable safe load as a main member "" 4.71 X 22.00 - 104 kips.

COMBINED AXIAL AND BENDING LOADING (INTERACTION)

Allowable loads given in the column tables are for columJUJ axially loaded.
For columns aubjected to both axial and bending stress, Section 1.6. 1 of the
AJSC Specification requires that the following formulas be satisfied:

1. When I.I F. :::; 0.15

I. + I. :::; 1.0 Formula (6)

Fd F.
2. When I.IF. > 0.15
I. + C,.f. < 1.0
F. (1 _::)F. - Formula (7a)

and, in addition, at points braced in the plane of bendine.

~ + I.:::; 1.0 Formula (7b)

0.6 F, F.
AMERICA,.. INSTITUTE Of STEEL CoNSTRUCTlO'"
 ,-,
When bending OCCW1l simultaneously about botb bet! of 8 column,
Formul8.8 (6), (78), and (7b) become:

aDd

f. + fh < 1.0.
0.6 F, /</,~ -

For columns of rolled shapes, similar built-up members. and box-type

profiles, subject to bending about. their major X - X axi., which qualify 88
oompact aections 8B defined in SeeLion 1.5.1.4.1 of the AISC Specification,
that are braced in the plane of their major axis at intervalB not. greater than
L •• the value F•• may not. exceed 0.66 Ft.
For columns that do not. meet. the requirements for compact sections
(except. box-type profiles), F•• is limitoo by Formulas (4) and (5 ) of Section
1.5.1.4.5 of the Specification but. may not exceed 0.60 F, . Likewise, for box-
type profiles, which do not meet the width-thickness ratio and the lateral sup-
port provisions of Section 1.5.1.4.1, but do conform to the provisions of
Section 1.9 of the Specification, Ph may not exceed 0.60 F. _
For columns subject to bending about their minor Y - Y axis, Fr, may be
taken at O.66F,; provided, they are compact sections and alMa moot the brac-
ing proviaion8 of Section 1.5.1.4.1 of the Specification. For a1J other condi-
tions f .... may not exceed 0.60 Fr.
The symbol (f) shown in Table 1 and U at the left of the weight identifies
"non-<:omllact" sections for A36, A242, A440 and A44 1 steel.
TIle symbol (t> shown in Table 11 identifies "non-<:ompact" sections for
A242, A440 and A441 steel only.
For columns subjected to combined axial and bending strcsa which have
the symbol ( §) at the left of their weight, the dl t ratio limitation should be
checked for compliance with Se<:lion 1.5.1 .4.1 of the Specification .
The use of the bending factors B. a nd B, tabulated at the bottom of the
load tabl88 provides a convenient means of roughly convertini bendini
moment into equivalent axial load P', in order to aelect a trial eoction from
the load tables capable of supporting the load P + P'. Bending factors B.
and B, are, respectively, equal to the area of the column divided by its appro-
priate eect:ion modulus. TIle selection is always conservative and increasingly
eo aa the ratio P'I P and the column slenderness ratio increase.
AMER1CAN I NSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
 1 - 10
A final selection can be made UBing Lhe following modified versiona of
the interaction Fonnulas (6 ). (7a), and (7b).
For bending about the X - X axia.
1. When I. I F • .:$ 0.15,

P+ pi _ P+ [B~M~(~:)J
- Required tabular load ....... ... ....... Equation (6)
2. When I. IF. > 0.15,

P+ P' - P+ [B,M,C_ (:':)(a, a;(KI)')]

- Requ.ired tabular load ..... . . . Equation (?a)

P+ P' - •.I\0.6
~F,) + [B,M\F
(Fo)] tz
- Required tabular load .... . .......•.. Equation (7b)
In Equation (7a), for the tenn P (K l)t, K is the elToctive length factor,
and l ia the actual unbraced lengt.h in t.he plane of bending, in t.hiscase, with re-
spect to t.he X - X axis.
For bending about the Y - Y axis, substitute terms corresponding to that
axis in tbe foregoing equations.
Values for the component.8 a~ and a,. equal to 0.149 X 10' Ar~t and
0.149 X 10' Ar,1 respectively, are I,isted at the bottom of the load tables.
EXAMPLE 6 1600 kips
Given : Using A36 swcl, design 14 C-V
W column in a tier building for 18 100 k·ft.
ft. story height to support 600 kip
gravity load and 190 kip-ft. maxi-
mum wind moment, as shown in
sketch. Assume K - 1.0 relative 190 k·ft.
to both nes. V-)
Solution: t600 kips

Neglecting Wind :
From Column Table I, select 14 Y>F 119 witb allowable concentric
load of 618 UI)8.
Including Wind:
Since the load tables do not reflect pennissible one-t.hird increase
for wind, reduce given loading condition 25 l>ercent. P - 450 kips;
At _ 142.5 kilrft. _ 1,710 kip-in.
Trial Selection:
From load table page 3 - 18, average Bz - 0.185
P + P' _ 450 + (0.185 X 1,710) - 450 + 317 - 767 ups.
Try 14 'IF 142. Allowable concentric load is 751 kips, less than
767 kips. However, Buch t.riaJ calculations alwaya overestimate
actual requirement:e.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 , ·11
Ch«Jc by Modified EqualioM:
For 14 YF 142:

Since ;~ > 0.15, Formula (6 ) is not used.

d/ t - 21.7 < 8OOO/v'36000 < 42 o. k.

Kl / r, - 183~/2 _ 54.4; F. _ 17.95 ksi.

From table on page 3.l8, Lf - 16.8 ft. < 18 ft.; Fb ~ 22 ksi.

L . - SO.8 ft. > 18 ft..; use FH - 22 ksi.
In this CWMl ,
F. _ 17.95 _ 0.816
0.6 F, 22
Assume: C. r 0.85
-

From load table, a .. - 249.1 X 10'.

P (Kl P - 450 X 216 1 - 21 X 10' (assume K - 1.0) ;
or 249.1
1.09
a, P (Kl ), 249.1 21
According to Equation (7a):
p +P' - 450 + (317 X 0.85 X 0.816 X 1.09) _ 690 kips.
According La Equation (7b):
P + P' - (450 X 0.816) + (317 X 0.816) - 626 < 690 klpe.

Final Selection:
Equat.ion (7a) requires an axial load capacity of 690 kips. Thisload
is greater than 600 kips required neglecting wind.
Enter Column Table I and find 14 YF 136 with an aUowable con-
centric load equal to 707 kips which is greater than P p' _ +
690 kips.
Use 14 YF 136

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CoNSTRUCTION

 -
Noles

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 3- 13
b
. y J COLUMNS
ASTM A36
F, = 36 ksi

d~3eX
Cover plated IfF

l...1

Core Sec1lon
y
TABLE I
Allowable concentric loads in kips
fOf high strength steels lIIe P_S_S_19

14 W 320
:r
CoY_ PI.t" 24 x 24X3v.. 24Xl" 24X3'-' 24 X 3140 24X3 I 23X3 1 23XZJ~ 1 23X2""
~
1--1---
o.pth d Width b 24 )( 24 23'.' X 24'23v.. X 24;23'" X 24 23 X 24 22"4 X 24 UWO X 23 22\01, X 23221,4 x 23
- - - --- -'50-
- Weill'" per Fool
'" ."
5464
on ."
- - --- - -
- '5O
.10
'" no
8
9
lO
5""
5559
5528
5434
540'
5338
5309
5279
5212
5)84
5)54 "'"
S058
S029
"'0
4933
4904
4821
4199
4770
4108

"'"
"51
4586
4559
4531
c
••;; II

"
13
"96
5'"
54"
5371
5339
5305
5247
5215
5182
5123

""
S059
4999
4968
49"
4875
4'44
4813
4140
4108
4676
"'I
4591
4559
4SO'
44],
444l
~ 14 5392 5270 5)4' SO" 40" 4180 464' 4526 4409
15 5356 5234 5112
"0
,• 16 5318 5197 S016
499l
4955
4.69 4747
4713 "'"
4574
4493
4458
4376

'6
•• 11
l8
"., 5159
5121
S039
500l
4919
"35
4199
4762
4618 4538
4S01
4423
4381
434'
4308
4Z72
" 19
"40
"00 5081 496' ""
4844 4725
46"
4605 446' 43SO
""
.a "S "
5159 5041 4923 4805 4681 4968 4424 4312 4198
5117 4999 4765 4273
'" i
<
'1
S013 4951 "" 4724 "" 4529 4385 4l6O

l ••
• " 23 SOlO 4914
4840
4198
""
4608
4561 "'"
44SO
4344
430'
"33
4192
4122
""
...""
4755 4640 4409
..... f
..,
~
"
25
4985
"39
"10

""
4711 4597
4525
"83 43"
'''1
4218
4151
4109
4641
4000

'"< '" "" "" 4845

4779
4133 ""
""
4553
4508
4440
4396
4325
4""
"'.
4114
4)30 ""
3915
•
" "
29
30
4797
41"
4698
4685
4631
4574
4526
4418
446'
441'
4369
4351
4306 4193
4085
4038
3918
3932
'3821
812
5
~
45" 4259 41"
"" 3886 '182
,,'"
...
4)64
;,
c "
34
4596
4491 ""
4384
4380
4278
4272
4172 4'61
4055
3958
3896
3196
3792
"94 3594
"•
~
36
38
40
438'
4271
4156
""
4168
4055
4174
3955
4010
'964
3855
3966

""3755
3859
3757
3694
3589
3594
34'"
3496
3394
3653 3481 3384
"'"
~

~
""
46
4038
3917
3793
3939

""
3698
384l
3724
3605
3743
3629
3511
3646
3533
3418
'545
3434
3321
'''9
32"
JlJ8
3275
3162
3041
3183
3013
29"
"
SO
3665
3535
3573
3445
34"
3356
3390
3267
3300
3178
'204
3085
3011
''''
2928
,." ""
27Z4
Properties

Area A (In.1) 268.1 262.1 256.1 250.1 244.1 238.1 232,1 2l6,4 220.6
Ratio r./r,
L: (In.)
).SO
6,10
1.49
'.08
1.49
6.06
)."
'.04
1.47
6.02
1.47
5.99
1.52
5.77
1.51
5.74
),SO
5.72
(f1.) 26.0 26.0 26,0 ".0 26.0 26.0 24,9 24.9 24,9
B. }Bending .143 .144 .145 .l46 .147 .1" .149 .ISO .151
B. factors .322 .324 .321 .329 .332 .'34 .346 .349 ,352
0. }Multiply 3351.8 32l6.9 3097,1 2978.3 2855.1 2141,1 2647.8 2541.6 2431.0
0. values by to" 1486.4 1443.6 1401.3 1359.5 1318.1 1272 .9 1151.4 llll.4 1075,4

AM ER ICAN I NSTITUTE OF STEEL CoNSTRUCTION

 b
ASTM A36
F, = 36 k,i COLU MNS ) y J
{~x
Cover plated IfF

:r
Cor. s.dlon
TABLE I
Allowable concentric loads in kips
For h!e:h Itrenl(lh Ileell,..

14
~p ] .

w: 320
JO
Y

COver PIIIt •• .Ux 1" 'n x~ ' 22 x Z~ I UX2* 1 2IXl\4 'nX2". j u X 2 22 X l Jl. , 22XI.,.
X 22 ~ 21~ X Z2 21~ X 22'11',4 x 221tl x 22 :lO',l X22I~20\4 X-2
...
-
o.pth d b 22","
Width
- . . --
We1Slll p., Fool
- '" III
. - '" 61.
'" '" . 01' ",
8
, 4436
4349
4321
4233
4207
4119
4092
4003
3978
..., 3888
3863
3m
3749
3658
3634
3542
351'

<
10
11
4407
4177
4293 4179
4264 4150
3951
4037
31137 3723
3924 3810
3495
3697
"'"
3583 3469
:8 4346 4233 4120 4008 3782 3670 3443
• 12
4202
"'" 3978 ""
3866 3154 3641
35"
3529 3416

..•,
13 4314
~ 14 42BI 4170 4058 3947 383' 3724 3612 3500 3388
15 4247 4137 4026 3915 3804 3693 3582 3471 3360
16 4212 4103 3992 3883 3772
,..,
3662 3552 3441 333ll
'•"
~
17
18
19
4177
4140
4103
4068
4032
3958
3923
380i
3...
3815
3779
3739
3706
3671
3597
3563
3520
3488
3410
3378
3346
3300
3269
3237

..,. ""
3'"
~
• 20 4064 3957 3850 3743 3636 3528 342l 3312 3204
-0 S 21 3919 3812 3706 3493 3386 3278 3171
'"
< li
~
" ""
23 3944
3880
3840
3773
3734
3668
3630
""
3562
352'
3456
3419
3lSi
3314
3244
3208
3137
3102
•
• 3694 3591 34lI6 3382 32n 3172 3)67

""
3902 37"
~ J8'l9 3757 3653 3550 3447 3343 3240 ll35 3030
l-
U')i
... 26 3816 3714 >;11 3510 3407 3304 3201 3097 2"3
< ';;" Z7
,.
ln2 3671 3568 3468 3366 3264 3162
"'" "" 2917
.
E
28
30
3726
3681
>;]4
3627
3582
3536
3525
3481
3436
3425
3382
3338
3324
3282
3239
3223
3182
3139
3122
3082
lO4O
3Il2O

""
29"
2878
2839

< 32 3538
3439
3442
334'
3344
32..
3248
3155
3150
3059 305'
2963 ""
2868 ""
2770
2757
2613
"
<
~
34
36
38
3338
3233
3246
3143
3151
3C5O """683059
2960 2868
2811
2716
2718
2685
2682
2591 ""
2497
•
~

li
40
42
3125
3013
3037
2928
"" "'.
2839 "54 2666
"'78
2578
2589
2491
2497
2400
2405
2310
"
~ 44
46 ""
2782
2816
2701
2729
2615
2646
2536
2560
2451
2474
2368
23.'
2285
2300
2198
2212
2m
48 2661 2582 2422 2340 "58 2177 2m 2.-
I " 2531 2461 ""
2380 230' "25 2146 2067 1984 1902
Properties

Arall A (in.") 215.1

U6
209.'
1.55
' 2G4.1
L54
198.6
L54
193.1
L53
181.6
L52
182.1
L52
17b.6
1.51
171.1
1.51
Rlltio r, /r,
r. (In.)
,_ (IL)
'.50
23.8
' .48
23.8
5.45
23.8
'.43
23.8
'.40 5.37
23.8 23.8
'.34
23.8
'.30
23.8
,.'23.8"
11. ~Banding .152 .153 .154 . 1" .1" .157 .159 .160 .161
If, lacttN's .>;, .366 .370 .373 .]77 .382 .386 .391 ."7
o. } Multlpl~ 2353.9 2251.1 21SD.9 2058.2 1.963.0 1810.4 1180.2 1692.5 1601 .2
o. Ya lues y 1(1" 969.5 931.9 90].3 872.5 838.0 806. 1 713.1 139.1 705 .4

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CoNSTRUCTION

 ] · 15
b
ASTM A36
_~ Y J COLUMNS F, = 36 k,j

{~x
Cover plated W

I
TABLE I
Allowable concentric loads in kips
For hiah str.rt5th $tHls ... p,,, 3 · 31
Y
, - ' Cor' SKtlo-o- - 14 W 320
--
CoY" fILIl.s I U)( I.,. 22 X l~ 20 X 1~ 20 X 1"
-
2fJ)( 1\4 1. X 1\4 I' X ..... II X 1
--
..,
-
!'.pl h d Width b
W.I,ht per Foot
-
- -
."
10 X 21

--
,..
U '.4X 12 It'4 X 20
- - S>.
It~ X 20 It'" X 20 19'4 X II

." - - - --
'" -- ...19 X II

- --
I.,. XII
U,
•, 3421
3404
3]12 3177
]IS]
30"
3/)4' "" ,...
2946
,,58 2762
'832 27]9 ""
,...
10 '380 ""
3266 3129 lO25 2922 2715 7.623

$ II 3356 3242 310] lOOO 2898 2782 2690 "99

12 3330 3217 3077 2975 2873 2156 26b' 2574

~
13 3304 3191 3050 '2921
948 2729 2638 '54'
..
'84'
14 3276 3165 3022 2820 2701 2611 2~22
15 '24' 3137 2593 2892 2793 2672 '583 24"
,• 16
'''' 1I09
'2933
96' '2833
86' 2164 264' 2554 2467

'•" "
~
17

""" ""
1I90
3159
lO8O
'901 '0l3
2735
2105
26,.
2612
'581
"24
2493
24"
'2377
408
•
J!
"'"
19
20
3128
"" ""
lO2O
2989 24'" 2836
2771
2139 2643 2516 '346
... X " 30'" "', ''''' 267'
-0 2
~
lO64 24" 2168
21" 2611
2S78
2391
'363
2314
'281
< !• ,. 22
23""
"', "..
260'
'544 24" '293
2891 2733
,."
2638
2510
'44'
2316
'329 2247
2213

....l: ...,
£
25 "" "'"
2926
""
,m
2822 2475 2258 2178
(f) 26 262' ".,
2890 '302
2787 24'" 2221 2142

< :.: 21 ,...

"" 24"
2853
'36'
2751
'26' '403 218J 2106

,...
28 2816 2714 2454 2224 2145 206'
~ m, '"16 2416 2185 2031
29
""
'" '" "'" ,40>
.E
26'" "'" "" "", 2376
'328
2144 1993

'295 2210 2061 1985 1913

~
to
l2
14"" '298 26"
2571
'38'
2211 2128 1975 1.,1 1831

•! ..
c "86 1814 1747
J!
" '404 '''''
36
""
2492
2314
2311
2223
2209
2118
2024
2035
1943
2044
1".
1866
1794
1698
1724
1631
1659
I""
¥
m;
.I 42 2221 2112 1927 1848 1773 1600
~
~ 44 2125 2038 1827 1749 1677 1498
,.26 1724 1579 13!1'3
~t;~
194' 1648
48 192' 1843 1617 1544 1477 1285 1227

" 1821 1741

"i" 1436 1371
"" 1131 1083
Properties

Area A fn. l ) 165.6 160.1 154 1 149.1 144.1 139.1 llU 130.1
Rat io r. r. 1.50 1.50 1.59 1.5. 1.58 "66 1.65
4.4,
1.64
r .(I,...) 5.22 5.18 4. 80 4.82 4.19 4.53 4. "
21.7 19.5 19.5 19.5
...,
L. (ft.) 23.8 21.8 21.7 21.7
B~ }Bendin g
8 . factors
Q ~}MUltiply
.162
1514.4
.164
.410
1443.9
.166
.424
1358.4
.168
.430
1296.7
.169
.436
1223.9
.I7Z
.4'"
1165.8
....
.173
llOt.2
.175
.44'
1041.5
o. values by 101 672.3 .... 1 S42 .3 516.1 492.6 475.3 406.1 389.1
loIods IMI ..... huyY lin . . . . I~" "I,.. ",,,",ben with Kif ' ••110$ Mlween 110 and 100.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION

3·16 Rtvi!led 11/ 65

V
ASTM A36 COLUMNS
F, = 36 ksi
\!IF shapes
TABLE I XIX
14

Nominal Depth
I Allowable concentric loads in kips
For hlah strength Iteel$ see pale ' ·32 V

and Width
Walaht per Foot ..,.
'" 22<1
'" I '"
14 X 16

.."" ". '" '"

..,
• "'"
7
8
2585
2564
2433
2413 2243 "'"
2073
1954
1938
1921
1911
lOll
1885
1752
1137
1722
1611
15'"
1584
lSOI
1488
1475
239' 2224 2056
<
.2 •
10
2541
2518
2372
23SO
2204
2184
2037
2018
101'
1885
1868
18SO
1706
1601
156.
1554
1461
1447

.i,• 11
12
13
2494
246•
244'
2328
2304
2280
2162
2140
2117
1998
1977
1956
1866
1846
182'
1831
1812
1792
1672
1655
1636
1538
1521
1'"
1432
1416
1400
~ 14 2416 2254 209' 1933 1804 1771 1617 1486 138'

~
-••• 15
10
17
238.
2360
2331
2228
2201
2174
206.
204'
2017
1910
1"7
1862
1782
1159
1736
17SO
1728
1705
1597
1577
1556
1468
144.
1429
1366
134.
1330
-0 2 18 2301 2145 1991 1837 1712 1682 1535 1410 1312
'"
< U
&
19
20
2270
2239
2116
"'7
196'
1935
1812
1786
1688
1662
"58
1634
1513
1401
1""
1368
1292
1273
•
~
1-
•
~

.~
21
22
23
2206
2173
2139
2056
202'
199'
l!'"
1877
1847
1759
1731
1703
1637
1610
158'
1.,.
1583
1557
1467
144'
1419
1347
132'
1302
1253
1232
1211
<n 24 2105 1960 1816 1674 1556 1530 1394 1279 11..
< ~
~ " 206. 1927 1784 164' 1527 150' 136. 1255 1167
26 2033 1893 1752 1615 1499 1475 134' 1231 1145
~
27 1996 1858 1720 1584 146' 1446 1311 1207 1122
.:
,.
~

<
28
29
30
1959
1921
1882
182'
1787
1750
1686
1652
1617
1553
1521
14..
1439
14'"
1378
1417
1388
1357
1"'"
12"
1235
1182
1156
1131
1098
1074
1050
~
• 32
''''' 1674 1546 1422 1313 1295 1177 1077 1001
" 34 1719 1596 1472 1353 1247 1231 1118 1022 946

~
36 1633 1515 1396 1281 1178 1164 1056 964 894
38
40
1544
1452
1431
1344
1316
1234
1207
1130
1107
1033
1095
1023
992
926 ""
84'
838
7..

P roperties
Area A (i n.') 125.25 116.98 108.78 100.59 94. 12 92.30 84 .31 77.63 72.33
Ratio r,/r. 1.67 1.66 1.66 1.65 1.59 1.64 1.63 1.63 1.62
r, (in.) 4.34 4.31 4.27 4.24 4.l7 4.20 4. 11 4.14 4.12
I~. (IL) 18.1 18. 0 17.8 11.1 18.1 11.6 17.5 17.4 17.3
L. (ft.) 123.2 111.2 110.9 104 .5 94.' "'.0 91.3 85.6 SO.,
B. } Bending .171 .178 . 179 .1" . 191 .1" . 181 .182 .182
B. lactors .44' .447 .451 . 456 .481 .459 .464 .467 . 470
a. } MUltiply
a.
983.'
351.5
896.1 812.5
323.8 295.'
732.3
269.4
616.4 654.8
242.6
583.0
218.6
525.5
198.3
480.'
182.9
values by 10' 243.9
• Heavle, sections are avallabla In the 14 X 1&W" slI,ies I,om Bethlehem Steel C<I,p. and
U. S. Stelll Co'I) •
•• Column core lecllon.

AMERICA N INS TITUTE OF ST EEL CONSTlttlCTIO N

 3 ·17
y
, ASTM A36
COLUMNS
F, = 36 ksi
XIX W shapes
TABLE I

Nomlnel Depth
Allowable concentric loads in kips
FOt hlsh strenath It. .ll see P"S- S· 1)

HX 16
I 14

end Width
m
Welshl per Fool
'" 228
--'" '" '" I" I" I"

•
7
1446
1434
1391
1379
1335
1323
1297
1276
1231
1221
1176
1166
1121
1111
Ion
1063
1017
100II
.§
•
9
10
1421
1408
1394
1367
1354
1341
1312
1299
1286
1265
1253
1240
1210
1198
1186
1155
114'
1133
1101
1090
1079
1053
1043
1032
999
989
979
;;
.,
;;,
•
11
12
13
14
1379
1364
1349
1332
1327
1312
1297
1282
1273
1259
1244
122'
1227
1213
1199
1185
1174
1161
1147
1133
1121
IIOS
1095
1082
1068
11'56
1044
1031
1021
1009
998
985
969

""
946
935
~

•• 15 1316 1266 1213 1170 1119 1068 1017 972 922

91.
."
16 1299 1249 1197 1154 1104 1054 1004 959
.!! 17 1281 1232 1181 1138 1089 1039 990 946 897
18 1263 1215 1164 1122 1073 975
-0
'" !
19
20
1244
1225
1197 1147 1105 1057
102'
1009 961 '"
918
.,3
884
87.
< •
1178 1129 1088 1040 993 946 856

~
.....
• "
~
21 1206
1186
1159
1140
1111
1092
1070
1052
...
1023
1006
977
960
930
91.
888
873
842
827

... ...
.~ 23 1165 1120 1073 1034 943 898 857 813
VI
< >l
24
25
1145
1123
BOO
1080
1054
1034
1015
996
97'
951 .,.926 881 841
825
797
782
;; 1058 97. 847 766
.!!
"
Z7
1101
1079 1037
1013
99l 956
933
913
890
871
'" 791 749

..
.E
~

~
<
28
29
30
1056
1033
1010
1015
993
97ll
971
950
928
935
91'
893
894
873
853
852
83J
813
811
793
774
773
756
738
733
716
."
••
32 961 923 882 849 811 773 735 700 663
34 911 87. 835 804 767 731 .95 662 62.
.21
~
36 859 82. 786 756 687 653
38 804 772 736 707
722
675 642 61' 680 '"
548
40 748 717 683 .56 ." '95 56' '36 507

Properties
Area A (In.')
Ratio rl!r.
69.69
1.62
67.06
1.61
64.36
1.62
62.07
1.61
59.39
1.61
56.73
1.61
54.07
1.61
I 51.73
"60
49.09
.. 60
'l.(ln.) 4.11 4.10 4.08 4.07 '.06 4.05 '.04 4.02 4.01
( ft.) 17.2 17.2 17 .1 17 .1 17.1 17.0 17.0 16.9 16.9
L . (ft.) 68.9 66.3 58.5
8 1 } Bending
B . faclors
a. } Multiply
78.4
.182
.472
459.2
76.1
.182
.473
437.9
73.6
.183
.475
416.5
71.2
.183
.477
398.'
.183
.477
378.5
.183
.479
358.2
....
63.8
.183
339.3
61.2
.184
.483
320.7
.184
.485
301.5
a. values by 10' 175.4 168.0 159.6 153.2 145.9 138.6 131 .5 124 .6 117.6

AMERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CoNSTRUCTION

1 ·18

ASTM A36 v
COLUMNS
F, = 36 ksi
'IF sh apes
TABLl I XiX
14
I Allowable ccncentric loads in kips
For "iah sll.net" st.els see palla J . ]4 V

.
Nomh.. 1I1 Depth 14 X 16 I. X 14 ~
.nd Width

". 861 , , ,
.,.". 111 -122-
-
W~aht
,
pet Foot
'"~ I '" ----
I -
127 II. 'II tiD] ,I>

8
1
8 ...."
96'
954
913

""8" 859
851
818
81'
101
164
156
148
'"
'"
"1
116
108
"8
612
511
'" 56' 5Z2
511

'"
521
511

..
55.
69' '"
9 888 8" Oll 605
~
10 921 ".86. ". 192 139
'".. '" '" 505

",•
II
12
911
85. 815
183
113
131
121 ,
...838821 '"785195 763752 102 '"'"''58" '"'" 591
'" ."
'"56.568 '16'32'"~ '"'"'"
'39
,;
13 895 805 112 '" 486

• "
..
884 613

~
J
15
16
813

...
861 816
'"763 101
, .
'" '" '" 638 682
".
'95 551
"" ."
."«.«I
...
-0 £
11
18 836 193 151
119
'"
671 58' 628 '42 500
492

'"'"55'
"8 53'
19 101 140 695 601 648 '24
< i• 20
82'
81' "8 128 631
683
'" 51' ."'" 433

~ ;; • 54'
........, ....".,.'" ."...
21 796 155 115 610 585 50<

..
62S
142 103 651
I-
'" " 23
183
768
71, m
154 ""128 690 64'
630
613

581
513
562
53'
'23
'56 416

< >1 ",." '" 550 511

'"
...
739 616 531
-• '" '"100
686 64. 602 561
500 389

";;•
E '"69'
21
28
701 '" ."
671
." 635
621
581
572
541 512
451
'40
'16
406
380
31.
361
29 '"'"
611 641 '" ."
." 606 551
533
'19 48' 451
429
411
395
384 ,..
351

..• '",,.
~
c
30
32
34 591 ." '"
'"
«, .11
59'
«, 41.
'91
S60
541
509
504
380
313
350 319
291
'" 528 384 35' 326

~
36 55' 525 «2 411 495 383 355 3Z8 301 275
38 511 312 --;;;- 'liiii"""1
489 ~"""'3f1 461 216 --iii-
40 418 ~1"""'425" 368 3112 319 294 271 249 , 227

Properties
Area A (In.') 44.08 30."
,...
46.47 41.85 39.98 37.33 34." 32.65 27.94 ". 56
Ra tio rx/r'l
2(ln.)
1.60
'.00
1.60 1.59
3.97
1.67
3.17
1.67
3.76
1.67
3.75
1.61
3.73
1.67
3.72
I." 3.70
3.71
I."
~ (ft.) 16.8 16 .8 16.8 16.0 15.9 15.9 15.8 ... ... ...
I. .. (ft .) SO.8 40.2 32 '
8 .} Bendlni
8 , factOrS
O.f} MultiPlt
....
56.'
.183
283.6
53.5
..,
..1"
266.'
.185
.491
...,
249. 1
48.'
.185
.519
237.2
45.6
.185
.'20
220.1
42.9
.185
.521
204.'
.185
.525
188.8
37 . 9
.185
.'"
173.9
35 .'
.186
.'29
158.5
.1"
.'30
144.0
0)' values y 101 , UD.8 HI4 .6 ".1 78.6 73.3 67 . 7 62 .' 57 .' 52. 1
Loeds below h..vy lin• •r. lor m.l n m.mben with Kt/~ r.tlos tMllw..n 120 lind 200.
f No,,<om~t Mdlon; .... diKUUlon unO. AIo_bl. Loeds on Columns. o.n.,1I1 NOles.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CoNSTRUCTION

 3 · 19

y
COLUMNS ASTM A36
F, = 36 ksi
X
IX W shapes
TA BLE I

y
Allowable concentric loads in kips
FOI hlvll strenath ".ell I •• pea. J .)5
I 14

.. . ..
Nomln.' Depth x
.. 14 1Z 14)( 10 14 X.
.nd Width

-- -"- - '"
."" "
Weil(hl pet loot
- -
•1 50'
491 461 '"
.28
400
19'
'lS2
59 ,..
lIJZ'
'" 245
238
,• '" '"
."...
.90 45• .20 l85 345 286 25' 2Jl
~
c
0
..,
'11 111 '38
131 ,..
211 25.
242 '"
to 415
'" 216

..,~
•
11
12
.., 461
45.
4ll
'25
m
19'
18l
,.,
360
lS'
12'
lIS
258
248
2ll
22' ""
200

'6
II

"
'50
409
11l 342
lJ2 """" 231
"6
2"
204
191
l8.
•• lS
'" .00 352 122 288 2" 19l 172

....
-0
.
~

S
16
11
l8
'"
412
402
3"
'" '"
312
340
311
'11
lOl
289
279
269
259
202
'90
111
'82
11l
159
.62
lSI
.40
19 391 362 304 21. 248 163 .46 129
< i• 20 lSI 351 29.
'" 231
'" III 111

... ..,i•
~
II>
~
21

"
13
310
359
341
III
320
342 218
264
,,.
250
25'
241
221
22fi
215
203
135
I2l
III
I2l
Ito
to.
".
91
89
< '-." ",.
25
335
313
lIJ9 I
• '"200
191
l1B
to3
95
9l
85
81
15
.
221

3to '"
,.. ".112 165
E 21
28
291
'"
262
'".90
111 160
1S3
142
88
82
16
19
13
68
"54
60

.•
~

'"251 165
'" .ll
"" ""
10 29 211 24' 11
c 154 119 12'
lO
'" "
~
g
12
34
l6
lS
40
228
202

""
.62
146
209
185
''48
65
134
116
120
,.
'01
81
I2l
.09
91
81
78
..
.09
91
71
10
"
I
Properties
Are a A (in.') 24.71 22.94 21.76 20.00 11.94 15.59 14.11 12.65
Ra i la "sl,., 2.03 2.03 2.44 2.45 2.44 3.01 3.01 3.08
,., (in.) 3.02 3.00 2.48 2.46 2.45 1.92 1. 91 1.89
Lc (ft.) 13.0 13.0 10.9 10.9 10.8 8.1 8.1 '.1
t · (fl.) 29.' 27.9 25.3 23.3 21.0 11.3 15.1 14 .0
R.} Bendln.
8 , f&ctc.s
.'89
.659
.189 .• 94 .• 94 .195 .200
1.090
.20'
I.1OZ
.202
.665 .82' .830 .834 1.119

".. .." 63.'

" , } Multiply 138.4 126.8 lIB.7 108 .0 95.' SO., 72.2
"~ values by lIP >l.' 19.94 18 .03 16.05 Hi> 6.73
Loed. beoIow h.evy lin. a •• lor meln memb..a witll KI/ r •• tlol be t..... n 120 end 200.
I Mey btl non-compact under combined a ..ial end bendlnl( It .aues. Clleck compllinca wIth
AISC Specllicetlon. Sect. 1.5.1.'-1.

AMERICAN IN STITU TE OF ST EEL CONSTRUCTI ON

'·20

ASTM A36 COLUMNS

F, =
36 k,i
W shapes

12 I TABLE 1
Allowable concentric loads in kips
For hllth Itrenath .teels ••• pip J . 36 y

Nomine' o.pth
end Wldlh 12 X 12

Welllht p« foot 190 161 III 12'0 Hili t9 92 : 15 7' m f6S

j--=e=c:':;:-II7,;;- - 969 . 799 ·I ~-j --;;:;-t--i~ . 552
6 1143 721 636 593 509 473 431
7
8
1130
1lI6
951
§45
789
719
712
702
628
6ZO
586
578
545
531
503
496
461
461
425
420 '"
384
e
.2 9
10
1101
ID85
932
919
768
rn
693
682
611
602
570
561
5JO
521
489
481
454
447
413
4tl7 '"
'"
367
! II 1069 904 745 671 592 552 513 413

'"'"341
'"
432 400
393

~
,• "
13
14
1052
lO:!5
1017
890
875
859
133
720
107
660
648
636
582
512
561
542
533
522
5011
495
486
465
457
448
424
415
386
378
348

• 15
16
998
979
843
826
693
679
624
611
550
538
512
SOl
476
466
439
429
407 370
'"
17
IS
959
938
917
808
791
m
664
649
634
598
584
570
526
514
502
490
478
466
455
444
433
420
410
399
""
...
380
370
362
354
345
316
'"'19
3II

"
20 895 753 618 555 489 454 412 389
360 '" '"""
21
22
23
24
873
850
827
803
734
114
694
673
602
585
568
550
540
525
509
493
475
462
448
433
442
429
416
402
410
39B
386
373
378
367
355
343
350
'" ... 318

'" '" '"

317 288
Z86
,..
2n

25 778 652 532 471 419 388 360 331 J06 171 250
26 753 630 514 460 404 374 347 319 295 Z68 240
495 442 388 359 333 306 283 2S7 ZlO
"28 727
701
607
584 476 425 372 344 319 293 271 245 220

"'"
32
34
674
646

...
561
537

487
43'
456

'"
4c.i

34'
31.
..
356

"9 ""
329

281
305 280
1--"""'-I....="'''-I-,,,,,,,,--!-,,,31'''-I. 290 267
238
211
258

219
194
234
~...EL....!!!...
". 156
175
209

In

" '".24 '" ""312 271 230

472 271 241
""166 '"
222 188 173
155 ". '"
140
38
40 382
348
314
280
153
248
22'
217

'" '"
1110
184
15' 140 127'm"
Properties

Area A (In.Z)
Ratio rxlry
r y (In.)
55.0;
1.79
3.25
47.38
1.78
'.20
39.11
1.77
3.16
35.31
1.76
3.13
31.19
1.76
3.11
"."
,."
1.76
27.06
1.75
3.08
24.98
1.75
3.07
23.22
1.75
3.05
21.16
1.75
3.04
19.11
1.75
3.02
I~ (ft.) 13.7 13.6 13.4 13.3 13.2 13.2 13.2 13.1 13.1 ...
L. (ft .) 69.5 60.9 51.9 47.2 42.5 ".9 37.6 35.2 32.7 29.9 27.2
H'} Bending .212 .213 ,214 .216 .216 .216 .216 .216 .2l7 .217 .217
By factors
.,)Muttlply
07 values by 10'
.""
281.9
87.9
.610
229.'
72.3
.620
182.1
58.2
.631
159.1
51.5
.634
138.5
44.'
.637 .641
127.8 111.6
41.4 38.2
.642
107.7
35.1
.649
98.7
32.2
.653
88.9
29.1
.657
79.'
2....
lo.tt. below n..vylin,., for m,l" m.mw. with Kl/rr"~ Mtw.,n 120 .nd ZlIO.
t Non-cornPilet HCtion: _ dl$eupDn un"., -'IIoWilbi. loIods on Column •• Gln...1 Not.S.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

r ] ·21

Y
COLUMNS ASTM A36
F, = 36 k.i
XIX W shapes
TABLE I
Allowable concentric loads in kips
For I>1£h slAlnith it •• 11 ... !as' " 37
1 12.10
y

. .. .
r-6C1mln . ' Depth 12 X 10 11 X. 10 X 10
end Wlcnh
'*" fool 51 U2
I
Weilli'll
I " I
'00

•
7
342
336
312
." '"279 ~ 229
223
663
653
593
583

g
< ,• 330
323
301
295
271
263 ,.,
2"
744 m
21'
642
631
573
563
I'
.•, ~ 11
31. 288 255
246
228 203
195 ...
.1. 552
541

..
~ 309 282 220
12 302 275 236 212 188 592 52'
13 294 267 227 203 180 579 51.
14 286 21. 193 172 503
"-•• 15 271 '"
252 184 163 '"550 49'

• l'17 26' 244 195 174 154 534

".
...
-0 "£ l'1.
-
260
250
2<l
235
227
21'
183
171
159
163
152
141
145
135
125
51'

...
502
48S
462
447
432
< •
u
& 20 231 209 146 129 115 41.

~ •
...en ~

~
21
12
221
21.
1"
189
179
133
121
117
107
104

"
'50
'32
,..
413
""383
366
< ~
~
23

"25
1"
188
177
169
158
III
102
94
"
01
83
87
SO
74 374
34'
331
;;

"
£
~
26
27
28
165
153
142
147
136
127
87
SO
76
71
66
58
63
353
332
31.
312
293
273
;;;
< 29
30
133
124
11.
11.
75
70
65
.1
57 "
55
51
2B9
270
2S5
238
"•
~
>

..
32
34." 109
95
57 50
" 238
2ll
209
185

I.
;:; 36 n 188 165
38 n
70
69
62
169
152 I"
134

Properties
Area A (in .~ 17 .06 15.59 14.11 13.24 11 .77 32.' 29.4
Ratio r.c/r, 2. 10 2.11 2." 2.65 2.64 1.75 1.14
z,(in.) 2.51 2." 1.95 1.94 1.94 2.67 2.65
(It.)
IJ. (H .)
10.8
23.'
10.8
21.1
.221
•••.227
19.3
' .7
17.5
.227
'.7
15.7
.227
11.3
51.9
.261
11.2
47. 3
.262
8 ,,} Bending . 218
B, factors .197 .812 1.051 1.068 1.070 .728 .738
oJ<} Multiply 70.9 63.5 5'-' 52.3 46.2 107 .0 93.2
0, values by 10' 16.01 14.29 8. 42 7.42 ' .60 35.' 30.'
Lads below h.,...,. Un ..... lor m.ln m.mlMn wilh I(I/ r ,.lIos Iat. . . n 120 .nd ZOO.

AMERI CAN IN ST ITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRU CTION

3 ·22

ASTM A36 V,
COLUMNS
F, = 36 ksi
\/IF shapes
TABLE I XIX
10

Nomlnel Depth
I Allowable concentric loads in kips
fOl hieh st'enl[lh steels see ptlee 3·38 V

end Width
Welllht per Foot
6
.
521
n . ..
10 X 10

..
" - - -35'- ---nol
426
t .. . 10 X ,

" III
18,
,9
7 '510
19
'56
448
440
419
411 ""
383
377
34'
343
313
308
'"
'"
279
258
252
245
22'
21'
m
184
179
< 500 432 370 238
.g
10 .90 424
404
395 362
ll6
329
302
296
273
268 23! ""
199
173
167

-~•
0
1I
12
13
480
469
458
41'
405
395
387
378
369
354
'"
322
314
307
289
282
275
262
256
249
223
215
193
185
178
1'1
155
149
.0 14 447 385 359
337
329 299 268 242 ""
197 170 142

-..•••
~
15 435 374

..
349 319 290 260 235 188 162 135
16 422 363 339 310 281 253 228 178 153 127
17 409 352 l28 300 272 244 221 1" 145 120
-0 2 18 340 317 290 263 236 213 158 135 1I2
'"
< li
~
l'
20
382
l68
l28
31'
306
294
219
26'
254
244
227
218
205
197
147
136
126
li6 4
:I
I-
(I)
~
•
•
..,"i
21
22
23
354
330
323
303
290
276
282
210
251
258
246
234 212
234
223 ""
200
1'"
188
180
111
125
III
104
.
106
88
"78
12
< 24 301 262 244 222 201 180 161 95 '1
"61
';;"
!'.
25
26
291
274
248 230 210
- - - -- - - -
216
190 170
159
152
142
88 75
56
~
,.
.E 21
28
--;;;-
240
233
21' 202
197
184
178
166 148 132
'1
75 "
64 52

..•
203 188 111 154 138 123 70 60 48
< 29
30
223 189 175
164
159
149
144 128
120 lI'
107
65 55
52
45
42
• 32 ""
183
177
155 144 III
134
118 105 94
'1
54 46 11
~
w
34
36
163
145
137
123
127
lI' lI'
103
105
93
93
83
83
74
38 130 liD 102 93 84 75 67
40 111 99 92 84 76 67 60

Propertie s

Area A ( in.2) 26.19 22.67 21.18 19.41 17.66 15.88 14.40 13.24 11.48 9.71
Ratio r~/r, 1.73 1.73 1.72 1.72 1.72 1.71 1.71 2.17 2.16 2. 16
Z(in.)
(fl.)
2.63
11.1
2.60
11.0
2.59
11.0
2.58
11.0
2.57
10.9
2.56
10.9
2.54
...
2.00
8.1
1.98
8.1
1.94
...
LM (ft.) 42.9 37.9 35.' 33.2 30.' 27.9 25.' 22.3 19.3 16.1
B~}Bending .263 .263 .264 .263 .263 .263 .264 .270 .272 .277
8~ factors .744 .753 .759 .761 .765 .767 .774 .995 1.025 1.055
a ~ Multiply 80.8 ".1 62.' 57.0 51.2 45.6 40.6 31.0 31.2 25.'
a , values by 10' 21.0 22 .8 21.2 19.25 17.38 15.51 13.84 7.89 6.11 5.45
Loads below heavy Une ar. for meln mambe<$ with KI/ r ratios between 120 a nd 200.
t Non-comJ)'lct section :
UIII discussion undet Allowable LoadS on Column •. General Nole..

AMERICA.N I NSTITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 y
COLUMNS ASTM A36

xIx ,
Y
W shapes
TABLE I
Allowable concentric loads in kips
For hlj:h Itrength .t.el. '" pas' 1 ·39
F, = 36 ksi

I 8

Nomina' Depth
and Width
.X, I X 6'n I X 5>,4
, ,
~I~~
61 ' 58
Wel&ht pel loot
~--- " ~'" --" 133" 20 11

•
S
6
7
••
10
,.7
379
37.
360
135
327
319
3ll
,,.
277
264
'51
230
225
219
213
201

'"
191
186
ISO
17.

'"
164
159
ISS
150
144
138
132
128
123
liS
1I3
..""
102

76 ""
86
81

~ "" 30'
'"241 2<!6 63

.,
~ II 3J9 293 200 17. 154 125 107
--,,- ..--
69
"
•

-"•••
12
13
14
328
3"
304
283
273
262
233
'24
215
193
185
In
"S
"2
155
148
142
136
1I.
III
103 .
101
94
60

45
41
36

..,
.a ~
15
I6
17
292

'"
'"
'"
239
228
206
197
187
170
"I
153
148
141
133
130
123
117
.. . .
95 81
73
39
34
31
27
24
)1
li•
18 251 215 176 144 125 1I. " "
69 27 22
< 19
20
236
221
202
189
165
- 143 - 1I5
154
134
125
117
109
102 62 53 24
22
19
•
• -95- " "
~
I-
'"
<
~

..,'i
21
22
23
206
19iJ---rn-
174
175

147
13l
120
lOS ""
.." "" "
IIX1
91 .
51

42
43
39
36

';;" " ".

135 110 66 30 3l
25 147 125 101 81 70 61 36 30

"" 26 136
126
115
107
94 75 65
"" 3l 28

,.""
27 70 60 31

..
~
28 117 100 81 65

"'•"
• 29 109 " "
93 60 52 45

.." "" .SS " ." "

30 102 42
~ 31 81 53 40
g 32
33
62 50
35
34
35
"" "" " ""
75 64
40

Properties

Area A (In .~ 19.70 11.C6 14.11 11.16 lUO 9.12 8.23 7." 5.88
,...
5.00

,.. •••
Ratio r~/r, U5 1.74 1.14 1.73 1.72 1.73 2.13 2.12 2.86
1:.(in(ft.).)
L. (ft .)
BOI } Bending
2.12
39.2
2.10

34 .'
,328
2."
S.•
29.7
.m
2.04
S••
24.8
2.03
S.7
22.2
2.01
...
19.7
1.62
7.1
11.1
1.61
7.'
14 .8
1.20
5.7
11.1 ..,
1.16
5.7
.355
B, factors
Q :I } Multiply
07 values by 10'
....
.326
.921
13.19
.937
33.9
11.21
.941
27.4
9.10
.331
.972
2L8
7.29
.331
.912
18.80
'.32
.33'
.991
16.36
5.49
.339
1.241
14.60
3.22
.339
1.261
12 .30
2.73
.346
1.838
10.31
1.262
1.923
8.41
1.001
Load. MIow hull)' lin ..... lor m.Jn m.mtJ.. with Kl/ rr.tJos betwHn 12(1.nd 200.
t Non..:omp.et HC:lion : .... dl"u.$ion under A.Uowabl. Load. on COlumns, Gen ••1 Notel-

AMERICAN I NSTITUTE OF STEEL CoNSTRUCTION

3·24

y
ASTM A36 COLUMNS
F, = 36 ksi

3·6
I
Light I/IF and
Miscellaneous (M) shapes
TABLE I
Allowable concenlric loads in kips
For high strength sleeis see plIge ] ·40
]Ex ,
Y

Nomlnel Depth

,... ,...
end Width IxlM 8 X6Y.! M 6x6M 6 X6W

Weight per loot

•5
~.,

204
100
l2.'
194
100
"
163
157
"
140
136
25.'
145
140
,,~

129
125
1I5
III
146
142
,0.0
117
113
-
tl S.S
91
88
< 6 195 186 152 13l 135 120 107 137 109 85
.g
7 190 181 146 126 129 1I. 102 132 lOS 81
1!
~
"0
•,
8
9
10
II
184
178
172
165
176
170
164
158
139
132
125
117
121
"' 1I0
1I0
103
"'
123

102
loa
102

.95 .."
92

80
126
120
ll.
107
101
96
91
85
"
74
70
65
'0

-••• 12
13
158
151
144
152
145
138
109
100 " " "
90
95 81

65
74
67
100
93
85
80
74
67
60
,.
55
.!!
14 91
" "" " 60
n
-0
'" -•
2
15 136 13l 82 75
.
52

" ."
61 45

" . "
< ~
~
16
17
128
119
123
1I5
72
64
67
59
61
54
50
44 41 61
39
3S
• 1I0 107 57 36 42

.
18 39 55 31
~
I-
~

'j
19
20
101
91 "
00
51 47
43
43
39 32
33
29
49
44,. 38 28
25
'"
< "76 " 42 40 31 23

.,"
21 81 35 29 27
;;!
. 22
23
24
69
64 " 62
38
35
32
3S
32
32
29
26 24
22
l6
33
31
28
26
24
11
19
17
"" 25 59 57 27 28 22
~
26 ,. "
54

"'•"
< 27 49
28 47 46
~

1l
.,
29 44
41
43
40

"
~
31 38 37

Properties

Alea A (in.7) 10.09 9.59 8.23 7.0; 7.35 6.62 5." 7.37 5.90 4.62
Ratio r",lr, 1.82 1.82 2.25 2.25 1.77 1.83 1.85 1.77 1.77 1.77
r ~ (in.) 1.87 1.90 1.47 1.53 1.43
•••....
1.36 1.39 1.52
I." 1.45

..., •••.'56
t.~ (ft.) 8.7 8.6 7.2 7.0 '.6 6.' 6.5 ...
L .. (ft .) 20.9 20.7 15.1 14.7 21.6 17.5 17.1 19.8 16.2 12.2
B"" } Bending ."9 . 340 .366 .'36 .• 39 .440 .457
8 :1 factors 1.147 1.115 1.544 1.390 1.470 1.655 1.547 1.316 1.341 1.444
(I,, } Multiply 17.38 17.01 13.44 12.52 7.01 6.12 5.79 7.95 '.22 4.51
0 :1 values by 11)11 5.26 5.16 2.65 2." 2.24 1.824 1.693 2.54 1.978 1.447
lo.d, below huY)' Une. ere for meln members with Kllr raUo. bet_en 120 end 200.
I Non-eompeC:1 .ectlon; see dll(:uulon under Allowable loads on Column., GeAerlll Note ..

AMERICAN IN STITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 1· 25

y
COLUMNS ASTM A36
F, = 36 ksi
X
IX y
Light \/IF and
Miscellaneous (M) shapes
TABLE I
Allowable concenlric loads in kips
I 6·5-4
For hllh strenl1h st••11 IIHI pili' 3 · U

~
Noml".1 Deplh
."d Widlh
W.lihl per Fool

,• . ."
"
87
..6X'S
12
5X5M
,
107
11.5
106
5 X §W

16.0
91
. )( 4W

.."
H .O
4 X 4M
1).0
70

,, ...."
102
'" 87
"
"" 83
" 50
C 97 97
!!

.~
8 43
"
91
."
87
79

...
74
69
57
51

"
""
42

"" "
9 79
19 3>
•,
10 30 72
"
• 13"
'0
;;
•
!!
11

..
15
37

"13
27
20
""
18
15
13
65

""
42
37
69

""
..
47
."
39
34
12
27
2l
20
17 "
29
24

18
16
<>
M
2
30 15
< i• " 18 32
"
32 27

""
17
~
..... •
£
18
19
20
23
29

"
23
24

"
19

'" ., "
j
"
< ~
~
" 18

"
.S
£
;,
C

"•
~

~
OJ

Properties
Area A (in.1) 4.72 3.53 '.56 5.45 4.70 3.82 3.82
Rat io r"lr,
r, (in.) ...
2.70 2.76
.90
,..
1.73
1.20
1.69
,..
1.18
,1.26..
1.69 1.74
.99
•••
...
1.76
Lc (ft.)
L .. (ft.) •••
11.8
....
'.3
8.' 18.9 18 .7 16.4 15.3
'.3
16 .7
B"} Bending
8 , factors
. 46'
2." 2.451
.585
1.794
.548
1.557
.551
1.567
.701
2.011
.'35
2.247
c~ } Multiply
12, values by 10' ... .."
4.72 3.23 3."
1. 19)
loadl b.IOW h .. ...., lin.... lor mel" m.mbe... wllh
3.79
1.331
1(l/~r ..101
3.18
1.112
1. ...
.558
bel_.n 120 end lOG
1.550
.503

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEl CONSTRUCTION

' ·26
y
ASTM A36 COLUMNS
=
F, 36 ksi

I
H bearing piles
TABLE I
Allowable concentric loads in kips
For hlllh Itrength sleels see page ) . 42
XIX y

~omjn.r Oepth
.nd Wld!h ax H'; ' BP 12Xl2BP IOXIQBP "Ie
-
,I
Welah l per 1001
'" '" ". ~
1117 , 1102
-~ ---
~7
~
t~
-
, '"'" ".
618 441 442

'" '" '"

5" "5 24'
7
8
702
'"
611
605
513
527
417
.32
311
307 32'
242
217 '"
1<1l
195
c 687 521 427 302 316 231 ".183
•
•- ~
lD
II
'78
670
'" '" "0
583
515 415 297
191
303
302
227
211
0
•, '"12
13
".
651 '" 575
567
508
SOl
415
410
.04
40D 285
180
19. m
209
177
170
163
~
14
'"
'42
'" '"
558
"2
384 273 278 203 155
• '"IS 549 478 391 375 267 26' 196 148

"S• 16
"" 621
." '" 470 384 366 261 I., 140

...'" • "" '"

~ 17 611
600
'"
511
521
511
.53
445
377
370
363
357
338
25.
247
240
251
242
212
183
175
168
III
m
"'104
< •
U
~
20 577 SOl '36 355 328 231 222 160
~
I- ~• 21
21
565
55'
491
480
427
417
348
340 '"
307
225
217
211
201
152
144
95
86
...,i
23 541 407 332 I., 136
'"
< 24
25
528
46'
'58 198 J23
2'J6
285
209
201 178 127 "
13

';;" 26
515
502
'46
435
387
377
1I5
306
27.
262
"2
184
166
154
118
109
67
62
" ,. 27 488 423 175 143 lDI 57
'" '"
'"
.E 250
~ 28 47. 410 289 238 166 133 94 53
;;; 460 398 345 219 225 156 12. 88 50
c
30 .46 385 333 270 212 147 82 46
". "'ID2.,
~
•
~
g
31
34
36
38
'16

319
359

-;;;-"'-1'" I
385 33l

273
liD
260
234
250
230
209
"7
165
147
132
"'lD2 80
."
57
41

"' "83 "65

188 51
40 288 247 212 16' 46

Properties

Area A (In,2) 34.44 30.01 26.19 21.46 21.76 15.58 16.76 12.35 10.60
Ratio r4r1 1.66 1.61 1.67 1.68 1.75 1.76 1.71 1.72 1.72
' 1 (in.) 3.59 3.56 3.53 3.49 2.91 2.86 2.45 2.40 I 95
L. (ft.) 38.2 33.7 29.7 24.6 27.9 20.3 26.1 19.7 20.'
IJ , } Bending .200 .200 .200 .200 .233 .233 .285 .285 .3"
8 ... factors
a~ } MUltlplt
a, values y 10'
.519
182 .9
".1
.585
157.2
56.7
.5.,
135.4
48.'
.598
109.4
38.'
.721
84.3
27.5
.73'
58.7
18.99
.'"
O.S
14.99
.870
31.4
10.60
1.071
17 .83
6 .01

loed. below Il .. vy Un, e., lor meln membe<s with Klt H. tlos betw.,n 120 end 200.
f NOno(:onlpetl section; I •• dllcu sslon under Allowable Leedl on Column., G. ne •• ' NOlts.

AMERICA N INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 J ·27

v ASTM A36
COLUMNS
F, = 36 k.i

'I'
American Standard
TABLE I

I-- Nom''''' Depth

Allowable concentric loads in kips
FOI' h'll:h I tt.nath IIHlI _

x l~ ,x,
plIP ' · 13
I
l Xl~

,., 1 ,.
Ii • X '"
eod Wldlh
root 12. 5 1'.75 10.1)
••• ..,
......lJht pef

2
-98.2
17.2S
71.1 83.'
.
55.8 52.7
I
42.3 40.' >1.8
3 0).8 66.2 75.9 51.3 47.6 38.3 35.8 27. 3

••
82.2 60.' 67.7 46.' 41.5 33.' >1.2 23.2
~
• 72.4 54.1 58.2 40.' 34.' 28.2 23.7 18.4
1!
0
~ •
7
61.3
49.1
46.9
38.8
47.6
36.'
27.6
33.2
25.7
19.6
26.7
19.6
15.0
22. 1
16.3
12.5
16.9
12.4
13.3
9.7
,• 8
9
37.6
29.7
30.3
24.0 21.8 15.5 11.9 9.8
9.' 7.'
~

.•• 10 24.1 19.4 17 .7 12.6

II 19.9 16.0
11 12 13.5
.()

'"
< -•
2
¥
~

:I
.... ~
•
-j
< ...;
II>

..'"
.E
~
;;,
•
11
2•

~
Properties

Ar ea A (In.7) 5.02 3.61 4.29 2.87 2.76 2.21 2.17 1.54

Rallo r,/r,
2:(10.\
.. (fl .
I~. (It.)
3.35
.68
3.9
9.7
3.42
.72
3.'
9.1
I ,..
2.97
.OJ
9. 7
3.15
.OS
' .2
8. 9
,.
2.69
.58
9. 3
2.78
.59
2. 9
8. 9
2.21
.52
2.7
9.9
2.32
.5l
2.'
9.2
8'n,1 .495 .98 .836 .737 1.142 .96'
0,
0,
Bending
factors
tvalues
Mut\ lply
by 10'
. 577
'.862
'.346
.89
3.282
,."
.279
. 715
4.""
2. 24
.254
' .500
1.797
. 1807
4. 246
l.001
.1383
....
3.810
. 1146
4.617
•• 28
.0874
4.100
.....
.370

loIodl below heel/)' 110• .... 101' meln member. with KI/, .e'los betw. .o 120 eod ZOO.

AM ERICAN INSTITUTE or STEEL CONSTRUCTION

'·28

Noles

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ST£El CONSTRUCTION

 ' ·29

~ ,b COLUMN S A242-A440-A441
F, =42ksi

;:~x
Cover plated W

, for Al6 steel

TABLE II
Allowable concentric loads in kips
He ~p ) · 13 I
-Cor. Seetlon
cov- ",.,..
-
J
I.X'''- N)(J'Ir ' 14)(J%
-----
l:4XJ'AI
14 w: NIl
24)()~ ' Z4xl ' n)(J ' lJXZ,," , UXZ%
, I
Dept" d Width b .'Xu
-m-
nl4X14 n'ilx14 Zl'.4XZ4
.n on ... nX14

'"
Zl'AXU

'"
u"'xn
--
'"
.
ZZV.xll Z2'Aoxll

."..... -- - - - - '"- '"

Wellht per foot
- -6l"
- - -56"
8
• 6419
6314
6214
"'"
""
6129
"'"
.OZ.
5964
5913
5877
5839
57"
5731 5574
55"
5471
.,,,
5436
5330
5295

§
I'
594.
"94
5497 ""
"12 "" 6377 6233
"'" 5800
"" 5360 5221

.' " -
"90 6047 590. 5760 56 .. "57 532' 5182
1
. "14 6243
6146
6101
6004
595.
5861
5817
5719
5676
5575
5533
5415
5372
5279
5237
5142
5100
,•
'6 . """"
15 "95

"'"
5913
5866
5773
5726
5632
5587
"90
544.
5327
5281
5193
5148
5058
S014

...... •••
-< 17 5957 5818 56" 5540 5400 5235 5102 4969
18
19
6045
5'"
5907
5855
5769
5718
56..
5581
"91
5444
5353
5305
5186
5137
5055
5006
4922
4875
!!
"39 5802 55>1 5394 5256 4826

• i
B '"
21
22
5894
58Z8
5748
""
56"
555.
5478
5425
534'
5291
5. .
5155
"7
5035
'957

.""
4854
'777
4726
~ •
... • 23 5770 ""
56"
5519
5504 5370 5237
,...
5103
'982
.", 4801
4747
467.
<• i
~
24
25
5112
"52 "'1
5447
5389
5315
525.
5183
5128 .995 487'
4817 46" ""
'''7

...'" '" -.l 26

27

.
5591
5529
5461
5400
5111
5271
52ID
5"'1
5142
5<11,
S071

....
SOl.
.m
4883
47"
.702
464'
""
4578
."""
4512

.."
~ 28 5466 5338 4955 4825 .51<>
'" "-
<
29 5OJ2
5337
5275
5211
5148
5085
5022
4835
4767
4707
.582
'511
4461
4400
.341
.282
,.
-
.E
~

•
32
34
5""
5065 ............
5080 ..56
482'
483'
4703
4711
• 582 .....585 .'"
4265
.277
4149
4160
4035
..
!!
• 36
38
40
'''2
4176
4625 4512
.544
.568
4429
44SO
4314
4174
.329
4195
4131

""
38'50
4017
3881
3741 ""
3772

~ 42 4470 4359 ""

4249
'286
4139 40>1
4057
3915 3703
3552
"96 ""
3494
44 4310 ''''2
4041
4095 3988 3881 3770 3448 '348
"
48
4141
3978
'806
3876
3937
3774
3833
3673
3729
3572
3412
"'"
""
3397
3238
3074
3295
3138
2971
31"
304'
SO
"'" 3608 '50'
Properties
'308 2887

226.'
..'" ....
Area A (In.') 268.1 262.1 256.1 250.1 244.1 238.1 232.1 220.6
Ratio T 6 /r. I.SO 1.49 1.49 1.48 1.47 1.47 1.52 1.51 I.SO
r. (In .) 6.10 '.08 ' .02 5." 5.71 5.14 5.72
L.. (ft.) 24.0 24.0 24.0 24.0 24.0 24.0 23.0 23.' 23.0
B. }Bending
B. fitClors
.143
.322
.1"
.32'
. 145
.327 .146
.329 : 1.147
.332
.148
.334
.149
.346
.ISO
.34'
.151
.352
o. } Multiply
a. values by 10'
ll51.B
1486.4
3226.'
1443.6
3097.7 2978.3
1359.5
2855.1
1318.1
2741.1
1272.9
2647.8 2541.6 2431.0
1075.4
1401.3 1151.4 1111.4

AMERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION

3-30
b
A242-A440-A441

·t~·
F, = 42 k,i COLUMN
Cover plated W

I
TABLE II
Allowable concentric loads in kips
for Al6 sa", ... PIIa.'·I'
y
Cor. Sec tion IA _ '"

Co".. ptal ••
- zz x n. U x n, ZZ Xl v.. · n~ l "'.l Z2X2 ~L~ )( 2'4J u _x z.l n ~ 1 ~ ZZ )( 1%
o.plh
W.!ahl per Foot no m ... .-." .
...
d Width b ZZ '.4X lZ ZZ X ZZ l1"XU ll .... X ZZ ~)( Z2 21 X Z2 ZO"x Z2 2t'l.txU20''''x tl
--- m . '"
.., '"
,• 5187 505' 4919 4785 4651 4518 'l84 "50 4115

Ig 10
515t
5113
50"
49"

....48"
4884

"""
4752
4716
4618
.584
4485
4451
4352
4319
.".
4218
""
'05'

. ...".. "'.
5074 '94l 4680 4548 4416 4153 4021
~
"
l2
II
S034
49"
""
.m
47lJ
4642
0;0'
4!ill
447l
'l8O
4l4l
'285
4249
4213
4118
4082
1987
"51
~
;; 14
l5 .,. 48"
.950
4778 "" "" • 522
4434
4393
4175
""
'007
"l5
l878

.'7"6' ....
"49
,•
4734
"'" 4479 4351 4224 "96 l8l9

...... "• " 17 4814

••41 "" .l44
4515
4435 .lOB
.164
4182
413.
4055
4013
'968
3927
""
l800
3159
~
"19 '390

-
~

•
~
4m 4593 .468 4219 4094 3970 l844 3718
20
"" '54' 4420 42" 4173 404' 1925 l800 'il5
< 2
2l 4370 420 4120
...... ••
0
• ~Q 22
2l
"" ""
'''3
4510
4443
'390
'320
"68
'200
4149
4077
4028
'003
3955
3907
3834
3786
37"
mo
""
3"2
3587
3542

< ...,",
24 4455 'lJ7 4216 4098 3977 3857 3738 36" 3495
25 .399 "82 4162 4045 1920 l807 3689 3568 l448

...'" '"
• 26
27
'343
4285 ""
4169
4IlZ
4107
4052
1995
3992
3937
3882
3873
3820
3756
3703
3650
3638
3587
3535
3519
""
3417
3399
l350

'" -" .,";; l300

< 29
'226
4165
41"
4053
3993
3937
3878
3.25
3767
""
3110
3654 ""
3540
3481
3427
l365
lJl2
3249
3197
",.
~
3427 lJ16 32113 3090

-•••
12 3979 3870
]10
3757
"" 3538

"'" "'"
3613 3527 3418 l2O1 2979
34 3849
""
"88
~
"
38
3715
YJ77
3435
3611
34"
3504
3371
3234
3401
3271
1m
3294
3167
3035
.,.3
2934
2960
2974
2853
2729
2865
2741

~
40 3336
"" ""
~

.so "" .,,,

41
44 1137
2981
3191
2."
3092
2947
2797
2998
""
2709 ""
2760
1801
2664
2523
2703
2569
2431
~I
2470
2334
2500
2371

"" ""
26"

" """'''
2735
2573
1643
24"
2558
2402
Properties
2467
2315
2317

""
2288
2141 204'
2100
1958
-
Area A (In ..., 215. 1 209.5 204 .1 198.6 193. 1 187.6 182.1 176.6 171.1
Rallo ,.,,/ry
z,(ln.)
I."
5.SO
1.55
5.48
1.54
5.45
1.54
5.43
1.53
5.40
1.52
5.37
1.52
5.34
1.51
5.30
1.51
5.20
(ft.) 22.' 22.' 22.0 22.' 22.0 22. 0 21.0 22.0 22.0
nil Bending
By fac tOl's
.152
.363
.15]
.366
.154
.370
.155
.m
.1"
.m
.157
.382
.159
.386
.160
.391
.161
.l97
o.}Mult iply 2353.9
0, values by 1"" 969.5
2251.1 2150.9
937.9 , 903,]
2058 .2 1963.0 1870 .4
872.5 , 839.0 806. 1 17].7
1180.2 1692.5
739.1
1607 .2
705.4

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CO NSTRUCTION

 J·31

~ J COLUMNS - 42 ksi "

}xjjEx F,
y
Cover plated 'IJIF

I
TABLE II
Allowable roncenlric loads in kips
L .
y
for A36 steel see pese' · I'

eare Sedlon

Pepth
CoV1lf Plet"
d Width b
J
I
U)( I"

...398.
"XU a h
.....
" "
14YFm

20 )( l lA! l 20 )( I"
20 lJ lA!)( zt
i 20)( I ""
a'A)(
1')( I 'A . 11 )( 1'040
20 lJ'A )( I' lJ)( II
11 )( 1
U%~
...
....,.,
Weight per fOOl S24 501 '. eo 471 4511

, 8 3841
3818
3689
"" lS31 ""
3417
3314
3283
-
32<J5
3175
.",
"" ",.
"" "'"
,g "
3'" 3188 3381 l252 3145 30"
e

• " """55
11
12
3751
3724 35"
35"
3414
3440
3355
3323
3219
3185
3112
30" 2914

..•,
~
~
382.
""14
15
31"
3749
3656
38"
352'
3481
3450
3406
3370
3333
""
3254
3218
3150
3113
3016
...5
3009
2')72
294 •

"'"
28"
;; 16 3411 2')35

-•••
37ll 3584 32'J5 31S1 2834

...
.."

-<
~
~
l!
2
17
18
19
20
3613
3633

""
355'
3546
3501
3467
34Z1
3311
"..
3288
3245
32S6
3216
3175
3133
...,
3143
3104
"'3
2')91
",.
2914
2811
""
""
2815
2772
21"
2151
2717
,."
" "
l508 3385 3201 2980 2821 2129 ,.34
• •
~ •
~
II
23
3465
3420
3342
3299
3156
3110
...5
3000
")31
,..,3
2182
2135 ,...
"" 2591
2541
~ • 24 3315 3254 "'3 2954 2848
,...
""
".. 2502

" '328 ""'

~
2901 2541
< ~
• .., 21 26 328. 3163
30"

"" 2S59 "'"

2156 24"
2456
2410
eN 3233 3115 2')16 28" 2108"" 2541 2449 "62
~
eN '"-;;" 28
29
118J
3133 '"
3018
2865
28"
2160
270' "" "" ""
"" "" 2437 2340
2313
2'63
< E
30
32
3082
"" 2160 2651
""
2384 2213
~ 2918 2866 26" 2551 2455 221' "89 "oa
..•
;;
e
" ""
,..,
34
38
2158
2101
2651
2539
2422
2302
...
2440
2326
22Il8
""
2236
2120
2161
204'
1921
2018
I'"
1844
2000
1888
1m
• 25" "" 40 2421 21n 2001 1195 1720 1651

"
~ ~I - i-
"- 42 2400 2301 204S 1960 lS78
2213 2177 1915 1829 1750
"' 44
46 2143 2.49
48
50
2OIl8
18"
1916
110) HiIj t.I---ll :-
165 ,6
~" ~ ~ ~~.~
~
.(
1.50
5.22
160.1
1.50
5.1S
154. 1

'I."
.86
149. 1
1.68
' .82 .... 144.1
1.68
4.79
139.1
1.66
'.53
134.6
1.65
'.50
1.30.1
1.64

I
21.'
.• 62
ll.'
.164
20.'
.• 66 .." .." .... ...,
20.'
.'68
20.' lS.0
.172
lS.0
.173
IS.0
.175

:;]I~~~~'.y '0'
.403 .410 .424 .• 30 .'36

..
1524.4 1443.9 1368 .4 "" .1 1223.9 1165.8 1104.2 1041.5
672 .3 640.' 542 .3 406.'
516 . 1 492.6 425.1 389.'
, ,.,." ."s.. " ..",. w',~" ~ om'" .......~., .......
' ''" ,~." s ..".
AMERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION
,."
A242-A440-A441 y
COLU MNS
F, = 42 ksi \!IF shapes

14
I
TABLE II
Allowable concentric loads in kips
For A16 steel see pep 3 . 16
x3E Y
Nomln.1 Dep l h
and Width 14 X 15
, ,
Weiahl PM foot
F,
"' 1 m '" '" I .'" no
'" '" '"
42 ksl

6 '22'
g
<
•• "'"
7
2874
,.,"
3028 2827
2776
2628
2604
'580
2429
2407
23.'
2271
'250
'228 "'"
2186
""6
"'17
1997
IBn
1855
1837
1744
1728
1711
~ '.45 2749 '2527
554 '360 "OS 2164 1977 1818 1693
~
0
10 2915 2721
'33' 2181 2141 1955 1798 1674

,• 11
"" 26" '2471
500 '22"
309 2156 2116 1933 1777 1654

..< '0
12 2851 2660 213' 1091 1910 1755 1634

•• " 14
2817
2783
2629
2596
2441
2410
2254
222S
2103
"'''
".S
"'38
1886
1861
1733
1710
1613
1591

""
~
15 2747 '56' 2378 2195 2047 "'10 "35 1686 156.

'26"
70'
..< -• "
16 2522 '34S 2165 "'17 198' 1808 1661 1546
Jl 17 2491 2311 1987 1781
, u 2454 2276
2133
2100 1956
1952
1922 1753
163. 1522
0 &
•
19
20
""
2592
2550 ".,
2416
2377
2240 1924
1891
1891
1859
1124
1610
158'
1498
1472
''''' "'32 1695
"" 1441

. ... ..
~
"27
21
"" ""
1508 1997

, ""
182. 1664
,
..
j 142'
22 2127 1961 1822 1792 1633 1498 "93
eN .." 23 ""
'46S
24'" 2254 2087 1924 1787 1758 1602 146. ".S
eN
>:
;;
24
25 "" 2211
2167
1151 2047 1723 156.
1538
1439
,
1337

< :!'.
'329
''''
,,<0
1714 1687 1408

"~ "
'281 2123 196' 1676 1650 1502 1376 12:78
27 2233 1768 1637 1613 1344 124.
<
28
30
2184
2082
"'''
"'30
1934
19'"
1871
1786
1727
164'
"98
1516
1575
1496
""
1432
1359
13ll
1243
1217
1154
"•
~
32
34
1977
1867
"35 1692 1555 1432 1414 1284 1173 1088

~
1731 15" 146' 1344 1329
''''' 1099 1019

"
38
40
1753
16"
1513
1624
1512
1397
1493
1388
1278
""
1210
1167
12"
1158
105.
1240
1148
105'
11'-'
1038
".
1023
'44
86'
947
.73
795

Properties .
Alea A (In.1) 125.25 116.98 108.78 100.59 94.12 92.30 84.37 77.63 72.33
Ratio r:r/r,. 1.67 1.66 1.66 1.65 1.59 1.64 1.63 1.63 1.62
r) (in.) 4.34 4.31 4.27 4.24 4.11 4.'" 4.17 4.14 4.12
Ldft.) 16.7 16.6 16.5 16.4 16.7 16.2 16.1 16.0 15.9
L .. (ft .) 107.5 102.2 96.7 91.2 82.S 85.5 79.7 74.7 70.6
B.,} factors
Bending .m .178 .179 .180 .191 .180 .181 .182 .182
B,
0 .. } Multiply 983.6
a,. values by to' 351.5
.443 .447
896.1
323.8
.451
812.5
295.S
.456
732.3
269.4
.481
616.4
243.9
.45'
654.8
242.6
.'"
58].0
218.6
.467
525.S
198 . 3
.470
480.'
182.9
• Column core s-.:tlon.

AMERICA N INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

, 3 - 3]

V
,
COLUMN S A242-A440-A441
F, = 42 or 46 k.j
xjEx W shapes
TABLE II

v
,
Allowable concentric loads in kips
For Al5 sleel ... pap ) - 11
I 14
Nomln.' Oep1h
.nd Width

WeiShl per fool m

14 x
no
15

ill ru
I '"
,
H'
14 X Ii

'U U. ..,
•:8
,F,
. -
1680
Uksl
1616 1551 1634 1563 1493
'" III•
1423 1361 1291
7 1664 1601 "36 1617 164'
1531
1478
1462
1408
1393
134'
1332
1218
1264
• •
~
8 1648
1630
1585
156.
1521
1505
1600
1582 1513 144' 1377 1316 1249

-• ~

0
10
II
1612

""
1551
1533
1488
1470
1563
1643
1495
1476
1421
1409
136'
1342
1300
1283
1234
1211
• 12 1574 1514 1452 1522 1456 1390 132' 1266 1201

••
~ 13
14
"64
1533
14"
1474
1433
1413 "'"
1479
1435
1414
1370
1350
1305
1286
1248
1229
1183
1166
~

~ .." " 16
lS11
1489
1453
1432
1393
1372
1456
1432
1392
136'
1329
130'
1266
1245
1210
1189
1147
1128
<, £
¥
17
18
14'"
1442
1409
1386
1351
1329
1408
1383
1346
1322
1285
121>2
122'
1201
1169
1148
11118
IIl88
~ • ~ 19 1418 1363 I"" 1357 129' 1238 1179 1126 It'"
""..., £•
20 13" 13'" 1283 1331 1272 1214 1156 1103 1046

< "
21
22
136,
1341
1314
I,..
1259
1234
130'
1276
1246
1219
1189
1163
1132
1107
11182
1080
1057
1033
102.
1002

...<"" ..'"
-4 23
24
1314
128'
1263
1237
1209
1184
1247
1218
1192
1164
1137
mo IIl5'
1030
1008 '"
!l55
; 25 1259 1209 1158 1189 1135 1083
'" '906"
....
~
26
27
1230
1201
1182
1164
1131
1103
1158
1127
1106
1076
1046
1t155
1026
99'
1004
." '"
948
95'
904
881
856
.•• 28
30
1171
1109
1125
1065
1016
1018
1095
10>1 .83 937 891 848 0"
~

",
32
34
." .'an"
104' 1003 958
896
..,
962 917
84.
na
...87. 830
'68
,90
729
74'
'90
~
~
36
38
909
837
763
802
831
'64
816
738 '03
740
'"
'02
'34 '"
600
'29
567

'" '"
40 7ll , 635 603 572 642 512

Properties

Area A (in.:!') 69.69 67.06 64.36 62.07 ~9.39 56.73 54.07 51.73 49.09
Ratio rslr, 1.62 1.61 1.62 1.61 l.61 1.61 1.61 1.60 1.60
Z(in.) 4.11 4.10 '.118 4.07 '.06 '.OS '.04
15 .0
4.02
15.0
4.01
14.9
J< (ft.) 15.9 15.9 15.8 15.1 15.1 15.1
L .. (ft.) 68.' 66.' 64.2 56.8 54.9 52.8 SO.8 48.8 46.7
HI( } Banding
By factors
as} Multiply
. 182
. 472
459.2
.182
.473
431.9
.183
.475
416.5
.183
....,
.477
.183
.477
378.5
. 183
.479
"'.2
....
.183
339.3
.184
.483
320.7
.184
.485
301.5
Ih values by HI' m .• 168.0 159.6 153 .2 145.9 138 .6 131.5 124.6 , 117.6

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

' ·34

A242.A440.A441 COLUMNS
y

F, = 46 or 50 ksi

14
I
\/IF shapes
TABLE II
Allowable concentric loads in kips
f(1< Alfi steel see page 1 _18
xIx ,
Y
Nomlnel Dept h
14 )( Ii

... ...
end Width 14 X 14'n

n, I u, nu ,
'"' I '" "'
Welahl P<tr Foot
F, ., k. l
,
'" Ull :
60 k.1

0
.2
•
7
8
1222
1209
1196
1159
1147
1134
1100
1088
1076
1135
1122
1060
1047
1034
'"
981
969
92.
915 '"
848
792
783
72S
716
706
1107 ." 8"
'"
-t,•
9 118l 1121 1064 1092 1019 955 891 825 762 697
0
10
11
1167
1152
1107
1092
1050
1036
1076
1060
1005
989
941
927
8"
864
813
800
750
739
."
675
12 1136 1077 1022 1043 973 912 850 787 72.
~ 13 1120 1062 1007 1025 956 896 835 m 714 '"
652

...... .••
~
;;;
14
15
· 16
n03
1085
1067
1045
1029
"1
975
959
1007
987
939
921
.,3
""
"3
845
820
804
787
759
744
700
.87
640
"8

<• E 17 1048
1011
994 942 '"
947 884 828 771
729
714
673
.58
615
601

...""
18 1029 975 924 92. 864 809 753 643 588
~ i•
'97
1009
... •
19 790 628 574
20 989
957
937 ""
883
844
82• 771
135
717
'81
'" 612 559

<, .., '"

~

j
21
22 947
917
897
869
850
860
837
802
780
751
730
.98
679 '"
.28
596
579
544
529
... "
Col 23
24
925
903
87.
855
8JO

'"
813
789
758
735 ".
.87
.59
.39
610
591
582
544 '"
'97

< -".
C< ;; 25 880 833 788 764 7ll 665 618 571 52. 480

,.
.• '" ...
~
26
27
28
857
833
758
811
788
765
767
745
723
738
712
'"
.29
687
663
637
643
.19
596
597
575
552
552
531
510
508
489
470
464
446
'28
0 717 677 585 546 506 '67
'''' 392

~
32
34
705
.50
.67
615 579
629 571
510
5'"
47J
495
441
458
408
422
376
388
345 ."
'14
~ J6 59. 560 527 455 422 394 363 335 308

" J8
40
534
482
504 474
455 I 428
408 379
1
Properties
3l'T3i' T,orl- 12!'!..

Area A (In .1I) 46.47 44.08 41.85 39.98 37.33 34.99 32.65 30.26 27.94 25.56
Ratio r"jrl 1.60 1.60 1.59 1.67 1.67 1.67 1.67 1.67 1.66 1.66
z,(in.) 4.00 '.99 3.97 3.77 3.76 3.75 3.73 3.12 3.7l 3.70
(ft .) 14.9 14.9 14 .9 13.5 13.5 ... ... ... ... ...
L~ ( fl. ) 44.6 42.6 40.5 35.4 33.4 31.4 29.5 27.8 25.6 23.8
8,, }Bendinll .183 .184 .185 .185 .185 . 185 .185 .185 .186 . 185
B, factors
a" } Mul l lpl~
.485
283.6 .'"
266.5
.491 .519 .520 .521
204.3
.525 .525 .529 .530
a,. values y 10' 110.8 . 104.6
249.1
98.'
237.2
84.7
220.1
78.6 73.3
188.8
67.7
Heavy lin. Indica tes Klfr .qu.1 to IZO. Where valu., ar . omltt.d above or b.low line, load. will
173.9
62.4 .
158.5
57.3
144.0
52.1

be the urn ••• Ior IJ6 S t" I(See Tab', I). Wh .... values appear below nne thay a. a araater
th an lor Alii S I....
f! Non-compaet .aetlon; " . dllcusslon u nder Allow.bla Loads on COlumna, Gen...1 Not" .

AMeRICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 '· 35
y A242.A440.A441
COLUMNS
F, = 50 ksi

·I'
IfF shapes
TABLE /I

y
Allowable concentric loads in kips
for ... 36 ,1. .1 ' " pap J . 19
I 14
Nomln.t Depth

W.liht
.nd Width
'*' fool ...
14 X II

". "
.
14 X 10

U , ~1 WI .. ,
14 X.

[ 1'41

,, '" ...
..'"
.,.
F,.. 5Ghl 10 hi so hi
..
408

'i!• ,
C
'"
'"66' '''' '" 54'
580 533 411 394
'"
8
'I' '" 61'
605
566
551 505
46, 380
364 '"
'"
'I. 291
.!O
•,
10
'" '"
11
'53
53'
62'
'" '79 519
491
475 42'
34'
'30 298
218
26'
24.

..
12 611 566 501 '59 .11 '12 281

~
"• I. ~
13
15
'95
'79
56'
551
537
521
48'
."44' '43
42'
40'
'96
380
364
292
272
251
264
24'
226
232
216
198
• ~

<, S I' '''' '" 17

546 505 42'
404 ...
388 34'
32'
229
'" '"I"
185
lBO
161

~ •
i .54
•
18
19
20
510
492
472 ... ...'"
472 382 348
32'
305
311
292
272
184
165 ".
144

..<"""" '"
< ,
5"

"'
j
21
22
23
2'
25
'53
'32
'11
m
36'
418

'"
'79
358
33'
"2
28'
262
241
222
283
259
237
218
201
252
231
211
194
179
~
~
,.
c
26
27
28
30
344
321
,..
'"
316
294
273
238
".>•
~
~

Properties
Area A (i n." 24.71 22.94 21.16 20.110 11.94 15.59 14 .11 12.56
Retio rxlr,
,.
2.03 2.03 2.44 2. 45 2. 44 3.07 3.07 3.02
z(ln.)
.( (fl.)
L" ( It .)
3.02
...
21.9
'.110
.. .
20.4
'.48
'.2
18.5
,.,
2.46
17 . 1
2.45
...
15 .4
1.92
12 .7
1.91
7.'
11 .5
1.89
...
10.3
IJ A } Bendlns .189 .189 .194 .194 .195 .2110 .201 .2110
H, lac tors .659
138.4
.66' .821 .830 .•34 1.001 1.102 1.1IZ
a~ } Mult iply 126.8 lIS.7 108.0 95.' BO .' 72.2 60.8
o~ values by lOt 33.' 30.8 19.94 18.03 16.05 8.56 7.67 6.69
H..vy IIn.lndlc.I•• KIt , &qu.1 to 120. Wh• • vel .... I..-.
omhl.d .bo.... or belD_Un • • loedl will
be Ih. . . m. a. lor ,1,36 Steel (See T.bI. I). Wh..-.....lu.l.ppear below lin. Ihey .r......1.
Ih.n lor A 36 SIHI.
: Non -compecl l eclion. I"dl$cuuion u nd. Alio ..... ble loadl on CoIumnl, G.n ••1 NoIH .
I Mav be nO<IoCO"npad und. co",tHn.d .d.1 and bendlnlll"aU8'I: check compllanc. ",Ith AISC
Speclflcalion, Section I .S.I.U
• Loeds .nd prOpertl.1 t.bulated lor Ihllit'llope h..... b •• n compu"d ... -.lnl th_.tk .1 properties
m .. Unll prOYi11on1 01 Sect ion 1.' ollha A'SC Specification.
AMERICAN IN STI TUTE or STEEL CONSTRUCTION
3·"
y
A242-A440-A441 COLUMNS
F, = 46 or 50 ksi

12
I
\IF shapes
TABLE II
Allowable concentric loads in kips
For A16 steeJ 5118 page ) · 20
xIx y

Nomina' Depth
and Width
Wolehl per fOOl
P, '" , '"
UXl.t
,

46 kli
'" '"
. I" I"
,
UXU

I
50 hi
'" ." I7Z I '"
6 1448 1216 1011 912 812 813 756 698 648 501 533
c 7 1427 12<19 996 89. 858 010 744 686 637 58. 52.
• 8 1406 1101 884 844 786 731 674 626 570 515
"15~ •
98'
1383 1171 964 ".854 828 771 717 662 61'
"" 505

•,
10
11
12
1360
1335
'309
1150
1129
1106
947
92.
910
837
820
812
795
777
756
740
724
703
688
672
648
635
620
...
602

575
548
536
52'
'94
'84
472
"-•• 13
14
1283
1255
1083
1059
891
871
802
78.
759
74<1
706
688
656
639
605
58.
56'
547
511
497
'60
448
....
~

.... •
~
15 1226 1034 850 764 720 66. 622 573 531 '84 435
16 1197 1008 828 745 699 650 604 557 516 46. 422
<, £ 17 1166 982 806 724 678 630 585 539 49. 45.
".'" 409

........ "••
18 1134 954 783 703 656 610 566 521 483 395
0 ~ • 19 1102 926 759 681 634 588 546 503 465 380
20 1068 897 734 659 610 567 526 448 407 365

<, ~

'i 21 1034 '07 709 636 587 544 505

'"
464 429 ,., 350
837 410 334
"".... '-•"
oJ
22
23
24
'"
962
925
805
773
683
657
630
612
588
563
562
537
511
521
497
472
483
461
'38
444
42'
402
391
371
373
355
336 .n
318

""
<
25
...
887 739 602 537 484 447 .",., 380 350 318 2"
",.
.S
~
26
27
28
807
766
705
670
634
573
543
513
510
483
.56
'56
.28
399
421
395
367
365
340
358
335
311
".
307
286
298
278
259
266
248
231

..
c 29 72. 597 482 427 372 342 317 290 166 241 215
"•
~
30 680 559
-- -399- -348- -320-
'50 296 271 249 225
:~

ffi" -- -
32 598 491 396 350

Properties

Area A (in." 55.86 47.38 39.11 35.31 31.19 29.09 27.06 24.98 23.22 21.16 19.11
Ratio r"fry 1.79 1.18 1.77 1.76 1.76 1.76 1.15 1.15 1.75 1.75 1.75
ry (In.) 3.25 3.20 3.16 3.13 3.11 3.09 3." 3.07 3.05 3." 3.02
Dc (fl.) 12.1 12.0 n.B 11.8 11.2 11.2 11.1 ... ... ... ...
L .. (fl.) 55.4 48.6 41.4 37.6 31.2 29.2 27.5 25.8 24.0 21.9 ZO.O
Us} Bending .212 .213 .214 .216 .216 .216 .216 .216 .217 .217 .217
B,. facto rs
as} Multiply
.600
281.9
u,. yalues by 10' 87.9
.610 .620
229.4 182.1
72.3 58.2
.631
159.7
51.5
.634
138.5
44.'
.637
127.8
41.4
.641
117.6
38.2
.642
107.1
35.1
.64'
98.7
32.2
.....653
29.1
.651
79.4
26.0
Heavy line Indlcetes KIJ~ eQuel to 120. W"ere values are omitted ebove or below line, loads will
be the ume e. IrK A36 $teel (See Teble I) . Where vlllues IIppear below line they are arellter
," an for A36 Steel.
t I Non-eompaet .eetlon; see dlseusslon under Allo_ble loads on Columns, General Note • .

AMERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CoNSTRUCllON

r
3 · 37

Y
COLUMNS A242-A440-A441
F, = 50 ksi
X
IX ,
\/IF shapes
TABLE II
Allowable concentric loads in kips
For Al6 .t ...... pIIlI' 1 · 21
I 12-10
Y
Nomlnl' Depth

-
end Width
We lllht I*' Foot
F, '"
1Z )( 10
,
50 kll
~, . . II X'

50 h'
.
'" .
'"
10 )( 10

511 h'
'"
e • ".'"
-• ,• ."
-"
1
425
'1'
381
314
361
341
3.l6
30'1

""276 ......."", 1109

193

~
~
10
433
421
""
395
384 '"
331
323
310
291
288
264 821
115
151
138
0
•, II 408 312 315 282 251 805 11.
'5
12 39' 359
""263281 261 231 181 ."
•• 381 251 223

..
13 151 61'
14 361 '"319
333 234 208 131 651
....
~

.... "2
~ 15 352 243 216 192 105 621
16 3.l6 223 198 176 61. 603
< ,'20."55..
11 320 289 202 119 159 511
• U
• 18 303 214 181 15' 142 '51
....
0
• " ~

'" 258 162 143 121 523

....
<• .'i
• ~
20 268 241
223
141 49'
21 2"
230 205
526
'"
.",..'"
22 435
....
IN 23 211 188
""
IN
< ..•
'" ;;
~
24
25
194
118
113
159
423 312
343

,. ~

e
26
21
360
334
311
294

..~•
-"

;:;

Properties

Area A (In.2) 17.06 15.59 14.71 13.24 n.n 32.9 29.4

Ratio "zlr, 2. 10 2. 11 2.64 2.65 2.64 1.75 1.14
z(in.)
(ft.)
L . (ft .)
2.51
...
17.5
2.48
...
15.9
1."
1.'
14.2
1.94
1.'
12.8
1.94
.. .
U.S
,.,
2.67
38 .1
,.,
2.65
34 .1
Bz} Bendlnll
B, factors
.218
.797
.221
.812
. 221
1.051
.m
1.068
.221
1.010 .'".128 .262
.138
a.. } Multiply 70.9 63.5 58.' 52 .3 ".2 107 .0 93. 2
0, values by 10' 16.01 14.29 8. 42 1. 42 ' .60 35.0 30.'
H...." lin" Indbtn KI/,.eque' to 120. Where values.,. omltt.d.bove Of below Un • • IMd. will
be Ih. urtte •• 'Of AlIS SI. . I (SM: Teble: I ) . Where .. alue • • ppeer below lin. Ihey are ..... t ..
Ihan 'Of A36 SI••I.
1 Non -c:ompeel "Cllon; Ne dl~u nlon under Allow.ble Lo.d. on COlumn •• Gen.,al Nol •••

AMERI CAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUC TION

3 ·38

A242-A440-A441 COLUMNS
y

F, = 50 ksi

10
I
W shapes
TABLE II
Allowable concentric loads in kips
For Al6 steel see page J . 22
xIx Y
,
Nomine. Depth
end Width
Wellhl Pet FOOl . I n n I ..
111 X 10

I
'" I '" I '" .. I
10 X'
,n I III

c
, )")OS
F,
622 581
511 h.

'32 484
47.
.35
.26
394
385
34'
338
5Ob.
302
293
255
246

'"''28542"
) 609 '21
••;; ,• '95 463 376 326 282
'"'" 581
509
.96 451
'16
405 367 31' m
231
228

-•, ~
0
10

11
12
655

'"61.'98
'"
54'
533
513
")
483
' 69
.55
' 39
.26
413
394
383
371
35l
346
33'
301
281
m
260
24)
23'
217
207
196
~ 32.
...... ••
13 515 480 '39 '99 35' 257 221 184
14 .97 463 42. 312 241 ") III
~ ~
~
15 '"5" 418 44' 40)
38'
"0
34'
332 299 22. 192 159
16 534 '58 421 3., 354 317 286 ") III 145
< ,
S
~•
17 '48)
11 .38 408 313 338 303 213 1$' 161 131

...... • ""
0
18
462
.37
417
395
313
388

'"
346
'54
336
316
321
304
298
m
2"
259
24'
230
170
152
- - l'i7
13) --
144
129
117
lOS

< '"
......• ..,i 21
11
410
383
34'
31'
325
302 '"
215
268
248
239
221
21.
198
... >: 23 35'
'"301 ",254
300 279 253 229 204 182

< •
24 2" 233 210 187 167
J1
25 2" 21. 194 173 154
~ 26 278
~ I 235 218 198 179 160 143

..~• I "
~
'"
~
Properties

Area A (in.2) 26.19 22.67 lU8 19 .41 17.66 15.88 14.40 13.24 11.48 9.71

..
Ratio r"lr~ 1.13 1.7] 1.12 2.16
,..
1.72 1. 72 1.71 1.71 2.17 2.16
7 :1 (in .) 2.63 2.60 2.59 2.58 2.57 2." 2.54 2,00 1.98 1.94
L. ( ft. ) '.3 '.3 '.3 ... ... ... ) ... ...
IJ" (fl .)
B,,} BendJna
8 :1 faclors
a" } Multiply
values by 10'
.)..
31.4
.263
eo.'
27.0
27.8
.263
.753
".1
26.0
.264
.759
62.8
21.2
24.3
.263
.761
57.0
22.'
.26]
.765
51.2
20.'
.263
.767
45.6
18.6
.264
.174
40.'
16 .3
.270
.995
37.0
14.1
.272
1.025
31.2
11.8
.277
1.055
25.5
(17 11.' 19.25 17.38 15.51 1l.B4 7.89 6,71 5.45
Heavy Un,lndlcet.. K,/, equello 120. Where V.IU~~~ at. omitted above or below line, load. will
b. Ihe ume •• lor Al6 St •• , (See Table I ). Where .. alues appear below Une Ihey
Ihan lot AlI!i S, •• I.
gr .., ... .t.
U Non-eomput laetlon: I •• disculilon under AUowable Load, on Columns. Genet1ll Not,,.

AMERICAN IN STITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTI ON

 y
.. "
COLUMNS A242-A440-A441
W shapes F,= 50 ksi
x x TABLE II

Nomlnalo.llth
y
Allowable concentric loads in kips
fill' AlIi &1•• 1 ••• pea- 1- 23

OX. • X
I
,11.
8

Ix,!4
and Width
Welsht per fool

,
F,

•
" I " ..... "
I .. I

...
'" I '" ...
" "'" "
".
50 ...
117

..
< 7
,• ...
52S
51.
45.
441
."
375 311
302
272

".'"
241
233
207
198
178
1" 123
112
102

~
-.,•
10
11
477
45.
412
'"
352
339
32.
292
281
270
255

'"
225
217
208
198
188
In
1"
154
161
152
142 .
112
100 "
81

"
12
440
'20
319
362
312
297
258
"5 '"
21' 188 141
131
120
73
til r---!!-
-
...... "'g-•••"
<• •
13
14
15
16
17
399
378
355
331
307
343
32.
304
284
282
2"
249
232
21.
232
218
204
189
202
101
177
164
150
178
167
155
143
128
11'
100

-87-
109
97
84
74

'" 173 131

... "• ll'

18 281 195 157 136
~ • ~ '39
19 254 2lti 175 141 122 1"
20 195
- 144 -
158 11.
-"
• .
2.lO 127
< ~

21
- 208 177
...
0<
0<
~
~
<"
,. .E
~

..•
<

>

~
Properties
Area A (In.:1) 19 .70 17.06 lUI 11 .76 10.30 9,12 8.23 7." 5.88 5.00
Ratio rlt/r;, 1.75 1.14 1.14 1.73 1.72 1.13 2.13 2.12 2.86 2.01
2'.(ln.) 2.12 2.10 2." 2.04 2.03 2.01 1.62 1.61 1.20 1.16
(11 .)
L .. (ft.)
7.'
28.7
.326
7.5
25.'
7.'
21.8
.327
7.'
18.2
.331
...
16.3
.331
...
14.4 •••.m
12.5
...
10.9 •••
'.2 '.7
...
B" } Bending . 328 .333 .339 .346 .355
B, faclors .921 .937 .941 .912 .972 .991 1.247 l.2fil 1.838 1.923
o ... } Multiply 40.' 33.9 27.4 21.8 18. 80 16.36 14.60 12 . 30 10. 31 8.41
0:1 values by UI' 13. 19 11.21 9.10 , 7.29 , '.32 , 5.49 3. 22 2.73 1.262 , 1.001
HnY)' IIn.lndlc.t•• KII , .Qu.l to 120. Wh• • .,.lu . . .r. omllt.d .bov. or MlowUn•• IoIId. wilt
bot the Am. . . lor A16 St.el (See T.bl. I). Wh• • v.,u ••• ppe.r MlowUn. Ihey.,• .,...t .
than lor A)6 S, ....
t1 Non.eomp.el 'eellon; ••• dl.eussion und. AlIow.bl. Lo.d. on COlumn • • Gen ...1 Not...

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

3·40

A242-A440-A441 COLUMNS y

Fy = 50 ksi

8·6
I
Light 'IF and
Miscellaneous (M) shapes
TABLE II
Allowable concentric loads in kips
For A36 $teel setI pille 3 - Z_
xix Y
Nomln.' Depth
I pUIX'''' 'X' M 'X' VF
lind WIdth • X ,y;, M
WelShl per fool , UU f2t I t24 H .O 1 llU 1 ",.' ". I ",.' I tu.S
F,
c
,5 '" 271
sa ksl
266
259
221
50 kli
1.,
183
196
SO kit
175 156 199
191
50 kit
159
152
124
118
212 188 167 149

•-.
.2

;;,
,
7
263
253
251
242
202
191
175
166
179
169
158
148
142
133
182
173
145
138
113
107
8 244 233 179 157 158 138 124 163 130 100
9 233 223 167 147 146 127 153 121 93
,•
'6
10 222 213 154 136 134 115 "'
104 142 112 85

....
~
•
~
11
12
210
198
202
1.,
140
125
125
113
121
107
102
88
93
82
130
117
102
92
77
69
.... •
-" 13
14
185
171
178
166
109
-"-
101
87
92
OJ
75 ~ .,
104 81
70
60

< ,
2
15 157 152
-- 76 78 ... p!-
....
0 i
.... •• 16
17
142
127
139
124
<, 'i ~
18
19 -U3- III
.. .
'".... "...;;
'" ..-"
<
~

'•"
c
.!!
>

~
Properties
Area A (In.2) 10.09 9.59 8.23 7.06 7.35 6.62 5.88 7,]7 5.90 4.62
Ratio r,,/ry 1.82 1.82 2.25 2.25 1.77 1.83 1.85 1.17 1.77 1.77
z(in.) 1.87 1.90 1.47 1.53 1.43 1.36 1.39 1.52 1-SO 1.45
( fl.) , .. ... .. ... 5.4 ... .. , 5,' ... ..
,,,.
, ,
L. (ft.) 15 .3 15.2 11.0 10.8 15.9 12.8 12.5 14.5 11.9 S,O
B,,} Bending
B, faclors
.349
1.147
.340
1.115
.366
1.544 1.390
,468
1.470
,483
1.655
,'56
1.547
.439
1.316
.440
1.341
.457
1.444
(I~} 17.38 13.44 12.52 6.12
(I, Multiply
va lues by 106 5,26
17.01
5.16 2.65 2.46
7.01
2.24 1.824
5.79
1.693
7,"
2,54
6.22
1.978
4.51
1.447
Heavy Une Indblu KIt' equal 10 120. Where values ar. omitted above or MIo .. lln •• IGIId, wHi
b. the .. me .. lor A36 Steel(Sile Table I). Where values appear below lin. they are ar.aler
than for A36 Ste.l .
t: Non..:ompac:t .Ktlon; see discussion undllf Allowable loads on Cotumn •• Gen.,.1 Noles.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CO NSTRUCTION

 ]·41

Y, COLUMNS A242-A440-A441

xj[ y
Light Wand
Miscellaneous (M) shapes
TABLE II
Allowable concentric loads in kips
For A16 Ileel He pege ) . 25
F, = 50 ksi

1 6.5-4
Nominal Cepth
I
and WIdth
W.llht per Foot
.
. 'X 4B

U
.
.
5x5 M

.... ...s ,
5X 5W"

1i.0
4X' W"

.....
UJ
4 X H o,

U .'
F,
•5
115
lOS
501111
.
76
50 1111
144
115
14)
Il5
50 Itll
123
116
I
.
94
50 1111

."
g"
•iO • "
"0
,•
,
7
8

10
94
82

"" ."
57
37
126
116
1116
94
82
121
118
109
99
88
109

."
101

74
18

"
59
48
75

.,""
...... '••"
~
~
II
12 "58
76
64
64

"
<• "B
... "••
~ &

<• ...,'i ~

...'" '"
'" .-•.
<
;;

,. ~

":>.•"
~
~

Properties

Area A (In.2) 4.72 3.53 5." 5.45 4.70 3.82 3.82

Ratio r4 r, 2.70 2.76 1.73 1.69 1.69 1.74 1.76
z(ln.) .0; .90 1.20 1.28 1.26 .99 .94
(ft.) 3.7 3.7 4.' 4.' 4.' 3.7 3.'
L . (ft.) 8.7 •.z 13 .9 13.7 12.0 1l .2 12.2
IJ,,} Bending . 467 .488 .58S .548 .551 .701 . 735
B, factors Z.Z116 2.451 1.794 1.557 1.561 2.011 2.2'1
as"} Multiply 3. ,.,
0, .... alues by 10'
4.12
.648
3.23
.426 . 3.58
1.193 . 1.331
3.18
1.112 . 1.684
H..vy line Indica' .. K'/~ equal to 120. Where valu .. are omitted above or below lin • • 1000da will
.558
1.550
.503

be the sam. . . for A36 Steel (Se. Tabla I). Wh .... valu. . . ppa.. below line they ... "."er
tn.n for A. Steel.

AMER ICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

3 - 42

y
A242-A440-A441 COLUMNS
F, = 50 ksi

I
H bearing piles
TABLE II
Allowable concentric loads in kips
For AJ6 sleel see pllae J - 26
xIx ,
Y

Nomlnel Depth
end Width 14 X 14'1.1 BP

,I' I ",. '" I ""

llX llBP lOX1OBP
-~
,,,
. " ".
Welahl per FOOl J I ~,
,
F,
tU1 flOZ
50 kli 50 ks l 50 kli
'" 50 hi

•• . ... ...
.22
6 140 513 604 '16 335 218
c 1 .38 130 .14 321
•• ".'"" 826 12j) '"
555
594
583 435 319
269
259
i
1;
10 920
81 •
801
109
6"
546
536
571
558
397
381
'23
4ll
310
301
249
238
11 905 181 60; 525 545 398 291
•, 67.
311 "6

•• "
889 773 51. 532 361 384 28 1 21.
~ 13 813 ".". 661 503 511 316 310 210 202

......
~

.."
14
15
16
'56
'38
'20
128
112
641
,34
'19
.91
'18
503
481
412
345
333
321
355
340
32.
259
241
235
18.
11•
160
<, B 11 801 695 605 '"
'52 '55 309 308 222 144
".
i• 181 67' 5., .39 .38

...... • '"
18 290 209
0 19 161 661 .25 .21
182 -
51• 282 213 116
20 141 643 558 .10 403 269 254 '"
<, ~

j 21 120 62. 542

'"
384 255 235 161

...
CO<
CO<
<
":0:
..•
~

~
" '"
23
14
25
26
616

..
653
630
605
585
565
545
523
525
501
.'"
411
.53
380
365
349
332
315
...
..
365
345
325

283
240
225
209
193
...
...
216
197
181
161
152
139
128

.."•
21 581 502 433 262
c 28 556 480 41. ... 244
29 531 .51 394 ." 221
• 30 504 .34 313 ...
32 331 ...
~
'60 385
34 341 293
w
36 '"
...",- 3ii4 261

Properties

Area A (In.2) 34.44 30.01 26. 19 20.44 21.76 15.28 16.76 12.35 10.60
Ratio rxjr, 1. 66 1.67 1.67 1.80 1.75 1. 82 1. 71 1.72 1.72
Z (in.)
.II (ft.)
3.59
28.0
3.56
24.7
3.53
21.8
3.22
16.8
2.91
20.'
2.76
14.4
2.45
19.2
2.40
14.4
1.95
15.1
B ~} Bending
B, factors
a~} Multiply
.200
.579
182.9
.,.,
.200
157.2
.200
.590
135.4
.202
.657
102.8
.233
.721
.4.3
.234
.168
57.4
.285
.851
43.8
.285
.870
31.4
.355
1.071
17 .83
Q, values by 1(11 66.1 16.1 48.6 31.6 27.5 17.34 14.99 10.60 6.01
Heavy Une IndleelllS Klf r equillo 120. Where values are omUled above or below line. loads will
be t he same II for A36 Ste el (See Table I). Where walues eppelr below line they are areat ...
Than for A36 Sleel.
f Non-compaet seellon; see discussion under Allowable loads on Columns, Genera l Noles .
• Loads and proPtll"tles tabulated lor thl. s hape Mye been computed uslnll th_elleal propertle.
meetlna proyllion l 01 s.ctlon I., 01 the AISC Specification.

AM ERICAN tN STITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 ] .41

v A242.A440·A441
COLUMNS
American Standard F, = 50 ksi
XIX TABLE II

Nom inal Deplh

v
,
Allowable concentric loads in kips
For A36 II'" see

I X J* ..
~p

,
J . 21

4X l%
I J X Z'i
and Wldlh
W-"hl per
-
Foot 11.25 U •• 1U5
,
10.0 ... ,., U ..,
P, I
",. ",. SO kll
132.9 96.' 112.0 75.4 10.8
" hi
..., 54.1 41.1
...,
2
< 99.' 35.'
•.
3 119.9 87.9 67.4 61.7 49.8 45.7
4 104.6 77 .8 84.8 SO., 41.4 35.7 1l.6
~ • 86.' 66 .2 67.7 47.2 38.4 11.6 24.3 19.1

"0 6 66.8 53.1 49.0 34.9 22.2

,• 7 39.6
~

....
~ ••
.... "
~

<• 2

....
0 i
.... ••
< • 'i
CoO ..,
~

....
CoO.
< ".s ~

....•
~

~
is
Properties
Area A (In.Z') 5.02 3.61 4.29 2.87 2.76 2.21 2.17 1. 64
Rati o r4r, 3.35 3.42 2.97 3.15 2.69 2.78 2.21 2.32
z(in.~ .66 .72 .63 .65 .58 .59 .52 .53
.-( (It. 3.3 3.1 3.' 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.1
I~M (II.) 7.1 6.6 7.1 6.' 6.8 6.' 7.2 6.7
Ux} Bending .577 .495 .715 .•98 .836 .737 1. 142 .96'
B, faclors
ax } Multiply
0, values by I!J&
3.862
3."
.346
3.282
3."
.279
4.290
l.24
.254
3.500
1.797
.1807
4.246
1.001
.1383
....
1.810
.1146
4.617
.428
.0874
4.100
.170
.1l686
H. .vy tin. IrIdbtel KIf' equal to 110. Wh ... value. are omiUed abov. 01' betow lin •• IGlld. will
be the .. m. . . lor "16 Steet (See Table t). Wh... valu •• appeat below tin. they ... ar.. l ..
Ihan 101' Al6 St ••1.

AMERIC"N INSTtTUTE OF STEEL CoNSTRUCTION

3·44

COLUMN S
Steel pipe and structural tubing
Allowable concentric loads in kips

The safe concentric axial loads given in the following tables are based on
allowable unit stres&es computed by Formulas (1) and (2) of the AISC Specifi.
cation, Section 1.5.1.3.
'l'a bulated loads are based on the effective lengths of the co lumn. See
diacussion and Examples 1 and 2 on effective length of oolumns and use of
tables in the General Notes, Allowable Loads on Columns. Loads shown
below t.he heavy horizontal lines are for main members with KfJr rati08
greater than 120. .J:o~or secondary members with l/ r rati08 between 120 and
200, the allowable loads may be increased as illustrated in Example 4 of the
General Note8.
The properties and factors listed at the bottom of the tables are furnished
as a collvenience in designing columns subjected to combined loading condi-
tions. See explanation a nd Example 6 in the Genera l Notes.

STEEL PrPE COLU:MNS

T he allowable loads fo r unfilled pipe columns are calculated for steel
having a yield point of 36 kai.
Steel pipe is not manufactured to material specifications designated under
Sect.ion 1.4.1 of the AlSC Specification. However, pipe ordered to ASTM
A53, Types E or S, Grade B , open.hearth or basic-oxygen steel, with an
added stipulation that sulpbur not exceed 0.05 %, or pipe ordered to API
Standard 6L, Grade B, electric furnace, open.hearth, or baaic-oxygen, seam-
less or electric welded pipe, will have a yield point of 35 ksi and may be de-
signed at stresses allowed fo r A36 steel.

SQUARE AND RECTANGULAR STR UCTURAL T UB E COLUM NS

Allowsble loads for unfilled square and rectangular st.ructural lube
column.q are tabulated for steel made to physical and chemicaJ prol>ert..ies of
ASTM A36.
T he width·thickness ratios for square and rectangular sections listed are
in confonaance with Section 1.9 of the AISC Specification.
Non-oom pact tube sections, are identified by the symbol (f) to Ule left
of their respective weights (See Section 1.5.1.4.1 of AISC Specification).

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 3·45

IF, = 36 ksi
COLUMNS ,
Standard steel pipe
Allowable concentric loads in kips -$
Noml ... Jo..
I
12 10
• • 5
• 3\1 3
.21'
-
wen Thlck,...s
W"'hl per Foot
I
.375
49.56 .....
.365 .322
28.55
.".
18.97
-
.258
14.62
.237
10.79
.226

...
9.11 7.58
•
7
303
301
246
243
171
168
110
108
83 59 38
36
• '"'"
9
241
238
16'
163
106
103
81
78
76
""
52
46
41
34
31
10 293 215 161 101 73 49 38 28

.~
~

~
11
12
13
14
15
291
288
285
282
278
23.2
229

'"
223
220
158
155
152
149
145
98
95
92
89
"
71

65
61
58
..
46
4l

36
35
32
29
25
22
25
fl.5
15.9
~
,• 16 216 142
"
82 55
33

29 19.4
13.9

12.2
~

• ,. 17 '"
272 21l 138 79 51
" 17.1 10 .8

••••••
18
S 19 '"
265
209
205
135
131
75
71
47
4l
23
21
15.3
13.7
i• 261 201 127
" 39 18.7 12.4

~
• 21
22
23
2"
2S4
191
193
189
123
119
63
59 "
32
17 .0
15.5
11.2
10.2
oj
... 24
25
'"
24.
242
185
181
115
111
101
II47 30
27
25
14 . 1
13.0
12 .0

'j" ,.
.,.
~
27
28
29
30
238
233
229
225
220
176
112
167
162
158
102
98
93
88
83
"
40

"
l5
23
22
20
18.7
17.4
< 32
~

2• 31
32
216
211
153
1..
78
13
30
28
16.3

~ 33 206 143 '27

~
~
34
l5
201
191
131
132
"
65
61
25
24
36 192 121 58 22
181 55
"
38 181
116
121
115
"
49
21
19
40 111 ""
104 47
Properlles

Arel A (in. l) 14.58 11.91 '.399 5.581 UJO 3.114 2.... 2.228
r(in.) 4.38 3.61 2." 2.25 1.88 LSI 1.34 1.16
H{flctor
Sending 0.113 0.398 0.500 0.657 0.789 0.9117 1.119 1.292
It { MUltiPly '1.1 23.9 10.82 ' .21 2." 1.078 0.717 0.447
ve lues by 101
LOIIds below h.. vy hor1l0nlel Un. ere lor meln m.mb .... with KIt , tello. betw,.n 120 end ZOO.
For dlm.nllons .nd properties, see peg" I ,n.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION

' ·46

F, = 36 ksi
COLUMNS

-$ - Extra strong steel pipe

Allowable concentric rGads in kips

Nomln.' t».m . 12 .. I
.500
8
I • 5 4
.337
3~
.118
.. 3
.300
~ . -10.25
Wall Th\ekn, .. .500 .500 .315
W.llht .,.,. FOOl 65.42 54.74
I - - 28.57
43.39 20.78 14.98 12,51
--
,,•, ' - '
.
400 312 25' 166 118 81 66 52
.97 l21> 255 162 114 78 6l 48

10 .'",
394 ."
321
.18
251
247
24'
159
155
151
11l
107
103
75
7l

"
59
55
51
45
41

"
<
11
'"375 ..,
.14 239 146
"" 6l 47 II
•i!
.. "33
12 379 234 142 59
13 305 229 137 '1 54 18 ~:
~
~
14 m "I 224 132 49 21
15 29. 127 81 44 29 11.9
1;
,•
~
I'
'"
363 291
21'
214 122 76 30 25 15 .7

• 17
18
358
353
286
281
209
203
11.
III
7l
65
34
31
22
20
1).9
12 .4
S
l' 34' 276 197 105 59 28 18 . 0

i• 20 344 271 1'1

" 53 25 16 .2

•
..," "
21
22
339
314
l21>
265

""248
254
185
179
172
.
93

79
48
44
40
"
21
18 .8
14 .7

i 24
25
323
318 ,., 166
159
73
"
34
17 .3
:.:
; 26 312 ". 152
"
62 32

". 27 30' 2" 145

" 29

.. 28 "I 224 137 53 27

130 25
29 295 21'
"
~

<
30 289 Zll 122 47 2!

"•
~

~
31
32
II
283

,..
277
270
204
197
190
183
114
107
I'" .
44
41
34
l5 25' 175 "" 36
34
251 84 32
"" ,,, 244
1"
160 80
38
30
40
237
22l
152
144
137 ..
76
72

Properties

Area A (In.')
r(ln .)
19.24
4.34
16.10
1.63
12.76
2."
8.405
2.20
6.1l2
1.84
I 4.407
1.48
3 .678
1.31
3.016
1.14
l","dlO'
B

a
factor
MulUply
values by lOt
0.339
54.0
0."
31.6
0.521
15.77 ....
0.688 D.8Z2
3.08
1.0lZ
1.438
1.171
0.940
1.355
0.584

LAds below ftMvy hotil.OtlUoI lin ..... tol mill" members with Kll r ,..tlos bel_" 120 and 200.
For dlmenAGn•• nd ~I... ... ~8. 1 -11.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE or STEEL CONSTRUCTION

r
1·47

COLUMNS F, =36 k,i

Double·extra strong
steel pipe
Allowable concentric loads in kips

•
f11-
• ,
- NomInal Diem.

Wall Thlckne" :t 12
1.000 "
~ .875 .... ~
6
.67"
I
.600
f---
.. 125.49 104.13 72.42 53.1638."
-- 27.54 . 18.58

.
We1ahl "'" fool
- ,;;;-
6 166 630

•,
1 160
153
623
616
431
'24
411 ,.,
'" '"
209
202
'"
140
133
91
11
410 195 126

"
141
139 ""
601 40' '"215 181 11. "
60

S- 11
12
13
132
124
116
592
58'
515
'95
381
'18
266
251
241
118
110
160
109
100
91
51
43
37

.,•~ 14
15
101

'"
566
551 '"
360
231
221
151
141 "
10
32
28

.• 16 600 541 351 216 130 62 24

"•
U
~
11
18
19
20
681
611
682
652 ..
531
521
516

.95
341
331
321
310
205
19'
181
168
11'
1"
"
B1
55
49
44
40
21

••
~
21
22
23
642
631
621
.83
412 '"
288
216
155
142
130
19
12
66 "
33
j
.., 24
25
610
5"
.60
441
264
252
11'
110
60
56
>:
;;

"
26
21
588
516
435
422
240
221 '"." 51
48

..-
E
~

~
28
29
30
'"552
540
409

'"
3B2
213
1"
186
B2
16
44

%
U
31
32
33
528

.,
515
502
'"
354
340 "'
16'
154
11
61
63
g 34
35 416
325
310
145
131 "
462 129
"
37
38
.48
.34
294
278
264
122
116
.20 250 110
"
40 '05 238 105

Area A (in."
r(in.)
36 .91
4.17
30.63
3.47
Properties

21.30
V6
15.64
2.0;
11.34
1.72
8.101
I.l7
I .....
1.05
B { Bendlll8
factor
I 0.361 0.448 0.567 0. 781 0. 938 1. 193 1.596
{ Multiply
a valuel by 10' 95 .6 ".0 24 . 2 ,." 5.00 2.21 0.898

load. below n.. ..,. horll.oolelll", .r. lor main member. with 1(/ 'r raUos between 120 and ZOO.
For dlm""I0". end proP<trtlel .••• paS', 1 · 72.

AMERICAN iNSTITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION

3 ·48

F, = 36 ksi
COLUMNS

0
Nomlnel Sile
Sq uare structural tubing
Allowable concentric loads in kips

IZ X IZ
$to X 10
11. I>
Well Thlckne ..
Wellllll per Foot
I>
74 . 54 "
S7.Z3 t48 .Z4 "
f]9.03 60.95 "
41.03
11.
39.74 "
tl2.Z3
•
1
.57
.54
351
34. '"
294
240
238
370
361
286
284
242
240
196
195

10
•• '51
.41
.43
346
34'
341
292
290
281
236
235
363
360
356
281
218
215
237
235
233
193
191
189
233
< 11 440 338 285 231 351 212 230 181
.
.!1

i:l
12
13
14
'36
.31
.21
335
332
329
283
280
m
229
221
22'
341
343
338
269
26'
262
221
224
222
185
182
180
'0 15 '23 32' 21. 222 333 258 219 118
,• 16 418 322 212 220 328 254 215 17'
,; 17 413 318 269 218 323 251 212 113

2
• 18
19
20
409
404
39.
315
311
301
266
263
25.
215
213
210
318
313
301
241
243
239
209
206
202
170
167
16'
II Q 21 394 303 256 208 302 234 199 162
•
~
• 22
23
24
388
383
371
299
295
291
253
250
246
205
202
200
'"
290
284
230
226
221
195
191
188
159
156
153
'i 25 372 281 243 191 278 216 184 150

"'j" 26
21
28
366
360
354
283
278
21'
239
235
232
194
191
188
211
26'
258
212
201
202
180
176
112
141
143
140
29 348 26. 228 185 252 191 168 131
,.
.E
~

c
30
31
342
336
26'
260
22.
220
182
119
24'
238
192
181
163
159
133
130
J! 32 329 25' 216 176 231 181 154 126
••
33 323 250 212 112 223 176 150 123
34 316 24' 208 169 216 170 14' 11.
~
35 309 240 204 166 208 16' 141 11'
36 303 23' 199 162 201 159 136 111
31 296 230 195 159 193 153 13l 108
38 289 22' 191 15' 185 141 126 104
39 281 219 186 152 111 141 121 100
40 214 21. 182 148 168 13' 11' 95

Properties

Area A (In.2) Z1.91 16.8 14 .19 11.48 17.93 13.81 11.69 9.482
,. (in .) 4.63 4.70 4. 73 4.17 3.81 3.88 3.91 3. 95
B} Bending
factor .280 .Z7Z .268 .264 .34' .332 .326 .320
} Multiply 69.9 55.4 47. 3
n lIalues by 10' 38.' 38.1 31.0 Z6.7 ZZ .O

Loads belOW lIeavy li ne e re for meln members wllh Kif , retios between 120 end 200.
t Non -eompe cl secllon: ..e discussio n unde r Allowable load, on Columns. Gene ... Notet.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 ].49

IF, -- 36 ksi

$- COLUMNS
Square structural tubing
Allowable concentric loads in kips
0
-
N~su.e

W.II Ttolcknes. ~
,
.. . X.
.~ " -
31.24
-~-
,
.. -
40.55 ~~ . 73 _ " .99
7X 7
II.
i
-
"
22 .04
II• -
-
16.85
--- 36.83
111 .35 25."
Welshl per Foot
6
7 ,..
28J 121
218
187
185
153
1'1
240
236
188
185
160
158
13l
129
100
99
•
9
10
276
271
267
21'
212
209
183
180
117
1"
147
145
m
227
222
182
179
175
155
152
149
127
125
122
""
94
c
.~
11
12
13
262
258
253
205
202
198
174
17l
168
142
140
137
217
212
207
17l
158
164
146
143
140
120
117
11'
.
92
88
Q
1;
•,
14
l'16
24'
242
194
190
165
162
135
132
202
1..
160
155
136
133
112
109 "
84
m 186 158 129 190 1'1 129 106 82
'5 17 m 182 155 127 184 146 125 103 79
• 1.
19
22S
219
117 1'1
147
124
121
178
17l
142
137
122 100
"
77

."
2 173 11'
•II• 20
21
213
207
168
164
144
140
11.
114
165
158
132
127
113
109
93 7Z
70

~
•
'i
22
23
24
200
19<
187
1"
154
1"
136
131
127
III
108
105
1'1
144
136
122
116
III . 105
100
87
83
79
" 64
62

- -- - .
.., 25
,.
180 143 123 101 128 105 91
"n "
"" "29
173
165
138
132
118
114
.
"94 120
112
99
93 '1 68 ""
",.
E
~
28
.,
158
150
127
121
109
104
" " " "
104 87
.1
76
71 ;l --;0
46
c
.. 142 11'
- 99 82 91 55 43

i-
31
32
33
134
125
11. .
109
103
91
"
" "
94
89
84
" 78
74
70
85
80
71

62
62
58
54
49
46
43
41
38
30
34
;:;
34
35
III
105
" " " "
79
74 62
71 '1
48 41 32
36
37
38
39
.
99
94
84
81
77
73
69
" """ " "
42
70
63
60 50
47
63
60
54
51
50
47
45
46
43
41
39
38
36
34
33
31
30
28
27
26
24
40 80
" " Properties
37

Area A (In," 13.93 10.83 9.189 7.482 11.93 9.334 7.939 6.482 4.958
,o,.~
B} raclor
ending
} Multiply
2.98
.449
3.06
.427
3.10
.417 ....
3.13 2.57
.529
2.65
.498
2.69
_485
2. 72
.472
2.76
.460

(J v.lues by 10' 18.49 15 . 12

,
13. 13 10.93 11.76 9.n '.54 7. 16 5.62

loIod. below to"Y)' n~.,. for "",In m,mb«. wllh KIl T rello. ~n 120 .nd 200.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

' ·50

F, -- 36 ksi I
COLUMNS

Nomine' Size
---
0
Square structural tubing
Allowable concentric loads in kips

, x,
~.
~. ~.
fB
5x5
Well Thickness \I !; I< \I 'A ~.
!;
---- ---
Wallht per Fool
, 34 .48
----
200 158 '34
18.82 111.41 27 .68 21.94 18.77 15.42 11 .86
27.04 23.02
84 IS.
--
12' 107 88 68
. -..
7
, '" IS' '32 II. 83
'29 10.
"'
IS' 121
117
'04
8
10
19'
'87
151
147 '28
'116 81
'82 '44 12. 10' 77
'46
14'
'36 '09 "
10' 83
81
78 "' ""
60
" "
'76 14. 98 '30 '05
<
•.
II '20 75 75 58
"
.."" " ." ""
12 171 '36
III
'16
III
95 73 '24 '00 87 72 56

~
13
14
IS
165
'59
IS.
127 '09
'05
"
90
87
71
69
67
117
III
'04
83
75
69
51
'0
•, '" 10' .
'2•"
16
17
18
19
147
14.
III
'28
117

"'
107
'02
97

" 71
88
83

77
64
62
59
57
.
97

81
71
.,
" ----u-----sr-
75
10
.5
61
59
55
51
47
..
46
43

37

i•
••
20
2I
119
III
10]
97

" " "

84

- 7-' - .,.- "

69 54
51 60
57
51
50
46 .
" 34
31

"" "
22 85 74 48 55 47 3S 28
23 95 58 45 50 38 32 28
..,'i 24 71 64 54 30 24

" ""
87 46 3S

'-""
;;
25
26
27
80
74
69" " "
67

57
59
54
5()
.. 33
"
"" " "28
l6

1I
32
30
27
25
24
22
20
18.7
••,. 28
29
64
60" " 50
47
44 37
1I
29
34
1I
29
27 24
22
20
17 .4
16 .2
19 .1
< lO 56
" " 34 27 25 22 15 .2
!!
•
.>
~
31
32
33

"
..
52

" "
43
44

38
36
38
36
34
32
32
lO
28
27
25
24
22
21
21 17.9 14.2
13.3

"w 3S

" ..
" 34
32
lO
18
25

"
19.8
18.8

..
37
38
31 27
25
23
21
17.8
16.8
16.0

Area A (in.' )
r (in.)
10.14
2.18 '.25 '.29
Properties

7.950 6.772 5.535 4.238 8.142 6.454

2.32 2.35 1.77 1.84
5.522
1.88
4.535
1.91
.....
1.95
JJ } Bending
.'29 .590 .573 .556 .54' .798 . 735 .7.. .68' .660
factor
} Multiply 1.21 • .02 5.28 4. 45 3.27 2.47 I. ...
t:l values by HJIi '.50 '.80 '.90

t..o.ds below h •• vy Un • • r. lOt main R1.mb.,... wlth KI/, r811o", betwHn 120 and 200.

AMERICAN IN STITU TE OF STEE L CONSTRUCTI ON

 3 - 51

IF,- 36 k,i
-8 -
I
COLUMNS
Square structural tubing
Allowable concentric loads in kips 0
Nominal Sile OX 4 3'h X 3." 'X,
-
,. ~. "A I He II, 11,
~ 'A
Wall Thk:knu$ 'A II,
1----
Weill!>! per 1001
-
16.84 14.52 . 12.02
-
9.31 12.69 10.50
--- ~~
8.14
- 44~~ ._'"
• 9!
" ., " SO
79
. 51 55 41 52
"
7
8
9
" "
87
81
78
72
69
"" 57
47
45 55
53
47
41
39
31
48
44
40
41
38
14
lZ
30
27
41 34
c
10
11
" "
74
69 .1
"
51
41
40
51

47 40 II II
II
27
25
22
.9
2 3 it;-
O " " " " -,"-,- "
48 J8 42 Z9

.,
~
~

•
13
14
15
59

" " -"- -"- "

---¥,- .,--
52
~
44
40
15
32
31
lZ
24 19.7
22
18.8
16.4
19.3
16.6
14.5
15.9
13.7
11.9
'5
•
2 " "
17
18
41

12 "" ""
31
II
Z9
" 32
21
25
22
19.4
18 . 9
16.9
17.3
15.4
13.7
14.4
12. 8
12.7
11.3
10.1
10.5
9.'
8_'

" "
Z 19 Z9 21 18.5 17 .4 15.1 12.3
•
~
20 24 21 16.7 15 . 7 13.7 11.1
•
~
• '1
22
24
22
22
19.7
18. 7
17.1
15 . 2
13.8
14.3 12.4 10.1
9.'
..,'i 21
Z4
25
19.9 18.0
16.5
15.6
14.3
13.2
12.7
11.6
10.7
"
~
~
.E
"
27
~
;;
c
"
Z9
30
~
31
•
~ 32
31
~ 14
15

"
31
18
39
40
Properties

Area A (in.2) 4.954 4. 272 3.535 ' 2.738

3.1.28
73: 1 3.1.31
089 '.394 3.108 '_1.10
589 2.019
I.SO '-54
.."
r (in.) 1.43 1.47 '-34 1.07 1.13
B} fac
Bending _885 1.074 1.023 1.307
....
.976 .8" .976 1. 232 1.166

a
tor
} Multiply
valu ~ s by l(l1 1.513 1.311

Loads below heavy line .re lor main members

1.190
-'" ..,.
WIth Nlt ~
.787 .." . 531

ratlOI betWilen 120 and 200.

,
_387

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

3 · 52
y
F, = 36 k,j ,
COLUMNS

0
Rectangular structura l tubing x x
Allowable concentric loads in kips

y
Nominal Sl za 12 X. 10 X 6 -
WaU Thkknan
Weraht P8I" FOOl
-
\I
54 .15
110
41.93
~,

t35.49 '.
t 28.83
\I
47.35
110
36.83
~,

31.24
\4
,25.44
-- -
,,• '"
7 312
247
242
209
205
202
17.
167
277
272
216
212
184
ISO
150
147

10
'" '" 299
292
233
228
198
193
16'
161
157
266
260
208

'","
177
m
169
'"
141

~
0

•i:a 11 222 ",184 '"

248 165 '"
12 '"27'
27.
217
179
15'
I"
".
241 '"
189 161 '"
132

",• ""
15
262
253
211

""
199
174
169
142 '"
226
184
178
m
157
152
128
125
'" '" "7 121

'•" 16
17
24'
". 192
186
16'
158 '"
130
211
20'
167
161 '"
138
117
113
""•
£
""
20
226
217
207
179
171
164
153

".'"
125
120
II'
'"
186
177
154
148
141
132
127
121
109
10'
100
II
~

••
"
22
23
24
196
186
175
164
157

'"
141
132
'"
128
121
11.
105
100
167
158

'"
'"
127
120
112
11.
11.
10' .
95
91

'i 25 152 124

11'
107 "89 137
" 81
127
"".. 91
"
~
1
..•
26
27

.,"
2B
1..
130
1Zl
113
105
115
106

."
92
..
100
92
SO
75
8J
77
71
67
62
117
109

." .
101
"
96

78
72
84

.."
78
72
70
65
61

"
53

""
0

""" "
93
87
81
76
71
.
70
62
"55 82
77 64 "
55
52
49
46
.~
"" 82
77
67 58
51

" "
69
65 "
60
53
49
44
41
ii " 55 46 46
"
" "" ."
69
60
57
52
49
47
"
41
61

" "46
44
41
".,""
""" " "" 55
62 51
48
44
42
52 ""
41
"" "
Properties
" "
Area A (in.Z) 15.93 12.33 10. 44 ,.", 13.93 10.83 9.189 7.'"
Ra tio r,,/,., 1.72 1.71 1.71 1.70 1.49 1.46 1.48 1.46
11 (in.) 2.40 2.46
_m
2.50 2.53 2." 2.41 2.44 2.46
~} Bending .353 .330 .32' .411 .J» .381 .373
B~ factors
ax Multiply
.521
40.4 .'"
32.7
.482
28.3
.470 .546 .516
20 .7
.502 .46'
14 .95
a, va lues by 1(lI 13.66 11.16 9.69
23.4
8.07
25. 3
11 .40 ,."
Loeds below hea..,. It"e ere lor main members with K I 'r ratios betwaen 120 and 200.
17.95
8. 18 ' .114
1Non·compa et section when bendlna OCCUrS a bo ut V · Y aids: n e dl scuu.lon u" d.r Allowa bla
Load s on Cotu,"n ~. G..ne.al NOles

AM ERICA N INSTITU TE OF STEE L CONSTRUCTION

 3 ·53

-.l IF, -- 36 ksi

~
COLUMNS
x

y
x Rectangular structural tubing
Allowable concentric loads in kips
0
Nominal SiL.
'X' 'X'
'" ". "
I'> I
'" II.
" II.
W" Thlckn", I'>
- ~ - - - - - II.
W_ahl pw rOOl " .55 31.73 26.99 22.04 . 116.85 3.... 27.04 23.02 IB.B2 fl4.41
•
1
236 186
182
158
155"" 129
127 ".'"
189
181
127 II. 80
m 101 18
•, '" 221
", 118 152
"" I"
'" "" " 138 II' 15

. ..
122
< 10
II
'" 221
ZI6 110
166
"5
142" II'
89
166
151
"
132
12.
II'
II, 89
103
~ 12 '" 161 138
II' "8
139
II'
112
85 66

'" " ""

113 81 80 61

-••
0
13
"
15
191
191
184
151
152
134
130
126
110
101
103 SO
85
82 118
101
105
85
18 ..
16
10
65
59
55
51

"• '"
-
..
16 111 141 121 100 11 95 81 11 60

."• . . " .. "" " ""

11 110 136 111 96 84 63

B
i•
18
" ". II'
20
162
154
.
130
124
112
101
102 . ""
92 11
65
15
61
51
52
51
51
38
34
31

•
~
21
22
23
131
129
120
""
---gr---ao
112
105
"
,. .,.-
" .
86
"" " 80
16
12
"
62

56
55
50
39
38
35
35
32
29
25
23

..,i "IS 110

102 85
" "
61 52
39
36
33
32
19
21
25
21
19.1

'"
~
26
21
94
81 ""
.
18
13"" 58
53
50
31 21 23
21
1B.2
16.9
!! 28 81
" 61 39

.. .
29 16 63 55 36
,.
S
~

<
30
31
11
66 "59
55
51 34
32

..•
.!!

~
32
33
34 ." "".
62
58
55
52

38
38
36
34
30
28
26
25

." " "

35 52 32
~
36 41 30 24
31 39 34 28 22

."
38

"
31
35 "
32
30
21
26 20
19. 1
Properties
Afea A (In.2) 11 .93
1.25
9.334
1.25
1.939
1.25
'.482
1.24
'.958 10.14 1.954 6.172 5.535 ' 4.238
Ra tio rx/ry 1.24 1.74 1.73 1.72 1.72 1.71
~r')
tJ~ Bending
2.27
.497 ...,
2.34 2.38
.'56
2.41
.444
2."
.•33
1.52
.568
1.59
.531
1.62
.516
1.65
.500 ...,
1.68
B~ factors
a~ Multiply
0, values by 101
.583
14.29 11.B7
9. 14 7.62
.548 .532
10.37
6.67
.517
8.70
5.60 ....
.503
'.82
.861
10.65
3.51
.194
8.92
2."
lDIodl ~ h .. vy Hn ..... for main mtom-' with Kll rrallos bel_n 120 .nd 2111.
.164
7.83
2."
.136 .711
6.59 5. 19
2.24 1.176

tNon -compac:t Iktion wh.n bendln, OIXuri about Y . Y.xi.; .... dlKulilon under "I~~
loa,", on Co'Umn .. a. ...... 1 Notes .

AMERICAN INSTITUTE Of" STEEL CoNSTRUCTION

,."
y
F, - 36 ksi
COLUMNS

0
NomlnlllSl~
Rectangular structural tubing
Allowable concentric loads in kips

'x 5
x

6X'
tEy
x

~
~~
wen Thkkneas \; ~. 1,4 ¥Iii ~ ~.
34.48 I 27,04
'--i--
Welsh( P$ FOOl
._-- - - 23.02 18.82 t14.41 21.94 18.77 15 ,42 11.86
,
6 196
191 '"
151
132
129
loa
lOS
83
81
120
116
103
" 85

""
82 63
•
9
185
119
146
142
125
IZI
103
100
19
71
III
106 91
19
16
61

""
c 10 113 131 II. 91 14 100 81 12
•• II 166
~ 12 159
132
121
113
109
93 12
" " "" "
""' "
88 71 50
13 152 122 10. 67
~
0
•,
14 145 116
110
100 83 64 " " " "
75
12 60 41

~
15 131
" 19 61
" - 60 51 40

-••• 16
11
12'
120
"
104
"' 85 " 75
71 55
61

" " 48
46 37

If
41
18 III
~
19 lli2
91 80
"
- ,-.- ----..----- ---
85 74 62
52
48
48 4l 37 29

" " "

S 4l 26
20 92 51 45 35 30 24
--
"K• 21 84 10 62 52 41 35 32 21 22
• 22 16
" 56 48 38 32
" 21 16.5 25 19.1
23 10 59 52
" 34 30 26 23 18.0
~

..,'i 24 41 21 24

.." "
64 40 32
25
:.:
;;
26
21
59
55
50

4l
40
37
31
34
32
"
21
25 22
21
19.1
17 .6
15.2
14.1

"
25 13.1

"-",.
~
28
29
30
41
44
41
40
37
34
35
32
30
"
21
26
23
22
20
c 31 38 32 28 24 18.9
"• 32 30 21 22 17.7
~
" 21 16.7

!i"
34
• 15
36
37
38

"
40
Properties

Area A. (In.2) Ill. 14 '.1.30

954 6.772 5.535 4.238 6.454 5.522 4.535 3.488

"r)
Ratio ,.,,/ry
8" Sending
B~ fac tors
(I" Multiply
1.30
1.88
.585
.710
9.04
1.94
.550
.663
7.55
1.3,
1.97
.534
.642
6.61
1.30
2.00
.519
.622
5.56
1.29
2."
.505
.604
'.38
1.38
1.53
.678
.855
4.25
1.37
1.56
.6"
.•20
3.78
1.37
1.59
.631
.'88
3.21
1.37
1.62
.610
.759
2.56
lJ, values by 10' 5.32 4.47 3.93 3.31 2.62 , 2.25 2.01 1.115 1.37u
Load. b6low h .. "Y lin. It. lor m.ln m.mber. with KilT rl\l<>'1 belw,",n 120 Ind lOG.
INo<>o(:om~CI .ectlon wn.n btI,dlnt (N;(:Ul' .boUl Y . Y .:w.is: ... dl$(; uulon under Allow.bl.
lOld' on CoIu'TInl. Genefl" '1Gles.
AMERICA N I NSTITUTE Of ST EEL CONSTRUCTION
 3 ·55
y

COLUMNS
IF, =36 ksi
Rectangular structural tubing

-
x-

y
Nominal Slle
-x
Allowable concentric loads in kips

'X 3
0
I
'X3
Wall Thlckl'lllSS l; ~. I II ~. l; ~.
I 12.02
II II.
Waleh! per foot

7
,
" .,
. 19.39
92
16. 65
85
13.12
70

"
10.58
55
16.84
84
I
14.52
73 61 .
9.31

9 • 85
78
74
68
62 "" 79
73 "
64
58

"
50
45
42

""" "
58 45 39
10 70 62 53 42 53 45
c
"
i II
12 "" 62
54
.
47
42
38

"l: "
47
41
40
35
3Z
29

I'I. ""
13 41
"0
,•
14 39 36
31
31
27 22
38
32
28
"
30
26
30
26
23
25
21
18 .•
'5
• 17
30
27
27
24
24
21
19.2
17 .0 "
22
23
20
19.9
11.6
16.2
14.4
"• I'I. 24 22 18 .7 15.2 19.1 18.0 15.7 12.8
"S 20
21 19.4 16.8
15.2
13.6
12.3
16.1 14.1 11.5
10 .•

!• 21

~
• " 23
24
'i 25

":.:• 2'
27
28

"
.!i
~
29
30
31

""•
c 32
33

"
~

~ ."
35

37
38
39
40
I Properties
Area A (in.1) 5.704 4.897 4.035 3.113 4.954 4.m 3.535 2.138
Ratio rzlr~ 1.74 1.73 1.72 1.72 1.50 1.50 1.49
r ,,(in.)
Il~} Bending
B ~ factors
1.14
.757
1.148
1.11
•724
1.087
....
1.21
1.032
1.24
.668
.982
1.11
.891
1.207
1.15
.847
1.139
l.lS
. .,7
1.On
1.49
1.21
.m
1.024
o~ Multiply 3.37 3.02 2.60 2." 2.07 1.879 1.631 1.321
o,! values by 10'1 I .Ill 1.007 .874 .708 .911 .838 .733 .'98
loa ds below heavy line II'. 10< main memb,,", with KI/~ ' aUos bet wee" 120 and ZOO.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

3· "
v
F, = 36 ksi
COLUMNS

0 Rectangular structural tubing

Allowable concentric loads in kips
x-
rnv
x

Nominal SI ze
Well Thlckness .. . ~
• X3
\4 iI. ~.
.X,

...,
\4 *. ~.
3X'
\I . *.
Weight per Fool

•
14.70
73 .." ....
12.69 10.50
53
8.14
42
10.57
--

" ,.
36
"35 - ...,,-
'.86
- - ' .44
32
] ,10
28
5.59
23
1
,•
10
~
68
62
5/ .
55
45
42
38
39
36
34
31
18
22
17 .6
30
25
19.6
25

16.4
20
16.00
13.00
23
18.5
14.6
19.4
l5T
12 .5

,....,
< 15.9 13.3 11.9 10.1
~
•
~
11
12
13
44
31
32
40
34
29
34
29
21
..,.- 14.6
12.2
13.1
11.0 ,.,
11.0 10.1 '.3
1.0
"0 25 20 1.'

.•,• 14
15
16
21
24
'I
25
22
19.0
22
18.8
16.6
17.6
15.4
13.5

..•
~

2
11
18
19
20
18.5
16.5
16.8
15.0
14.7
13.1
11.7 ,..
12.0
10.1

i• 21
22
••
23
24
..,i 25
,.
'j" 21
18

•,.
~
"
3IJ

..,•
<
31
32
33
34
35
~ 36
31
38
39
40

Properties

Area A (In." 4.325 3.089 2.394 3.108 '.589 2.019 2. 483 2. 089 1. ...
3.733
Ratio rx/ry
~r)
{jz Bending
U. 1.,.
1.25 1.25 1.76 1.75 1.73 1.39 1.39 1. 38
1.09 1.12 1.15 1.18
1.056 1."" .958
.14 .11 . .71 .14 .,.11
.916 1.172 1.104 1.044 1.531 1.422 1. 329
B
Il~
a7 j
factors
Multiply
values by 1()1
1.221
.168
1.108
.100 .611
.179
.'98
.190
.254
.."
1.259 1.191 1.130 1.075 1.825 1.690 1.571 1.9112 1. 822 1. 684
.96.
.218
.576
. 1914
.36'
. 1867
. 328
. 1708
.216
.1454
Loads below h.,yY lIne ere for me rn members wilh Klln alios belween 120 e nd ZOO.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CoNSTRUCTION

 ' ·57

Noles

AMERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION

,. "
DOUBLE·ANGLE STRUTS
USE OF TABLES

In designing strut8 of two angles connected to opposite faces of a gusset

I)late, it is customary to neglect any eccentricity between the rivet gage line
and the gravity axis of the st.rut.. In t.he following tables eccentricity is
neglected.
The 108M given in the tables are based on the assumption that. inler·
miUcnt fillers have been provided according to Section 1.18.2.<1 of the AISC
Specification.
The allowable loads given in the tables for Kl f r mti08 to 120 8re for
axial loo.ded members having an ~ediue unsupported length indjcated at tbe
left. 'The effective length is the actual unbraced length multiplied by tbe
effective length factor K which is dependent upon restrnint nt t.he ends of the
slrut.e. I t is usual practice to assume K equal to 1.0 when designing truss
members, IiOO discussion under Section 1.8 of the Specification Commentary.
Likewise, for BCCOndary and bracing members with il r ratios between 120
and 200, K is taken as unity. See Section 1.5.1.3.3 of the Specification.
Angle si...es tabulated conform to widt.h-thickness rat.ios for AS1'M A36
steel AS provided in Section 1.9 of t.he SpecifiCAt.ion. Each a ngle sir.o is tabu-
lated, with respect to the X - X and Y - Y axes, for a different set of lengths
than its neighbor in order:
1. To locate more precisely the length at which the Kl r ratio
equals 120.
2. To facilitate accurate interpolation for lengths not shown.
ValUC8Mown above tbe 80lid horizonlalline are for KI r ran08 equal to or
leae than 120. Tabulated loads for struts with l . r rati080ver 120. shown below
t.he 80lid horizontal line, are determined by Formula (3 ), Section 1.5.1.3.3 of
the Specification, applicable to bracing and secondary members only. In
this case K is laken as unit.y; therefore, the effective length is the actual
unhraoed length. For such struts used as main members, the tabuJated loads
must be reduced as illustrated in Example 5 in the Allowable Loads on
Columns, General Notes on page 3 - B.
The tabulated loads for struts referred to their Y - Y axis assume gusset.
plalefl " in. thick. 1bese values with respect to this axis are conservative
when thicker gU98Ct.e are used. The following example ilIustral.e8 li con-
venient method of determini ng the eQwvalent allowable load when 8 thicker
gllSget plate is used:

AMERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 ]·59
EXAMPLE
Given : Using A36 steel, detennine the maximum allowable concentric
load with respect to Y - Y axis on a double angle strut of 8 X 8 X 1
angles with an effective length equaJ to 12 ft.., and connected to
~ 4 in. thick gusset plate.
Solution:
r 'l _ 3.53 in. (from Table of Double.Angle Struts for 2 is 8 X 8 X 1
with 3~ in. plate).
,, ' 3.67 in. (from T a ble of Two EquaJ Angles, Properties, 2 is
8 X 8 X 1 with % in. plate).
:, 3.53 _ 0 962
r,' 3.67 .
Equivalent Length = 0.962 X 12 ct. - 11.5 ft..
Enter Double-Angle Strut Table fo r 2 is 8 X 8 X 1 with reference
to Y - Y axis for effective lengths between 10 and 15 ft., read
590 and 548 1cips, respectively.

Equivalent allowable load ... 590 - [ (590 - 548) X 11.5 - 10J

15 10
- 577 kips.

SINGLE-ANGLE STRUTS
Allowable loads o n single-angle struts are not tabulated in Ulis Manual
becaUllC it. is virtually impossible to load such strut..s concentrically. In
t.heory, concentric loading could be accomplished by miUing the ends of an
angle a nd loading it through bearing plates. However, in practice, the actual
eccentricity of loading is relatively large; and, its neglect in design may lead
to a dangerously underdesigned member.
An approximate procedure for detennining the aUowable load on a single-
angle strut is to compute the bending stress from t he actual eccentriciLy as
scaled from a sketch on which the principal axes Z - Z and W • W are dmwn.
lnfonnation o n determining the propertiea of a single-angle with respect to
Lbese axea is given in Properties of Geometric Sections, page 6 - 28. The angle
of the Z - Z axis with respect to the Y - Y axis, and the va1ue for r. may be
found in T ables of Properties of Angles.
The desig n of a single-angle strut must meet the provisions of Section 1.6.1
of the AISC Specification. When bendi ng occurs about both principal axes
and Formula (7a ) is critical, Formula (78 ) may be expressed as followa:

fa +
F. S.,.:".6
M.
(I _' f.)
L' I
f.) :5 1.0
,. FIJ'
in which t.he a llowable axial stress f"a iK with respect to the Z - Z a xis, a nd
the bend ing compo nents are with respect. to lhe W - W a nd Z - Z axes.
Complete analysis of Lhe torsional e ffects caused by twist buckling of
single-a ngle compression members is beyond the scope of this Mal1W11. If a
more accurate theoret.ical a na lysis is requi red , refer to a ppropriate technical
publication!!.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

3 - 60

ASTM A36
F, = 36 ksi DOUBLE·ANGLE STRUTS v

-,r Equal leg angles

Allowable concentric loads in kips
9F "",,"J;'
* In. back 10 back of Ingles V

~" 'X' ,.. ' X,

Thickness
WeIght per Foot 113.8
II; 1 J;
102.0 I 90.0
% !!o
77.8 I 65.4
---
1
74.8
1420
I..., !!o
%
57.4 I 48.4
II, I!.
43.8 .. 39.2
0 72' on 494 278
10 615
648
423
415 0
'"
•12 ,., 317300'52 282'306"
397
3D7
258 234
248

."•• 14
lS
'52
478
55'
496
431 '"'"
382
381 '"
321 10
'" 241
223
2lS
201
209
195
180

.."•
~
~
X
<
22
23
395
'72
357
337
317
299
'32
277
262
""23'
222
~

X 14
< '"
16 '"
270 23.
267 237 208
200
177
lSI
1'1
163
145
24 281 202 118
~

•S "
X

28
'49
286
317
311 300 266 23T":fgf-
230
24.
201
20'
17<1
X
X
lS
22
26
-m-
'" ""15f" "118117106
149 11' " "
132
96
151 138 125

'" 80
X
121 106 .1
U
• "
32 24'
222
222
200
197
177
172
164
146
IJil
30
31
137
" 73
72

• - - '"
~
40
41
188 166 14. 121
120 ,
••
I" JIl7 278 248

'i 0 494 41'

10 '" '"
415 J66
351
36'
317 267
256
241 21'
.., 723 648
'" m
12 '98
'" '" 23" '"
231
220 196
>:
10
15
20
'58
6lZ
590
548
499
520
483 '417
"37' '" 14
I. '"33'
16 '" '"
317
299
274
'"
258
243
21. 195
186
174

" '" '" '"'" ~ !'1

;; '58 3lJ
~
30
497
428 335
33' 281 240
20
22
317
'" 241
222
202
186
182
168
162
149
E
~
-X 34
382
327
288 X
<
294
269 236 '" 203 169 152 136
-ill- ,.,...;-W,- T96 "
286 204
•;; < > 26 243 212 182 152 136 121
---m- - - - --
35 313 235
>
c 40 296 231 198 165 > 27 ~ 200 144 11' 129
."U•, > 45
50
"il
232
216
22'
207
193
201
lSI
169
173
1"
144
131
30 200 175
34 In 151
153 135
150
130
126
108
113
98
101
87
55 146 122 11' 97 88 78

"W
"
57
58
213
211
210
191
189
188
168
166
165
145
143
143
121
120 "
42 142 12'
43 140 123
44 U. 122
108
107
106
'I
90
82
'1
73
72

" 208
" lJ7 121 " 80 72

Properties o f 2 Angles-% in. Back to Back

Area A ( in.2) 33.46 30.00 26.46 22.88 19.22 22.00 119.46 16.88 14.22 12.86 11.5(1
,.~ (In .) 2.42 2.44 2.45 2.47 2.49 1.80 1.81 1.83 1.84 1.8,
1.86
r, (In .) 3.55 3.53 151 3.49 3.47 2.72 2.70 2.68 2.66 2.65 2.64
loe ds below heavy hortl.ontllllnes e r. lor I/r grea ter then 120. Ind apply only 10 b... ctngand
secondary members.

AM ER ICA N INSTITUTE OF STE El CCm STRUCTK)N

 3 · 61

y
ASTM A36
DOUBLE·ANGLE STRUTS F, = 36 ksi

9F Equal leg angles

m..
+l!o.
y
Allowable concentric loads in kips

5X 5
*' In. back 10 back of -nat.. -'1
• X'
Thlckn,,, l!o l< l!o \I II, l< \I \I II, l!o II.
W"I1:ht per Fool 54.4 47.2 40.0 32.4 28.' 37.0 31.4 25.6 22.' !~ 16.4
,
0 345
29'
300
258
253
218
105
177
181
156
0
,•
235
208
199
177
162
144
143 124
128 110
104
93
• 201 163 144 189 100

"'99 "'1038880 ""

.~ 271 237 161 131 85
• ~
10
12
244
21.
21.
188
181
160
148
131
131
"'99
~
X
•
10
1"
140
142
120
15
54
•
~ X 14
em- 1'i4
180 160 136 112 11
~
lOB 58

" "" --ll- "

< <
."• 144 12

" I~~ ""

15
~
.;
X
X I' 130 :-il-
11
X
X 14
III
91 7if' 65 58
g

i•
21
24
25
110
101 88
87
83
75
73
"61
60 53
16
18
19
20
"
11

"
" 67
61
59
57
50
48
41
50
44
43
42
1l-*
43
"37
"
"
32
31
30
•
~

j , 34'
0 300 253 205 181
,0 235 199 162 143 124 104
.., 317
• '" '"
1O4
275 232
223
188
10>
165
158
•
210
199
178
168
144
"
136
127
120
110
103 87
'< 10 212 171 ISO 10 186 157 127

"' " "" "

251 112 81
;; 12 275 238 200 161 142 12 171 144 102 88 74
,
e
x-
~
14
16
258
239
223
207
189
187
173
151
13'
132
122 ~

x
14
15
16
155
147
lOS
131
123 99 87 15 62
~
< 18
20
220
199 17l
15'
143
127

"'1110
1ll
1110
<
17
138
"' 1118
93
86
81
15
70
65
58
54

•"
> 12'
> 126
"" " .
< 87 18 1110 49
~
22 177 120 59
141 liB
1
> 23
25 r-m-
149 127 1116 "85
82
74
> 20
22
lO4
92
87
77 61
60
54
52 43
38
~ 28 129 1ll 92 74 65 24 70 49 42

"
31
34
116
107
101
99
92
87
83
77
67
62
58
54
26
28
29
83
n
72 "
.
54
61 " 52
49
45
43
42
37
35
33
31
30
37
38 1110
"
73 59 52
30
70

" " 58 ""41 41 30

Properties of 2 Anites--?i In . Back to Back
Area A (In.2)
r% (In.)
15.96 13.88 11.12 9.50
1.49 1.51 1.52 1.54
•. ,.
1.55
lo.a8 9.22
1.19 1.20
7.50
1.22
6.62
1.23
5.72
1.23
'.80
1.24
ry (In.) 2.31 2.28 2.26 2.23 2.22 1.88 1.86 1.83 1.82 1.81 1.80
Loads b.low heavy horlzonta' lines are lor I/r greater Ihan 120, and apply only to breetnl and
secondary m.mbefs.

AMERICAN I NSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTiON

] ·62

ASTM A36
F, = 36 k,j DOUBLE-ANGLE STRUTS y
I
Equal leg angles
9F
-'1 Allowable concentric loads in kips
~ In. back 10 baCk 01 engle'l. --r'" y

~" l Y.!: X 3Y.!:

- 'X,
Th lc kn ...
Wellht pet Foot
-. 19.6
1<0
22.2
~,
-
-- 17.0
-
" 'I.

.,
14.4
-
" ",- --,'..•
1<0
18.8
-
~.
16.6 14.4 12.2
0 140 124 107 0 lOS 17
2 133 117 101 2
11'
"" '1

" " "

86 III 85 72

'..••
• ~

"x •
4
6
112
lOB
92
lOB

"
82
93
83
71
"
70 ~
x
4
5
6
92
88
82 71
65
60
51
49

" " "

~ 60 84 75 65 45
~ 10 ~
73 65 66 7
,• " " ---;g
48 76 50 41
• 12 57 51 44 l8 X 60 52 44
~

• X
" 'I
14
16
48 37 X 57
-,-,-:+ 51 44 l8
~

I' " 17 41
l8
36
33
32
28
21
10
12
49
40
44

'I 'I26
36 27
21
22
"•& - - .,
26 14
15
35
l4 30
21 23
22 I.l'
•• , lOB
0 140 Il4 107
lOS
.'i • lOS "" ""
123 93 0
10
114 100
92
73 2
4
11'
114
lOB
101
'1
88
17
74 "
60

""
83 70 66
12
".;; !!1 14 " 94
82
82
72
71
62 52
6
•,
101
92
17
70
65 52

" "
'1 47

I.
X " "15
16
" 70 60
57
52
47
!!? 10" 82
17
72 62
66
52
45
42
•,.
X
-" ~

c
>
>
" 20
22
51
47
52
45
41
44
39
35
37
33
30
~

>
11
12
13
" " 17
71
65
62
57
54
49
49
45
41
39
16
32
> I-f,-
"• 24 44 38 33
'I
28 14
" 51 44 37

."
~ 16
27
41
41
16
36
16 15

I' " "

l'
53
'I
49
47
37
40
37
32
l4
27
27
25
21
" 20
22
'I'I
38
16 I.I.l'
l4 29
27
24
23

"
Properties of 2 Angles-% in. Back to Back
35 26 22

Area A (In.)2
r %(In.)
r:1 (In.)
6.50
1.116
1.64
I 5.74
1.07
1.62
4."
1.07
1.61
4.18
I.OB
1.60
., I 5.50
.
1.43
4.86
.'1
1.42
4.22
.'1
1.41
'.66
.92
1.40
2.88
.93
1.38
loads below heevy horlzontel Unu ere lor 1/ , Ireel e. then 120. end epply only to bree'nl end
sKondery members.

AMERICAN IN STITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 3 · 63

ASTM A36
y
DOUBLE-ANGLE STRUTS F, = 36 ksi

9F T*'o
y
Equal leg angles
Allowable concentric loads in kips
* In. back to back 01 . nRlel -,r
~ .. 2~ X 2~

I
2X2
I> *' ,*'. ..,
Thickness \4 II. \4 ~.
II. -- -
~I
wel.... 1 per FOOl

.~
0
2
3
15.4
97
89
83
11.8

"" .""
75
55
'.2
51
47
44
0
2
3
59
52
47
--
."
7.8

40
31
27
25
••41•
36
33
• ~

•
~

"
•
•
.!!
~
~
;;
<
x
• "
5

7
76

60
50
59
53
47
39
.
45

34
.1
37
33
28
;;
<
x
x
5
•
7
.1
35
27
23
35
30
24
22
19
15
29
25
20
"'19 ""l6 - 1-3 -
E
2
x
•
8 42
36
.."
28
28
24
23
20
8
•
20
18
17
15 13
11
10 I'
i•
10
11
12
32
30
28
25
23
22
22
20
19
18
16
15
- 10

0
I' 12
•
59 50 31
•-
•j •
2 55
51
.
47
43
'1
38
35
29
26
.., 0
2
4
97
93
87
75
II "
01
51
49
•
5 48
45 37
33
30
25
23

'"
~
0 79
66
50
56
51 "41 ~
-x
7
,
8
41
37
34
31 25" 21
19

, .,.
~
7 75 57 48 39 33 27 22 17
8 53 45 36 < 10 2!l 24 "'19 - 1-' -
•,.
~
E ;; ~
65 49 42 34 11 25 21 17 13
< 10 50 45 38 31 ~ 12 23 19 15 11
< ~ 11 55 41 34 27 13 21 17 14 10
~

l
• ~ 12
13
14
15
17
.
49
44

36
32
36
33
30
27
24
30
27
25
23
20
24
22
20
18
10
14
15
l'17
19
18
17
17
10
15
15
13
12
12
10
••
I' 29 22 I. 15
20 28 22 18
Properties of 2 An gles-~ In. Back to Back
Are a A (in.2) 4." 3." 2.94 I 2.38 2.72 2.30 ! 1.88 1.42
r" (in .~
r y (in.
LOIId s below heavy
.74
1.24
.75
1.21
hor'~onta l
.76
1.20
.77
1.19 I .59
1.02 I 1.00'
.60 .61
.99
lines ate for I/~ llteala. then 120, end ep ply only \0 brilclnll ilnd
.52
.98

secondary members.

AMERI CA N INST ITUTE OF STEEL CON STRU CTI ON

,."
ASTM A36
F, 36 ksi = DOUBLE·ANGLE STRUTS y

lr
Unequal leg angles
Allowable concentric loads in kips
Long legs ,. In . baek to back
1(: y

.... 1
• X,
1
'X,
l4 ' 1io 1
.X •
l4
"45. " -- -- -- si:4 '" " I~ ".' l;
Thlo;k n ...
~
--- 1 66 .,
~
Wel,ht per fOOl 81.6 72.2 62.6 78.2 67.6 57.0
0
-- - - --
0 56'
-1--
0 415 365

".37' ''""
518 429 J61 420

".420 '"'"37' '"'"32'

'07
40'
". '14
10 '56 10 '81 36. 311 10 361 '65
12 12 '52 297 12 38.
337
'" 300 253

'•.
• 14
16
18
.00
'"
355 30.
15
18
21
421 373 32' '73
331 29' 247
297 259
14 36.
16 347
18
327
308
'87 '"'"
'40
227

'" " '"28''" '38 T98 T6T

'" '"272
~
29' ~ 'SO 212
~ 253 222 187 20 26' 231
.~
~
~
~
20
22
'56
'32
'16 275
'" 257 ~ 25 208 176 ~ 22 '" '" '"
180
'42

'" 17' 14' ~

X
26 204 179 153
"-2 x
25
28'"'" I 241
26'
226 198 '"
"'i'i'5 188
X 29 221
32
227
197 172
153 129
x
25
26
229
'18 194
28 198
-m- 154
170

•u
x
"
32 212 189 155 35 IOJ'" 160 140
x
30 182
176
152 141
131
110
Q

•• 35 IOJ 170 148 38 16. ISO 131 110 "' 32

'" ISO 131 Il2
~

.,'i .
38
41
47
174
153
ISS
ISO
ISS 135
14' 126
137 120
133
41 162
42
14. 125 lOS
124 104
34 159
36 ISO
" 142
42 137
141
13'
12'
121
123
m
110
lOS
lOS
"
93
89
'< 48 "'
11. 0 56'.., ". '29 361
;;
,
0
10
12 460 '37'" 321'" '69'"
405 350
3IJ9

, .14
"" '18
'"36' '"
'58 IS 423 0 415 '20 365 307

..
.48 340 18 382 33' 289 '42 36, 315 26'
~
10 • 41. 313
375 328 282
~
x
21
24
337
288 '"'36 ,.,-
2S2 '" 16.
215
212
10 351
179 • '" '"'34
338
307
'44
221
~
<
~

X
<
12
14
33' 289 '48
285 '46 210
<
>
25 271
!<1 12
x 31'
ZiT T96 158 140 < 14 273
'"
". 101
237
195
• " :-'"*-
~ > IS 260 223 189 > 33 193 16. 14' 121 > 15 251 217 183
~ 2ii4 T76 1lO ""i97 T6T 139
"w
> 18
21
24
172 ISO
15' 135
128
116
37 174 153 131 110 > 16 229
40 16' 14' 12' lOS
41 153 144 124 104
20
146
m- ISO 127
127 log "."
25 151 133
"' 42 162 25 14'
26 139
" 124 106 89

Properties of 2 Angles- *' in. Back to Back

'"
Area A (In, 2) 24.00 1
21.22 18.38 ~.OO I22.96 19.88 116.72 2.00 119.46 t6.88 ! 14.22
Tx(in.) 2.84 2.86 ',88 2.49 2.51 2.53 2.54 2.52 2.53 2.55 2.57
ry (in.) 1.55 1.52 I.SO 2.52 2.50 2.48 2.46 1.61 1.58 1.55 1.53
Loads below hea\l)l horizontal lines afa for II, greatar than 120, and ap ply on ly to lItadna and
S8<:ondary mambers.

AMERI CAN IN STITUTE Of STEEL CoNSTRUCTION

 3 · 65

ASTM A36
y DOUBLE·ANGLE STRUTS F, = 36 ksi
I
x'==1JFx
fw y
Unequal leg angles
Allowable concentric loads in kips
SIMrt 1..., ~ in. back 10 back
-,r
SILe .X, .X. 'X,
Th lckne ..

~~ ,.,
II
-.... -.t.
I 1Io II !\ I 1Io II !\

.. '" ••• '"

---
We lahl pe. foot 81.6 72.~ d2.6 78.2 ~.i -.t;
m 57.'
---0 rm=- ~ 48.'

• ..
I
0 518 458 0 562 .% 361 .20 36' 307
•• 445 394,<2
389 346 301
464 '11
12 390 34'
357
301 254
410
362 321
316
280
267
238

"• '""
• •
~
< 10
323 288 252
247 222 195
~
~
16
17
267
245
-m-
234 199
216 ~ 10
304 271 237 20Z

~ -w 199 i~
187
187 161 147 i~
< 213
176 i5r
. 18 169 ~ 126

I'"
196

..•"•
~

"~ 14
16
167 149
152 135 II. "
130
~
20 223 198
24 101 162
17. 147 ~
142
".
14 157 141 123 IIl6
142 126 110 94
~

- - 17 II' " 29
164 140
143
126 IIl6
12. lOS
17 137 122 IIl6
'"
2 0 '18 .58 397
U
• 16 '58
""3SO
0
0 475
I'16 ..,
'20 36'
", 307

."""sm
~
20 437 386 334 .% 429 361 .30 277
•
• 24
28
41. 36' 316
389 343 zo;
12
16
44. 314 323 410
20 387
36' 313
341 295
264

'" '"m. 10 '"328361 '"338311282

~ 419 304 248
32 36' 319 275 284 24 361 318 275 231
..,i 36
,.,
333 293 253 24 26' 28 333
32 303
293 253 213

-• .,.
:.:
!!!
40
44
302
269
". 203
229
'" 312 292253 251
32
36
210
181 !!!
237
36 270
39 '44
'"
237 '"
204
192
171
261 228 1%
'" '" 216 21' 183 153

.i
~
242 207 173 ~
"
E
~
<
> 48
52
~
221
239 109 ~
215 18' 16'
~
101 <
>
37
40
<
219 187 157 >
194 166 139 >
40
44
48 185
'" "" 17.
I 207 Tsl Il6 ~
163 140
130
117
to > 1% 172 148 > 48 175 12. 52 169 148 128 107
"
c
"
60 181 159 137 52
200
18. "'
162 139 117
" 157 138
1>, II' "94
1
II
~
w
64

"
72
76
170 149 129
15'
151 133
II.
161 14' 123
". II'
56
60
61
62
173
165
164
163
152 131 110
146 126 105
144 ",
105
143 12. 104
60 148
64 141
66 139
67 138
122
122
112
12' 107
'"
105
..
OJ

77 ISO 132 63 162

" 137

Properties of 2 Angtes-% In. Beck to Beck

Area A (in.?)
rx (in.)
' .00 21.22 18.38
1.00 1.01 1.02 ~OO
1.13 n1.74
% 19.88 16.72
1.76 1.77
2.00 19.46 16.88 14.22
1.03 1.0< 1.05 1.07
r, (in.) 4.66 4.63 4.61 3.78 3.76 3.73 1.72 4.10 4.07 '.04 4.02
loads below he-vy hoflzontal lines "r" for ll. gr"tllt" th.n 120. and epply only 10 br.clna: and
..condwy membe...

AMERtcAN I NSTITUTE 0 1' STEEL CONSTRUCTION

I ·"

ASTM A36
F, = 36 ksi DOUBLE·ANGLE STRUTS y

lr
Unequal leg angles
Allowable concentric loads in kips
lonlllell' 'MI In. bllck to back
9f
+"'. Y
x

, X4 'X
Size

Thickness
Weillh! per fool :§%
60.4 52.4
7 X'
.
-*'
44.2
~.
40.0 54.'
%
'" ... I " ,
47.2
*, ' ~4
40.0 " - - -"
36.2 32.4
3\,
30.'
0 lSI l32 280 2S4 0 345 229 I ", 0 194
m 17.
..•
8
10
12
335
"8 '"'"261 23424' 212
200
8
10
12
291
271
250
2S1
'17
218
215
201
18.
194
182
168
163
151
8 165
10 155
12 143
x 14
16
'"
279
257
243 '"
225 191
206 187
173
14
16 '"201 198
176
169
151
153
136
137
123
14 130
16 117

.•"•
~ ~
x- -
~

'"
x
<
x
18
20 '"
'34
209 183
174
156
158
14'
18
< 19
x 20
173
160
153
141
131
121
lI3 Tor
119
109
107
99 <
x
X 18
19
I:
102
~

• ~~...!!L ISO -"

2 X "
24
26
163
148
143
130
122
110
-llf-
111
100
x 22
24
133
120
'"
117 100
90
91
82
82 X
74
20

"
24
78

'" 70
~
~
•
•
28
30
33
36
136
126
117
111
119
11l
102
101
94
86
92
85
78
26
28
30
II
11l

""
101
99
.98
92
87
8l
78
75
"
71
68
68
64
61
26
28
30
32
-"
65
61

•
..,'i - 17 "
96
82
81
74
7l
-
74
" 60 56

..-•
:.: ,0 381 280 , 0 345
,.
300 229 205
0 194
,•
,269'".
2S4 2" 177
290 243 304 222 201 179 164
..• 8
10
33'
311
285
'25
205
'"185
204 8
10
284
"3
207
190
187
172
167
153
8 149
10 ll2
12 256 220 183 165
'" 12
26'
217 '"'"181 171 155 138 ~ 12 11'

"• '"
x 14 22. 192 159 143 x 14 2ll ISO 136 121 X 13 103
• < < 16 181 128 116 103 < 14 93

. "
15 207 155
~
> 190
177
l"32
146
4119 > 142 94 >
~
16 161 17 117 II. 16
•~• > 19 r-m- "'"'i29' 107 96 > 18 154 132 109 99 > 18 68
t
~
22
2S
26
128 110
115 99
91
8l
82
75
21
24
27
127
11l
102 ."
109 0)
79
74
82
72
67
7l
64 " 20
22
"
56
""
113 81 7l 60 23
27 111 28 100 87

Properties of 2 Angl e~ in. Back to Beck

Area A (In.2) 17.72 15.38 12. 96 1 11 .74 15.96 13.88 11.72 10.62 1 9 .50 9.00
r~(In.) 2.20 2.22 2.24 2.24 1.86 1." 1.0) 1.90 1.91 1.92
r, (in.) 1.64 1.62 1.59 1.58 1.71 1.69 1.66 1.66 1.65 1.40
load, below heavy horlzo,...1 lir>es .r. lor 1/ , III'Ulet Ihan 120, and .pply only t o bno(;lnS . nd
u-condary membet ••

AMERICAN I NSTITUTE OF STEEL CON STRUCTION

 3 ·61

ASTM A 36
y DOUBLE-ANGLE STRUTS F, = 36 ksi
1
x==ij'
Fx Uneq ual leg angles
_ _laO
y
Allowable concentric loads in kips
Short leKs Ho in. back to back
-,r
~ .. 'X, 'X,
..
'X
31(,
__~'-.!s_ 11 ~.
Thickness
Wel.hl pet Foot
-- --
110
60.' 52.4
---.--,-
%6
44.2 4il.0
- -- -
,.., -- -
30.' "'".. - 47.2".0
---
I(,
32.4
I(,

,, '""" '"m ,, ." '",,. '" '"'" - ,, I"

0 383 331 180 345 300 153 105 0
333 145 181 106
182 163
••" !1'" II '"'" '"
8 '" - '" "" 119
188
153
111
100
~
!1 '"
8
10
133
190
100
113
1<3
158 141
~
8 118

"• X
10 102
111
I" 1I9109
12 158
119
II
151 '"
133 123
149111 li"T 103 ~
I"
x
<
X
~
12
167 147 126
131 118

93
X
X
9
10
12
89
71
~ x 131
I<
" 111
" " "" " "
91 I< 123 lOB 85 61
X
111 103 87 80 lOB 95 8\ 16
"< " 11 "
99 18 100

" " "" - " "" "

113 88 61
2 18 8\ 19
~
~
- I" 0
8 118

••
0 383 331 280 2" 0 345 300 153 229 105 12 106
8 261 236 8 316 187 I< 160
12
357
339
309
12
'" '"
256
231
216
209
195 115 16 153
"14 '" '"255
215 '"
232 '"
~

318 210 183 18 1<5

j
-t 20 21' I"
23' I" 116
15
18
21
277
'" '"213 202
188
111
110
ISS
16'
152
138
20 Il1
129
<
•
28
31
268
'"
239 151
119 ISO 135
208
113 14
21
'36 105
213
188
I"
162
15'
135
139
122
"
114 ~ 14 120
109 X 26 III
$I ~
- 34 192 165 138 12' -x
~
28 119 ISS 129 II' 103 < 28 101
•., X

., f-ill- II1 1051 .,

~
<
>
35 ~Ts8132""ii9 <
36 In 153 128 115 >
.,82
29
162
.1£...
140
-1!L 110
-* > "'*
> 29

2•
,•
>
.
"" 15' 133
138
126
III 101 >
119
109
100
91
"3841 138
121
110
119
105
95
" 99
88

"
80
19

""72
SO
71
33
30
39
8\
13

]
'"
52
"
57
118
II'
III
102
97

""
85
82
8\
""
73 "".
103
102
101
100
89
88
87
"
" ""
15
." "
73
60
60
59
41
57
58 III
" " " "
Properties of 2 Angles-%! in. Back to Back

Area A (; n .~ 111.72 115.38 12.96 11.14 1 1 15.96 113.88 111.121 10.62 J9.50 9.00
r. (In.) 1.07 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 .97
r1 (in .) 3.51 3.49 3.47 3.46 2.91 2.95 2.92 2.91 2.90 2.97
Loeds below huvy horizon tel lines are for l/~ IIre.. ter Ihan 120. end apply only 10 bfe cln. end
sllt:ond..ry memb.....

AMERI CAN INSTITUTE or STEEL CoNSTRUC TI ON

.."
ASTM A36
v
F, = 361..; DDUBLE·A~LE ST.RUTS
~ne~ u aI ~eg angles T
lr AHowabk! 'IIOncenlric loads in kips
lona legs '" In. back to back
T1;"
V

~" 5X3Y.t 5 X, 4 X 3Y.z

-
TtlleklMH
"
" I~ \; ~.
--- \;
25.6
~.
---
"
\;
-~& . ' '" ~.
We llfht-per Fool 39.6 21.2 24.0 1
22.'
;~ --- .
23.8 21.2 18.2 15.4
0
4
251 213 173 152
159 141 ,
0 162 1" ,
0 1"
177
151 133 115
144 128 110
97

""
2>l 196 157 I"

~
8
10
• 217
200
182
184
170
154
ISO 1>2
139 12>
126 11'
4
•
8
149
141
1"
124
115 ~
4 165
• 151
8 133
1>5
12>
109
11'
109
97
10>
94
84
SO
71
• 1'" -
~
!
•
~

~
l'
14
1'1
I"
1>7
118
11> 100
97 86
~
x-
<
10
l'
11'
1116
lOS
94 ~
x
10 11>
l' "75 ""l4" 48 40
+. 61 61
72
59
.1
50
." 15 14 14 74

" " " " "

126 lOS
X 61 ")f' x X 41

. --
~
115 15 84 75 1. 64 52 47 >5
•B
~
X
l'
18
20
22
99
88
80
84
75
68
70
62
56
62
SS
SO
X l'
18
20
f-f,-
58
68
59
52
18 57
20
'1
54
47
44 "
39 .
l6 'I
29
28

••• - -,. " ,. " l- ,

~
24 75 64 52 46 22 47
25 62 51 45 24 49 44
0 186 151 133 115 97
'j
..,
.1 SO 44
- " 47
4
ISO
171
146
139
129
12>
III
1116
94
89

.
:.: 0 "1 213 m 152
1>,
0
,162
• 1" 162 1>1 11.
107
100 84

.." ""
4 2>l195 158 ISS 1>7 8 ISO 121 78

"..•,. 8
10
• 'II183
200 168
181 152
148
I"
122
1'"
11'
107 ••
145
1"
8 118
128
117
104 !!?
10
l'
I.
1>7
122
1116
III

" "
85
97
75
84
74 62
X
97 78 58 49

.,-,--if"
!!? 160 133 107 !!? 10 101 89 < 15 68
e
".•,
~
>
l'
I'
15
137 113
~ 102
!Kl 78 x
<
>
l'
I.
82
67
72
58
,. I-ii""
>
>
l'
18
71
.1
62

" ." .." 45

,.l' "
114 94 75 65 1• 57 SO 67 54 47 '1
> >
,.
£w
18
..
81 65 56 18 51

" "
45 .1 49
" ."" " 'I

"" .
57 46 40
22
24
" 19
75
72
62
58

"
SO
SO
47
44
47 24
25
26
SS
54
45
44
28
25
" .1

Properties of 2 Angles-% in. Back to Back

Araa A (in» 11.62 ' .84 .8.00 ]7./XI 1.SO • .62 8.60 1.00 6. 18 1 5.34 '.SO
rJt (in.) U. 1.56 1.58 M9 1.59 1.60 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 l.2.
' '1 (in.) 1.54 1.51 1.49 1.47 1.25 1.24 1.60 1.58 1.51 1.56 1.55
Loads below t\U'I'J horizontal flnollS .r.-for Il r greater than 120. end apply only to bllletnlil end
secondery members.

AMERtC",N INSTITUTe OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 l 69

ASTM A36
v DDUBLE·ANGLE STRUTS F, = 36 k.j
x9J'Fx Unequal leg angles
~ l>.
v
Allowable coorentric loads in kips
Short tee. -taln. t>.c:k 10 bac:k
-,r
....
Thlck"e"
S
J,4'%'Y.!:
x Jill
~.
5x l
Y, II.
4 X 3'h
% Y.t ~I':% II.
---
Wela:hl Pet' FO(II 39.6 1.33.6 27.2 24.0 - - - 22.6 -ii --- 129.4 _23.8 J 21.2_1 18 .2 15.4
0 251 213 113 152 0 162 143 0 186 151 m liS 97
2 I .. III 2 175 143 126 109
•
2 216 200 163 144
214 182 149 III
,,, " •• '"
4 132 117
•••
160 131 116 100 85 "
•• '" •
187 159 I>' 115 x 97 '"
141 '16 '02 89 75
~
•• < 82 13 x< 119 97 81 75
"
.
;<
< '"
154 III
97 85 x 10 61 55 x 10 77 69 60 51

.. '* .. "
135
! x
-m- "' 45 x 12 13 605441 40
.~
~
.E
B
x
..
10

" " ""

12
14
16
. 9l
13
ToO
80 58
51 45
74 x 12 51
13
14
43
41
14 62 51 45 39
16 55 45
I-'~
54
35 30
39 34
"
"
i• - - • ''''
0 162 143
145
10 139 12l
0 Il. 151 III 115 97
142 125 108 9!
•• '"
251 21l 173 152 4
• • 0
22' 189 154 116 12 132 117 161 135 120 103 81
~

i
~
10
12
14
215 181 147 130
205 173 140 123
194 163 132 II.
14 12. 110
16
18 110 97
104
"'
158 128 113 97 82
10 148 120 Il. 9! 76
12 136 110 97 70 .
. "..
.
:.: 16
18
182 153 124 109
169 142 II. 101
20 101 89
22
'"
81
"
14 12. 100 89 76
16
-x 23 87 n !!! 18 97 18
57
"'
~
S
""
~
22
155 11t1 105
141 II.
". "
134 111 89 78 > 25
8J < 82
x
" f4 Hi
<
>
19 l-t,1Z6JSl45"
67 59
49

51 42
" "
. "
~
;; >
" -m-
•
~ >
24
26
126 105
76
73 > 26 74 65 > 21

" 28
"
59
. 78 51 56 48 40
52 45 31
" " " " .
. " " . "
41
~ 28 102 85 69 60 32 57 24 61 54
¥
=
~
32

.
36
39
88
78
74
13

" "53
62 51 44
52
47
36 51
41
47
45
41
26 61 50 44 J8 31
3D 55
"
44
41
39
31 54 44 39 II
J5 30
28 ..
41
73
13
62 50 44
"
PropertIes of 2 Al1g1e~ In . Back to Back
Area A (In.2)
r. (in,~ ... .......
11.62 8.00 1.06
1.01 1.01
I.".83 ...
' .62 ' .60 1.00 6.18 5."
1.03 1.04 I ." 1.10 1.07
....
r, (In. 2." 2.45 2.43 2.41 2." 2.49 1.91 I." 1.89 1.88 1.86
Lotod. betow heavy horllontel line •• re for I/r If .. lar Ih.n 120.• nd .pply onl~ to br.elnl.nd
se<:onary mamber$.

AMER ICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CON STRUCTION

3 - 70

ASTM A36
F, = 36 ksi DDUBLE·ANGLE STRUTS y

Unequal leg angles

Allowable concentric loads in kips
Lon,lea' ,. In. back 10 back

~,. 4 x, 3!h X 3 3Y.a X 2'h

'MI~. _l>_ ~e
Yl Yl ~e· ~ . ~e __ Y.r: ~e 'J!...
_'ie
we/pt per fOOl 27.2 I 22.2 19.6 17.0 14.4 1-0 20.4 18.2 15.8 ; 13.~ 18.8 16.6 14.4 12.2
1
o 172 124 107 90
140 ' 0 130 114 99 83 0 119 HIS 91 n
2 164 Il9 102 8ii
134 2 12l lOB 94 79 2 113 100 86 13
4 153 111 96 81
126 4 113 100 87 73 4 104 92 80 67
6 140 101 88].1
1I5 6 100 89 77 65 6 93 82 71 60
II') 8 124 102
90 78 66 !!? 8 85 16 66 56 !!:? 8 79 70 61 52
~ 10 lOS 88
77 67 57 ~ 10 68 61 54 46 ~ 10 64 57 50 42
)( 12 85 71
63 55 47 )( 11 -6ij" 5r4f" ~ )( 11 56 4!t 43 37
)( 14 f-n- ~ 51 45 311 )( 12 53 48 42 36 )( 12 50 44 39 33
16 160 49 44 18 12 1445 4035 30 1442 3732 z8
18 53 44 39 34 29 16 40 35 31 26 16 31 33 28 24

~!~ _1~20~~50~_41-L_36~~"~=U~_~'=7+-~-+~34
21
'
312fi
,
1 8 3 ]~2
,
~30:-~~~~_:.~17~='
9 2 4 1 8 345~~330'~~=7~22n~1
'u
t

o 172 140 124 107 90 o 130 114 99 83 o 119 lOS 91 77

2 165 13S 119 103 86 2 125 UO 95 80 2 113 100 87 73
• 156 127 112 96 81 4 118 104 90 75 4 IG4 92 80 67
, 14. Il7 103 89 75 6 109 96 83 70 694&37260
, 1>1 lOS 93 SO
10
12
115
97 "181 70 58
7768584811')
67 8
10
12
9SI 87
87 77
75 65
75
6ti 55
63 881116252
10 67 59 50 42
56 47 "'_ 11~. 51 ~~
.2!.....E. 12 :1" 146 39 1) 3
13 .. 69 -.!!... 5~_ ....g. ~ 13 ~ _ 59
14 --61 --n- 46 39 - ~1441l833Z7
~: ~~ ~~~:~~> 16 51 45 19 32 >1638332924
47 41 35 29 >- 18 45 19 14 28 >1835312722
20
18 "53 41 18 32 27 ZO 41 36 31 26
21 51 41 16 31 26 22 l8 33 29 24
22 50 41 36 ,23 37

Properties of 2 Angles~ in. Back to Back

Arell A (In.2)
r~ (In .)
7.96 6.50 5.74 4.96 4.18
1.23 1.25 1.25 1.26 1.27
6.00 5.30 4.60
1.07 1.08 11.09 1.10
I"" 5.50 4.86 4.ll 3.56
1.09 UI9 1.10 l.l l
,.~ (In.) 1.36 1.33 1.32 1.31 1.30 1.38 1.31 1.36 1.35 1.13 1.12 1.11 1.10
LOlids below heevy horl~olltel linn ere lor II " areeler then 120. end epply onl~ 10 braelll' elld
secondery members.

AMERICAN INSTI TUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 3·71

ASTM A36
DOUBLE-ANGLE STRUTS F, = 36 ksi
Un equal leg angles
Allowable concentric loads in kips
Short leas * In. beck 10 beck

S7"~'~_I_~TOcT4~X~3~~c-I __-crc~3~~~X __
3 _ 3Y.z X 2Y.r
Tl'llcknen % ~. ~I1 ~os I-_+~~~ .~. %_ ¥los
Ih _ Y.r~. ~ ¥I.
~tlahl pe' Fool 27.222.219.6 17.0 14.4 I~ 18.2 15.~ _J3.2 _ 18.816.6 14.4 12.2
o 172 140 124 107 90 0 130 Il4 99 83 0
1
Il9 lOS 91 n
2 160 131 115 100 84 2 121 101 93 78 2 108 96 83 ]0
4 141 116 103 89 75 4 108 95 83 70 III 4 91 81 11 60
CIl 6 118 97 86 75 64 ~ 6 91 ~I 11 59 ~ 6 69 62 55 47
~ 8 ~ 74 67 58 ~ ~ 8 L-2.!.. 63 56 47 7 57 51 45 ~
X 9 - 76- 6357--SO 42 X 9 I 60 47 40 )( 8 48 43 38 33
~ 10 67 55 49 41 37 X 10 52 t;7 "1T"" i~ X 10 38 34 30 25
125545413530 124338 34 128 11 35 31 2723
14 50 41 36 31 27 14 38 34 30 25 II Z6 22
15 1 29 24
I-I----Il--il--il--i------'----I- - o 119 lOS 91 77
o 172 140 124 107 90 o 130 114 99 83 4 111 98 85 72
4 162 132 117 101 85 -4 120 106 92 71 6 105 93 81 68
6 155 126 112 96 81 6 114 100 87 7l 899877564
8 147 120 106 91 77 8 107 94 81 68 10 91 81 70 59
10 139 113 99 85 72 10 98 86 1 75 62 12 83 73 63 53
12 129 104 92 19 67 12 89 78 61 56 14 74 66 57 47
14 118 96 84 72 61 14 79 69 59 50 16 65 57 49 41
16 107 86 76 65 55 CIl 16 68 ~~:~ III 17 60 52 45 38
18 94 76 66 57 48 ;:(11625446395< 111 1554842T

i~22 "*-.~~ :; :!-*

72
1
58 51 43
< 18 --s:a
!;O 43 36 '"
>- 20 50 44 38 31
36 >- 22 45 39 34 28 >-
>
l.0 48 42 36 30
22 43 38 13 27
24 39 34 30 25
24 65 52 46 39 33 24 4\ 36 31 26 26 31 32 28 23
26 59 48 42 36 30 26 39 34 30 25 27 36 31 27 23
28 55 44 39 34 28 27 38 33 29 24 28 35 31 21 22
30 52 42 37 32 27
12 50 41 36 31 26
33 50

Pl operties of 2 Angles--% in. Back to Back

Alea A (In .2) 7.96 6.50 5.74 4.96 4.18 6.00 5.30 4.60 3.86 5.50 4.86 4.22 3.56
r lt (In .) .85 .86 .87 .88 .89 .88 .89 .9(1 .90 .10 .71 .72 .73
r "l (In .) 1.99 1.96 1.95 l.94 1.93 11.70 1.68 1.67 1.66 1.76 1.75 1.74 1.73
LHdl below heevy horlzon lal lines are for lIT g'e~'e' Ih.n ItO •• nd apply only 10 braclog .nd
secondary membe'5.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

)·72

ASTM A36
F, = 36 ksi DOUBLE·ANGLE STRUTS y

Unequal leg angles 1:l%·fx

lr Allowable concentric loads in kips
Long I,gs * In. back to back y

~" 3 X 2y'! 'X2 2Y.! X 2

Thlckne..
Y2 ! ~' %>I, 'A
" %, ! "* >I, ~ %- >I,- \4. -

0
..
elllh i per fOG 17.0 15.2 13.2 11.2 '.0
-- 15.4 13.6 11.8 10 0 '.2
.. 75
1 .
.. o
10.6
~ .
7.2

"" " " , ""

108 95 8l 70 0 51 67
2
4
101 78 53 2
87
81 70 60
, "
2 62 52 42

•••• 5 " 80
75
70
65 55 ,." '!!
48

" 4 8Z
77
73
67
63
46
44 " " 40

..
84 45 4 53 45 37

•, I~" " 4" " "

6 77 60 51 41 5 76 58 41 5 48 4I 33
'!! 7 70 62 - 46 ~
6 70 63 54 47 6 43
~
.~
x
~
x
61 55
,•-f,- ,.- "
48 41 34 x 7 63
< 57 42 35 ~
31 x
x
~~
36
31
'"
25
~
~
x 10
52
,.- 31
4I
42 l6

,. 28it
25
x
x
56
48
50
43
44
38
38
33 x , 26
"" 22 18

,. ,. ,.
II 41 36 32 27 31 22 10 10 23 20 16
2
II
l2
14
37
32
33
25
25
21 17 l'
II 37
l2 34
33
30 26
25
23
21 11 21
l2 ,. 18
17
IS
14

- "
IS 31 IS 25 22
" 24 21
" -
17 15 13
~ 16 11
•
• 16 15

" " ,. , "" . ""

~
0 1118 95 83 70 57 0 67 57
oj
.., 2 103
4 96 84 73
67
62
54 0
2 81
75
70
.
51
48 ,
2 63
60
53
51
46
4l
41

..'•" " " "

5 81 70 47 87 77 67 56 4 57
6
7
87
82
76 55 45 4 82 73 63 53 4l 5 53
48
45 "
36

,•
72 62 52
" " 42 5 77 58 40

,• "
6 4I 3l

....•
<
~

0
~
x
<
~
10
76
70
.
"67
62 " 53
..
48
,. 35 '!!
,. ,.- If, ,If,-,. ,.- " ,.-IT."
64 56
44
32 x
~
6
7
8
71
64
57
63
57
54
43
45
41
l6
30 '!!
33 x
~
7 45
40

I~
38
34
,.
2520
30
27
23

I~ 44 31 "
11 ~

•II
~ l2
13 45 40
43 35
-% '" ~

~ 10
43
21 ~
10
'11 27 22 18

,. ",.
II

1;;
14
16
41 l6
34
II 26 " ,. "
23
21 l2
38
34
33
30 26
24
21 17
l2 24
13 22
20

"
16
15
18
36
3l
31 27
25 " "
23
21
18
17
13
14
32
30 26
24
23
16
15
14 21
IS 20
17
17
14
13

" 32 28 24 IS 29 25 22 18 16
"
Properties of 2 Angles--% in. Back to Back
Area A (I n.Z) 5.00 14.42 13.84 3.24 2.62
rx (In. )
ry (I n .)
.91 .92 .93 .95
1.18 1.17 1.16 1.14 1.13
... 4."
...
.92 .93 ... ...
.93 .92 .
4.00 ' .46 2." 2.38
.95 .96
.
3.10 2.62 2.12
.77
.96 .95
.78
...
.78

Loedl below hea\l)' horizon tal lines ere lor 1/, greater Iha n 120. end apply only 10 braclnll and
leco nde ry members .

AM ERICAN INSTITUTE OF S TEEL CONSTRUCTION

 3·73

ASTM A36
DOUBLE·ANGLE STRUTS F, = 36 ksi
x
y

x==uF Unequal leg angles

, j>' Ty Allowable concentric loads in kips
Short legs '" In. back to back
-,r
~,. 3 X 2Y.!: 3X2 2Y.!: X 2
'n ~ 1 ' % 1 ~6
" '-h Me %J
-
~6
" - j>1~ "
Thlckne..
.-
ellhl per Fool 17 .0 15.2 13.2 , 11.2 9.0
- - 15.4 13.6 _".8 1 ~ 8.2 10.6 ~ _7.2
0 108 95 83 ' 10 51 0 97 86 15 64 51 0 67 57 46

~
-x
2
3 "
92
81
81
76 64
11 60
52 2 85
49 ~ 3 76
-x 4 65
76
68
66
59
56
50 "
41 ~
2 59 50 41
3 53 45 37
••• 4 84 75 65 55
"
40 < 5~
58 51
42
44
36
3, ~
4 47 39 32
5 39 33 17
< 5 75 61
" 49
35 x 6 41
47 <

•••"• "x 6 65 58 51 43
30 x 7 34
"" 28 x 6312621

"* - -
7 64 49 43 36 31 17 23 19 x 7 25 21 18

" I"T"I"T" - -
8 8 30 17 24 20 17 8 22 18 15
".E 10
12
35
31
31
28
28
24
23
20
19
17
9 28 25 22 19 15 9 20 17 14
B -
¥
~
•
0 108
104
95 83
0 97
2 94 70 51 " 83
75
72
64
61
51
50
47
0 67 51 1 46

•
•
2
4
"
92
87
48
80
76
4 90
6 84
61
64
55
52 "80
75 64
58
55
"
2 64
4 60
64
51 41 "
6 93 82 71 8 78 60
"" 60 50 41 6 55 46 37

"" " .
j 10 71
.., 8 85 75 65 55 54 46 37 7 52

"" " 35
11 67 51 43

";
10 71
11 72
68
64
55
12 67 59 51
37 " 12
34 ~ 13
49
46
43
56
52 44
l2
30
40
37
35

36
8 49
9 46
10 42
41

"
33
31
29
~ -x
~
13 62 55 47 39 31 14 64 48 41 28 !!! 11 39 l2
34 26
•• ,.,.< 14 57 50 43 36 < 15 50
16 If,-
,." " 37 25 ~ 12 ~ ,. 29
31
,. .1!.

"*
15 ~453912 40 342923
,. 13 31 26
,.
21

"••
!!
16 47 42 36 30 24
17 44 38 33 27 22
18 41 36 31 26 21
17 42
18
20 34 "
37 31 26 21
34 29 25 20
30 26 22 18
14 28 24
15 26 22
16 24 20
19
17
16
~ 20 36 l2 28 23 18 22 31 28 24 20 16 17 23 19 15
22 33 29 25 21 17 24 29 26 22 19 15 18 21 18 14
~ 24
25
32 28 24 20 16
31
25 29
26 28
25 22 18 15
25
19 20 17
20 20 17
14
13
21 19 16

Properties of 2 A ngle~ In. Back to Back

Area A (In.2) 5.00 4.42 3,84 3024[2062 4050 14.00 3.46 2.94 2.38 3.10 2.62 2.12
rodlno) .72 .73 .74 .74 .75 .55 .55 .56 .51 ,51 .58 .58 .59
r y(in .) 1.50 1.49 1.48 1.46 1.45 1.51 1.56 1.64 1.53 1.52 1.21 1.26 1.25
Load. below heavy ho.lzonlall1nes a.e 10. I/r Q.eale. Ihan lZQ, end apply only to bracing and
5econdary member ••

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

3·14

Notes

AMERICAN I NSTITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 3· 75
COLUMN BASE PLATES
Design procedure
Steel base 1)lates are generally WIOd under columns for di8tributing the
column load8 over a sufficient area of concrete 8Upport. The method of de-
sign, immediately foUowing, was employed in preparing the tablee of column
base plate 8izes and is recommended for use when a given load a nd column
combinution i8 not covered by the tables.
The foll owing met.hod of design ill recommended :
• P - Total column load, kipe
I m A - B X C - Area of plate,

III
square inches
' I
d I I
.95d c F. - AUowable bending IItT'C811 in
I I

~
1-/ ____ I
base plate, leai
F, - Allowable bearing pressure
m on support, kai
{" - Compressive st rength of
.SOb concrete, kai
" " - Tbickness of plate. inches
B

The coiuOlnioad, P, iSll88umed to be uniformJy distributed over the base

plate within a rectangle whoee dimensioll8 are .95d and .806. The base plate
is 888umed to distribute this load uniformJy to the concrete IIUpport. The
allowable bearing strength, F,.
of the concrete depends on {" and the percent
of SLlI)port area occupied by the base plate. From AlSC Specification, Sect.
1.6.5, F, _ .25{', when the entire area of a concrete support is covered, and
P, - .375f', when oruy one i.bird of the area is covered.
1. Eswblish bearing value of concrete, F" ksi
2. Determine the required area, A - P/ F,
3. Establish Band C, prefernbly rounded to full inches, 80 that m and n
are approximately equa l, and B X C ~ A
4. Detennine m - {C - .95d)/2 and n - (B - .806)/2
6. Dctennine actual bearing preesure on concrete, F, - P /(B X C)
6. Use the larger of the values, m or n, to solve for t by whichever is the
app1icable formula:
t _ .J
3;;-F"',""mC;' ort _ 'lI13F
~
nt
, F. , F.
EXAMPLE
A 14 '{oF 95 column (d - 14.12; b - 14.545) has B reaction of 480 kipe,
and reats on B base plate fully covering a concrete support. 1'. of the concrete
i8 specified to be 3000 psi at 28 days. Using ASTM A36 material with F. -
27.0 ksi, (A1SC Spec. Sect. 1.5.1.4.8), design a base plate for this column.
F, (alJow.) -.25 X 3000 psi - .750 ksi F, (actual) - 480/(25 X 26)
A (req .) - 480 . .750 - 640 sq. in. - .738 leai
Assume C - 26 in.; then B - 640/ 26
- 24.62 in.; use 25 in.
m - 126 - (.95 X 14.12 )1/2 - 6.3 in.
n _ 125 - (.80 X 14.545)1/2 - 6.7 in. (use) Use: Base p late 25 X 2 X 2'·2
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEt CONSTRUCTION
3·76

COLUMN BASE PLATES

Finishing
Rolled steel plates are ertensively used for column bases. I n order that
they may function properly in transmitting loads to masonry supports,
finiahing is regulated by specification.
In AISC Specification, Sect. 1.21.3, it is stated:
"Column basesshalJ be finished in accordance with the following require-
menta:
1. Rolled stool bearing plates, 2 inches or less in t hickness, may be used
without planing, provided a satisfactory contact bearing is obtained;
rolled steel bearing plates over 2 inches but not. over 4 inches in
thickness may be straightened by pressing; or, if presses are not
available, by planing for all bearing surfaces (except as noted under
requirement 3 of this Section), to obtain a satisfactory contact
bearing; rolled stool bearing plates over 4 inches in U}ickll(l88 s hall
be planed for a ll bearillg surfaces (except as noted Wlder require-
ment 3 of this Section).
2. Column bases other than rolled steel bearing plates shaH be planed
for all bearing s urfaces (except as noted under requirement. 3 of t.his
Section).
3. The bot tom sur(aoes of bearing plates and column bases which are
grouted to il18ttre dill bearing contact on foundation. need not be
planed."

AM ERICAN INSTlnJTE OF STEEL CoNSTRUCTION

 3 ·77

COLUMN BASE PLATES IFor A36 Columns

Dimensions for maximum
column loads
Ba . . plates. "STM Al6, fI_ ,. 27 ksl
Cotterele, f'~ - lID) psi

Unlt Pr.ssure on SuppOrt Unit Press"" on SuppOrt

COlumn F. - 0.315{,. _U25psl

-
F. - 0.25{,. -l5Qpsl
Nom. Size
& Oesll:'
.... M ...
,~.
Dlmen-
slon. Thickness of PIlote Grou
Wt.
Dlm.n •
slon. Thlcknesl 01 Pllte Grou
, WI.
neUon "- n C Calc. FIn. Rolled B C Catc. Fin. Rolled
- I~-r-c--- I---:-:- -1--
I -,--,--'"~.-;-+~'~b~._ t-:'~'P='+'~"c- I ,';:-n. tn. In. In. Lb. In. _,"_. In. In. In. Lb.
14 X 16 426 2605 51 61 6.30 61A 6% 6649 46 51 5.84 s¥a 61,4 4154
IIrF 398 2433 55 59 6.02 6 6YJ, 5916 45 49 5.56 5~ 6 3748
370 2261 53 57 5.76 5% 61,4 5349 43 47 5.28 51,4 5% 3221
342 2090 51 55 5.51 SYz 5¥a 4669 41 46 5.14 51,.. 5Yl 2939
320 1954 50 53 5.30 51,4 5% 4223 40 44 4.92 5 5% 2680
314 1917 49 53 5.25 51,4 5% 4138 40 43 4.15 4% 5J,i 2497
287 1752 47 50 4.91 5 5% 3578 38 41 4.44 41h H'. 2152
264 lE11 45 48 4.65 4~ 5 3060 36 40 4.29 41,4 4% 1887
246 lSOI 44 46 4,48 4Yz 4f, 2795 36 38 4.06 4J,i 4Yz 1744
237 1446 43 45 4.36 4~ 4% 2604 35 37 3.92 4 4 1467
228 1391 42 45 4.26 41,4 4~ 2476 34 37 1.82 3~ 3~i 1381
219 1135 41 44 4.15 41,.i 4Yz 2lOO 33 16 1.70 3% m 1262
211 1287 40 43 4.04 4 4 1949 3l 35 3.58 3~ 3% 1186
202 121l 40 42 3.91 4 4 1904 12 35 3.52 3Yz 3M! 1111
193 1176 39 41 3.78 3lA. 3% 1699 31 34 3.39 3"'- 3~ 1008
184 1121 38 40 3.65 l~ 3% 1561 31 33 3.22 31.4 31-, 942
176 1072 37 19 3.52 3Yl 3Yz 1431 30 32 3.1:8 31,.i 314 850
167 1017 l6 38 3.40 3" 3" IDi 29 32 1.1:8 3~i 3~ 8Z2
158 963 l5 37 3.27 31,4 3\4 1192 28 31 2.94 3 3 738
ISO 913 34 315 3.15 3~ 3~ 1084 28 29 2.76 2% 2lJ. 633
142 867 3l )6 3.13 3~ 3~ 1052 27 29 2.63 2% zn 582

826 32 l5 3.00 3 3 952 26 29 2.61 2h m 5"

14 X 14Y.a
IIrF
136
127
110
m
722
31
30
34
13
2.87
2.74
2'"
2%
2'"
2%
858
m
25
24
28
21
2.41
2.33
2Yz
8i
2Yl
2"*
."
'36
III 674 29 31 2.50 2Yz 2~ 637 24 25 2.11 21,4 2'.4 382
103 625
577
Z8
27
30
29
2.37
2.23
2~
21,4
2"*
2'.4
565
499
23
22
2S
24
1.99
1.84
2
Il\
2
1ft ,..
326

"
87 527 26 28 2.09 214 2~ 438 21 23 1.69 1% llAo
'"
14 X 12 84 503 Z4 28 Z.10 2~ 2 1,. (1)5 20 Z3 1.81 I I'. 1", 24<1
W' 78 467 24 26 2.(18 2~ 2~ 316 19 22 1.66 1-% 1% 201

14 X 10 74 435 22 27 1.99 2 2 337 11 23 1.67 1% 1% 194

W' 68 400 21 26 1.85 1ft 1~ 290 11 21 1.58 1% I~ 164
61 359 20 24 1.11 11,4 1% 238 16 20 1.41 l Y2 IY2 136

14 X 8 53 302 11 24 1.54 1% 1% 188 13 21 1.36 I~ 1% 106

W' 48 273 16 23 1.42 1\I.z !liz 156 13 19 1.15 11,4 11,4 87
43 245 15 22 1.29 1% 1'* 129 12 19 1.04 I J.Ai 1J.Ai 13

Note: Rolled pI,te thlckn....s eboYe ~ Inches .....Ied on finished thlckn.., plu, luuelted
elowances tor 1I"llhlnl: 0'" 'Ide. end mey be modified to lult lebo-utlnl pe.nt ptKlice.
When It" requ.-ad 10 fln/lh both lur l.casol ~se p"t.. , .ddllkln.I.llow.nce mUI' be ""'de.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION

3 ·78

COLUMN BASE PLATES

Dimensions for maximum
column loads
Bau ,*1." ASTM A36. P, ,. 21 k$l
Concrete. ('. ,. 3000 psi

Unit """,ure on Support Unit ""..tu •• on SuPPOf'l

...
Column
cc-~P~';.:-~'~.25~f~'.~-~750~~"'~__+=-~P~.~-;::0.375 1'. - 1125 psi
Nom. Size WI. Dlmen. Dlm.n·
sIon, Thlckne.. 01 Plale
.slon' Thlckn. . . of PI.I. Gro..
Grcn.s
& 0.111,· P9 ,~,
• 1 WI. WI.
n.tlon
I -~II~--
fl.
8 C Calc. ~~ I_ !!.- -E..
CalC •. FIn. Rolled

I_--':'"~'__ ~~'~'~'_I Kips In. 'n., In. ~ I ";:" .....:!:...~ I. ln. ~ I~ _ In-=- Lb.
12 X 12 l!" 1143 38 41 3.97 4 4 1766 30 34 3.59 3% ~ 1048
W 161
133
12.
'"
'"
711
34
31
30
38
35
3l
3.58
3.19
2.92
3~
3'4
3
3~
3l,4
3
1327
99SI
841
28
Z5
24
31
29
27
3.17
2.SS
2.56
3%
2ft
2%
3'A
2~
~
799
591
482
11. 63' 28 31 2.68 2% 2~ 676 23 25 2.32 2% 2~ 387

" '"
92
85
552
509
27
26
25
30
29
28
2.55
2.43
2.29
2%
2Y.!,
2~
2%
2Y.!,
2%
602
534
471
22
21
2Q
24
24
23
2.16
2.10
1.95
2%
2~
2
2LA
2~
2
337
303
261

"
72
65
473
All
24
23
27
25
2.17
1.93
2'.4
2
2'A
2
413
326
2Q
19
22
21
1.79
1.62
1%
1%
1¥a
1%
234
184

12 X 10
'" 22 24 1.79 I¥.
l¥a
Ira
l¥a
280 18 20 1.47 lY, lY.!, 153

W "
53
342
312
19
19
24
22
1.79
1.58 1% 1%
242
192
16
15
19
19
1.41
1.32
1*
1%
1loll
1~
129
111
12 X 8
W

10 X 10
."
'5

112
286
257
229
66l
17
16
15
28
23
22
21
12
1.63
1.50
1.37
3.04
1%
lY.z
1%
1
1%
IY.z
1%
3
180
150
123
13
13
12
20
18
17
762 23 26 2.67
1.41
1.15
1.00
l'h
11..4
1
21,4
l'h
1\4
1
211
110
83
"
...
W 100 59l 27 30 2.n 2% 2% 631 22 24 2.42 2~ 2~ I 374

"
71
72
527
456
426
26
24
23
28
26
25
2.52
2.27
2.16
2Y.z
2',4
2',4
2'h
2'.4
2\4
516
398
367
21
19
19
23
22
20
2.23
2.07
1.92
21,4
2~
2
2~
21'
2
308
252
215

."
..
60
390
155
319
289
22
21
20
19
24
23
22
21
2.03
1.90
1.76
1.63
2
2
1%
1%
2
2
1%
1%
299
274
218
184
18
17
16
15
20
19
18
18
1.16
1.62
1.47
1.47
1,.
1%
Iy'!
l'h
1%
I~
IIh
lYl
118
149
122
115
IOX8
W
45 258 17 21 1.61 I'MI 1% 164 13 18 1.47 1Y.t II, "
"
3J
224
189
16
14
19
18
1.38
1.26
1%
1',4
1%
114
118
89
13
12
16
14
1.14
1.00
11,4
1
1'.4
1
74
48

""
8X8 387 22 24 2.21 2',4 21A 337 18 ZO 1.98 2 2 204
W
.'8
J5
31
335
217
230
2QI
178
21
18
17
15
14
22
21
19
18
17
2Jl5
1.84
1.57
1.48
1. 36
2"..
I ra
1%
Ph
1%
2~
1"1-8
1%
iV2
1%
218
201
149
115
17
15
13
12
18
17
16
15
1.82
1.55
1.43
1.28
I f.
I'MI
Ph
1%
l~
1~
1%
1'/2
1%
1~
163
117
88
70

8x61h 28 155 13 16 I.ZO l1A 1\4

93
74
12
10
14
14
LlO
1.11 1~ 1~
"
45
w 24 13l 12 15 1.07 I~ 1~ 51 10 12 .84 ~ ~

8 X 5\4
W
20
17
102
86
10
9
14
13
.89
.71
1
fa
1
fa
40
29
8
7
12
11
.73
.60
%
,.
Ii "
20
" 11

I
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
 3 ·79

COLUMN BASE PLATES For A36 Column.

Dimensions for maximum
column loads
Bue "",'e$. ASTM A)6. F. - 27 hi
Concte'e. 1'. _ lOOD p$1

COlumn
un« pt. . .""e on SuppOrt Unh Pr...""e on SuPIIOI't
F •• 0.25/,. _ 750 psi F. - 0.315/,. - 1125 psi
Nom. Sbe WI . ~~~n•. ' Thlcknen 01 PIa'e
Dlmen.
Thkkn.n 01 Plale Gron
& o.SI,'
... Ilon
per
fl.
Mn.
!.oed r'-'-;::;C.·:;;-1-;::::-,-;;:-",:;;:-:1 Gron
B C CIIIc. fin. Rolled
wt • "'"
B C C.1c. fin.
M .
~ __

In . Lb . K,lp. In . In . In . In . In . lb. In . In . In. In . In. Lb.

14 X 14Y.z 117 709 30 32"12.65 2i"'""Z%" i l l ~ V 2.35 . 2% ' ~ 436
BPI 4 IOZ 618 Z8 30 2.38 Z% lliI 565 23 24 1.97 2 2 313
2~ 2~

12X12
"73
74
539
441
442
26
24
23
Z8
Z5
26
2.13
1.76
2.08
PA
2~
1%
2~
438
297
360
21
19
19
23
21
21
1.73 PA
1.41 Ph
1.66 1%
1%
IIh
1%
239
170
198
BPI 2 53 316 20 22 1.53 1% I*' 203 16 18 1.19 PA 111.1 101
10XIO 57 335 ZO 23 1.92 2 2 261 16 19 1.66 1% 1% 151
246 18 19 1.41 Ph I Ih 145 14 16 1.18 Ji.4 I'A
SPIO 42
16 18 1.46 I \h. I Ih 12Z 13 IS 1.26 11,4 I'A "
8XRSPS
8X8
36
34.3
206
204 16 17 1.39 1% 1~ 106 II 14 1.17 H4 I~ "
54
M 32.6
". 16 11 1.36 I~ 1% 106 13 14 US 11,4 I~

110
54
8x61h
M
6 X6
Z8
24
Z5
163
140
13
1Z
11
16
1.35
1.20
1%
JI.4
1%
JI.4
86
68
16
11
10
II
14
13
12
1. 10
.93
1.10
1%
I
I~
I
110
""
42
14' 13 15 1.34 I" 1"
129 14 1.11 11,4 1'.4 l~ 110

6x6
M 22.5
20
25
115
146
13
12
13
13
15
l.OS
1.29
I~

1%
1~

1%
64
50
16
10
10
11
12
II
12
1.09
.90
1...
1
1%
I
110
"
31
42
'IF 20 117 12 13 l.04 I~ 1% 50 10 11 .89 1 I 31
15.5 91 11 12 . 81 J'a J\ 13 9 9 .74 % \4 17
87 9 13 l.Q2 1 I 338 10 .83~
~
6X4 16 20
B 12 64 S 11 .15 % % 19 6 10 .14 % II
5X5M 18.9 107 11 13 1.19 JI.4 11.4 51 9 11 1.08 1~ 110 31
5X518.5 106 11 13 1.17 11,4 11,.4 51 9 11 I.CI6 I ~ 110 31
'IF 16 91 11 12 1.00 1 1 3799.88}W 1Io 20
4X4VoF 13 71 9 11 1.00 I 2888.S3}i 1Io 16
4 X4M 13 70 9 11 l.01 1 1 28 1 9 .91 1 1 18
6 X 3% I1.ZS 98 10 14 1.16 Hi Hi 50 8 11 .93 1 1 15
I 12.5 71 S 12 .90 I 1 27 1 10 .13 % '1.1 15
5 X, 14 .75 83 10 12 1.02 1 1 34 8 10 .91 1 1 13
I 10 56 7 11 .89 I 1 22 6 9 .72 * % 11
• X 2l> '.5 5389.82 ¥a IS 6 8 .74 % 10
I 7.7 42 7 8 .70 % 12 5 8 .72 % 8

'XI '* 7.5

5.7
41
31
7
6
8
1
.73
.59
JA
~
12
7
6
5
1
6
.68
.53
l!4
"
•
5

AMERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION

3 - 30

Notes

AMERICAN 1NSTITUTE Of STEEL CON STRU CTION

 oo-r
3 ·81

COLUMN BASE PLATES For A242-A440-

Ie Dimensions for maximum

A441 Column.

~ B rc. Blose
column loads
~tu, ASTM A)6, I't _ V hi
CofIcret.,I'_ - 3000 piJ
/
~
Unll Prusure em ~1HIOrt Unit Pressur. on Support
Column
F, - O.!'JI'. -150p" P, - 0,3151'. - 1125 piJ

,,- "'....". ....•••

.......
Nom . SIt.

~
Dlmen. l1Ikkne.. of I'tet.
slons
C tele.
~
",. WL
B e
DimeI" lhkknus 01 Plat.

......I-u;
"'~. Slon • "'~
Ctte. A,.
-- Ron.d
W,..
". ".61 ,". -".
.... ..
..
". ". ". ".._--
".
, --
lb . Kips ,~ eb.
.,. 49 .. ,. ."
14 X 16
Vol'
'" "'"
370
lO28

"'" 59
57 .... .''"OJ," ,'" ,"",., .. ". •... .'•5!,"
67
64
62
1.01
6.72
7);
~A 48 53
51
'.58
5.99
.%
5344
48"
4320

...
.,~
34' 2429 55 59 6.10 45 5.64 5" 3672
5450 43
320
314
227 1 54

,,'"... ''''
53
2036 51
57
57
54
5.87
5.82
5.46'
5l,"5J'.
.'"
'!O
" 5'"
" ",51, '""49'
534' 43
41 45
5.48
5.37
5.08
5" 5'.
5'"
3364
2875
1872 48 52 '978 39 43 4.81
1744
" 50
5.24
4.96
'.85'"51,
5'.
5
.'"
...
3578 38 41 4.51
5"
' J'. 2152
'37
'"
1680
Ult6
.
46

..
45
49
48
."
4.73
, 'lI
.%
5'.
5\0
3'"

.., ." 38
3136 37
."
40
39
4.43
'.29
. \; ' J'. 2099
1891
219

'"
202
1551
1634
1"3
"44

45
4.61

." .''"" ... " " .'"

4.18
'.64
.%,.,. 5\0
5 ...
2929 36
32Il6 37
."
39
40
4.19
'.39
4.2'
.\1
'%
1840
1992
1840
193
".
176
16'
1493
1423
1361
44
43
42
45
44
'.50
'.36
'.22
'.12 '"
'\1 ...'", "'""95 ""
.%
2795
Z421
35
38
37
36
4.11
3.93
3.78
'\0
• •
3% 3%
1696
146'
1300
l.58
1291
1222
41

"38
42
42 '.00
41 3.86
'\0
• • 1856
33
32
35
34
3.64
3.49 '"'''' 3"
3",
1186
1079
150
142
1159
1100 37 40 3.73
l J'.
3%
l J'.
3\i "" "
157'
31
30 33
3.41
~34
310
3"
310
3"
104'
94'
14 X 14Y.t ".
U,
1135
10;0
38 40 3.77 3% 3% 1615 31 33 3.37 11,
3,.
3% '78
Vol' 1!7
993
37
35 "
38
3.61
3.49 '" ""'"
3'"
1482
Ill'
",.'" "" 3.20
3.03 3
3"
3
884
'64
'" '" ." ". 684

",."'"
111 ". 34 37 3.34 12113 Z8 '.86 'li
~~ .~ ,% ,% 610
103
95 '"
792
33
32
35
33
3.IIl
2.94 3 3
IIl!J
" 2.10
2.54
'" '" 541

)4 X 12 .
87 '25

."'" ,.
31
29
32
32
2.76
2.78
2%
2%
2%
...
713
m
25
23 ,.
27
2.36
2.38
2%
2%
'"
2% 437
418
365
Vol' 78 28 31
'" '" "
2.63 645 2.23 2\4 2\4
14 X 10
Vol' .. ...
74 593
'45 25
31
3D
'" 2'h'" '"42' "
2.57
2'h
2.41 531
2l
20
26 2.25
2.IIl ".
2\0
2'.
2\0
348
301
61 23 29
"" ~A

~
~.

~~
19 23 1.94 2

II,
2
1%
248
182
14 X 8
Vol'
53
48
408
36'
20
19
28
26
2.10
1.86
'"
ll<
'" l~ 262
223
16
IS
23
22
21
1.71
1.51
1.41
1%
1"
I \;
152
125
43 33D 18 25 1.71
"
1% 1\\

HOle! Rolled "",Ie Ihkllnes,",s above .!ftch.. are beud on flntm,d It\k:J<n"S pfus suilftled
.now.neH tor IInl.hln. on" wtde. and may be modified to sufi. f,b<'Ice1fn. pI.nt prectlc•.
When h b requlr.d to flnbh bothsurtr.eH 0 1 be •• phil.. , ad~1 enowanee must be mad •.
AM[RICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION

....
' ·82

For A242-A440- COLUMN BASE PLATES

A441 Columns
Dimensions for maximum
column loads
esse plates. A.STM "36, 1"1 .. 21 los!
Concrele, t< .. 3000 pil

Unit Pressure on Support Unit Pressure on SUPPOI't

Column
F, - O.2St'. - 750 psI F, - 0.3751'. - 1125 psl
Nom .• I~. W,_ MaK.
Dlmen.
Ilonl Thic:kness 01 Plate Gron
Dlmen·
,Ionl Thk:knesl 01 Plale Gross
& OeslS'
n"lIon
W
00. ..., I-;;'T~I,::-:.,-=---;:c::--:I
B C C.lc. ~ ROlled _ _
WL I-;;""'~'::-:.,-=--:=-:I
B ~ Calc. ~ Rolled
w..
I-;-;-:""~_;-:;-+~'~'~'+K~'~";J_:;;
ln. In. In. In. Ln. lb. In. In. In. In. In. Lb.
12 X 12 190 1448 42 46 4.67 4% 5~ 28(i5 34 18 4.29 1""""4'ii"" ~ 1693
W- 161 1226 39 42 4.l8 4'.4 4~ 2146 32 35 3.83 3~ 3¥a 1230
133 lOll 35 39 3.77 33,4 33,4 1450 29 31 3.38 3% 3% 860
120 912 34 36 3.47 3\f.z 31f.! 1214 28 29 3.21 3104 31A1 748
106 872 33 36 3.39 3% 3% 1136 27 29 3.03 3 3 665
99 813 32 34 3.21 31A 31,4 1002 26 28 2.86 2¥a 2¥e 59]
92 756 31 3] 3.05 3~ 31k 906 25 27 2.69 2% 23,4 526
85 698 30 32 2.89 2¥a 2¥a 782 24 26 2.52 21f.! 2Y2 442
79 648 28 31 2.77 2% 2% 676 23 26 2.47 2Yz 21h 424
12 590 21 30 2.61 2% 2o/a 602 22 24 2.18 21,4 21,4 337
65 533 26 28 2.35 2%c 2~ 490 21 23 2.01 2 2 214
12 X 10 58 466 23 28 2.33 2~ 2%c 433 19 22 1.93 2 2 237
VoF 53 425 22 26 2.09 2M! 214 344 18 II 1.17 PA m 188
12 X 8 50 381 20 26 2.01 214 21A1 313 16 22 t.8Z 1% l¥a 181
VoF 45 341 19 25 1.93 2 2 269 15 21 1.67 13,4 1% 156
40 309 18 23 1.68 1-% 1% 205 14 20 I. 52 Ph 1112 11'
10 X 10 112 906 33 37 3.76 31A 3lA 1297 27 30 3.38 3~ lllo 714
VoF 100
89
809
719
31
30
35
32
3.52
3.14
llh
3lA1
3\.7
3'A1
1016
850
25
24
29
27
3.25
2.93
31.4
3 ,"A 668
551
17
72
622
581
28
27
30
29
2.86
2.73
2¥a
2%
m.
2¥a
2-%
684
610
23
22
25
24
2.59
2.45
2o/a
21h ",2\0 '28
37.
32,
66
60
54
532
484
435
26
24
23
28
27
26
2.58
2.49
2. 33
2'h
2~
2%
2y'!
2%
541
459
402
21
20
19
23
22
21
2.30
2. 14
1.98
2%
2M!
2 "",21io 26'
226
191
10 X 8
VoF
49
45
39
394
349
302
22
20
19
24
24
22
2.09
2.04
1.79
21A1
21A1
I f.
21A1
21A1
Ha
318
289
222
18
16
15
20
20
18
1.83
1.81
1. 52
1%
1%
IIh
""
1%
IIh
170
115
33 255 17 20 1.55 1% 1% 157 14 11 1.34 1% 1% 93
'x,
VoF
61
58
525
454
25
24
28
26
2.81
2.51
2%
2'-h
2%
2Y.!
570
442
21
20
23
21
2.51
2.33
2Y.!
2%
21h
2%
'28'
42
48 375 21 24 2.29 2% 2% 339 17 20 2.09 2'-A1 214 205
40 m 19 22 2.04 21A1 2~ 252 16 18 1.76 1% PA 143
35 272 18 21 1.88 1% 1% 201 15 17 1.60 1% 1% 117

."
31 241 17 19 1.64 1% 1% 149 14 16 1.45 1\7: 1\7:
8 X6~ 28 207 15 19 1.61 1% 1% 131 12 16 1.44 lYz lY.! 82
VoF 24 178 14 17 1.36 I~ 1% 93 11 IS 1.29 1% Hil
8 X 5\4 20 134 12 15 1.12 llAl 1% 57 9 14 1.118 114 114 40
VoF 11 lIZ 10 15 1. 07 IMI IMI 48 8 13 .93 1 1 29

NOla: Roliad plaia Ihlcknnu. above 4 Inches are based on nnl.had Ihll.knns plus $uuutad
a!1owan<:es for flnlshlnll one Iida. and may be modified In lUll labrlealln\il plant prac:1lce.
Whan It Is required 10 IInl lh bolh lurl.<:n 01 base plales, .dd"lo,"" allowance muSI be mad •.

A MERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CON ST RU C TION

 3·83

COLUMN BASE PLATES For A242-A440-

A441 Columns
Dimensions for maximum
column loads

,",om. Sb. WI. Mu.

& 0e,11- .,.... Lo-d
n_lIon ". __ ~I' ~ . Calc. rio . Rolled
Lb.
1i7
Kip,
974
In. In.
~381 3.49
In. In.
- 31f.1, ~
In.
1319 28 31 3.09 31. 3\0 ,.
14 X 14'h
BP14 102
89
73
849
140
573
33
31
27
35
32
29
3.10
2.77
2.29
3~
2*
2%
3~
2\1
2¥11
1~3
113
527
27
25
22
18
27
24
2.68
l.41
Ul
". ".
21>
2
2\1
2
589
47.
299

III ,,,
12 X 12 74 604 21 30 2.66 2tA 2% 631 22 25 2.36 210 2" 37.
BPI2 53 4ll 23 25 1.97 2 Z 326 19 20 1.65
2~
""2'A 2\1
lO X 10 57 456 24 26 2.35 2%
l~
420 19 22 2.17
'"
BPIO 42 335 21 22 1.84 lYt 245 17 18 1.56
'" '" 14'
8x8BPI 36 218 19 20 1.18
2
IVa

H,
ll'l 202 15 17 1.63
'" '" 117

II,'"
8X 8 34 .3 279 18 21 1.92 2 214 15 17 1.64 1% 117
'02
M 32.'
'"
22'
18 20 1.78
,,, '10 191 15 16
1.52
1.44
"'
l Yl
'\I
8x61h
M
.X.
28
24 ,0>
16
15
19
11
1.62
1.41 'I> 'I> '" 140
108
13
12
16
15 1.21
1
l~
,\I
'10 "70

M
25
~.5
20 ".'"'56
16
15
14
17
16
15
1.60
1.47
1.34
'"'I>'10 '"
'I>
'10
125
102
8Z
13
12
11
14
11
1l
1.44
1.29
U7
'10
'10
'I>
'10
'10 "
77
50
25 199 16 11 1.59 1~ l~ 125 13 14 1.42 I Yz 1Y2 77
20
15.5
159
124
14
12
16
14
1.42
1.19
Ph
H4
I1f.1,
llA
95
59
II
10
13
12
I. 25
1.07
II"
l~
Jl.4
1~ ""
• X' lIS II 14 1.16 Jl.4 11,4 55 9 12 1.(J.1 1M. 1~ 34
• "12 84 9 13 1.03 1~ 1M! 37 7 11 .92 1 1 22
5x5M 18.9 144 13 15 1.47 Ph Jlh 83 11 12 1.Z6 1\4 II" 47

5X 5 18.5 143 13 15 1.45 lY.t IYz 83 11 12 \.24 Jl.4 11,4 47

16 123 12 14 1.12 1~ 1% 65 10 II 1.10 1M! 1~ J5
""
4X4W 13 94 11 12 1.13 l1A1: 1M. 42 9 10 1.03 1M. H-il 29
4 X4M 13 92 11 12 1.14 l~ 11,4 47 9 10 1.05 1\.i 1~ 29

,
6 X 3¥4 17.25
12.5
133
97
12
10
15
13
1.33
1.06
1%
1~
l~
114
10
41
10
8
12
11
US
.93
III..
1
m
I
42
25

,
5X3 14.75
10
112
75
11
9
14
12
1.32
1.01
l~
I
l~
1
60
31
9
7
12
10
1.23
.91
Jl.4
1
tl,4
1
38
20

,'*
• X 9.5
7.7
71
51
9
8
11
10
1.02
.87
I
Yt
1
,.
Z8
zo
7
6
10
9
1.04
.89
1~
1
Hi
1
22
15
3X, 2~ 7.5
5.7
54
41
8
7
9
8
.89
.73
1
%
1
%
20 6 8 .91 I
1267.68"%
1 14
9

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CoNSTRUCTION

 •. I

PART 4
Connections
Page NOlL
ALLOWABLE LOADS ON RIVETS AND
TEOlEADED FASTENERS
TCIlBion . . . . .. . . ..... . ............. . 4·3
Shear and Benring (%-%-;'8:) A·4 - 4-5
Shear and Bearing (1_11 -I ~) .. ......... 4..6 - 4-7
FRAMED BEAM CONNECTIONS
&Ited or Riveted (f'able 1) .. . ...... 4-9 - 4-15
Heavy, &lted or Riveted. Discussion A·9 - 4·11
.. .. .. .. (f'able 11) .. . .. .4·16 - 4·18
Welded. for Combination with Table I Connections
(Tables IHand rv). · .. A-19 - 4·23
Welded (Tables V and VI ) .. . .... 4·25 - 4-31
SEATED BEAM CONN'ECTIONS
Bolted or Riveted (Table VII ) ...... . . .......... 4-32 - 4·33
Welded (Table VIII ). ..... · .. A-34 - 4·35
St.iffened . Bolted or Riveted (Table [X) · .. 4-36 - 4·38
Stiffened . Welded (Table X ). .. . . • ..... . .4-39 - 4-43
SPECIAL CONNECTIONS
Special Framed Beam Connections . .4-44 - 4-45
One-Sided Connections ..... . . 4-46 - 4-47
Moment Connections . 4-48 - 4-49
ECCENTRIC CONNECTIONS
Eccentric Londs on Fastener Groups . . 4-50 - 4·55
Eccentric Loads 011 Weld Groups .. .4-56 - 4·65
Eccentric Connections ... . 4·66
Hanger and Bracket Connections . 4·67
Net Section Moduli of Bracket Plntes 4-68
SUGCESTED DETAILS ... _. 4·70 - 4·77
RIVETS AND THUEADED FASTENEHS
Detailing Practice. . .. . .. .4·78 - 4·79
Clearancee ... A·SO - 4-81
Convcntional Signs and Gages . 4-82
Rivet Dntn .......... . ,4-82 - 4-85
Bolt Dnta . ,4·86 - 4-91
Misc. Dnta (Upset Screw Ends, Clevises, etc.) . .. 4-69, 4-92 - 4-97
WELDED JOINTS
Requirements . 4-99
Symbols . 4·100
Complete Penetration .. - 4-105
Partial Penetration .. . ..• 4-1OG
Fillet Welds ............ . 4-107

AMERI CA N INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

." "
".
 ,-,
RIVETS AND THREADED FASTENERS
Tension
Allowable loads in kips

Nomina' ~m •• Ln .• and Ar ••, Sq, In.

"STM
Tension

".'-, • 'I, .'.

OuTln, llon
*
.lO68
"
.44\8
I "
.601l .785'
-

..'" ,
1.2212

JA307•• A7'''A3nl 14 '.30 6.19 8.42 11.00 13,92 17.l8

I
AI4l 20 6.14 8." 12.03 15.71 19.88 24.54
-
Al ~. A406 27 8.28 11.93 16.24 21.21 26.84 33.13

A32'
., 12.27 17 .67 24.05 31.42 39.76 49.09
-
Al54 Gr. Be 50 15.34 22.09 30.07 39.27 49.70 61.36

Note I: Tension values are bllsed On ar.... 01 rivets IMlore drlvln, end u ... 01 unltlr•• ded
shenk. 01 bolts and olher tllreaded parts. See AISC Spec. Tablel.S.2.1.
Note 2: For .lIowabie <;omblned sh .. ar and ,e"slon loads. see A'SC Spec.Sect. 1.6.l.
• Nu la 'hell meet speclflcatlonl compatible wtth lhose 01 tI'I. Ihre. ded ,hank ••

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

' ·4
5fs-%-Ys RIVETS AND THREADED FASTENERS
Shear
Allowable loads in kips
Powlr Drive n Shop and Field Rivets
CI"m. Are .. %' .... . 3068 sq. In. 3A In. .4418 Iq . In . ¥aln. .6013 sq. In .

ASTM AI" AI" AI"

A141 Al4l A141
Designation A406 A406 A406

Sheal F• • ksl 15 20 IS 20 15 20

Single Shear, kips 4.60 6.14 6.63 8.84 9.02 12.03

Double Shear, kips 9.20 12.21 13.25 17.67 18.04 24.05

Unfinished Bolts, ASTM A307, and Threaded Part s of ASTM A1 and Al13 Material

Ol"m, A' I" % In. • 3068 sq. In. % In • . 4418 Sq. '0. 3il ln. .6013 Iq . I....

ASTM A3tJ7. A7, A307, A7, A307, A7,

Designation A373 A373 Am

Shear F'•• ksl 10 10 10

Single Shear, kips 3.07 4.42 6.01

Double Shear, kips 6.14 8.84 12.03

High Strength Bolts In friction Type Connections and in

Be. rlng Type Connections with Threads in She.r Planu
Oillm. Ar • • %1.... • 3068 sq. In. %1 .... •4418 s q. In • fa In . .6013 sq. In.

ASTM A325
A354
A325
A354
A325 '354
Desig na tion Gr. Be Gr. Be Gr. Be

Shear F • • ksi IS 20 IS 20 IS 20

Single Shea r, kips 4.60 6.14 6.63 8.84 9.02 12.03

Double Shear, kips 9.20 12.27 13.25 17.67 18.04 2~.05

H igh Strength Boltl in Bearing Type Conn ections

with Threa ds Excl uded from Shea f Pl anes
rn.m. _ Are. ~ In. - .lO68 so. In . % In. ,UI850. ln. ~ In. - .&O1l sq. In.

ASTM
Designation
A3Z5 .'"Be
Gr.
A325
A354
Gr. Be
A325
. 354
Gr. Be

Shear F , . ksl
" 24
" 24
" 24

Single Shear. kips

Double Shear, kips
6. 75
13.50
7. 36
14 . 73
9.12
19.44
10.60
21 .21
13.23
26." ,...,
14.0

AMERICAN I NS TITUTE OF STEEL CONSTR UCTION

 '· 5
RIVETS AND THREADED FASTENERS 5fs-%- fa
Bearing
Allowable loads in kips
AU rivets and bolts in bearing type connections
OIom. .. % !io
- . .. --
.
"
~
. .5'-:" " " " " " " " " "
,..,. ktl
1-
e,...ln& 45 .0 62.0 P .' 4S . 0 ' a.5 "., 62 .0 61 .5 ( 5 .0 Q.' M.' 62 .0 61.S
F" ... 1

..
~.
3.52
5.27
3.79 4.4 1 4.84 5.21
568 '.62 7.27
'.2
7 91 6.33
4.55
,."
5.>1 5.8I 6.33 4.92 5.>1
7.95 8.7Z 9.49 738 1.96
1-
6.18 6.78
9.27 10,1711.0
7.'

'.
'l.
7.0 1.58 B.83 9.6910.55 8.44 9.091O.sg 11.6. 12.66 9.84 0.6112.36 13.56 14.1
8.79 9.47111 .0412.1113.18 10.5511.3113.2414.5 315 .82 12.30 13.2615.4516.95 18.41
1

,T,"
A II 10.5'1' 1.37113.''1''.5315.82 12.6613.6415.8911. 4418.98 14.77 5.9118.54 20.3422.1
1
~. 12.30 13.25 15.4516.95 14.7715.9118.54 20.34 22.15 11.2318.5721.63 23.73 25.81
, y, 19.69 21.22 24.7'l.127 .1329.5
1
,
A 14 .0&15. \6 1
16.8818.1Y l . 1923.25
i
..
1
~. 15.82 18. 98 20 .46 n.M 22.15)23.87 27.8130.52
, 21.09Z2.73
1 1
24 .61 26.5 30.90
,
H
% 23.20
1
21 .0729.18
c
•
N
E
,. 29.'
S
s %
!io
,~.

28.1YO.31135.31r·75 33.7Sr·38142.38 46 .50 50.63 " .''1''.''1''.''1''.2'1'' .•

I:~e
2.19

1
Unit strelles "'p Ipply eCfll8~Y 10 condilioAs 01 .'ntls aile.' Illd eoolosed bear'n"
Thl, tabl. I. not applicable to f&Sten8l'~ If! I, Idlon I¥p, eormectlon •.

AMERfCA~ I ~ST I TUTE OF STEEL COHsTRUCTH) H

..,
1-11/8-1% RIVETS AND THREADED FASTENERS
Shea r
Allowable loads in kips
Power Driven Shop and fi eld Rivets
Oiam. _ Are" I In. _ .1854 sq . In. 1",. In. - .99oI01q ro. 114 In. - 1.2272 IQ . In .

ASTM AI95 AI95 AI95

Al41 A141 A141
Designation .,116 ..116 A4116

Shear F • • ksi 15 20 15 20 15 20
.
Single Shear, kips 11.78 15.11 14.91 19.88 18.41 24.54
Double Shear, kips 23.56 31.42 29.82 39.76 36.82 49.09

Unfinished 80lts, ASTM A307, and Thread ed Parts 01 ASTM Al and An] Material
Oram. - Area I In. - .78s( sq. In. l\.i In. - .9!14O sq. fn. llA In. - 1.2212 'Q. In
ASTM A307. A7. A307. A7. A307, A1,
Deslsnation Am .,73 All3

Shear F. ' ksi 10 10 10

Single Shear, kips 7.85 9.94 12.21

Double Shear. kips 15.71 19.88 24.54

High Strength Bolts in Friction Type Connections and In

Bearing Type Connections with Threads In Shear Planes

""m. Am l in. _ .7854 SQ. In. 1'4 In. - .9940 Iq. In. 11.4 In. - 1.2272 sq. In.

ASTM A354 A354 A354

A325 A' " A325
Designation Gr. Be Gr. Be Gr. Be

Shea. p • . ksi 15 20 15 20 15 20

Single Shear. kips 11.78 15.11 14 .91 19.88 18. 41 24.54

Oouble Shoa •• kips 23. 56 31.42 29.82 39.76 36.82 49.09

High Strength Bolts In Bearing Type Connections

with Threads E.eluded from Shear Planes
Dlam. Area lin. . 78~ sq. In . llk ln . . 9940 sq. ln . 1% In. - 1. 221Z ,q. In .

ASTM A354 A354 Al54

A325 A325 A325
Designation Gr. Be G•. Be Gr. Be

Shea . F . , k!oi 22
" " " " "
Single Shear, kips 17.28 18.85 21.81 23.86 21.00 29.45
Double Sheaf. kIps 34.56 37.70 43.74 47 . 71 54.00 58 .91

A MERICAN IN STI TUTE Of STEEL CONS TRUCTIO N

 ' ·1
RIVETS AND THREADED FASTENERS 1.1%.1%
Bearing
Allowable loads in kips
All rivets and bolts in bearing type connections
Oiilm.
1- - - 1 , , " I ,
'\I
'"
' ,.ks! "" 14246 3l~4Z
a •• rlng
I r-:-:-- - ...01- - 50 t6.50 lJ
,--1-1-1-
36 42 t6 50

1--:-__
"'". ksl ,_e_._oJ~~~~~48.S ~I'::I~~ .a,5 56.5 62.0.~

'"
0/"
S.63 6.06 7.06 7.75 8.44 6.33 6.82,7.95 8.72 9.49 7.031 7.58 8.Sl( 9.69 10.5
8.44 9.09ID.59( .6YZ,66
9.49 10.23 11 .
1
9T1.DB(.24 1
10.5y l .11) 1l.2y4.511 15. ~

. 1
11.25 12.13 14 . 13 15.50 16.88 12.66 13.64 115.89 17 .44 18. 98 14.06 15.16 17.66 19.38,Zl,OS
>I, 14.06)15.1617.66 19.38 21.09 15.az,17 ,05119.86121.80 1Zl.]j 17.58 18 .95 22.07 24.22 26.3
1

,T
M 1 1 1 1
16.88 18.19 Z1,19 23.ZYS.31 18.98)20.46(23.8426.16 28.48 21,09 22.73 26.48 29.0Yl.64
1
*
,,, lI,
1 I 1 1 1
19.69 21.22 24.72 27.1329.53 (2. 15 23.87( .81 3D. SY1.22 24.61 26. syo. 90 33.91 36.91
1 1 1 1
A \; 22.50 24.25 28.25 31.00 33.15 25.31 21.28 31.78 34.88 37.97 ZS.ll 30 . 3135.]1 38.75 42.1
l 1 1 I . I 1 ,~
~, 25.31 27 .ZS131. 7834.88 37.97 28.48\30.6935.7539.2342.71 31.64 34.10 39.73 43.59 47 .....
T I
28.13 ](1.31 35.31 38.75 31.64,34.1039.73\43.59 47.46 35.16 37.8944.14 48.44 52.7
1
H
, * 1 1 1 1 1
C
K
,
N
"" 30.94 33.34 38.84
1
3].75 J6·31
34.80r .5143. 70 47.95 52.21 38.6741.68 48.55(3.28 58.01

42.1945.47 52.97 58.13 63.~

1
s
s "'lI, r
36.56 39.41
37.97,40.92 47.67
1
41.13 44.32 51.64
1
1
45.7049.26 57.38 62. 97
1
"'lI,
39.38 44.3047.74 49.2253.05 61.80
41.46 52.73 56 84
1 1
I 45.00 48.50 56 50 62.00 67.50 50.6354.56 63.56 69.75 75 94 56.25 60 63 70.63 17.50 84.~
1M,
1 1. 1 ".11 1 1 1

Unll 5trusu F p apply aqually to eondltlons 01 "n&la sheet arod enelosed bearing.
This table II not "pplleable to In t Elner. In f. k tlon t1pe eoron.~llorol.

AM ERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

,· s

Noles

AMERI CAN I NSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSmUCTIOM

 ,.,
FRAMED BEAM CONNECTIONS
and
HEAVY FRAMED BEAM CONNECTIONS
Bolted or riveted
TABLES I and II

Table I lists shear capacities, bearing capacities and angle sizes for Frnmed
Beam ConnectiOIlB ranging from 1 to 10 vertical rows of fasteners. Sbear
capacities are given for % "~, :Va"et> and 1"4'> ASTM A307 low-<:arbon steel
bolts, rivets of ASTM A141 structural rivet steel, and AS'l'M A325 high-
st.rength steel bolts in both friction and bearing type connections. Bearing
capacities for the th ree fastener diameters are given for 1" thickness of ma-
terial for computation of oonnecLion values in steel rolled to ASTM A7 a nd
A373. A36, and for two yield points of high-strength steels ASTM A242,
A440 and A441. Table I is also inwnded for use with 1'ubles III and IV in
selecting combination bolt.ed-and-weld ed or rivet.ed-and-welded connections.
Table 11 tisia similar values for a series of Heavy Framed Beam Connec-
tions ranging from 2 to 10 vertical rows of fasteners. Shear capacities for
ASTM A307 low-carbon steel bolts have been omitted from this table.
If more than one size of fastener is used in a connection, or if more than
one fastener specification is applicable, the connection capacity is Ule lowest
of the values computed separately for the web and outst.anding legs of the
connection.
Shear capacities in Tables I·A and II·A are limited by whichever of the
following conditions produces the least value:
(8) Double shear on fasteners in the beam web legs of connection angles.
(b) Single shear on fasteners in the outstanding Jegs of connection angles.
(c) Allowable shear (F . = 14.5 kai ) on the gross a rea of a longitudinal
section through the connection angles.
S hear capacities of these connections may be increaaed through the use
of ASTM A354 Grade Be quenched and tempered a lloy steel bolta, rivets
made of ASTM A195 high-strength structural rivet steel, or ASTM A406
high-8trength structural alloy rivet steel. Such connections will be con·
sidered special and it is recommended t hat the ir design follow the principles
of computation shown on page 4 • 44.
For ASTM A325 bearing type connections, bolts must be furnished in
such lengths t hat the published thread lengths will not cross a shear piane.
However, inclusion of some of the thread runout into a shear plane is per·
misaible.
Vertical fastener spacing has been standardjzed at 3", but a connection
using smaller spacing will be acceptable providing AISC Specification, Sect.
1.16.4, relating to minimum pitch, is adhered to, and the aUowable shear o n
the gross area of a longitudinal section through the angles is not less than
that of the fastene r group. For reasons of stiffness and stability, it is recom·
mended that the length of any connection be not less than half of the T d is--
tance of the beam weh.
AMER ICAN INSrlTUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
.-10
The distance between inner gage lines or outstanding legs is 8tandardi7.ed
at 531", u n less a short e r dimension is required to provide the mini ~
mum edgc distance at angle toe sct by AISC Specification, Sect.1.lG.5_
Angle thickness. when not controlled by shear on the gr098 longitudinal
sc(.:tion or avrulability in the given angle size, is determined by the bearing
value in AS'T'M A36 steel ror tile nominal rastener diameter. To provide some
fiexibility in the connection, it is recommended that the use or angles thicker
than n C(.'e3Sary be avoided.
The oo3ring capacities in Tables 1-8 and II-B, applicable to bolts, riveta
and high-strength bolts in bearing type oonl1e(:1.ions, are based on 1" tJlick
steel or thQ several F7 values shown. The use or bearing values listed oppo-
site F , - 46 Itsi is restricted to 36 W 230 to 300 and 33 W 200 to 240 when
thC!e beams are rurnished to ASTM A242, A440 alld A441 specifications.
Bearing values tabulated opposite Fy - 50 ksi are generally applicable to all
other beams ill the ASTM A242, A440 and A441 steels. For grouping or
shapes and plates by allowable tensile requirements, see summary or these
specifications, page 5-153.
To determine the bearing capacity or a particular connection, mUltiply
the appropriate tabular value by the decimal thickness of the enclosed web.
The bearing capacity of supporting members must also be investigated and
connections strengthened where Ile<:eSSllrY. Note that high-strength bolts in
friction type connections are not limited by the bearing capacity or any ply
of material in the connection. (See AlSC Specification, Sect. 1.5.2.2.)
If reaction values of a beam are not sbown on contract drawings, tJle con-
nections shall be selected to support halr the total uniform load capacity
tabulated in the tables ror Allowable Loads on Beams ror Lhe given s hape, SI)RJl
and steel specification or the beam in question. The effect or concentrated
loads near an end connection must also be considered and an analysis or
loading and end reactions made, if necessary.

USE OF TABLES
Knowing the size, materiaispecification and reaction or the beam, and the
d.inmeter and specification of rasteners, turn to the connection showing the
least number or rasteners ror the beam size. For greater economy, use
Table I unless the beam loading requires a heavy connection rrom
Table II. Enter 'rable I-A (or ll -A), and, in the column hended by the
given fastener diameter, read the shear value of the connection in kil)8 oppo·
site the given rastener specification. H this is equal to, or greater than, the
beam reaction, and the connection is to be the high-strength bol ted rriction
type, the connection selected. is adequate. The connection angle thickness is
listed in the arorementioned column; the size and length are s hown below
the tables.
l rthe connection is of the bearing type, the limitations imposed by Table
I-B (or 11-8), must also be considered . Enter Table I·B (or I1·B) in the
column headed by the given rastener diameter and note the value opposite
the applicable Pyo Multiply this value by the decimal web tJlickness to deter-
mine the bearing capacity or the connection in kips. If this is equal to, or
greater than. the given beam reaction, the connection is adequate.
If either the shear or bearing capacity or the connection is less than re-
qujred, select s larger colmection and proceed 68 berore. If Lhe reeourcee or
both TablCfl I and 11 are inadequate, a special connection must be designed.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
 4-11
EXAMPLES
(a) Given: Beam: 36 \IF 150 (Web - .625")
ASTM A36 steel (F, - 36 kai)
Rivets : h" ,*, ASTM A141
Reaction: 140 kips
Solu tion: From Table I. it can be seen that the least number of rows
appropriate to a 36" beam is 6. However. a scanning of Tablca I· A
in Ule columns headed Va". opposite ASTM A141 . shows capacitica
of 108 kips and 126 kips respectively for the 6 and 7 TOW connec·
tions- both inadequate. Table I·A for the 8 row connection shows
144 kips, which is satisfactory for shear. Entering corresponding 8
row Table I·B in the column headed Va", opposite F, - 36 ksi. find
the value 340 kips. Multiplying this by the dec.imal thickness of
the web, the bearing capacity is found to be .625 X 340 _ 212.5 kips,
which is greater than the reaction and therefore adequal.c.
Detail Data: 2L4 X 372 X % X 1'-11M. ASTM A36, as flketched and
dimensioned.
(b) Given: Beam: 36 W 230 (Web - .765")
ASTM A440 steel (F y - 46 ksi)
Bolts : I",*, high·strengt.h ASTM A325 (Friction type)
Reaction: 350 kips
Solution: A review of Table I s hows that. 1 " q, high·st.rength bolta in a
friction type connection with the maximum of 10 TOWS provides a
shear capacity of only 236 kips. On scanning Table U, it. is seen that
Table lI -A for 10 rows of I " q, high·strength bolts in a friction type
connec.tion provides an adequate shear capacit.y of 377 kips. Since
bearing is not a factor, t.his connection wiIJ be used.
Detail Data : 2 L 8 X 8 X ~ X 2 '-5~, ASTM A36. as sketched and
dimensioned.
(c) G iven: Beam: 16 B 31 (Web - .275")
ASTM A36 steel (F y - 36 ksi)
Rivets: %'''q, ASI'M A141
Reactwn: 39 kips
Solut.ion: Proceeding as in Example (a). enter Table I· A for 3 rows and
find the shear capacity to be 39.8 kips, which is adequate. From
corresponding Table I-B find the value 109 kips. Multiplyi ng this
by .275 gives a bearing value of 29.98 kips, which is inadequate.
Re-enter Table I fo r 4 rows and find, from T able 1. B, a value of 146
kips, which, when multiplied by .275, gives a satisfactory value of
40.15 kips. Since corresponding Table I·A shows a shear value of
53.0 kips, this connection will be used.
Deta il Data: 2 L 4 X 3~ X Y. G X 11 ~", AS'rM A36, as sketched and
dimensioned.
(d ) Given: Same data as Example (e). except usc %,"q, high·strength bolts,
AS'T'M A325. in a friction type connection.
Solution: Entering T able I·A for 3 rows, find the sbear capacity for
%," q, high-atrength bolts to be 39.8 kips. Since the reaction is 39
kips, and bearing is not. a factor, the connection is adequute.
Detail Data: 2L4 X 3J,-2 X ~ 6 X 8>-2". ASTM A36, 88 sket.ched and
dimensioned.
AMERICAi'll INSTITUTE OF STEEl COIllSTRUCTION
4 ·12

FRAMED BEAM CONNECTION S

Bolted or riveted
TABLE I Allowable loads in kips

10 ROWS I
W 36

~r J_~. l Bearing i. on 1- th ick mao

I ]] I 338 394 450 terial. Use dec /mallhickness
36 364 424 485 of enclosed web as a mUltiply.
46 465 54] 620 ing factor for these values.
50 506 591 67!!
2 L 4 X ]112 X t X 2'·51!z ASTM A36. See Table I·A lor I.

9 ROWS

T
~L~
Anil:':;~'~~E"'¥T~ot.",~
Sh.""~
k'''~l
I .'! J. ~,
W 36, 33 ASTM A307 1 9.5 lOB 141

I~;~f~ ~ ~~e~ts 119 162 I 212

mr.1 ~ • A325 HS
TABLE I·B Total Bearing. kips
". 311

I~ 13\, ~ t.astenery.ameler
I % ~ I Bearing Is on I- thick mao
3G4 354 405 ter ial. Use decimal thickness
I : 327 382 437 of enclosed web as a multiply-
419 488 558 ing lactor for these values.
456 532 608
" i I"" A 2 L 4 X ]Yt X t X 2'·21!z ASTM A3fi. See Table I·'" for t.

BROWS TABLE [·A Total Shaar, kips

W 36, 33, 30 ASTMA":;~

_~~2.~ ~~~ ;
,:,-
'06
:". ~
'88
,~ -
- .;;~~ A"; ~~ .','" 212 ,,.-
: it -
~

TABLE I·B Total Bearing, kips

.- I
II I I• t21h .1':, .
astener lamete,

11,:i IS> •
ksl % !iI 1 I Be8ring is on I" thick rna·
~ . 270 ' 315"~ l teri81. Usedeclm81thickness
'-:lIll!J--'--R!le
L
~
36
46
291
]7'l
340
434
388 , of enclosed web as 8 multiply.
496 ' ing factor lor these values.

k. ~2
50 405 473 540
L 4 X ] Y.r X t X 1'·llIh ASTM A36. See Table I·A for t •

• fl1elk)n .ype f;onnec:tlon, 0< bearina type with th.e.ds in shn. pI. n .....
• au.lna Iype f;Onnec:llon; Ih,uds exduded "om shee, pl.ne'5.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 4 ·13
FRAMED BEAM CONNECTION S
Bolted or riveted
TABLE I Allowable loads in kips

1 ROWS TAB'''·A Tol"

w=- 36, 33, 30, 27, 24

"5P~~!Tgable I·B Total Bearing, kips

r ,
ksi
astener ameler
n - 236-
* Z76
~ 1
---ns- Bearing Is on I" thick rna·
terlal. Use decimal thickness
36 255 297 340 of enclosed web as a multiply·
46 326 380 434 Ing lactor lor these values.
50 354 413 473
5112 2lA 2 L 4 X 3M! X t x 1'-8lk ASTM A36. See Table I·A lor t.

6ROWS TABLE I·A Total

w=- 36, 33, 30,

27, 24, 21
I 24

•$ 3tn Bearing is on I" thick rna·

-1-" ,.-1 terial. Use decimal thickness
• of enclosed web asa multiply-
• Ing faclor for these values.

5~ Jk 2 l 4 X 31h x f x 1'-5!f.r ASTM A36. See Table I·A for ,.

5 ROWS TABLE I·A Total Shear, kips

astener lameler

w=- 30,27,24, 21,18

I 24, 20, 18
Angle Thickness, t
ASTM AJJ7 Bolts
ASTM A141 Rivets
~.-~-
44.2
66.3
60.1
90.2
11.
78.5
11•
• ASTM A3Z5 HS Bolts
[ 18 , ASTM A325 HS Bolts 97.2 132 173

Bearing Is on 1" thick rna·

3'h rT;'-i-" ..... hw,.-j-".-I lerlal. Use dBclmallhlckness
of enclosed web as a multiply.
Ing factor for these values.

5\\ 2 L 4 X l lfJ: X t X 1'·21fJ: ASTM A36. See Table I·A for t .

• Frlc1lon type connocllon, or boarlnll type with Ihrqd" in Ihear piene •.
I Belllinillype connection; Ihreads ellC/uded Irom shear planf'l.

AMERiCAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

4 ·14

FRAMED BEAM CONNECTIONS

Bolted or riveted
TABLE I Allowable loads in kips

4 ROWS TABLE I·A Total Shear, kips

...... •
.astener Diameter
Angle Thickness, t ~. ~.
W" 24, 21, 18, 16 ASTM A3IJ7 Bolts 38.3 6Z.S
I 24, 20, 18, 15 ASTM AI41 Rivets
[ 18, 15 • ASTM A325 HS Bolts
• ASTM A325 HS Bolts
53.0
n .• I ...
n.' 94.'
138

· rn,II;:'
II
~l:i
I Q 3~ ksi
) 3,4
TABLE I·B Total Bearing, kips
Fastener DIameter
~ 1 Bearing Is on I- thick rna.

""'"
~ J1-
G
33
36
46
50
13'5" ---rsa-l"8fJ
146
186
Z03
170
217
236
194
248
270
lerial. Use declmlll thickness
ofenciosedwebasamuillply·
ing factor for these values.

3 ROWS TABLE I·A Total Shear, kips

W" 18, 16, 14, 12

I 18, 15, 12
[ 18, 15, 13, 12
TABLE '·B Total Bearing. kips
Fastener Diameter
3,4 ~ ' l Bearing Is on I- thick mil·
33 101 118 13si telial. Use decimal thickness
36 109 IZ7 1~ ' of enclosed web as a multiply·
46 140 163 186 In8 lactor for these values.

" 152 177 203

2 1 4 X 3\? X I X SYJ ASTM A36. See Table I.A lor t .

2 ROWS
W" 12, 10, 8
I 12. 10,8 47.1
[ 12. 10, 9, 8

nksi
36
*m%
-Eastener Oiamete!....-
,[0':1

1 Bearing is on 1- thick rna·

67-:-578.8 - 90T lerial. Use declmlll thickness
72.8 84.9 97.0 of enclosed web as II multiply·
46 93.0 109 124 Inglaclor lor these values.
50 101 118 135
Z 1 4 X 3Y.!, X t X 5\? ASTM A36. See Table I·A for t.

• F, IC1lon ty". connection. or bead", tVlle wI'h t tlrea ds I., shear planu.
• aaarlna: t~ll. connectIon: t ht<Udl e.eluded lro.,.., Shear planes.

AMERIC~N INSTITUTE OF STEEl CONSTRUCTlON

 fRAMED BEAM CONNECTIONS
Bolted or riveted
TABLE t Allowable loads in kips

1 ROWI ~a stener
TABLE I-A Tota' Shear, kips
emeter
-}
I/'F 6
[
I 7, 6, 5
7, 6, 5
Angle Thickness, t
ASTM A307 Bolb
ASTM A141 Rivets
- ASTM A325 HS Botts
ASTM A325 HS Bolts
•••
13.3
19. 4
jJ8
18.0
26.5
'n.
-{f:;-
23.6
34.6
TABLE '·8 Total Beanng. kips
, Fastener meter
1-;- % ~. 1 Bearing is on I" thick rna·
ElS-3:EmJ
"" -"'n
72.8 84 .9
67.5 "97.0
.0
tenaL Use decimal th ickness
of enclosed web as a multiply-

~.,. 3
93.0 109 124 ing factor fOI these values.
50 101 U8 US
5\1
.,= 2'
... 21\ 2 L 6 X4 X I X 3 ASTM Al6 (!/.,"
2 l 7 x 4 X I X 3 ASTM A360" +).
& ~. '*' 4» .} s..
rable I·A lor I.

• Frktlon type eonnecllon, or b .. rlnSlype with threads In shea, plsn •••

• B_nn,lype connect ion; thl. .ds sxeludlld Irom 'hear plsn...

AMERICA N I NSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

.. ·Ifi

HEAVY FRAMED BEAM CONNECTIONS

Bolted or riveted
TABLE II Allowable loads in kips

10 ROWS I Angle SIze

TABLE II·A Total Shear. kips
Fastener Diameter 1 }'" ' .)'1_
6X6 t 6X6 t 8X8 t
I
IfF 36 ASTM AI41 Rivets
• ASTM A325 HS Bolts
212 I 11. 1
7IlI 289 1 .U
7a
1 n 377 1-"
, 311 % . -423 Yl <535 ~
,,,
• ASTM A32S HS Bolts

TABLE [l·B Total Bearing. kips

, •
" ®
F,
~I %
Fastener Diameter
fa 1 I
Bearing is on I" thick mao
I 33 """540 63iI ~ terial. Use decimal thickness

~I! 36
46
582
744
679
868
776 of enclosed web as a multiply·
992 ing factor for these values.
" 50 810 945 1080

2 l 6 X 6 X I X 2'·5'h ASTM A36(%" . &

2 l 8 X 8 X t X 2'·5% ASTM A36 0 ".).
W.).}Tables[l·A
..
for t.

9 ROWS I
IfF 36, 33
'li~'+1 ~
"
""
,"
II
N

~
®
. F,
J!!!.
'l3 "
413
TABLE II·B Totel Bearina. kips
aslener Diameter

"
551
Bearing is on I" thick mao
1 I lerlal. Use decimal thickness
63J
679 of enclosed web as II multiply·
"
46
509
651
594
760 868 ing factor fOI these values.
21h
3
5Yl
5"
'"3 21.4"All ,,, 22
'1f<Htf'--
1I 3
" 709 827 945
l 6 X 6 X t X 2'·2Yl ASTM A36 (3.4". & ~ •• ). }
l 8 X 8 X t X 2'·2Yl ASTM A36 W4».
S••
Table II·A fori.

8 ROWS I ~~~II_A I Tola' Sh .... kip,

~~ '
" '" .." .
. ' l
IfF 36, 33, 30
~HSBOI" ~ _~I ::: -

-~ f
II,I
"
II .
.... .

I
F,
ksi%
TABLE II·B Tolal Bearing, kips
Fastener Diameter
fa 1 Bearing is on I" thick mao
33""405 473 5iO terial. Use decimal thickness
lfp:"~':j:j::l---'~.:t1ij
® 36
46
437
558
509
651
582 of enclosed web liS a multiply·
744 Ing faclor for th ese villues.
50 608 709 810
2% 5Yl 2Yz 2',At+f.';,,"'---
,; 2l6X6XIXl'.U Ih ASTMA36(%".& Ys".).} S..
3 5% 3 21,4 3 2l8X 8Xlxl'·1l 'h ASTMA36W+). Tablell.Afofl.

• FriCTion type connection, or bearinll type with t hr_ds In shur planes.

• Burlnl lype connecllon; threads excluded Irom shur planes.
• Capacity limited b~ 8'"011 shu, value 01 connection aniles.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 4 · 17

HEAVY FRAMED BEAM CONNECTIONS

Bolted or riveted
TABLE II Allowable loads in kips

7 ROWS I T,bI. II·A Total Sh .... kip'

'_."~ ', =:CI' x P:

!W 36, 33, 3D, 27, 24 .
' -1. X "''\.

rffi'f,f!t : r; ~TO'" 'kiPO

pili ! I~ II :~ ~ Bearinll Is on I" thick rna·
00 . ~ II
~
~
~
:!.!
~
~~
~~
~!
650
~~
~~
m
terlal. Use decimal thickness
of enclosed web as a multiply-
Ing factor for these values.

~ 5~ 21fl 21,4 2'h

2 I. 6 X 6 X t x I'·8'h ASTM A36 m" ... & W ,*,), ) s..
l5 32',4 3 2 L8X8XtXI'.8lh ASTMA36W+). Tablell .Afort.
TABLE U·A Total Shear, kips
6 ROWS Fastener Diameter I _~

IVIF 6X61 '

~~, ~3, ''"X '~
Angle Size 6X6 t
3D, ASTM A141 Rivet! 1 133 aL ISO 3L
27,24,21 • ASTM A125 HS Bolts
~ ASTM A325 HS Botts ' 190
711
~ . 265
7lI
~& ']17
10
%
I 24
rnI -
It
TABLE 11· 8 Total Bearlns. kips
Festener 0 ameter

~
• ksi %
n ~ - 394
¥e
- 450
Bearina I, on 1" thick ma-
terlat Use decimal thickness
~
y.
l#J 36
46
364
465
424
543
485
620
of enclosed web as II multiply·
Ing factor for thesa valuas.
50 506 591 675
2l1.! 5Y.t 2l1.! 2~ 2~
J 2' 3 2 l 6 X 6 X t X 1'-5Y.z ASTM A36 (JAo. & ~• • ). ) So.
J '10 2 L 8 X 8 X I X 1'-5Y.z ASTM A36 0".). Table II·A fort.

5 ROWS I Table II·A Total Shear. kil

VIF 3D, 27, 24, 188 10

21, 18
I 24. 20, 18 ::ful"
TABLE II· B Total Baa,lna. kips
[ 18 I .1" ~ Fastener 0 ameter
~ % ~ _LBaarlng is on 1· thick rna·
I 33 ~ 315 - ]60 terial. Use decimal thickness
36 291 340 388 of enclosed web as a multiply·
46 372 434 496 Ing factor for these values.
50 405 473 540

2Y.z 5Y.z 2Yl 2104 21h 2 L 6 X 6 X I X 1'·2% ASTM A36 & m". ftI"4o).) s..
1
3 5 3 2 04 3 2 l 8 X 8 X t X 1'-21,1, ASTM A36 W.). Tilblelj·Afort.

• Friction Iype connecTIon. M b8llrln l type wi lh Ihrudl In I hur pie"".

• 8urlnllype connection; Ihrudl excluded from Ih •• r pI,nos.
• CIIIOId!Y Ilmltld ,.. ~h8llr ... Iul of conn.ctfo" Inll1'"
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
4 ·18

HEAVY FRAMED BEAM CONNECTIONS

Bolted or riveted
TABLE II Allowable loads in kips
TABLE II.A Total Shear, kIps
4 ROWS fastener Diameter

W 24, 21, 18, 16

Angle Size 'X, • X, • 8E •
.. ..
ASTM A141 Rivets
79.5 110 IIl8 110 141 \;
I 24, 20, 18, 15 • ASTM Al25 HS Bolts
117 --159 \;
.
• ASTM A325 H S Bolts Nl
[ 18, 15
TABLE U-B Total Bearing. kips
,
~r
fastener Diameter

"" :~ I

" .,.218" '"

Bearing Is on I" thick ma-
- - 203236- -270- lerial. Usa decimal thickness
~ 36 255 291 of anclosed web asa multlply_
46 279 372 Ing lac tor lor th ese values.
2\> 5\> 2Y.t 21A ", 50 '"354
""
2 L 6 X 6 X t X ll Y.t ASTM A36 (%". & ra".).}Table See
3 5', 3 2" 3 2 L 8 X 8 X t X ll Y.z ASTM A36 (I".). II ·A lort.

3 ROWS ~ " .A TotoI5h .. d l "

W 18, 16, 14, 12

I 18, 15, 12 • ASf': ~~~ ~5 Bolts
I
66.3 .. 1
00.2 110 118 \;

[ 18, 15, 13, 12

TABLE U· B Total Bearing, kips
, , fastener Diameter

"." '"
k.1 I Bearing Is on I" thick mao
3 l3 m 225 terlal. USe decimal thickness
36 182 212 243 of enclosed web as a multlply-
46 233 271 310 ing lactor for these velues.
2\; 50 253 295 338
5\; 2'h 21,i 2\;
I 5\; 3 2" 3 2 L 6 X 6 X t X 8'h ASTM A36 (%". &
L 8 X 8 X t X 8'h ASTM A36 (1"f).
lis"')} Table See
II·" for t.
TABLE It·A Total Shear. kips
2 ROWS
W 12, 10,8
Fastener Diameter
Angle Size
ASTM A141 Rivets
• ASTM A325 HS Bolts 25.5
'. r..
'X' • 'X,'" •
36.1 II.
~
1

47.1 ..•
I 12, 10, 8 r..
[ 12, 10, 9, 8
• ASTM A325 HS Bolts

F,
38.9 52.9
TABLE II·B Total Bearing, kips
Fastener Diameter
* 69.1 >I.

1
I 3
ksi

36
*
146 '"
170
BearIng Is on I" thick mao
lJ- 115 158 IiO terlal. Use decImal thickness
194 of enclosed web as a multiply·
46 186 217 248 Ing factor for th ese values.
51; 2~1 2\;
50 203 236
2 L 6 X 4 X t X 5'h ASTM A36
270
m". ra"' ),}TableSee
&
15Y.t
-,-,.. 2" 3
2 L 7 X 4 X t X 5ih ASTM A36 W f). II ·A for t.

• f,lctlon type connec1lon, or beann8 type with th,ead s In Shear planes.

• 8ee,ln8 type connecllon; th,eads el(duded from shear ptanes.
• Capacity limited by flron sheer velue 01 connection en8les.

AM ER ICAN IN STITUTE OF STEEL CONSTR UCTIO N

 .4 ·19
FRAMED BEAM CONNECTIONS
Welded- E60XX & E70XX electrodes
for combination with Table I connections

TABLES III and IV

k(min') 7 length of return
~ 2 X weld size
Web thickness T ,:(~-I-=!~==

~[mrnL,~ _
W"dB~fI~
~ k(min.) Weld A

Case I Case II

T ables III and IV are arranged to permit substitution of welds for

rivet8 or bolts in t he connections shown in Table I which fall within the weld
capacities. Welds A replace fasteners in the beam web lege (Case I). Welds
B replace fasteners in the outstanding legs (Case II ).
To acoommodate gages shown, angle leg widths will generally be 4 X
3h, with the 4- leg outstanding. Width of web legs in Case I may be reo
duced optionally [rom 3..!4- to 3·. Width of outstanding legs in Case II may
be reduced optionally from 4- to 3· for values of L - 5.!1" through 1'-5 1 2".
When 3" lege are used, tabular capacities of welds A and B arc conserva tive.
Angle thickness is equal to weld size plus Mo", with a ~l O· minimum,
or thickness of angle from applicable Table I.A, whichever is grea ter.
Angle length L must be as tabulated in Tables III or IV.
Holes for erection bolts may be placed as required in legs to be field
welded (optional).
When r ivets or bolts in bearing type connections are used in outstanding
legs, investigate bearing capacity of supporting member.
Although it is l>Elrmissible to use welds A and B in combination to obtain
all-welded connections, it is recommended t.hat such connectiolUl be chosen
from T a bles V and VI. This will usually provide greater economy as well
Il.8 increased flexi bility in selection of angle lengt.hs and connection capacities.

EXAMPLES CASE I
(a ) Given: Beam: 36 VF 150 (Web ... .625")
AS'I'M A36 steel (F , - 14.5 kai)
Reaction: 135 kips
Riuets: Y8 " ~ ASTM A141
Welds: EOOXX
Solution: Enter Table III under weld A and note that the value most.
nearly satisfying tbe reaction is 139 kips. This requires ~6" weldK
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEl CoN STRU CTION
.- 20
and %. angle thickness. The indicated angle length, J'·U ~ , is
suitable for lin 8 row connection. Since the web thicknee.s, .625·
is greater than the minimum. AI., shown under F . _ 14.5, the full
139 kips is available.
Enter Table I·A for 8 rows and note that the angle length is com-
patible with tbe beam size and that the shear capacity of the '\'8" 4>
rivets i.e 144 kips. The angle thickness, %", is Ule same !l8 re..
quired for the welded leg.
Detail Data: 2 L 4 X 3J1 X % X 1'-11)1 ; ~6' welds; 16 rivets J.i"ct>.
(b) G iven: Beam : 16 B 31 (Web _ .275")
ASTM A441 steel (F . - 20.0 ksi)
Recu:tion : 33 Ici PEl
Bolts: ~.a · CP bigh strength ASrM A325
(F riction type)
Welds: E70XX
Solution: Enter Table IV under weld A and note that the value appear-
ing to most nearly satisfy the reaction is 33.8 kips. However, after
t.his value has been multiplied by the ratio .275/ .35, tho capacit.y
available is only 26.6 kips.
T ry 42.9 kips, the next larger value. This requires U~ welds and
a 7fo~ angle Ulickncss. The indicated angle length, 8 14', is sujt·
able for a 3 row connection. Multiplying 42.9 kips by the ratio
.275/ .28 gives 42.1 kips, which is satisfactory.
Enter Table )·A for 3 rows and note that the angle length is com-
patible with t.he beam size and that the shear capacity of the ~ ~ ~ 4>
high strength bolts is 39.8 kips. The angle thick ness, ~ 1 6~ . is Ule
same as required for the welded leg.
Detail Data: 2 L 4 X 3Y2 X ;16 X 8Jt2·; }:f. welds; 6 high strength
bolts W<t> .
EXAMPLES CASE n
(c) Given: Beam: 36 W 150 (Web _ .625')
ASTM A36 steel (F, = 36 ksi)
Reaction : 135 kips
Rivets: Y8' ~ ASTM A141
Welds : EOOXX
Solution : Enter Table III under weld B and note that the value moat
nearly satisfy ing the reaction is 140 kips. This requires Hr. · \\clds
snd 3i· angle thiclme8S. Tbe indicated angle lengUl. 2'·2]1 , is
suitable for a 9 row corulection.
Enter Table [·A for 9 rows and note that the angle length is
COmllatible with the beam size and that the shear capacity of the
Y8'~ rivets is 162 kips. The angle thicknC!:l8, 3/g". is the same as
required for the welded legs. TIle .625' web provides bearing value
in excess of t.he reaction.
De t a iJ Da t a: 2 L 4 X 31 ~ X % X 2 '.2 11; ~i'6' welds: 9 rivets !i- ~.
Should it be desired ta provide a shorter connection than above,
with fewer rivets. re-enwr Table III under weld B lind note that
the value 144 kips, while requiring %' welds and Yl'6- 8.n gle thick·
neas, indicates a 1··11 ~ length. suitable for an 8 row connection.
AMrRICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
 4 · 2J
Enter Table l·A for 8 rowa and note that the angle length is com-
patible with the beam size and thnt the shear capacity of the ?it q,
rivets is 144 kip8. The angle thickness. %', must be increased to
J1'6' to accommodate the welds. The .625' web provides bearing
value in excC88 of the reaction.
Detail Data: 2 L 4 X 3.!4 x}i'o X l'-Ll .!Al; %" welds; 8 ri vets %"q,.
(d ) Given: Beam: 16 B 31 (Web - .275')
ASTM A441 steel (F y - 50.0 ksi )
Reaction: 33 kips
Bolts: :!-,i'q> high strength ASTM A325 (Friction type)
Welds: E70XX
Solution: Enter T able IV under weld B and note that the value most
nearly satisfying the reaction is 36.3 kips. This requires %' welds
and no" angle thickness. The indicated angle length, 8.J..1!·, is
suitable for a 3 row connection.
Enter Table I -A for 3 rows and note that the angle length is com-
patible with the beam size and that lhe shear capacity of the %,'q,
high strength bolts is 39.8 kips. The angle thickness, 71'6·, must be
incrensed to 316' to aceommodate re" welds.
Detail Da.ta.: 2 L 4 X 3>-2 X 316 X 8,lAl"; Ys' welds; 3 high strength
bolts !!-4' ~.
Should the Ys" weld be objectionable, re-enter Table IV under
weld B and note that the 40.2 kip value requires a M" weld and
~6' angle thickness. The u H' angle length indicated is suitable
for a 4 row connection.
Enter Table I-A for 4 rows and note that the angle length and
beam size are compatible and that the shear capacity of the %' .. ~ high
strength bolts is 53.0 kips. The angle thickness, %6", is the 8llme
8S required for the welded legs.
DetaiJ Data: 2 L 4 X 3J1/ X %6 X 111'2' ; M' welds; 4 high strength
bolta }4 ' ~.
Note: Bearing values of the beam web are not a factor in this example
because the connection is the friction type.

AME RICA.N INS1'ITUTE OF STIR CONSTRUCTION

4·22

FRAMED BEAM CONNECTIONS

r:I:l~fi1
lJ!J-L1jj
Welded-E60XX electrodes
[Hfj
for combination with Table I connections
weldA~ TABLE III Allowable loads in kips ~weld8
~Mln lmum Web Thickness
WeidA Weld B
10..- Welds A Number 01
Fasteners In
CliplleUy <SIze "CllPllcUy 'Siz.
L A" 1 A242 end A441 One Ver1lcar
Row C"hble 1)
Kip.
'". Kip,
'". F._I4.S F. _ 18.S F. - 20.0
178 II, 191 l!o 2'- 5~ .01 .32 .30
142
101
'.
II,
159
121
II,
'A
2'-
2'-
S~
5~
.33
.25 ."
.19
.24
.18
10

159 II, 168 l!o 2'- 2~ .<I .32 .30

121
95.2
'A
II,
140
m
II,
'A
2'- 2Y.!:
2'- 2~
.33
.25 ."
.19
.24
.18
9

139 II, 14. l!o 1'-U1h .<I .32 .30

112
83.6
lZO
'.
¥"
II,
120
96.2
121
101
II,

'.
l!o
II,
l '-ll y'!:
1'-1lY.!:
1'- 8Y.!:
1'- 8~
.33
.25
.<I
.33
.26
. 19
.32
.26
.24
.18
.30
•
96.2 'A .24 1
72.1 II, 80.5 'A 1'- 8lk .25 .19 .18
101 II, 97.3 l!o 1'- SY.z .01 .32 .30
BO.9
60.1
"
II,
81.1
64.9
II,
'A
1'- Slk
1'- SY.z
.33
.25 ."
.19
.24
.18
6

82,3 II, 74.1 l!o 1'- 2~ .<I .32 .30

65.8
49.4
'A
II,
61.8
49.4
II,
'A
1'- 2Y.!:
1'- 2Y.z
.33
.25 ."
.19
.24
.18
5

63.9 II, S1.7 l!o Ill> .<I .32 .30

51.1
38.3
"
1\,
43.1
34.'
II,
'A
Il l>
Il l>
.33
.25
.26
.19
.24
.18 •
46.0 II, 31.1 l!o 81> .<I .32 .30
".8 !4 25.9 II, '1> .33
." .24 3
27.6
29.0
II,
II,
ZO.1
14.1 '.
l!o
II,
81>
51;
51;
.25
.<I
.33
.19
.32
.26
.18
.30
.24
23.2
11 .4
"
II,
11.8
9.'
" 51; .25 .19 .18
2

·Wn.n II beom _b Is lesl thon t ha minimum, multiply t he connll<;tlon capo city lut n lshed bywold
A by the no llo 01 the lIelua l web t hickness to Ihe tabulaled minimum t hICkn.ss. Thus,"-h.-
weld A. with a connec tion copoclty 01 63.9 kips ond lin 11'h' 10nl.nRle. Is belnl consldorad
for e beam 01 web thlckn... . 315', A5TM A36, th e connactlon C&Pllclty mu.t be mul tiplied by
,315/.41, giving 58.4 kip"
.When beam m"terlall' ASTM A7 o. A371. with I"~ _ 13.0 ksl. mi nimum web thicknesses to d ..... elop
'A,', '.4'"n d "1i6' welds A are •• 6'•. 37' lind .28'rospectlvely.
'Should the thickness 01 m"te. lllilo which connection englel e , e welded o.ceed the limits lei
by AISC SpeclliQllon, Seet. 1.17 .•• fo..- wold SilOS specltted, Inereele the weld si ze ..
required. but not to ..cud Ihe .ngle thickness.
"'When welds .re used on oul.tondlnl l.IS, connecllon cop.clty m.y be IImlt.d by t he shur
c..peclty of Ihe supportlnl mtmber 01 sllpuboled by AISC SP'KUlcellon. SecL 1.11.5.
.... mples (dJ .nd (e), peg. . . . 26.• • 27.
Not. J; Connection Anllel; 2 I. • X l'h X Thickness x L; ASTM Alii. Se. pap 4 ·19 lor IImitlnl
...
~aluel 01 t hickness .nd optk!nol wIdth, olltl'.

AMER ICA N INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUC TION

 4 ·23

FRAMED BEAM CONNECTIONS

Welded- E70XX electrodes
lor combination with Table I connections
TABLE IV Allowable loads in kips

We-Id A "MlnlmlJm Web Thickness

Weld B lor Weld, A NlJm~ol
F.st.ne.s In

"''e...
L

..
A36
Capacity
Kip,
~I"
".
<C.p"clh
""I" 0- ,-- A242 .nd A441
14.5 F. _ 18.5 f'. - 20.0
On. VerliQIl
Row (T.ble I)

---
~,
'"
186
10
~,
Z'- 5\7
Z'- 5\7
-
.48
.39
.,.
.30
.35
.28
.
10
1"
12' "
~, 148 'A Z'- 5\7 .29 .23
.,.
.21
185
148
II, 196
163
10
II,
2'- 2lh .48
.39 .30
.35
.28 ,
"
2'- 2Yz
111 v., 130 2'- 217 .29 .23 .21

".'76 0/" 168 "

10 l'-lPh .48 .,. .35
130 'I.
II,
140 II, l'-llYz
I'-til<!!
.39
.29
.30
.23
.28
.21 •
140 II,
112

141 "
10 1'- 8Y.! .48 .38 .35
,4.2
J12 'A 117
94.0
Yo, 1'- 8Yz
1'- 8 lh
.39
.29
.30
.23
.28
.21
7

II'94.
¥"
II, 114
94.6
"
10
~,
1'- 51h .48
.39
.38
.30
.35
.28 6
"
1'- 5lf.z
'I, 1'- 5Yz .29 .Z3 .21
7"
960 II,
75.7

86.' "
10 1'- 2107 .48 .,. .35
,
7"
576
745
'.
II,
II,
72.0
51.6

60.3
~,

"
10
1'- 2Yz
1'- 2lf.z

Ill>
.39
.29
.48
.30
.23
.,.
.28
.21
.35
59 .6
" .7
'.
II,
II,
50.3
40.2
II,
"
10
IPh
Ill>
.39
.29
.48
.30
.23
.38
.28
.21
.35
•
'"
429
322
'.
II,
36.3
30.3 II,
\4
'1>
'1>
'1>
.39
.29
.30
.23
.28
.21
3

.,.
24.2

338 II, 16.5 10 'I> .48 .35

270 II, 'I> .39 .30 .28 2
"
13.8
20 .3 ~, 11.0 \4 "h .29 .23 .21

'When " bellm web Is IIlIS thlln thll minimum, multiply the connection capllcity IlJ<nl,hed by
weld A by the I1Itlo 01 the IlctulIl web thicknllss tothe t.bUI~ed mInImum thickness. Th\ls, II
-A.·
weld A, with a connectlon capacity 0196.0 kips and a 1'_2 loni analll, I. belns conslde.ed
lor a beam 01 w.b thlckn.ss .315·. ASTM A36, the connection cllpaclty mUll b. muttlpH.d by
.375/.48, IIlvln;: 75.0 hIps.
"hOl,ltd the th lc:knllU 01 mllterl/lt to whIch co nnectton ansttll . re wlllded exc •• d th. tlmlts lilt by
AI SC SpeclUca tion. Sect. 1.11.4. lor weld .Izes sp.clli.d.lnc'.... th. weld .Iz. as , .qulred. but
not to exceed the Insle thickness.
<When wllids are uSI'Id on ou tstanding legs, connection ca"aclty may be ttmtted by the ,hear
capacity of the supporting member as sttpulated by AISC Specll1callon. s.c t. 1.11.5.
"".mpl" (d) .nd (e), ,,/IS.'4·26. 4·21.
Note 1: Conneellon Angfu: 2 L 4 X 3~ X Thickne., X L: ASTM A]ti , S.e PIIse 4·19 lor
...
IImltlns v.tue. 01 thIckness .nd optional wldlh. ot laSI.
Not e~; CaPllclll" shown In thl. t.ble apply ont)' when mater""l ... elded I. ASTM A)6, -'242. or
A.~I. Ule.pPfoPflatecapadllellrom Tllble lit when beam 0<" supporltng mat",lall. ASTM
1.1 or .1.313.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION

4- 24

Noles

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 4 ·25
FRAMED BEAM CONNECTIONS
Welded- E6DXX & E7DXX electrodes
TABLES V and VI

lensth of return -4~,

k(mIO~ff~~~~'
;Ji 1/
,w.,d A
2 X weld sIze L J 1-1

Weld 81>-17-"' 1 1/
Wob ,";"'om ~1,.[;,===9
II (min .)
Tables V and V I list capacities and details for connectiona welded on
both the beam web legs a nd t he outstanding legs.
Holes for erectio n bolts may be placed as required in legs to be field
welded (optional).
EXAMPLES
(a) Give n : &am: 36 VoF 150 (Web - .625·; T - 32M·)
ASTM A36 steel (F. - 14.5 ksi)
Wt'lds : EGOXX
Reaction: 180 kips
Solution : Enter Table V under weld A and note that the value leut in
excess of tbe reaction is 182 kips, which calls fo r ;'18· welda. T he
195 kip C8I:18city or corresponding welda B is also satisra(:tory, as is
t he angle length, 30·, which is lees than t he T d istance. Note that
si nce the beam web thicknCS8, .625·, i8 greater t han the minimum
web thickness, ,41 ", t he vn1ue of t.he connection need not be reduced
(800 note under ta bles).
Detail Da t a: 2 L 4 X 3 X Me X 2'-6; Weld A - 7i1l·; Weld B - ", ••

(b) G ive n : Same data as for (a) except. reaction is 155 kips.
Solutio n : Enter Table V under welda A and note that 156 kip., closely
satisfying the reaction requjrement., appears twice, tim with M"
welds a nd 32- IlJIgJes, and second with ;'16" welds and 26" angles.
Welds B are adequate for boUl caaos and. the IlJIgle length8 are lees
t ha n the T d istance. 1n this circumstance. unless the detail re·
q uires the shorter angle length, the longer angles, with lesH lotal de·
posited weld metal, will be chosen. Again. since t.he m inimum web
is .33-, t.he actua l web thickness, .625- will not require a reduction
of the connection value.
De tail Data: 2 L 4 X 3 X ~ X 2'-8; Weld A - J4.; Weld B - Mil".

AMERIC"'" INSTI TUTE OF STEE L CONSTRUCTION

4 -26
(c ) Given: Beam: 16 B 26 (Web a _250"; T _ 14")
ASTM A441 steel (F. _ 20.0 ksi)
Welds: E70XX
Reaction: 35 ki ps
Solution: Ent.er Table VI and scan downward under weld A, noting
that Ule value 38.4 kips, with M 6" welds and 10' angles, is least
in excess of the reaction. The corresponding weld B at 38 kips is also
88tisfactory and the angle length is less than the T distance. Since
the minimum web thickness is .21", the actual web thickness .250"
will not require a reduction of the connection value.
Detail Data; 2 L 3 X 3 X 71's X 10; Weld A - 716"; Weld B = M ".
Had this beam been of ASTM A36 material, the .250" web thick·
ness would have caused a substantial reduction in the connection
C81)Ucity. Multiplying 38.4 kips by the ratio .250/ .29 results in
33.1 kips, which is less than the reaction.
Scanning Table V1 further, it is noted that with weld A at 45.6 kips
a nd 9" length of angles, the necessary multiplier .250/ .39. brings
thia capacity to the even less adequate value of 29.2 kil)8. Weld A
at 51.2 kips mu&t be muJtiplied by .2501-39 to produce a conne<:tion
capacity of 32.8 kips, stiU short of the reaction. However , with weld
A at 47.0 kips and 12" angles, the muJtiplier .250/ .29 furn is hes a
rcl180nably 88tisfactory capacity of 40.5 kips. Welds B at 50 kips
arc more than adequate, and Lhe 12' angle length is less than the T
distance.
Detail Data : 2 L 3 X 3 X Ms X 1'-0; Weld A ... M s"; Weld B - M",
WELDS TO SUPPORTlNG MEMBERS
Selection of connections tabuJated herein is based on and limited by the
requirement. that welds B will be applied in accordance with A1SC SI)(lCifica.
tion, Sect. 1.17.4, which stipuJates minimum welds for various material
thicknesses.
With respect to welds B it. should also be noted that SU I)I>orting members
with limited sbear capacity. or which support opposed connections. mDy be
subject to a reduction in connection capacity similar to that applied to welds
A wben beam web thickness is less than the minimum. See AISC Specifica-
tion, Sect. 1.17.5.
EXAI\1PLES
(d ) Given : Weld B Ys" (fully loaded ), E70XX, on one side of supporting
material A&'TM A36, M· thick.
Solu tion: Shear value of one Vs"
ftllet weld - % X .707 X
15.8 - 4.19 kips/lin. inch.
S hear value of X'. web =
M X 1 X 14.5 .. 3.63 kips/
lin. inch.
Because of t.his deficiency
:j
in web shear CSIUICity, the :\. /
total capaCity selected from Weld B~",! 1,4
t.he weld B column for Ys.
weld size must. be muJt.iplied
by the ratio 3.63/ 4.19.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
 4 ·21
(e) Give n : Welds 8 %6' (full y
loaded), EOOXX. in line on
both sides of supporting
material ASTM A36. ; 16'
thick.
Solutio n : Shear value of two
~ 1 6' fillet welds - 2 X ~16
X .707 X 13.6 - 6.00 kipe Weld B ~,
lin. inch.
Shear value or ;{ 6' web -
1:\ 16 X 1 X 14.5 - 4.53
kips Lin. inch.
Because of this de6ciency in web shear capacity, the total capacity
aelected from the weld B column for ~ 16 ' weld .ize must be
multiplied by the ratio 4.53/ 6.00.

AM ERICAN I NSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCT10N

' ·28
FRAMED BEAM CONNECTIONS
w,~ .~~r\ Welded- E60XX electrodes

W
.Id .:$t TABLE V

"Minim u m Web Th lckn ...

Weld A Wel d B

,L•.
lor Welds A
. AnHte SI:.:. .

..
-

,..
( ASTM
C.~cl')I
,
<'SIze <fCapeelly
Kips
(Slz. 'l6, A36 A242 end A441

"" . .
F_ l 4.5 F .-18.5 F.-20.0

"S II, 21. II

II,
32 4X]X~.
4x3X~
.<l
.n ."
.26
.30
.24

""
!4
156
'"
111
182
1<6
II,
II,
!4
140
195
162 II,
'.
II 30
30
4x]X~.

4X3X~.
4X3x~
.25
.41
.n
.1'

."
.26
.18
.30
.24
109 II, 130
'. 30 4X3X,*, .25
." .18

II, 179 II 4X3X'A, .41 .32 .30

169
" .n
I3S
lOI

IS'
'.
>I,
11,
14'
IZ'
II,
!4
II
28
28

26
4X3X%
4 X3X¥la

4X3X~.
.25
.41
.26
."
."
.24
.18
.30
125
93.8
!4
II, '"
136
109
II,
I<
26
26
4 X3X~
4x3x¥J,
.n
.25
.26
.1'
.24
.18

14l II, 148 II 24 4X]X~, .41 .32 .lO

US I< IZ. II, 24 4X]X~ .n .26 .24
II, 98.' I< .25 .19 .18
".1
" 4X3XVi,

13l
104
11,
I<
l33
110
II
II,
22
22
4X1X~6
4x3x'l
.<l
.33
.25
.".26 .30
.24
78.4 II, 88.' \4 22 4X] XVi, .19 .18

118 II, 111 II 10 4x 3x~6 .41 .31 .30

94.2 \4 97. 4 II, 10 4X3X* .33 .26 .24
70.7 .., 77.9 'A 20 4X3XVi, .25 .19 .18

lOS II, lOI II 18 4X]X~. .41 .32 .lO

84.' 'A .4.4 II, 18 4X3X~ .33
." .24

."
63.0 II, 67.S \4 18 4x3X~6 .25 .19 .18

II, 95.S II 3X1X~. .41 .32 .lO

92.2
73.8 \4
.., 79.6 II,
' "" 3xlX~
3xlXo/i,
.33
.25 ."
."
.24
.18
55.3

79.6 .,
63.6

79.8
"
14 Jx 3 X~. .41 .32 .lO
63.6
47.7

67.1
'.
II,
II,
".S
53.2

".2
II,
!4
II
14
14

IZ
l X3X%
3x3x7'i.,

]X3X~.
.33
.25
.41
.26
."
.32
.24
.18

.lO
53.7
40 .3
'.
II,
53.5
42. 8
II,
'A
IZ
IZ
3X3X%
3X3XVi,
.33
.25
.26
."
.24
.18

SO
43.9
"., ..
II,
"'48.'.. II,
J> lO
lO
3x3X'A,
]X3X~
.41
.33 ."
.26
.lO
.24
II,
II,
32.'
'. lO
,,
3X3XVi,

lx]X~.
.25
.41
.19

."
.18
.lO
""
48.' 41.5
39. 1
29.3
'.
II,
34.'
Z7.6
II,
I , 3X3X%
3x 3 X~,
.33
.25
.26
.19
.24
.18
AMER IC""N I N STITU T E OF STEEL CON ST RUCTI ON
 4 ·29
FRAMED BEAM CONNECTIONS
Welded- E60XX electrodes
TABLE V
w'''B~I
WeidA

W~d A Weld B "'MInimum WOb Thickness

lor Welds A
L AnBle
(ASTM
SI~. .
CaPl'clly
"'"
"C.~elly
"'" '". AlO) A36 A242 end A441

"" '". Kips

'". F.-14.S F.-IS.S F.-20.0
43.0 ~. 3x3x7,1, .32
"
34.3 8 .41 .Jj)
28.' ~. .33 .24
34.4
25.8
"
~.

~.
22.8
27.4 "
8
8
3XlX%
lX3X~, .25
.26
.1' .18
37 .3
29.S
" 22.9
"
~.
7
7
3XlXU'
3X3X
.41
.33
.32
.26
.30
.24
22.4
31.7
~.

~.
18.3
21.0 '". 7
,,
,
3X3X~'

3X3x~,
.25
.41
.33
.1'
.32
.26
.18
.30

" ~.
25.3 17.5 lX3X% .24
19.0
26.3
~.

~.
14.0
15. 1
"
'. 5
3x3X~.

3X3X~6
.25
.41
.19
.32
.18
.30
21.0
15 .8
'.
~.
12.6
10.1
~.
'A
5
5
3X3X%
3X3Xo/"
.33
.25
.26 .24
.18

.
.1'
21.1
16.9
12.7
..
~.

~.
10.0
8.4
'.7
".
~
4
4
4
3X3X~6
3X3X%
3XlX~.
.41
.33
.25
.32
.26
.1'
.30
.24
.18
'When • b6em web Is leu then Ihe minimum, multiply tne c:onne<:tIon up.jIelty !urnlshed by
Welds A by Ihe retio 01 the ec:luellh!cknasl to Ih8 'obuleted minimum thickness. Thul.1I
"A." ""eld A. wllh • connection capacity o15ot.9 kIps end. 10" Ionll8nilo,II belna: <;on.ld • •d
lor .. "-m 0' web thk;kness .170", "ST". Al6. Ihe connection cap8elly mutt be mulUpll.d
by .210/.41, giving 36.2 kips.
~h.n be.m m.terlalls ASTM A1 or AJll. wilh F. _ 13.0 ksl. minimum w.b Ih!chnen. . lo d .... elop
"A... \oi·.nd tn.."_ld 5 A"I11.-46", .37" lind ..trrespecU.... ly.
<Should Ih. Ihickn.u of mlliarillilo which conneclion an,l" "e w. ld.d el!c'ed Ih" limits s.t
by AISC S~lllcalion. Sect. 1.11.4. for weld sizes speclfi.d. Inu. . . . ,h. weld $1", as
required, but not to •• ce.d the IIngl' thlchnen.
'fot' weld. on ou,,,tandln, Ie,s. connection capaclty may be IImlt.d by Ih. ""." capeclly of t h •
• uppOrtlnll: member I!II stipulated by AISC Spoclilcallon, Secl. 1.11.5. S •• 'xamplu (d)
and (.), pallU 4 ·26, 4 ·21.

AMERI CAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION

• • JO
r-- FRAMED BEAM CONNECTIONS
w''' .~~ Welded- E70XX electrodes
We$dA~ TABLE VI

w~
"Minimum Web Thlckn ...
Weld A

.....'0. L
".
Anl'e Size I
CASTM .
lor Welds "

A242 80d A44l

C..,.city
KIp.
'SIze
'0.
<CapacJly
Kipi
''') 'l6

...
J F.-I'.S F.=l B.5 I F ..... 20.0
m 11, ,..16)
145 II 32 4X3X~t .38 .35
)82
)l6
',..
II,
>I,
14
32
32
'X1X"
4X3X ~.
.n
.29
.J)
.23
.28
.21

m
170
121
>I,
II,
m
".
15)
II
II,
14
J)
J)
J)
4X1Xfl.
4x3x~
4X3X~.
......
.29
.38
.J)
.23
.35
.28
.21

191
158
%6
'A '"
174
II
II,
ZS
28
4 X1X~u5
4 x3X~
...
.39
.38
.W
.35
.28
1I8 ~A&
". 'A ZS 4X3Xo/t, .29 .23 .21

'"
14'
II, 191
15.
II
II, "" 4x3x'll..
4X3X~ ...... .38
.W
.35
.28
109 "
lit,

,.
>I,
'" '. " 4xlxo/i,
.X]X~.
.29

...
.23

.38
.21

.35
"""
161 l73 II
13' I" >I, 4xlX ~ .39 .J) .28
100 II, ", 14 4X3X¥i. .29 .23 .21

15' >I, 155 II

>I, "" 4X3X'll.. ...... .38 .35

'. .W
129 4X3X~ .28
I"
.29 .23 .21
91.4 II,
II,
IDl

116
14
20
" 4 X3X o/! e

4X3X'll., ...... . 38 .35

Il1 \I
1I0 14
II, .,.
114 >I,
14
20
20
4x3xlS
4X1Xo/i, .29
.W
.23
.28
.21

...
82.'

II, ll8 II 4xlx'll.. .....,.,. .38 .35

"""
I"
II, 4xlX~ .30 .28
" .0
73.5
"
II, 78 .7 14 'X]Xo/t, .23 .21

II,
.... ,. 16 l x 3x'll., ...... . 38 .35
....
108
". 1 14
II,
III
7• . 3
II
II, 16
16
3X1X'"
3X]X~. .29
.30
. 23
.28
.21

92.' II, 93. 1 \I 14 3x3x'll., .' 8 .38 .35

74.] 'A 77 .6 II, 14 3X3X% .39 .W .ZS
55./ II, 62.1 'A 14 3X]X~6 .29 .23 .'1

"..
18.3 ",,. ".,
74.9 \I
II,
IZ
IZ
3xlx¥t,
lXlx% ...... .38
.W
.35
.28
47.0

".0
51.Z
II,

,.
>I,
".0
51.1
47.6
'.
\I
II,
IZ

10
10
3X1Xo/t,

3xlX'll.,
lX3X~
.29

......
.23
.38
.J)
.21

.35
.28
38 .' II, 38.0 14 10 ]X1Xo/i, .29 .23 .21
57. 1 II,
...
. 48' \I
", •• 3X3X'II, ..... .38 .35
45.6
34.' '.
". 32.3 \4 •
3xlX\f!
lxlxo/i,
AME RICA N IN STI TUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCT ION
.29
.30
.23
.28
.21
 4 - 31
FRAMED BEAM CONNECTIONS ==-
Welded- E70XX electrodes w·,,·~I
TABLE VI
weldA~
Weld A Weld 8 "MInimum Web Th'cknen

,..
tor Weld. A

,•.
I
<Cap...; ity
L
.,,,
Anale Silte
(ASTM
A36 I A242 and A441
Capeclty
Kip' "'" "" "'"
". F. -14.5 '" F.=18.5 F .=20.0
50.2 ~, 40.0 II •• 3X3X'/te .48 .18 .35
40.1
lJJ.l
43.5
'.
~,

II,
33.4
26.7
32.0
~,

'.
II
•
7
3x3x%
3X3X!t\e
3X3X~e
.39
.29
.48
.lJJ
.23
.18
.28
.21
.35
34.'
26. 1
\4
II,
26.7
21.3
¥.,
'A
7
7
3X3x%
3X3X7'le
.39
.29 .'"
.23
.28
.21
37 .0
29.'
II,
\4
24.5
20.'
II
¥., •• 3X3X~ '!e
3x3x%
.48
.39
.38
.'"
.35
.28
22.2
lJJ.7
~,

¥.,
16.3
17 .6 "
II 5
• 3X3x7'l6
3X3X~6
.29
.48
.23
.38
.21
.35
24 ,5 'A
~,
14 .1 ¥., 5
5
3X3 X~ .39
.29 .'"
.23
.28
.21
18.4 H .8
" 3X3Xo/!6
...
•••
24 .6 ~, 11 .6 II 3x3x~6 .38 .35
19.7
14 . 8
'.
11,
9.7
7.'
1\,

"
3x3X%
3X3X ~' e
.39
.29
.30
.23
"When. b •• m ...... b Is leu Ih. n Ih .. minimum. multiply In . connecdo n c.peclly fu,nl.hed by
.28
.21

...... ' d. A by Ih" no ,lo of Ih . ectuel ' hlckn. n to Ih" l.bul.Ie<l minimum thlckn .... Thu •• 11
-11.- . . .
eld A...... llh • connecllon c:epacily 01 50.2 .,~ .nd.n r long enal • • I. belna conslde, ed
lor" bum Ol ...... b thlckn.ss .3O'j", ASTM Alfi. t h. connedlon .. peell), m us t b. m ultiplied b)'
.105/•• ', elvlng n .9 kips.
~houtd Ihe Ihlckneu of m.leria. 10 which connection ena'.' , .. weld ed u ce"d th" IImll . ul
by AISC Sp.eltlcelion. Sect. 1.17.4, lor ..... eld '!les .pecilled.lner. ... th. w.,d size as
requk"d. bu t 1'101 to exceed th" engle thlc kn"ss.
' For weld. on OU"land'ng'''8S. connection c:epecily m"y be IImlt"d by Ihe ,h ... Qpaclly ollh"
'upPOrtlna m"mbtlts as 'lipulat"d by AISC SJ>e<;iIlc:ellon. Soc'. 1.11.5. 5"" "umpl". (d)
end ~'). pages " 16. ' ·21.
Nolel: C.p.cltles shown'n Ihl'lab'e apply only wh en m.'er',1 ..... elde(l •• ASTM -"JIi. 10242 eM'
AUl. U'" epprooria", cap.cities Irom Tabl" V wll.n boam or lupporli na me terle" s ASTM
AI eM' Al7!.

AMERI CAN INSTITUTE OF S TEEL CONS TRUCTION

4·32
SEATED BEAM CONNECTI ONS
Bolted or riveted
TABLE VII

Top angle,
'.4. min. thk.
~ r Optional Type A
~~ ~ Type 0
,,

"
'..( location,

~
,
•Ih- nominal
. .
•
,
I top angle

setback
g (usual
Type B
i=:1 Type E

beam gage)

Angle thickness TypeC Type F

(Table Vl1·A)
1--.j.I'~Ang1e le ngth
See Types
A t hrough F
for fas te ner
(Table VII·A)
6· lon
8~ Ion ,~ ~"h
2%2%
•
~ long

ar rangement
Seal Angle Types

Seated connections are to be used only when the beam issupported by a

top angle placed as shown above, or in the optional location as indicated.
Nominal beam setback is h It. AUowable loads in Table VII -A are
based on h " setback, which provides for possible mill underrun in the beam
length.
ASTM A307 bolts may be used in seated connections, providing the
stipulations of AISC Specification, Sect. 1.15.12, are observed.
Allowable loads in Table VII-A are based on ASTM A36 material in both
beam and seat angle. These values will be conservative when used with
higher strength beams.
Vertical spacing of fasteners and gages in seat angles may be arranged to
suit conditions, provided they confonn to AISC Specification, Sect. 1.16.4
and 1.16.5 with regard to minimum pitch and minimum edge distances.
Where t hick angles are used, driving clearances may require an incrense in
the outstandi ng leg gage and tabu lated width.
For ASTM A325 bearing type connections, bolts must be furn ished in
such lengths that the published thread lengths wi ll not cross a shear plane.
However, inclusion of some of the thread rullout into a shear plane is per-
missible.
In the event t he thin web of a supporting member timitsit8 bearing
capacity, it. may be necessary to reduce values listed in Table VH-B.
If the reaction values of a beam are not shown on contract drawings, the
connections shall be selected to support half the total unifonn load capacity
shown in the tables for Allowable Loads on Beams for the given shape,
span and steel specification of lhe beam in question. TIle etreet of concentrated
loads near an end connection shall also be considered.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CoNSTRUCTION
 4 - 33
SEATED BEAM CONNECTION S
Bolted or riveted
TABLE VII Allowable loads in kips

TABLE VII-A Outstanding Leg Capacity, kips (based on OSL

Anal. l.nllth 6lnch.s
-
• Inch"
4 inches)

~I> ' % ' * , 1> ' % * 1'. ,

Anil' Thlckn.n
~. 7_2 10.0 ti8l~
1'.
18.4 18.4 8,2" 11.3 14.4 I~ 18.4 18.4
Beam
W.b
Thickness
'".
~.

~.
',0 12.4 15.8 19.1
11.3 15.9 19.8 23.7
12.4 19.3 24.3 28,7
13.4 21.1 28.8 33,7
22.5
27.6
33.2
25.3 10.1 13.8 17.6 21.3 25,0 25,3
31.6 13.1 17.4 21.7 26,0 30,4 ".0
37.6 14.3 21.5 26,' 31.2 36,0 40.9
38.7 43.6 15.5 23.8 ,"-'
36,' 41.7 47.1
I> 14.3 22.8 31.6 39,2 44,' 50,0 16.5 25,7 ".I 41.8 47.7 53.6
", 15.2 24.4 ".0 43.8 51.0 58.' 17.5 27.5 37.8 47.8 54.1 60,5
TABLE VI I-C Avail-
able Seat Angles &
TABLE VII-B Fastener Capacity, kips Thickness Range
Fast.ner A141 Rivets T, ... Sect. Th ick.
Spec,ll. A307 Bolt, hA32S HS Bolts
cation °A325 HS BoU, -- lO-%
Fastener
'A 1'. , 1'. , 1'. , A&D
'X'
4 X 3ih lHI
Diem.
-
A
. - -- - - -*- - - -*- -
B,B 12.0 15.7 13.3 1",0 23.6 19.4 26,' ,.,5
-- 'X,
'X,
lO-*
lO-!'o
B 17.7 24.0 31.4 26,5 36,1 47.1 38,' 52.9 69.1
Con·
nection C
D
26,5 36.1 47.1 39.B 54.1 70.7 58.3 79.3 , "
13.3 18.0 23.6 19.9 27.1 35.3 29,2 39.7 51.8
B&E 7 X,
BX' I,..,
".!'o
--
Type \\-1
E 26,5 36,1 47.1 39,B 54,1 70.7 58,' 79,' 103.6 C &f "X' \\-1
f 39.8 54.1 70.7 59.7 . 81.2 , ... 87.5 , .. . " - 'X,
• frlcUon type connection. or beating type wllh threads in Sheat • Suitable lor use
planu. with ',4' • and
t a_rinlll type connection; threads elilduded from sh.., p~n... ~·. Iast.ner.
only.

EXAMPLE
Given : Beam: 16 w: 36, .%6' web. Reat:tion: 25 kips.
Rivets: Ys' ~, ASI'M A14l.
Column gage: 5M' in column web (requires 8' long angle).
Solution : Enter Table VU -A and, opposite ~6' web thickness, under
8" angle length, read 26.0 kips. Note that a %" angle thickness is
required. Enter Table VU -S under Ys. ~ rivets, scan downwru-d
to 27.1 kips and note that this requires a Type 0 connection. Enter
Table VU-C opposite Type D a nd note th at the U· thickness
limits the selection to a 4 X 4 angle.
Detail Data: Seat, 1 L 4 X 4 X % X 8 with three YS' ~ rivets per
sketch of Type D o n page 4-32. Top or side support to be chosen
to suit conditions.
Had this been a flange connection, selection of type would bave
been limited to Types A, B or C. Enter Table VU-B under Ys. ~
rivets, scan downward to 36.1 kip!! and use a Type B connection.
Detail Data: Seat 1 L 6 X 4 X %' X 8 with four ].i" ~ rivets per
sketch of Type B on page 4-32. Top or side support to be chosen
to suit conditions.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTIO N
• ·34

SEATED BEAM CONNECTION S

Welded- E60XX & E70XX electrodes
TABLE VIII

Top angle,
~ V 4- (min.) L..""",,,,
I::
lAw min. tl1k.
~Optlon.llocltlon.
·1 -: top Ingle (weld toes)
Y.t- nomlnal - .J 1,4.1'\.2 (min.)
t-/ v -;:,.
1~~;-;"~~ Length
4" (optimum)
of return
setback 2 X weld size
Ansle thickness Weld length

(Table Vtlt·A)
Angle length
-.t=::J~~17~(Table VIII·B)
(Table VIII:A)

Sooted conneclions are to be used only when the beam is supported by a

top angle placed B8 shown above, or in the optional location 88 indicated.
Weide attaching beams to seat. or top angles may be replaced by bolts
or riveL8. providing the limitatioll8 on Lhe use of ASTM A307 bolta, stipulated
in AISC Specification. Sect. 1.15.12, are abeerved.
In addition to the welds shown, temporary erect.ion bolts may be used
to attach bealll8 t.o seats (optional).
Nominal beam setback is 1'2-' Allowable loads in Tahle Vl II -A are
bo.scrI on ~.l· set.back, which provides for possible mill underrun in beam
length.
A1lowable loads in Table VIII·A are based on ASTM A36 material in
both beam and seat. angle. These values will be conservative wben used
with beams, or aeat. angles of ASTM A242 or A441 material.
Weld cnpacities in Table VI II ·S for E60XX and E70XX are applicable
when 8UPI)()rting steel is ASTM A36. A242 or A44l. When 8upporting f;teei
is ASTM A7 or A373, use capacit.ies shown for E60XX, regardless of the
electrode used.
Should combinations of material thickness and weld s i7,c selected from
Tablet! V I.II ·A and VIII .B, or shown in t he sketch above, exceed t.he limits
set by AlSC Specification, Sectio ns 1.17.4 and 1.1 7.5, increase tbe weld s ize
o r material thickness 88 required.
No reduction of the tabulated weld capacities is required when un·
stiffened &eats line up on opposite sides of a supporting web.
If the react.ion values of a beam are not shown on contract. drawings, the
connect.ion& shall be eeJect.ed to support half the total uniform load capacity
shown in the tables for Allowable Loads on Beams for tbe given shape, span
and steel 8pecification of the beam in question. The effect. of concentrated
loads near an end connection shall also be considered.
AMERICAN IN STITUTE OF STEEL CoNSTRUCllON
 4 - 35
SEATED BEAM CO NN ECTIONS
Welded- E60XX & E70XX electrodes
TABLE VIII Allowable loads in kips

TA BLE VIII·A Outstanding Leg Capacity, kips (based on OSL _ 31h Of 4 Inches)
I
An il. Len~h

1_..:A:::""''':.Th=·::'"T·'';'';'--j_l!.~
~e
~
7.2
9.0
'"
Sinch.s

l!.~' 1 '" II ~
If.!: T
I 10.0 12.8 15.6 184 18.4 8.2 11.3 14.4
12.4 15.8 19.1 22.5 25.3 10.1 13.8
8 Inch ••

*:'1-;" ,,,-,:-1
ill 18.4 18.4
17.6 21.3 25.0 25.3
8 eam ~e 11.3 1!:t.9 19.8 23.7 27.6 31.6 13.1 17.4 21.7 126.0 30.4 34.0
WoO ~ 12.4 19.3 124.3 28.1 33.2 37.6 14.3 21.5 26.3 31.2 16.ii 40.9
Thickness ~ie 13.4 21.1 28.8 33.7 38.7 43.6 15.5 23.8 30.9 36.3 41.7 .£2..
y.! 14.3 22.8 31.6 39.2 44.6 50.0 16.5 25.7 35.11 41 .8 47.7 53.6
'le 15.2 24.4 34.0 43.8 51.0 56.9 17.5 27.5 37.8 47.8 54.1 60.5
Note: V.'ues above h.avy lines apply only lor 4 Inch Ou!s!.ndlnlil!elil•.

TABLE VIII-B Weld Capacity, kips

I___-';''':::.''::,:Eleclrodes EJOll. X EJeeltOdes
Weld Seal angle size Sea l engle .,~,,:----I Weld
Size f:-c,-:;-;-;;-:-,:"O~"~.~,,~.~"~.rt~'=~~"r:-c:c:-+___=c:-~'''~"~'~''~' "'~":::"='=":--,:_~ Size
4Xly'! 5x]lh6X47X43X49X 4X3y'! ' 5Xl!hSX47X48X49X4
~ 7.4 H.1 14.1 18.4 23.0 21.8 -----s:6'" - 13.0 .
1
16.41-21.5- 26.8 132.5 -;;--
~6 9.3 13.9 17.6 23.0 28.8 34.8 10.8 16.2 ZO.6 26.8 33.6 40.6 ~6
-Hi 11.1 16.7 21.1 27.6 35.4 41.1 13.0 19.5 24.1 32.2 40.3 48.7 ~
",i6 13.0 19.5 24.7 32.2 40.3 48.7 15.1 22.7 28.8 37.6 41.0 56.8 lli6
y.! 14.8 22.2 28.2 36.8 46.0 55.7 17.3 25.9 32.9 43.0 53.7 64.9 Y2
"" ... 27.8 35.2 46.0 57.5 69.6 ... 32.4 41.1 53.7 67.1... %
R:n8Ie:, aIV~~la~I:Lseat angle thicknesse_c'c-c-r-"'-"'-"--TC-c--_I
Min.
Max.
l!.
l!.
l!.
l4
7'11
¥a
711
¥a
72
1 , 1
72 % I ~
%1* ,%1%
%"'t:w, I1 Y2'!h
, 1
I Min.
Max.

EXAMPLE
Given: Beam: 21 w: 62, %. web. Attach beam flange wseat with bolts.
Reactwn: 35 kips. Welds : E60XX.
Column: Column web will permit use of 8- 10llg seat angles.
Solution: Enter Table VII I-A and, opposite %- web thickness, under
8" angle length, read 36.0 kips. Note that a Ys- angle thickness is
required. Enter Table VlIl-8 under E60XX electrodes and note
that satisfactory weld capacities appear under 6, 7, 8 and 9 inch
leg angles, aU of which are shown to be available in YS- thickness.
In this case the 6 X 4 and 7 X 4 angles are ruled out because of the
rather heavy % and }-2" welds required. Since the 8 X 4 angle
with %" welds provides 35.4 kips, there is no reason to consider the
9 X 4 angle with the same welds.
Detail Data : IL 8 X 4 X Ys X 8 with %. welda. Top or side angle to
be chosen to suit conditions.
Had it been required to weld the beam to the seat, the Jtg" seat angle
thickness would dictate a rlS- wetd (see AISC Specification, Sect. 1.17.4)
which is oompaLible with the %" beam flange thickness (see Sect. 1.17.5).
Block beam flange to permit welding to the 8- seat angle.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION
4 ·J6

STIFFENED SEATED BEAM CONNECTIONS

Bolted or riveted
TABLE IX

Top angle,
y,' min. thk.
~.~=t. Io/.
:n-
~PtiOflal
.~ location.
top angle

Stiffeners
lilted to bear
o/i filler

Type A Type 8 Typo C

Use full values in Use one-half values Use one-half values
Tables IX-A and IX-S in Tables IX·A and lX·a in Tables IX·A and IX·B,
bul limit capacity to
thai of 5 fasteners
Stiffened Sea' Types through sldleners of
31h.' max. OSL

Seated connections are to be used only when the beam is supported by 8 top
angle placed 8S sketched, or in the optional1ocation as indicated.
Allowa ble capacities in T a ble JX-A are based on ASTM A36 stitTener rna·
terial ; C81>tlciLies of fastener groups in Table IX-B are based on s ingle shear.
Capacity of the connection is based on the lesser of these two vaJues in conjunction
with the web crippling value of the supported beam.
In the event the thin web of a s upporting member limitB ita bearing capacity,
it may be necesaary to reduce values listed in Table IX-B.
Effective length of s tiffener bearing is assumed Y2 in. less than length of out-
standing leg.
Maximum gage in legs of stiffeners oonnected to oolumn, 4% in .
ASTM A307 bolts may be used in seated connections, providing the stipula-
tions of AlSC Specification, Section 1.15.12 are observed.
For ASTM A325 bearing type connections, bolts must be furnished in such
lengths that the published thread lengtbs will not cross e shear plane. However,
inclusion of !!lOme thread runout into a shear plane is permissible.
Verticol spacing of fasteners in atiffener angles may be arranged to awt condi-
tions. provided they conform to AISC Specification, Sections 1.16.4 a nd 1.16.5
with reapect to minimum pitch and minimum edge distances.
Paired stiffener angles shown in contact may be separated to accommodate
column gagee, but not to eJ::ceed 2 X (k - stiffener thickness), k being 8B published
for the supported beam. with a minimum opening of 1 in.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEl:l CONSTRUCTION
 4·37
If reactions of a beam are not. shown on contrsct drawings, t.he connections
shall be selected to support half the total Wliform-load calXlcity shown in the beam
load tIIblca for the given shape, span and steel of the berun. The effect of concen-
trat.ed loads near an end connection shsll also be considered.
For loads in excess of tabulated capacities it will be neceMSry to design special
seated connect.iOIl8. Refer to Eccentric Loads on Fastener Groups and use tJle
method of Example 3. Assume load application at mldpoint of t.he outstanding
stiffener leg.

EXAMPLE

Required: Design a stiffened seated beam connection of ASTM A36 material

to 8uppetrt a 30 'IF 99, also ASTM A36, with an end react.ion of 79 kips.
+
Uee h in. ASTM A141 rivets to attach the seat to a column v.-eb with
a 5,ki in. gage.
Solution:
1. l<"'rom the ASTM A36 beam load tables, under 30 W 99, note that R - 69
kips, for 3~ in. bearing, nnd RI _ 14.1 kips fo r ench addit.ional inch of
bearing. Required length of bearing is:
79-69 .
3.5 + 14.1 - 4.21 m .

From Table IX-A it will be !teen that. a 4.21 in. bearing length, lese than
4 1... in., ....ilI permit use of a 4 in. OSL stiffener. In t.he column headed
4 in., note that the 79 kip reaction, less t.han 86.6 but greater than 72.2,
requires the stiffeners to be '8 in. thick. The foot.note to this table
requirctl use of a ~S' in. seat angle with an OSL of over 4 ~ in. Use 6 in.
2. In Table IX-B, under 1'8 in . .; AUl rivets, the next value above 79 kips
is 90.2 kips, which calls for 5 rows of fasteners in each angle.
De t ail Dota : Steps 1 and 2 indicate the use of a TYI>e A connection with 5
rows of '!1 in. '" rivels. Assuming it is possible to employ the s uggested
spacing of fasteners, detail material will be listed aa foUowa:
2 stiffeners, 4 X 4 X l S' X l'.2%
1 seat angle, 6 X 6 X ~ X 8
1 fill, 8 X %' X 8 ~
1 top angle, 4 X 3 X U X 8 (4 in. OSL)
Had the reaction of this beam been 46 kips. and all other conditions the
same, 8 3}1 in. OSL of stiffener and a 6 X 4 X 3S seat. angle would
hnve boon adequate. S ince the reaction is well within t.he range of Type
B connections, use double t.he react.ion (- 90 kips), com ptire it. with the
va lues in t.he column headed by 3 11 in . and note thnt. for a single
stiffener, t.he t.hickness must be 11 in. Simi la rly, in Table IX-B, t.he
+
double reaction requires five '!1 in. rivets in a single row.
Detail Da ta: Components of a Type B connection with five rows of J;8 in. +
rivets are listed as foUows:
1 stiffener, 4 X 3Yi X)..'2 X 1'-2}1 (3 1' 2 in. OSL)
1 aeat angle, 6 X 4 X ~ X B (4 in. OSL)
1 fill, 4 X % X 8~
ltopsngle4 X 3 x U X8 (4in.OSL)
Afo1£RICAN IN STITUTE OF S TEEL CONSTRUCTION
4·38

STIFFENED SEATED BEAM CONNECTIONS

Bolted or riveted
TABLE IX

TABLE IX·A Stiffener Angles

Bearing Capacity of Two Angles in Kips
F, = 33.0 ksi

Stilfener Outst.ndlnilile.
. ,'-" - • ,
'.h",dmum lenllih S •• m
e..,ln,
-
,'" .~ ,\4

Thickness.
stiffener
oulstand·
I 't16

'"
~. ..., ...,
61.9
74.]
99.0
72.2
10l.
116.
92.8
Ill.
,,<I.
149.
Ing leg
''""
%
124.
149.
144.
113.
1".
223.

Use ~ in. thick seat angles with vertical legs wide enough to accommodate fastener
~attern, and with outstandIng legs wide enough to e:r.tend beyond outs tand ing
ags of stiffeners. Check availability of stiffener leg and thickness combinations in
Dimensions and Properties tables.

TA BLE IX-B Capacity of Fastener Group wnh Two Stiffeners, kips

AstM Flstene. AJI)7 801t.

AJ41 RI~ell
- A325 Bolts
O•• lane\;on °A1258011S
-F••tener Oil,meter , ,
in' irl'"
'A %
No. of
Illsteners
' 3
4
26.5
35.3
36.1
48.1
47.1
62.8
39.8
53.0
54.1
n.2
10.7
94.1
58.3
77.8
'"
79.4
1()6.
1"'.
138.
in one
vertIcal ,
5 44.2
53.0
60.1
12.2
78.5
94 2
66.3
19.5
90.2
lOB.
118.
14!.
91.2
1l1.
137.
159.
113.
101.

4
' ow 1 61.9 ".2 110. ".8 126.

Frlclloll Iype COlll'lecUonl, 01' be". lnllype .... llh th'eadl In Iheer plan...
165. 136.
"'. 242.

~ Sudna Iype connectlonl, Ihre.dl ..cllIded from Shea. plene •.

AMERI CAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

Revised J 1/ 65 4 - 39

STIFFENED SEATED BEAM CONNECTIONS

Welded- E6DXX or E7DXX electrodes
TABLE x

--,.--~ Top angle, Y,' min. thk.

4" . - - r
(min) L _""'~",/ OptlOl"lallocation, lop angle
- (Weld toes)

1/. 2(min.) _-lI=~~4=' (optimum)

,J 2 It weld size (minJ

Stiffeners
fitted to bear

Optional -
trim lines
-<!I:--i ~f~~~:~(Table X)
l'

Allowable loada in Table X are based on the use of E60XX electrodes. For
E70xx. eleclrodes, multiply tabular loads by 1.16, or enter the Lable with 86%
of the given reaction. Note: Advantage may be taken of the higher allowa ble unit
stress of E70XX electrodes only if both bracket and SUP1>orting members are
ASTM A36, A242 or A441 material.
Based on AS'l'M A36 bracket material, minimum su ffener plate thickness, t,
aballnot be less than the supported beam web thickness for ASTM A7. A373 and
A36 beams, and not less than 1.4 times the beam web thickness for ASTM A242 and
A441 beams. Based on ASTM A242 or A441 bracket material. l s hall not be less
than Lhe beam web thickness, regardless of beam material. Minimum s tiffener
plate thick ness, t, shall be at least 1.33 times required EOOXX weld size, and 1.54
times required E70XX weld size, when ASTM AS6 material is used .
Thickness, t, of the horiZOntal seat plate, or fl ange of tee, s hall not be less than
the thickness of the stiffener.
II seat and stiffener are separate plates, fit stiffener to benr against seat.
Welds ooru\ecting the two plates shaU have a strength equal to or greater than the
horizontal weJds to the SUPl>ort under the seat plate.
Welds at.taching beam to seat may be replaced by boiLs or rivaLs, providing the
llmitntions on the use of AS'I'M A307 bolts, stipulated in AISC Specificalion, Sect.
1.15.1 2, ara observed.
For stiffened ooaLs in line on opposite sides of 8n A36 column web, select
E60XX weld size no greater than 0.75 of the column web thickness, and E70XX
weld size no great.er than 0.65 of column web thickness.
ShouJd combinations of material thickness and weld size selected from Table
X, or shown in the sketch above, exceed the limits set by AISC Specification, Sect.
1.17.4 and 1.17.5, increase the weld size or mat.crial thickness as required.
In addition to the wcldH s bown, teml>orary erection boiLs may be used to at...
tach beams to eeni..s (optional).
AMERICAN IN STITUTE Of STEEL CO N STRUCTION
4·40 Reuised J 1/ 65
Seated connections are to be WJed onJy when the beam is supported by a top
a ngle placed 88 sketched above. or in the optional location, &.I indicated.
If the reaction values of a boom are not shown on contract. drawings, the COn.
nectioJUI shall be selected to support half the total uniform load capacity tabulated
in the beam load tables for the given shape, span and steel specification of the beam
in question. 'l'he effect of concentrated loads near an end connection shall also be
considered.
EXAMPLES
(a) Given : Beam: ao \IF lOS (Flange- 10.484 in. wido X .760 in. thick;
Web - .548 in. ) ASTM A36 steel
Welds: EOOXX
Reaction : 100 kipe
Required: Design a 2 plate "'-clded stiffened seat for the beam.
Solution:
1. From ASTM A36 beam load tables, under 30 \IF 108:
R - 74 kips and R, - 14.8 kips.
Required length of bearing, N _ 3.5 + 100
- 74 _ 5.3 in.
14.8
Stiffener width, W _ 5.3 + .5 (setback) - 5.8 in. ; use W - 6 in.
2. Enler Table X under H 0 in. (minimum weld ) for W - 6 and note
that tbe nearest allowable load equal to, or greater than, 100 kips, is
104 kips. which calls for L - 20 in. From this, the minimum length
of 6 16 in. weld attaching the borizontal plate to support - 2 X .2L
_ 8 in. This a.I8o establishes the minimum weld, seal plate to
stiffener, at two Ii 16 in. welds, 4 in. long on either side of the stiffener.
3. Stiffener plate thickness, t, to develop welds. - 1.33 X ~ 16 - .416
in. However, t must also be equal to or grenter than beam web
thickness•. 548 in. Use t - ?f 6 in. for both stiffener Ilnd seat plate.
Welds attaching bcnm flange to seat must be increased from the I{
in. minimum to "16 in. to conform to the .760 in. hcam flange thick·
ness, per AJSC Specification, Sect. 1.17.4. Seal plate length, to per-
mit field welding of beam to seat. _ flange width + 4 X weld si7.e;
10.484 + (4 X 11 16 ) _ 11.734 in.• use 12 in. This length is also
adequate for the required minimum \1o'eld length, horizontal plate to
support.
Detail Data:

2
'I>
Use: 4 X 4 X '8 X 4

r}
12
top angle with
0/" ~, in. wehi1l.
y"
,
y"
r

AMERI CAN I NSTITUTr or STEEL CONSl RUCTION

 C· 41
(b) Give n: Same problem as (a ), except beam, column and bracket plates are
ASTM A441 materiaJ, and E70XX electrode is used.
R e quired: Derign a 2 plate welded stiffened seat for the beam.
S o lutio n :
1. From ASTM A36 beam load tables, under 30 \/IF 108, R - 74 kips
(for 3 1 :! in. bearing), For an A441 30 \/IF 108, R - (Py I 36) X 74 -
(50/ 36) X 74 = 103 kips. Sinee 103 is greater than 100, the 3>1 in.
bearing is adequate. Stiffener width, W, = 3.5 +.5 (setback ) - 4.0
in.; use W - 4 in.
2. Fo r ASl'M A44 1 material and E70XX electrodes, converted tabular
load is 100 X .86 - 86 kips. Enter Table X under M 6 in .
(minimum weld ) for W - 4 in., and nole that the nearest allowable
load equal to, or greater than, 86 kips, is 90.0 kips, for which L _ 16
in. From this, the minimum length of H 6 in. welds attaching the
horizontal plate to support _ 2 X .2L = 6.4 in. This alao
establishes the minimum weld, seal plate to stiffener, at two 716 in.
welds, 3.2 in. long on either side of t he stifTener.
3. Sim ila r to problem (a),
Detail D a ta:

'h
Use: 4 X 4 X,", X4
top anglo with
~, in. welds.

AM ERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

4·42

STIFFENED SEATED BEAM CONNECTIONS

Welded- E60XX or E70XX electrodes
TABLE X Allowable loads in kips

L 4
Width 01 s .. t , IV, Inches
5 ,
".
, \<
14.7
Weld Size, Inch"

II,
18.4 "-
22.0
~,

25.7
..,
15.2
Weld Size, Inc hes

"
18.2
~,

21.2
\;
24.2
. , .. Weld Size, Inches

-
~, I;
20.6
7 19.4 24.2 29.0 ]].9 " .Z 24.2 28.3 32.3 ".7 24.2 V .,
•• 24.4
29.'
30.'
]7.3
36.7
44.7
42.8
52.2
25.8
31.8
30.'
".1
36.1
44.5
41.2
50.'
22.2
27.5
26.6
33.0
]1.0
".5
35.4
44.0
ID 35.5 44.4 53.2 62.1 ".Z 45.8 53.4 61.0 33.3 39.9 46.6 53.2

II 41.3 51.6 61.9 72.2 44.9 53.8 62.8 71.8 39.4 47.2 55.1 63.0
IZ 47.3 59.1 70.9 82.7 51.9 62.2 72.6 83.0 45.8 55.0 64.1 73.3
13 66.7 SO.O 93.4 59.0 70.8 82.6 94.4 52.5 63.0 73.5 84.0
14 74.4 89.3 ID4. 66.4 79.7 93.0 ID6. 59.4 71.3 83.Z 95.0
l5 BZ.2 98.' 115. 73.9 88.' 103. Il8. 66.5 79.8 93.1 ID6.

16 90.0 108. I". 81.5 '17.7 114. 130. 73.8 88.5 103. 118.
17 97.8 1l7. 137. 89.Z 107. 125. 143. 81.2 97 ..4 U4. 130.
IS
19
ID6.
Il3.
127.
136.
148.
159.
96.'
105.
116.
I".
136.
147. "'.
161.
88.7
96.Z
106.
115.
1Z4.
135.
142.
154.
146. 170. m. ID4 .
"
Zl
121.

I". 155. 181. 120.

135.

144.
157.

168.
ISO.

192. 112.
IlS.

134. 156.
145. 166.

179.
ZZ 137. 164. 192. 128. 154. 179. 205. 119. 143. 167. 191.
23 145. 174. 203. 136. 163. 190. 218. 127. 153. 178. 203.
Z4 152. 183. 213. 144. 173. 201. 230. 135. 162. 189. 216.
25 160. 192. 224. 152. 182. 212. 243. 143. 171. 200. 228.

168. 235. 159. 191. 223. 255. 151. 181. 211. 241.
"
V 176.
"2.
21l. 246. 167. 201. 234 .
"'. 158. 190. 222. 254 .
Note I : leeds shown .bove epply l o welds made with E60XX electrodes. for E70XX electrodes.
multiply t.but... teed$ by 1.16, or enler the teble wllh 86% olth. &1wen re. ctlon. tncrened
v.lues ere eppllcable onty when E10XX electrodes .re u.ed with ASTM A36. 1\242 or 1\441
materiel.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 4 ·43
STIFFENED SEATED BEAM CONNECTIONS
Welded- E60XX or E70XX electrodes
TABLE X Allowable loads in kips

L 7
Width 01 SUI. IV. Inches

8 ,
". Weld SIze. Inches Weld Size. Inches Weld SIze, Inche.

..."',,
l> II, II, l>
It
II,
34.' 41.9
II
55.8
* I~ *
62.5
II
*
12 ".8 49.0 57.1 65.3 58.' 73.3
13 47.0 56.' 65.8 75.2 67.8 ".8 77.0
l'
I'
53.4
60.1
".1
72.1
74.8
".1
85.4
96.2 .... 58.0
65.5
77.4
87.4
96.7
109. 79.8
88.1
99.8

67.0 80.3 93.7 107. 61.1 73.3 97.7 122. 89.5 112.
"
17
18
74.0
81.2
88.8
97.4
104.
114.
118.
130.
67.7
74.6
81.2
89.5
108.
119.
135.
149.
74.6
82.'
99.'
110.
124.
137.
I'
20
88.'
95.9
106.
US.
124.
134.
142.
153.
81.6
88.7
97.9
106.
130.
142.
163.
177.
75.4
82.2
90.'
98.'
121.
13L
151.
164.

21
22
103.
Ill.
124.
133.
145.
155.
165.
178.
....
103.
115 .
124.
153.
165.
192.
207.
89.1
96.2
107.
115.
143.
154.
178.
192.
23 119. 142. 166. 190. m. !33. 177. 221. 103. 12•. 165. 207.
24 126. 152. 177. 202. 118. 142. 189. 236. lIl. 133. 177. 221.
25 134. 161. 188. 214. 128. 151. 201. 252. 118. 142. 189. 236.

26
'lI
142.
150.
170.
101.
189.
199.
209.
220.
227.
Z39.
252.
133.
141.
149.
160.
169.
179.
213.
226.
238.
267.
282.
298.
125.
Ill.
141-
151.
160.
169.
201.
Zll
225.
,...
Z5I.

281.
28 157.
29 165. 198. 231. 264. 157. 188. 250. 313. 148. 178. Z31. 296.
3D 113. 208. Z4Z. 271. 1". 197. Z63. 32•. 156. 181. Z49. 312.

31
32
181.
189.
217.
Z27.
253.
264.
"9.
302.
172.
180.
207.
216. I"'·288. ....".. I".
111.
196.
206.
262.
Z74.
327.
343.
Notel: Load, .hown aboveappl~ 10 welds made With E60XX elect.odn. For E10J(X eleclrode •.
munlpl~ ta bu lar toads by 1.16. or ente. thelable with 86$ ot Ihe liven .eactlon. Inc.eesed
velun are applicable onty when E10XX electrodes .,e used with ASTM A.I6. 1\242 or A441
me'erla t.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

'-44
SPECIAL FRAMED BEAM CONNECTIONS
In designing Framed. Beam Connections there may be cases where the
Framed and SeaLed Connection Tables will not apply. This may be due to the
fact that bearing governs over single shear or that the length of connection
angles is limited by framing conditions or for any otber reason. The follow.
iug example outlines the design method recommended when tabulated con-
nections are not applicable.
EXAMPLE 1
Given : Design a connection for a 21 I/tF 55 with 8 100 kip end reaction.
Beam and connection are ASTM A36 steel. Use J.i in. dinm. ASTM A141
rivets in beam web leg, snd J.i in. diam. ASTM A325 friction type bolts in
outstanding leg. The depth of angle is l.i.mited to 12 in.
Solution:
1. Outstanding legs:
Single shear vruue of Y8 in. diam. A325 bolt
from shear allowable load tables - 9.02 kips.
,,, No. req'd. = 100 _ 11.1 Use: 12 bolts.
9.02
Web legs:
21 1'r 55...... .... 2.
Double shear value of Y8 in. diam. A141
rivets from shear allowable load tables -
2 Ls6x6x~,x ll '/t 18.04 kips.
Bearing value of 71 in. diam. A141 rivets in 0.375 in. web from bearing
rulowable tables - 0.375 X 42.44 ... 15.91 kips.
Bearing governs. No. req'd. - 1~~1 = 6.3 Use: 8 rivets.
3. Angle size:
Use 2 angles 6 X 6 X t X llJ1 in.
t, as required by bearing at 42.44 kips per inch thick material
9.02 21 .
- 42.44 - . In.
100
t, a8 required by grogs sbear in vertical section - :-:--=--:-=::=:-7C=
11.5 X 14.5 X 2
- .SO in. (governs)
Use: 2 angles 6 X 6 X .YJ 6 X 11~ in.
EXAMPLE 2
5'1> Given : Same as Example 1 except use 7i in.
diam. bearing type bolts (with threads excluded
from the shear planes) in t.he outstanding legs.
Web thickness is 7f 6 in. (ASTM A36).
Solution:
1. Outstanding legs:
21 ¥( 55
Supporting girder web is ~ 6 in. t.Wck (ASI'M
A3S)_
2 LS6 x4 x'/t xlP/{ Bearing value of ;.{ 6 in. web with 7i in.
fasteners - 13.26 kips.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CONSTltUCTION
 ' ·45
Single shear value of J1 in. dmm. A325 bolts from shear allowable load
tablca - 13.23 kips (gOVCrtlB) .
No. req'd. _ 100 = 7.6 Use: 8 bolts.
13.23
2. Web 1f'13: Same 88 Example 1.
S. Angle size: Use: 2 angles 6 X .. X ~~ X 11~ in.
Another case where tbe Framed and Seated Connection Tables may not
apply is when beams of different depLb8 are framed opposite. The following
example ouLlines o ne design method recommended wben tabulated connec·
lions are not applicable.
EXAMPLE S
Given: Design connectiOnB for a 12 "IF 27 witb 8 27 kip end reaction
and a 24 YF 68 with an 82 kip end reaction framed opposite to n girder with 8
ki' in. web. Beams, girder and connections are ASTM A36 ateel. Use 7 s in.
diam. ASTM 141 ri veta in beam web and 7'8 in. diam. ASTM A325Bearing
Type. Bolts, with threads in shear planes in girder web.
is 4 x3 'h x%x8'/i Solution :

~~~~~9';S 1.
F W eb l egs:
Double shear value of Y8 in . di8m. A141
rivets from shear allowable load tnbles ..
18.04 kil>8. Bearing value of 7~8 in. diam.
A141 rivets in 0.24 in. wob (12 w: 27)
from bearing allowable tables .. 0.24 X
42.'14 .. 10.19 kips; in 0.416 in. web
'1• .J!~r" (24 W:68 ) .. 0.'116 X 42.44 .. 17.66 kips.
2Ls 41 3'!t x 'It. 1- 8Y; Bearing govema in both beama.
12 w: 27: No. req'd. - 1:~9 .. 2.6 Usc: 3 rive ls.
82
24 w: 68:No. req'd . .. - - .. 4.7 Use: Minimum of it rivels.
17.66
2. Outstanding legs:
The fasteners in the outstanding legs are governed by lwo criteria.
Where the beams are framed opposite, the fastenera are governed by
double Bhear or bearing on the web, while fasteners that are nol framed
opp08ite are governed by Bingle shear or bearing on the web.
Double shear value of H in. diam. ASI'M A325 bolts (with threads
in ahear planes) from allowable losd tables - 18.04 kiJ>l:l; single shear ..
9.02 kips. Bearing value of :% in . diam. ASTM A325 bolts in 0.25 in.
girder web, from a llowable load tables .. 0.25 X 42.44 .. 10.61 kips.
Bearing governs for bolts framed oPl>08ite.
The throo-row web pattern of the 12 w: 27 makes convonient a 6
bolt. connection to the girder, each bolt in girder web being loaded at. 27/ 6
.. 4.5 kips. With total allowable bearing at 10.61 ki ps, girder web capacity
available for supporting the 24 w: 68 is 10.61 - 4.5 .. 6.11 kips per bolt,
which is less than single shear and therefore governs. Assuming that all
bolta will transmit loads equally to the girder web, the 82 kip load for the
24 w: 68 will require 82 6.11 .. 13.'1. Use: 14 bolts.
3. Angle size:
Use: 2 angles 4 X 3 '1 X ~" X 8.1.i in. for 12 w: 27
Use: 2 /Ingles 4 X 331 X ~ X 1 ft.-8,12: in. for 24 I/tF 68
AMERI CAN JNSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
• ·46
ONE·SIDED CONNECTIONS
In designing a otle--eided connect.ion it. is customary to consider vertical
shear or bearing in all fasteners and t he effect of eccentricit.y in the outstand·
ing leg fasteners. Shown below is a ta ble of coefficients for one-sided framed
beam connections a nd an example of its use.

tofbtam>-t· - - - - ->j-- - - - --j

< C 4'>1.
1-2-'14 21
~r:H~
tf1 21/2 "ft"HFt~'I'
3~ 2'h
c.~,
p
1-'.
p
e.g.
p
0--1. "~~ r'.
~'riRRr----_F~n_--------ff~,
.~ ,:1 : J' I
'" , :r !,
~L1eH"r------_b·c<~--------t"_~~J>,
'

CASEI CASE II CASElli

Coelliclent C P - Gr. ore = P/ r.

" Cnel ee.e II e-.. e-III
- -- -
n - Total number of fasteners in one vertical row

,,
I ... 0.63 0.67 C - Coefficient
1.41 2.05 1." P ... PermissibLe load, kips
'.68 4.10
6.64
3.88 r. _ Allowable shear or bearing value for one fas·
6 .31
4 3. 92 tener, kips
5 5.00 '.l2 8.97
6 600 11 . 83 11.60 1. - 1_ ... 1 = Actual arm between center line of
7 7.00 14 .00 14.00 beam and center of gravity of fll.8teners
8 8.00 16.00 16.00
•
10
' .00
10 .00
18 .00
20.00
18.00 l~ - 1.1I. <: Effective arm between center line of
20.00 beam and center of gravity of fasteners
I n computation of coefficients C the actual moment arm I. is corrected to

I. using l he empirical formuJas, I• ... I. _ (1 ~ 2n) for single gage a nd

I. _ I. _ (1 ~ n) for double gage.

Do not exceed gages s hown for web leg. Pattern of web leg fasteners
may vary to s uit required number of fasteners. For outstanding leg gages,
other t.ha n those shown, coefficients may be interpolated fro m Tables XI to
XJ II , Part 4 of t.he Manual. Select angle t.hickness to provide suUicient groS'3
shear capacity, or limit connect ion capacity to permissible shear value of
a ngle used . Use minimum angle t.hickness of % in. for % in . diam. and Va
in. diam. fasteners, and J1? in. for 1. in. diam . fasteners. It will be permissible
to design a connection using combinations of leg widths as weU as fastener
specification a nd dia meters.
EXAMPLE 1
Given: Select a one-sided connection for a n 18 w: 50, mad e of ASTM
A36 steel, with an end reaction of SO kips. Use 11 in. diam. ASTM A141
rivets in the beam web leg a nd J.i in. diam. ASTM A325 friction tYI:le bolts
in the outstanding leg.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CoNSTRUCTION
 4- 47
Solution:
2'. 1. Outstanding l~g:
Single shear value of Va in. diam. A325
bolt, from shear allowable load
tables - 9.02 kiJ;18.
50
C - - - 5.54
9.02
The next larger value of C in the table
IL 6x61t%x ll'h'
above req uires six A325 bolta in Case I
or eight A325 bolta in Case l1. Since the beam depUl will not allow
Case I to be used, usc" double rows as s hown.
2. W eb leg:
Single s hear value of Ys in. diam. A141 riveta from s hear a llowable load
tablee - 9.02 kips.
Bearing value of Va in. warn. rivet in 0.358 in. thick web. from bearing
allowable load tables - 0.358 X 42.44 _ 15. 19 ki ps.
Single shear at 9.02 kips governs, requiring 50/ !).O2 _ 5.54 rivets.
Usc: 8 rivets arrange d in pattern dictate d by ollts tandillg leg.
3. Angle siu: Try 6 X 6 X % X 11)1 in. angle. A1lowable land _ 11.5
X % X 14.5 - 62.5 > 50 kips o .k . Use: 6 X 6 X % X 11)1' in.
angle.

EXAMPLE 2
Giyen: Same as Example I except weld the web leg of the connection.
Solution:
1. Outsro.nding leg: Same as Example I.
18W"SO 2. Web leg: The required weld may be
determined from Framed Beam Con-
nectiona, Welded, E60XX and
E70XX electrodes, Tablee II I and
IV, p.ages 4 - 22 a nd 4 - 23.
Since the capacities shown in Tables III
lL3'hx6xlJ.xl".3 and IV are for two a ngles. it will be oon-
venient to double the given reaction and
select weld si7.eE1 direcUy from the tables,
and angle lengt.hs dire<:t1y or by interpola-
tion.
Since R - 50 kips, t he tabular capacity needed is 100 kips.
From T a ble IV, which covers ASTM A36 connections a nd E70XX e lccLrodes.
the ca pacity of Weld A at H 6 in . on a 1 ft.-2~ in. an gle is 96 kips; for
H 6 in . weld on a 1 ft.-5}2 in. angle it i8 LlS kiPH.
Interpolating for 100 kips, t he req uired length of a ngle i8 I fL-3 in. This
le ngth o rleg will a(.'commodaLe the f8J:ltener group found in Step 1 above.
Check beam web th ickness: .358 > .48/ 2 o.k.
Use: E70XX n 6 in. weld (as shown) .
3. Angk size: Use 6 in. for outstanding leg and 3~ in. for web leg. The
required thickness of 3 S in. for the web leg is the same 88 required for the
o utstanding leg and will accept the %6 in. weld.
Use: 6 X 3,!.i X % X 1 ft.-3 in. angle.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
'.48 R('l)ued 11 / 65
MOMENT CONNECTION
Many oonncctions in TYI)6 3 "semi-rigid framing" must be designed to
develop resisting moments. The foUowing method is recommended for de-
sign of such t1 connection subjected to gravity loading.
Sliffener F Slart weld
M ... Connection moment, ft. -kips
~ ~ . f>--<~d A R = End reaction of beam, kips

. f lo
= AUowable sbear or bearing value
f ~4 for one fastener, kips

~ k r.:~:~. 1~)"V-<YkIdA ~: = Allowable shear in plate. luIi

L l'\:" .., Allowable shear in welds. kai
F, - Allowable tension stress in plates
rr '.r-riWldlh ~ b/2 and groove weld, ksi
• Backing bar t.
D = Number of M6 in. in weld size
O.SD = Value of E60XX weld per Me in.
per lineal in., kips
" d ,\I
T = Horizontal force top and oottom
of beam, kips
A = Area of plate, top or bottom
Weld B ) A'" .., Area of stiffeners
F~t..!=¥""'=G.~T;==t T he moment is assumed to be reo
t. sisted by plates HA" and "B" welded to
Plate B (A, - b. JC to)
the top and bottom of beam and to the
Backing bar
column. The shear is assumed to be
DNmOSCCIMK1ed Iyon_""'_ transferred to the column by a vertical
side plate, using fasteners In web and shop weld on column. A length of
tbe top plate, equal to 1.5 times the width b, is kept free of weJd to allow
lIle elongation under load that is necessary to obtain lIle desired semi.rigid
connection action.
1. D eternune . h ·
OriZOIl
tal'loree T - M X d 12
2. Design top plate A and detennine length and size of weld A.
T T
A " _ - ; length of weld ... - - (for E60XX electrodes)
F, 0.6D
3. Design bottom plate B and detennine length and size of weld B. Area
plate B should be at least equal to area plate A.
4. Determine number of fasLener9 in vertical plate and size of weld be-
tween plate and colum n.
No. of fasteners - !!.; Length of weld - ....!!....-; Min. tc _ R I
r. 0.6D F." X Il

Max. D - 2 tcF'''F IL - 12tc (forA36steelandE60XX )

X O.707 X ", X716
5. Check column for web crippli ng (Specification Sect. 2.5). ( I n design of
column cheek web fo r shear.) ColulTUl web stiffeners are required :
At compression flange if t <~; At tension flange if t, < OAv'A';
tR+5k .
If required , bearing area of stiffeners A u = A " - t (til + 5k)
Chock stiffener for width-thickness ratio (Specification Section 1.9)
M ax. D _ (t or t.) F.,.
,ng .
Le t o f old - ::-
h w ",""A".."F
",,-:::
2 X 0.707 F .. X 716 0.6D X 1.65
AWERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
RnJi«'ti 1J / 65
EXAMPLE

Given: Design a semi.rigid connection for an 18 YF 50 (t - .358)

framed to one aide of 8 10 w: 49 column (t .340; k ... 1.06). The
:::3

e nd moment is 100 ft-kips and end reaction is 25 kil>8. Beam a nd connect-

ing material are AsrM A36 steel wiUl F, _ 22.0 ksi. The column is ASTM
A441 steeL Uae ASTM A325 bearing type bolts with threads eJlcluded [rom
shearing planes, and E60XX electrodes, with 0.6D value per L1 6 in. l)Or linea1 in.

t. T _ 10018
X 12 66 7 k·
- . Ips

2. AI' _ 66.7 _ 3.03 in.' Use: 6 X % in. for top Plate A.

22.0
Use: ~' in. Weld A.
L _ 66.7 _ 185·
. In. Use: 6 in. across end nnd 7 in. each 8ide.
6 X 0.6
3. Use: 9 X ~B in. for bottom Pla te B. A, - 3.38 in. ' > 3.0 in.'
Usc: ~6 in. Weld B.
L _ 66.7 _ 22.3 in. Use: 12 in. each 8ide.
5 X 0.6
4. Try % in. dinm. A325 Bearing Type bolts, with threads excluded from
shear planes. Bearing on web r. - 0.358 X .75 X 48.5 - 13.02 kips.
Singlcshearr.- 9.72kips (govema). No.ofbolts - 9~ - 2.57.
Usc: 3 bolts and 8.!1 in. long vertical P la te C.
Min. to - 25 _ 0.21 in.; Try 4 X Vi X 8J1' in. plate.
8.5 X 14.5
Bearing on plate _ 25 - 445 < 48.5 kai o.k.
3 X .25 X .75
Max. D - L - 3~
X 0.6
- 13.9 in.

Use: 4 X ~ X 8.!1 plate with 7(11 in. Weld C, 7 in. each side.
5. Stiffener E (compression Bange): t < 3 ~~ .375 ) - 0.59> 0.34 in.
. 7 5 5 X l.06
:. Stiffeners required. (Specification Sect. 2.5)
Stiffener F (tension flange); t, < 0.4 V3.00 - 0.69 > 0.558 in.
:. Stiffeners required. (Specification Sect. 2.5)
Au - (9 X .375) - 0.34 1.375 + (5 X 1.06>1
_ 1.44 in.', or 0.72 in.' per stiffener
Assume total stiffener width b ... hI! - 9 in.
Try: 4Y!1 in. wide stiffeners, with clim>Cd corners a nd 4 in. bearing width.
Min t, '2: ~: '2: .281, say H 6 in. (Specification Sect. 1.9)
A" = 4 X 5i"0 = 1.25 > 0.72 in.' o.k.
Max. D _ H6 X 14.5 J1 _ 3.77; Usc: Y.f in. weld.
2 X .707 X 13.6 X 0
L _ 0.72 X 36 _ 6.5 in. U8C: 4 in. weld each side per stiffen er
4 X 0.6 X 1.65 ba8ed on required area A" oro.72 in.t
Use: 2 plates 4}il X ~ 6 X O '-4 ~ .
AMERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CoNSTRUCTION
C·50
ECCENTRI C LOADS ON FASTENER GROUPS
When a group of fasteners supports a n eccentric load, as in Fig. 1, the
several fastenel'8 in Buch a group are not equaliy stressed. Each supports an
equal share of the vertical load P , a nd each supports add itional force due to

:
mome nt, which is proportional to its distance from the center of gravity of the
group. The total force on one faste ner is t he resultant of the components.

E5J
~ "~ : ~~: ~~ ~:::~:~ ~ ~:~;:~:w
P - Applied load, kips
y I r. - Allowable shear or bearing val ue (or
p+
b
b X • X
one fastener, kips
l " - Polar moment of inertia about t he
b ~,. center of gravity of fastener group.
equal to I~z + I"
Y I.
I Jn - [
nb'(n' -
12
I)J X no. of vertical rows
'D
yl J" [mD'{7~ - I )J X no. of hori7.ontnl rows
FIG. 1
L. _ [ ...... 1 - Actual arm between P a nd center gravity of fastener group
I. _ l .rr -

I. _
- I.
J:...
-e; n) Effective ann between P and center gravity of faste ner group

f l _ (Pl. )D I, _ ( PI,) (n - l )b
(See F ig. 1)
mn 2/, 2I,
f. - ";(/.), + (h +f,), and fit - r.
E XAMPLE 1
G iven : Find the maximum load that can be s upported by the bracket
shown in Fig. 2. Column and bracket are ASTM A36 steel. Use Yii in. ASTM
A14l rivets. and 888ume that the column flange and bracket are at least J4
in. thick 80 that shear will govern. n ... 6. m - 2. b - 3. D _ 5~. I. _ 16.
Solution :

r--'\t=~I.-,,I'"6 -1 p In - [6 X 3;~' - 1)J2 - 315

1

I I" "" [ 2 X 5.5:;2 - I )J 6 _ 90.75

" 1, - 315 + 90.75 - 405.75

'i1t:j~11c.Yl
iiV t~ "' 16- e :6)_ 12.5in.i fl - 2~6 - 0.083P
f, _ 12.5 P X 5.5 _ O.OSS P
2 X 405.75
tl!.. II _ 12.5 P X 5 X 3 _ 0.231P
FIG. 2
2 X 405.75
f. - PV"(O "".23='"",,;-+7"";C(O"".083=:-+'-;;O-:.085=)1 - 0_285P
P - f., 0.285 - 3.51 f.
For A 141 rivets. single shear r , = 9.02 kips.
Since f. equals r .. P - 3_51 X 9.02 "" 31.7 kips.
AMERI CAN IN STI TUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
 4 · 51
For any fastener group and any giv~n lever arm of applied load a coeffi-
cient C limes the allowable value of o ne fastener equals the total load P
pennissible on the connection. Thus, P _ C X r . or, knowing p. wld divid-
ing by the allowable fll8tener value r" Ule necessary coefficient C is obtained,
And a fll8tener group must be employed for which the coefficient is of thDt
magnitude or greater. The coefficients for several ftlSwner groups are given
in Tables XI to XIV, Pnrt 4 of this Manua l.

EXAMPLE 2
G iven: Using tables, find the maximum load that was found in
Example.l by using theequatiol18 given above. n - 6, b - 3, D - 5M, I. - 16.
Solu t ion;
I. - 16 - C~ 6) - 12.5 in. with n - 6 and I. - 12.5.
From Table XIII, by interpolating, C - 3.51; using r. - 9.02 kips,
P - 3.51 X 9.02 - 31 .7 kips.

EXAM PLE 3
Given : Investigate the rivets in lhe outer legs of lhe bracket shown in
Fig. 3 for a load P of 29 kips, with l. - 12 in., b - 3 in. , and using ~4' in.
ASTM A141 rivet&.
For brackcUl subjected to eccenlric loading as showu, the moment pro-
ducee 8 varying amount of tension in the rivets above the neuLral axiB,
cou pled with bearing pressure below the neutral axis. There m no definite
basis for locnling the neutral axis. Jt lies below the center line of lhe con-
nection. Example 3 illustrates a simple conscrvative solution, which is
reasonnbly economical in the case of relatively small brackets, by assuming
thnl the neutral axis is at the centroid of the rivet group, and that the bear·
ing prE!9JUrc distribution is the same 88 the tensile stress distribution above
the neutral axis.

Solutio n :
Moment of Inertia of rivets about the 8&!!Urned
centroid of group -
LAd! - 0.4418 X 4(1.5 1 + 4.51 + 7.5t }
- 139 in.·
29
I . - 12 X 0.44 18 - 5.47 ksi - 5470 Imi
F, _ 28,000 - 1.6 I . :$ 20,000 (Specificntion
Sect. 1.6.3)
28,000 - 1.6 X 5470 - 19,250 psi
- 19.25 ksi
I, _ ~X I. X ri-. _ 29 _~_ 12 X 7.5
FIG. 3 LAd' 139
- 18.78 < 19.25 kBi o. k .
Note: The thickness of the bras:ket connection angles should be ample to
resist the bending moment. See page" -67.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
4·52
ECCENTRIC LOADS ON FASTENER GROUPS
TABLE XI Coefficients C

Required minimum C _ !!.- '-

p ... C X r. " l,.. I"
I ~
n ... Tot.a1 number of fastenera in the 18
vertical row 1=0
P - Permissible load actin? with
effective lever arm .u
r. - Permissible load on one faet.ener
3 b p g•

I.rr -
by Specifica~ion
1.. _ 1 - (' + 2.)
-

C ... Coefficienta tabulated below.

,-
3
3
3
b
b
b
.
[
~

l.1I
•
". 2 3 4 5
• 7 8 9 10 11 12

II'.. 1.41 2." 3.43 4.47 5.51 '.55 7.59 8.62 9.65 10.7 11.7
2 1.20 2.12 3.12 4.16 5.21 '.16 7.31 8.36 9.40 10.4 11.5
21'.. 1.03 1.87 2.83 3.84 4.88 5.94 7.00 8.05 9.10 10.2 11.2
3 .89 1.66 2.56 3.54 4.56 5.60 '.66 7.n 8.18 9.85 10.9
31'.. .79 1.49 2.32 3.15 4.24 5.27 6.31 1.37 8.44 9.50 10.6

4 .70 1.34 2.12 3.00 3.95 4.95 5.98 7.03 8.09 9.15 10.2
41'.. .63 l.22 1.94 2.77 3.68 4.65 5.66 6.69 7.14 8.80 9.86
5 .57 1. 11 1.79 2.57 3.44 4.37 5.35 6.36 7.40 8.45 9.51
51'.. .53 1.03 1.66 2.39 3.22 4.12 5.01 '.05 7.07 8.1 1 9.16
• .49 .95 1.54 2.24 3.02 3.88 4.80 5.16 6.76 7.78 8.82

'1'.. .45 .88 1.44 2.10 2.84 3.67 4.55 5.49 '.46 7.46 8.49
7 .42 .82 1.35 1.97 2.68 3.47 4.33 5.23 6.18 7.16 8.17
7\; .39 .n 1.16 1.86 2.54 3.29 4.12 4.99 5.91 6.87 7.86
8 .37 .73 1.19 1.76 2." 3.13 3.92 4.17 5.67 '.60 7.01
8\; .35 .69 1.13 1.66 2.28 2.98 3.74 4.56 5.43 '.34 7.29

9 .33 .65 1.07 1.58 2-11 2.84 3.58 4.37 5.21 6. 10 7.03
10 .30 .59 .97 1.44 1.98 2.60 3.28 4.02 4.82 5.66 '.54
11 .27 .54 .89 1.32 1.82 2.39 3.03 3.72 4.47 5.21 6.10
12 .25 .49 .82 1.21 1.68 2.21 2.81 3.46 4. 17 4.92 5.72
.70 3.66 4.33 5.05
"
16
.21

.19
.42

.37 .62
1.05

.92
1.46 1.92

1.10
2.45

2.11
3.03

2.68 3.15 3.86 4.52

1.28
18 .17 .33 .55 .82 1.15 1.52 1.94 2.41 2.92 3.48 4.08
20 .15 .3IJ .50 .74 1.03 1.31 1.16 2.18 2.65 3.16 3.71
22 .14 .27 .45 .68 .94 1.25 1.60 1.99 2.43 2.89 3.40
24 .12 .15 .41 .62 .87 U5 1.41 1.84 2.23 2.61 3.14

In general, C - •
"[~J+I
( n + 1)6

AMERI CAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTlW CTlON

 • - 53
ECCENTRIC LOADS ON FASTENER GROUPS
TABLE XI I Coefficients C

equ minimum
Rired- - c _ _P
,.

!iftll
p - e X T. 1.. ~~
n • Total number o( (1llIi.ent'I1J in any D , ~
one vert.ical row
P - Pennisaible load actin" with la
effeclive lever ann oil 3 __ .• _ Jb p :§
T. - Per.ru.ible load on one (1llIl.ener '-tb ~
by Specification
l.ft - l....-l - (' -+2 n)
3
3
3,
1'·
11:1 .
b -
~
C _ Coefficients tabulated below_
I2.l
n
1.11
", 1 2 3 4 5
• 7 8 , 10 11 12

11(, 1.00 2_5] 4,33 ',30 8.36 10.4 12.5 14.6 16.7 18.8 20,' 23.0
2 ,86 2.23 3.88 5.75 7.74 '.80 11.9 14.0 16.1 18.2 20.3 ".4
21(, ,75 1.9, 3.SO 5.24 7.16 9.17 11.2 13.] 15.5 17.6 19.7 21.8
3 .67 1.79 ].17 4.80 6.62 8.56 10.6 12.7 IU 16.9 19.0 21.1
31(, .60 1.63 2.89 4.41 6.13 8.00 9.97 12.0 14.1 16.2 18_3 20.5

4 .55 1.49 2.66 4.07 5.69 7.48 ' .39 lU 13.4 15.5 17.6 19.8
'1(,
5
51(,
..
.SO

.43
1.37
1.27
1.19
2.45
2.Z8
2.12
].77
3.51
3.28
5.30
' .96
4.64
7.01
'.58
'.19
8."
8.34
7.88
10.8
10.2
9.70
12.8
12.2
11.6
14.8
14.2
1].6
16.9
16.3
15.6
19.0
18.4
17.7
•
,1(,
.40 1.11 1.99 3.07 4.]7 5.84 7."

7,0B
9.21 11.1 13.0 15.0 17.0

.37 1.04 1.87 2.89 4.12 5.52 8.76 10.6 12 .• 14.4 16.4
7 .35 .98 1.76 2.73 3.89 5.23 6.72 8," 10.1 11.9 13.8 15.8
71(, .33 .93 1.66 2.58 ].69 4.97 ' .40 7.96 ' .64 lI.4 13.] 15.2
8
81(, ."
.30
.88
.84
1.58
LSO
2.45
2.]]
3.SO
3.33
4.n
4.SO
6.10
5.82
7.61
7.28
9.23
S."
11.0
10.5
12.8
12.3
14.6
14.1
, .29 .80 1.43 2." J.l8 4,30 5.57 6.97 8.49 10.1 11.8 13.6
10 .Z6 .73 1.30 2.03 2.91 3.94 5.12 6.43 7.85 '.38 11.0 12.7
11
12
14
.Z4
."
.19
.67
.6Z
.54
1.20
1.11
.97
1.87
1.73
1.50
2,68
2.48
2.16
3."
3.38
2,95
4.73
4,40
3.85
5.95
5.54
'.86
....
7.29

5.98
8.73
8.16
7.19
10.3
9.61
8.51
11.9
11.2
9.91

16 .17 ,48 .86 1.33 1.92 2.61 ].41 4.32 5," 6.42 7.61 S.88
18 .15 .43 .n 1.19 1.72 2.34 . ] .07 3,88 09 5.79 ' .88 8."
ZO

""
.14
.13
.12
.39
.3Ii
.33
...
.70

.59
LOB
.99
.91
1.56
1.42
1.31
W
1.94
1.79
2."
2.54
2.34
].53
3.23
2.98
4.36
3.99
3.68
5.27
4.83
4."
'.Z6
5.75
5.31
7.34
6.74
'.n
In general, C _ n
"[ I." (n -2 1)6 ]' . [:
[)l + U(n 1)112 + [)l + U."(nDl 1)6' + U]
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
4- 54

ECCENTRIC LOADS ON FASTENER GROUPS

TABLE XIII Coefficients C

t1l~
R eqUI'red nnmmum
.. c p
__
p - C X r. " I ~

·•• ..
n _ Total number or rBllteners in any D I ~
one vertical row
p - Penn~ible load actin? with ,<- h
effective lever arm .fF
r. - Permi!aible load on one raslener
by Specification
,, p ~
:;•
8.
1. 11i...... 1 -
- - + C
2 - n{,
C - Coefficient8 tabu aled below.
3
• li
,
5'"
-'-"

n
1.11
'". 1 2 , 4 5
• 7 8 , 10 11 12
- ------ -------- -------- --
I"
2
1.29
1.16
1.78
2.5Z
4.46
4.07
6.Z9
5.81
8.Z4
7.68
10.3
'.64
lZ.3
11.7
14.4
13.7
16.5
15.8
18.5
17.9
ZO.6
20.0
22.7
ZZ.1
2" 1." 1.29 3.74 5.37 7.15 '.1l6 11.0 13.1 15.Z 17.Z 19.3 Z1.4
3 .96 l.l1 3.45 4.96 6.67 8.51 10.4 12.4 14.5 16.6 18.7 20.8
3'. .88 1.95 3.20 4.63 6.24 7.99 9.87 11.8 13.8 15.9 18.0 20.1

4 .81 1.81 2.98 4.32 5.84 '.52 9.33 11.2 13.2 15.2 17.3 19.4
4" .76 1.69 2.18 4.05 5.49 '.09 8.83 10.7 12.6 14.6 16.6 18.7
5 .71 1.59 2.61 3.01 5.17 6.70 8.37 10.2 lZ.0 14.0 16.0 18.0
5" .67 1.49 2.46 3.68 4.88 '.34 '.94 9.67 11.5 13.4 15.4 17.4
• .63 1.41 2.32 3.39 4.62 6.01 7.55 9.22 11.0 12.8 14.8 16.8

."
, .59
.56
1.34
1.27
2.20
2.09
3.21
3.05
4.l8
4.16
5.71
5.44
7.19
'.86
8.01
8.40
10.5
10.1
12.3
11.8
14.2
13.7
16.2
15.6

'"
8
81>
.54
.51
.49
1.21
1.15
1.10
1.99
I.'"
1.81
2.'"
2.77
2.64
3.96
3.18
3,62
5.18
4.95
4.74
..'.00"
6.55 8.04
7.70
7.39
9.65
,."
8.'"
11.4
10.9
10.5
13.2
12.7
12.2
15.0
14.5
14,0
, .47 1.06 1.74 2.53 3.46 4.54 5.76 7.10 8.56 10.1 11.8 13.5
10 .43 .98 1.60 2.33 3.19 4. 19 5.32 6.57 '.94 9.42 11.0 12.6
11 .40 .91 1.48 2.16 2.96 3.88 4.94 6.l! 7.40 8.80 10.3 U.9
12 .37 .85 1.38 2.01 2,75 3.62 4.61 5.71 6.92 8.24 9.65 ILl
14 .33 .75 1.22 1.77 2.42 3.1a 4.06 5.04 6.12 7.30 8.68 '.94

16 .29 .67 1.09 1.58 2.16 2.84 3.6Z 4.50 5.48 6,55 7,70 8.94
18
20
."
.24
.60
.55
.98
.89
1.42
1.29
1.94
1.77
2.56
2.33
3.26
2.97
4.1l6
3.70
4.95
4.51
5,92
5.41
'.98
'.38
8.12
7.42
22 .22 .51 .82 LI9 1.62 2.13 2.73 3.40 4.14 4.97 5.87 '.84
24 .21 .47 .76 1.10 1.50 1.97 Z.5Z 3.14 3.83 4.59 5.43 6.33

In general, C _ n
v[l)l' -;':-
I,,, (n -
;"" (n
Ill>
1 _ 1)bl
l' + [D' + I,,, D
'-i(nt _ 1)b2 + M_ l'
AMERICAN IN STITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
 4 ·55
ECCENTRIC LOADS ON FASTENER GROUPS
TABLE XIV Coefficients C .
'-
~
Required minimum C _ ~ 1
'. D 1"-
p - ex r. I ~
n - Total number of rutenel1l in any
one vertical row
d' d
•• I~ 0
P - Permissible load actinf. with 3
••
..11i,
effective leYer arm .11 3 P
r. - Permissible load on one flUltener
by Specification
I.n - I"lnal - ('- +
2- n(,
3
3
••
C _ Coefficients tabu 8ted below. 3 "h 3
lIlh

n
1.lf
". 1 2 3 4 , 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
- - - -- - r-- - - - -
I\>
2
2.81
2.55 ,.,.
5.77 8.96
8.25
12.<1
11.5
16.0
15.0
19.8
18.6
23.8
22.'
27.8
26.4
31.9
30.'
36.'
34.6
40.1
38.7
44.2
42.8
2\7
3
3\7
2.34
2.16
2.01
4."
4.50
4.20
7.63
7.10
6.63
10.1
9.91
9.35
14.0
13.1
12.3
17.5
16.5
15.6
21.3
20.1
19.1
25.1
23.9
22.7
29.1
27.8
26.'
33.2
31.8
30.'
37.3
35.9
34.'
....
41.4

38.6

,
4\>
1.88
1.76
3.93
3.69 ,...
6.22 8.79
8.29
11.6
11.0
14.8
14.0
18.1
17.2
21.7
20.6
25.4
24.3
29.2
28.'
33.2
31.9
31.2
35.9
1.66 3." '.53 7.84 10.4 13.3 16.4 19.1 23.2 26.9 30.7 34.6
,\> 1." 3.29 5.24 7.44 9.91 12.6 15.6 18.8 22.2 25.8 29.6 33.'
6 1." 3.12 4.98 7." 9.43 12.1 14.9 18.0 21.3 24.8 28.' 32.2

6\>
7
7\>
1.41
1.34
1.2,
2.97
2.83
2.71
4.74
4.52
'.33
6.74
6.44
6.16
....
9.00

8.24
H.S
H.O
10.6
14.3
13.7
13. 1
17.3
16.6
15.9
20.'
19.7
18.9
23.9
23.0
22. 1
27.4
26.4
25.5
31.1
30.1
29.'
•
.\>
1.22
1.17
2.59
2.49
4. 14
3.98
5.91
5.67
7."
7.59
10.1
9.74
12.6
12.1
15.3
14.7
18.2
17.6
21.3
20.6
24.6
23.8
28.1
27.2

9 1.13 2.39 3.82 5.45 7.30 9.31 H.1 14.2 16.9 19.9 23.0 26.3
10 I." 2.22 3.55 '.06 6.78 8.71 10.9 13.2 15.8 18.6 21.6 24.7
11 .91 2.07 3.31 4.72 6.33 8.14 10.2 12.4 14.8 17.5 20.3 23.3
12
14
.91
.81
1.93
1.72
3.10
2.75
4.42
3.93
5.93
5.27
7.63
6.78 ....
9.53 11.6
10.4
13.9
12.4
16.4
14.7
19.1
17.1
21.9
19.7

16
18
20
...
.72

.60
1.54
1.40
1.28
2.47
2.25
2.06
3.53
3.21
2.94
4.13
4.30
3.94
6.10
'.54
5.01
7.63
6.93
6.35
9.33
8.48
7.77
11.2
10.2
9.34
13.3
12.1
11.1
15.5
14.1
12.9
17.8
16.3
14.9
22 .51 1.18 1.>1 2.11 3.63 4.61 5.85 1.17 8.62 10.2 11.9 13.8
24 .51 1.10 1.76 2.51 3.37 4.33 5.43 6.65 8.00 9." 11.1 12.8

In general, C _ n
v[d2 + . ft
[)2
(n
+ Js(n 2
1)6
1~
]'
+
[
rP + [)2 + ~(n2
I ... D
1)b'+M]'
AMERICAN I NSTITUTE OF STEEL CoNSTRUCTION
'-56
ECCENTRIC LOADS ON WELD GROUPS
The solution of eccentric loading of weld groups is similar to the method
employed for fastener groupe. except that for computation of properties. the
weld is considered a line coincident with the edge to be fillet welded. The
method used is recommended by the American Welding Society. by other
recognj7.ed authorities and appears in several prominent text books.

P - Permissible load, kips

A - Distance from vertical weld to P, inches
1 (a + ,x)
- Length of vertical weld, inches
ki - Length of hori7.ontal weld , inches
L _ Total length of weld, inches - l + 2kl
xl - Distance (rom vertical weld to center of
_ (klP
gravity of weld grouP. in inches
L
A k'i
orx - -
xl .1 L
P cd - Distance from center of gravity of weld group

II , I;fi;x to load P, inches - A - xl

L L!- 1, _ Polar moment of inertia

L~ _ k'll (1 + k)'
"gi'--B 12 L
f. r B D - Numberofsixteenth&ofanincb in ....-eld size
IT.7ir.
_{--Jr, 0.6D - Value of EGOXX weld per sixteenth per
lineal inch, kil_
FORCES f!if B
(Ilm! highly stressed f. - Force on weld at B due to vertical load
point of weld)
P IL
FIG. I
ft = Vertical force on weld at B due to moment
Pal' (k x)
f,
fl - Horizontal force on weld at B due to moment

- Pal'
2 f,
f. - Resultant of forces on weld
- -vi (/,), + (/. + I.)'
and
I. - 0.6D

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

EXAMPLE 1
Given: Find the maximum load P that can be supported by tbe bracket
shown in Fig. 1 when l- - 10 in.• Itl - 6 in . and A - 10 in. Colwnn and
bracket to be ASTM A36 steel. and welds are 38 in .• using EOOXX electrodes.
Plate and column Bange assumed proportioned to accept. the weld and moment
streeses.
Solution:
5
k - - 0.5 L _ 10 + 2(6) - 2()
JO
6' :r _ 1.25 _ 0.125
xl - 20 - 1.25
10
a _ 8.75 _ 0.875
al - 10 - 1.25 - 8.75
10
I _ 20' _ 0.5 1 X 10 1 X 1.51 _ 385
, 12 20

11 _ P _ 0.05P II _ 0.875 X 101 X (0.5 - 0.125) P _ O.OMP

20 ~
I, _ (0.875 X 10 1) P _ 0.1l4P
2 X ~
f. - V(0.U4P)I + (O.05P + O.085P)I - O.I77P
Using the 3S in. weld, D - 6 and f. - 6 X 0.6 - 3.6 kips. Since I. also
equalaO.l77P, P _ ~.6 _ 20.3 kips.
0.177

EXAMPLE 2
Given: Find the same maximum load P by using Table XVU.
Solution:

Enter Table XVlJ; •

I - 10, kl - 6, k - 10 - 0.5, A - 10
x from table (for k - 0.6) - .125 and xl - 0.125 X 10 - 1.25
al _ A - xl _ 10 - 1.25 _ 8.75; a _ 8~~5 _ 0.875

interpolating between a - 0.8 nnd 0.9 with k - 0.5, C - 0.341

Uaing % in. weld. D - 6
P - CDt - 0.341 X 6 X 10 - 20.6 kips.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CoNSTRUCTION

,·58
ECCENTRIC LOADS ON WELD GROUPS
TABLE XV Coefficients C·
ol

I ~
P - Pf';rmissible eccentric load in kipe.
p

~
1 _ Length of each weld in inchee. p
D - Number or sixteenths or an inch
in fillet weld size. ~Anyequal
C - Coefficients tabulated below. distances
p _ eDt
Required Minimum C _ ~
.. .. D - CI
P
S I'EC J.4.L CASg
(Load not in plane of weld group.)
.. .. I
- CD
P Use C.\lftlueflJven in
column head k - O.
k
a
0 0. 1 0.'
~0.4 0.' 0.6 0.7 0.' 0.' 1.0
l.~.J 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0

.... .•" ......" ..., .m ..'"

-f---
0.' .76'.744 .741 .iS3 .773 .796 .819 .930 .955 .916
.., .994 LOI
0.3
0.'
0.'
.582 .570 .m

....
.•62 .•55 .466
.m .l89
....
.597 .625 .655
.519 .552
.'12 .441 .475
.716 .742 .768
.586 .618 .677
.509 .542 .513 .603
.7., .863 .
.702 .741 .785 .811
.630 .678 .719 .754
.914
.84' ...
.931

.785 .Bll
0.6 .322 .320 .332 .35' .383 .415 .449 .481 .513 .543 .511 .620 .663 .700 .732 .760

.,., ,493 .521 .m .615 .653 ....

.
0.7 .278 .278 , .311.338 .36' .401 .433 .464 .716
0.' .244 .246 .2<1 .276.302 .331 .362 .392 .423 .452 .479 .'29 .m .611 .645 .675
D.' .218 .220 .2., .249.273 .300 .329 .359 .388
."
.416 .443 .492 .'36 .<1,
.'" .639
1.0 .198 .199 . Z09 .126.249 ..,2 .3lO .358
....
.l86 .412 .460 .503 .541 .<16 .607
1.2

1..
.166

.142
.167

.144
.176

.152
.191 .211

.165
.234 .259 .28' .311

.183 .204 .227 .150 .274

.336 .360 .406

.298 .3Z0
.486 .'20

.
.,.., ., .... .473
.367 ..., .435 ....
.551

.SO<

.•n .337 .375 ..., .430

1.6 .124 .12:6 .133 .146 .162: .IS1 .201 .2:2:3 .245 .266 .m .329
I.' .110 .Il2: .119 .130 .145 .162: .lSI .2:01 .2:21 .2:42 .262
.m .147 .165 .183
1.0
'.2 ..,
.100
.
.101
.092
.107
.098
.11S
.107 .120 .134 .151 .168
.202
.186
.221 .140 .277 .311 .343 .~74
.204 .221 .256 .289 .l2D .34'
.401
.375

,.• .084 .08' .0., .099 .llO .124 .139 .155 .112 .189 .ZO, .138 .269 .199 .327 .353
'.6
2.8
3.0
.012 .013 .Dn .085 .,.,
.016 .078 .083 .091 .102 .115 .119 .144
.101 .1ZO .135
.066 .Il68 .012 .079 .089 .1CO .113 .116
.160
.149
.140
.116
.164
.155
.192
.ISt)
.169
.223 .253 .184 .308
.Z09
.'"
.16' .191
.197 .22:4 .2:51 .2:75
.333
.315
.300
I
• Coelllo;l,nl' In I.b •• .re for E60XX electrOd. wilh 13,600 p.i .II(1webl, .h,.r 'Iren.
E10XX elecl,ode, used with ASTM A]6, A2.2 or A4-41 bese mete. In member. (If Ih' weld loinT .
I, permitted b~n .lloweble ,h. . , SI'8n of 15,Il00 PIli. 'n luch cues. multiply the ebove
coelflclenll b 1.16.
AMERICAN I NSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
 4 · 59
ECCENTRIC LOADS ON WELD GROUPS
TABLE XVI Coefficients C·

P - Permi88ible eccentrie load in kips.

I - Length of each weld in inehe6.
D - Number of 8iJ:teenths or an inch
in filleL weld 8ize.

kI~
C - Coefficients tabulated below.
P - CDl
P
I. .1 I P
Required Minimum C
. . P
- DI
D - CI
.. . I
P
- CD

k
a
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.' 0.' 0.' 0.' 0.8 0.' 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
-- - - - -- -- - - - - -- -- - - --I - -- -- -- - -
0.2 .54' 553 .57' .611 .652 .•"
.743 .787 .82' ....
.,,, .... .956 1.00 1.04 I." 1.08
0.3
0.'
.429 •• 36 .457
.353 .35' .378
.'"
...,
.S29 .573 .620 .666
.444 .486 .'30 .575
.710 .,OJ .'"
.913
.619 .662 .702 .m .836 .888 .931 .'" .'" .'"
1.02

.'"
. ..,
D.' .300 .306 .323 .34' .383 .422 .463 .548 .'OJ .•30 .'04 .771 .825 .872 .913
.491 .'32 .571 .
D•• .261 .266 .281
.""
.3" .372 .411 .451 .710 .'68 .811 .873

0.'
0.8
.231 236 .250 .272 .300
.20' 211 .224 .244 .270
. 333
.301
.".m ..., ....
.373
.44' .483 .'21 .59] .'58 .711 .769
.443 .479 .548 .613 .672 .724
.815
.m
.""
.'" .... ...•""
D.• .187 .189 .203 .222 .246 .Z15 .339 .374 .•08 .443 .510 .573 .631 .683 .731
1.0 .171 .175 .1" .203 .226 .253 .282 .314 .346 .379 .412 .476 .537
1.2 .146 .ISO .159 .114 .1" .218 .244 .272 .301 .331 .360 .420 .471 .531 .582

I.. .128 .131 .139 .153 .170 .191 .215 .240 .266 .293 .320 .375 .428 .479 .'28 .573
I.. .Il] .Il6 .123 .136 .151 .170 .192 .215 .239 .263 .288 .339 .388 ..36 .482 .'26
1.8 .102 .104 .111 .122 .136 .154 .173 .1" .216 .2]9 .262 .309 .]55 .405 .444 .485
2.0
....
.092 .094 .101 .111 .124 .140 .158 .177 .197 .219 .240 .283 .]27 .36' .410 ••SO

.
2.2 . 084 .092 .102 .114 .I" .145 .163 .182 .201 .221 .262 .303 .343 .382 .419

2.' .... ", ....

.078 .08' .094 .105 .119 .134 .151 .168 .187 .205 .243 .282 .319 .356 .392
."
", ......., .... ....
2.' .072 .074 .079 . .ltO . 125 .I .. .157 .174 .192 .227 .263 .m . 334
2.8 .074 .081 .091 .103 .117 .131 .147 .163 .1" .213 .247 .281 .315
3.0
.
...3 .076 .09' .109 ,123 .138 .153 .169 .201 .233 .26' .", .3"
.m

• Coefficients in teble ere fOf EliOXX electrode wllh 13,600 psi ellowlble sheer stress.
E70XX electrode . used with ASTM A36, A242 Of AU\ ~" melel in memben of the weld loinl.
is pe-milled b~nl elloweble she., I lr ... of 15,Il00 pSI. In luc:h c:ase •. mulUply Ihe ebove
coefflc:lents b 1.16.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION
... ECCENTRIC LOADS ON WELD GROUPS
TABLE XVII Coefficients C'

P - Pennillrible eccentric load in kipe.

I _ Length of weld parallel to load
P in inch ...

F=i
D _ Number of s ixteenths of an inch
in fillet weld aile.
e -

[
Coefficienta tabulAted below.
p xl - Distance from vertical weld t.
center of gnavily of weld group.
<~
P - CDl
p
I- Required Minimum C -J5i
,,~

';; . . P
D - Cl
""" . . I
P
- CD

~.,~

k
• 0.0
.
0.1
~
0.2 0.3
.....
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2
.
1.4 1.' I.'
.
2.0
-- ~ I I I I ,--1 I

.... .... .... ....

0.2 .384 $16 .515 .654 .731 .810 .889 .969 1.05 1.14 1.22 1. .. 1.54 1.7. 1.97 2.17
0.' .291 .'22
.472 .543 •• 12
.23! .351 .395 .522
.749 .82IJ .89'
. 708 .m
.966 1.04 UO
.839 .908 '1.05
1.37 1.54 1.72
1.10 1.3.
1.52 1.69
un
0.' .54'
0.5 .190 .298 .338 .397 .453 .508 .564 .621 .7" .802 .932 1.07 1.21 1.3.
1.52
0.' .161 .254 .Z94 .m .'" ..., .'50 .500 .552 .605 .661 .718 .•36 .963 1.09 1.24 l.38

.44' ....
..•"" .'"
0.7 .139 : .227 .260 .310 .357 .491 .546 .596 .64' .159 .875 1.13 1.27
0.' .122 i .202 .233 .m .l22 .364 ...7 .451 .'191 .54' .592 .802 .917 1.04 1.17
0.' .109 .182 .211 .25' .29' .m .372 .41" .•55 .•99 .54' .741 .96' 1.09
1.0 .099 .166 . 192 .Z3I .26• .306 .34' .381 .•20 .461 .50' .592 .W .788 .897 l.OI
1.2 .08' .I" .i63 .198 .Z3I .25' .298 .m .364 .400 .4]7 .516 ."1 .691 .788 .892

I.. .071 .121 .142 .In .102 .231 .260 .290 .321 .35' .387 .457 .533 .615 .703 .7"
1.. .0;2 .107 .125 .153 .119 .105 .232 .25' .287 .316 .346 .410 ..80 .554 .'34 ,719
!.8 .055 .096 .112 .137 .161 .185 .209 .234 .25' .286 .314 .372 .'36 .504 .578 .'56
2.0 .050 .086 .102 .124 .146 .168 .190 .213 .237 .251 .287 .341 .'99 .462 .531 .603
2.2 .045 .079 .093 .114 .134 .154 .175 .196 .218 .240 .264 .]).4 .36'
.427 .'90 .558

.042 .072 .085 .105 .124 .142 .162 .181 .201 .221 .244 .291 .342 .397 .'56 .519
2.'
2.'
2.'
.038
.036
.0;7
.0;2
.079
.074
.097
.091
.115
.101
.132
.124
.150
.1"
.168
.157
.187
.175
.207
.194
.228 .271 .319 .310 .'85
.213 .254 .299 .347 .m .•56
.•"
' .0 .033 .058 .0;' .085 .100 .116 I .132 .148 .164 .182 .200 .m .281 .327 .'76 .429
, 0 .OM .029 .056 .089 .125 .164 .104 .246 .289 .333 .424 .516 ."1 .704 .800

• Coelfte'-nts In I.bl ..... lor E50XX el.el,od. whh 13,600 psl.now.bI•• n.., .tr"•.
E10XX .I.elrod •. u..d wftn ASTM Al6, AZtl or ,,"1 ba .. metelln .... mber. Ollh .... eld 100ni. Is
pe<mIU.d .n .flo.... bI • • h . .t str... 01 IS.8OII p.t. In .uc:h !;eS", multiply the .bo ...
co.l&'-nl. by 1.16.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
 4 ·61
ECCENTRIC LOADS ON WELD GROUPS
TABLE XVIII Coefficients C·

P _ Per'1'llilEible eccentric load in kipa.

I - Length or weld parallel to load
oJ Pm inchea.
D - Number of lIixteenths o( lin incb
in fillet weld 8i%8.

pI .. I-
,
C .. Coemcienla tabulated below.
xl .. Dilltance (rom vertical weld to
center o( gravity o( weld group.
p ... cm
p
%1- j.-
+- Required Minimum C - 01
. ..
P
D
f...!!.. "' a
. I . P
- CD

a
•
0.2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3

.384 .522 .65' .765 .868

D.' D.' 0.6

.90S 1.0; 1.15

0.7 D.S

1.2,
D.' 1.0

1.34 1.43 1.61 1.80

fj" 1.6

1.99
1.S
,
2.0

2.19 12.38
oJ .29' .'28 .544 .650 .748 .842 .'lO 1.02 1.10 1.19 1.27 1.44 1.61 1.79 1.97 2.15
D.'
D.' .,.,
.231 .357 .•56 .'54 .647
.lO3 .387 .•78 .564
.735 .820 .902 .982 1.0; 1.14 I.lO 1.46

•575 .650 .724 .795 ....

.647 .727 .804 .88' .955 .OJ 1.18 1.33
1.62
1.48
1.79 1.96
'.64 1.80
0.6 .161 .263 .335 .418 .•98 .'36 1.08 1.22 1.36 l.51 1.66

0.7 .'39 .231 .294 .36' .443 .516 .587 .65' .723 .7911
.'" .... 1.12 1.26 1. .. 1.54
D.S
D.'
.122 .206 .262
.109 .186 .236
.331 .m .467
.299 .362 •• 25 .'" .'98
.487 .54'
.662 .726 .787 .913
.610 .670 .729 .847
1.04
.968
1.17
1.09
1.30
1.22
1.44
1.35
1.0 .099 .169 .214 .272 .331 .3911 .44' .507 .564 .622 .678 .791 .9115 1.02 1.14 1.26

..
1.2 .083 .143 .181 .231 .283 .335 .387 .•39 .491 .542 .'94 .697 .801 .9116 1.02 1.13

.•34 .481 .'28 .622 .m .815 .915 1.02

I.'
1.6
,071 .124 .156

.,.,
.0;2 .109 .137
.200
.177
.246
.217
.293
.2S7
.340
.300
.387
.34' .388 .432 .474 .561 .64'
.739 .S" .,
1.8 .097 .122 .156 . 191 .227 .263 .302 .34' .387 .431 .511 .593 .676 .762 ~
;~
2.0 .050 .088 .111 .140 .171 .202 .235 .269 .305 .343 .380 .46' .54' .623 .703
2.2 .04' .080 .100 .127 .154 .182 .211 .242 .274 .300 .34' .423 .50' .578 .653 .7

2.' .042 .074 .091 .1I6 .141 .166 .192 .220 .249 .276 .312 .382 .462 .'39 .609 .68:
2.6 .038 .1168 .084 .107 .129 .152 .176 .201 .228 .255 .28' .'".421 .501 .571 6•
2.S
3.0 .0" .,.,
.036 ."3 .077 .099 .120
.073 .092 .113
.141 .163 .186 .210
.131 .151 .173 .195
.235
.218
.l62 ."1 .382
.l4l .297 .358
.•60 .537
.425 .500
.60
.56

% 0 .008 .029 .056 .08' .125 .164 .>D4 .246 .289 1.333 .42:4 1 .516 1 .601 .704 ...
• Coefficient. In tabl. are for E60XX e'eclrode with 1l.600 pst allowable sh.ar Iltns.
E10XX .1e<:ltOde, used with ASTM A36. A24.Z or AUI base metatln membets 01 the weld Ioint. fs
p ... mllled:~ allowable She .. r stress of 15.800 psI. In lue" en.s. multiply the abo ... e
r;oelflden" 1.16.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
4 - 62
ECCENTRIC LOADS ON WELD GROUPS
TABLE XIX Coefficients C'

P - Permissible eccentric load in kips.

1 _ Length of longer welds in inchel.
D - Number of lixleenthll of 9n inch
'" in fillet. weld size.
C - Coefficienl8 tabulated below.
Note: When loa.d P ill percr.ndicular to

[ p
longer Bide 1 use ta Ie on facing
page.
p - COl
p
Required Minimum C - 01
.. .
W . . I
P
D - Cl
P
- CD

a
•
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 D.' D.' D.' 0.7 0.8 D.' 1.0

0.2
0.3
.768
.582
.'"
.10]
1.01
.814
1.11
.920
1.21
1.D2
1.31
1.12
1.41
1.21
1.50
1.30
1.60
1.40
1.70
1.49
1.80
I."
D.'
D.'
D.'
.462
.380
.322
.570
.475
.407
.675
.571
.•94
.775
.66'
.580
.871
.756
.665
.963
.844
.747
.•"
1.05

.828
Ll4
1.01
.908
l.23
1.10
.985
1.32
1.18
1.06
1.41
1.26
1.14

0.7
0.8
D.'
.218
.244
.218
.355
.314
.2BI
•• 34
.386
.348
....
.514

.416
.592
.533
.485
.610
.606
.553
.745
.677
.620
.821
.748
.687
.894
.819
.754
....
.968

.820
1.04
.958
.885
1.0 .198 .255 .316 .380 .444 .508 .511 .635 .698 .760 .823
1.2 .166 .214 .267 .323 .380 0437 .493 .'50 .607 .664 ,721

I.. .142 .185 .231 .2BI .331 .382 .434 .485 .531 .589 .641
1.6 .124 .162 .204 .248 .294 .340 .387 .'34 .481 .529 .571
1.8
2.0
.110
.100
.145
.131
.182
.165
.222
.201
.'"
.239
.306
.278
.348
.318
.392
.358
.• 36
.398
.419
.439
.523
.•80
2.2 .090 .U9 .150 .184 .219 .255 .292 .32' .367 .•04 .443

2.'
2.6
....
.076
.109
.101
.138
.12B
.169
.156
.202
.187
.235
.218
.26'
.250
.JO.1
.283
.339
.316
.375
.34'
.411
.383
2.8
3.0
.072
.066
.094
.088
.119
.111
.146
.136
.174
.163
.204
.191
.234
.Z19 .'"
.248
.296
.Z78
.327
.308
.35'
.338

• Coefflclenilin leble ere lor E60XX electrode wllh 13.600 psi elloweble Ih ... II'MI.
E10XX electrode. used with ASTM A36, A1f2 or A441 bue melelln members 01 n'e weld lolnl . II
permitted e~yelllow.bte Ihe •• Siren 01 15.800 pst In such easel. multIply the .bove
eoe"lclenls b 1.16.
AMERICAN I NSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
 4 ·63
ECCENTRIC LOADS ON WELD GROUPS
TABLE XX Coefficients C·

P ... Permilleible eccentric load in kips.

l ... Length of longer welda in inches.
D _ Number of sixteenths of an inch
in fillet weld size.
c ... Coefficienls tabulated below.

kr£1 I. ' .1
Note: When load Pis paralJel to longer
side I uae lable On facing page.
p ... cm
Required Minimum C ...

" " D-
~
p
ap
" " , - CD

• 0 0.1 0.2 D.' D.'

k
0.5 D.' 0.7 0.8 0.' 1.0

0.2
D.'
.545
.'29
.662
.5.,
.782
.• 36 .""
.746
1.03
.860
1.16
.976
1.2.
1.l0
1.41
1.22
1.54
1.34
1.67
1.46
1.80
1.58
D.' .l5' .442 .•36 .'35 .738 .844 .952 1.06 1.17 1.29 1.41
0.5 .300 .319 .46' .552 .645 .742 .842 .94' I.OS U5 1.26
D.' .261 .331 .407 .488 .573 .662 .753
.'" .94' 1.04 1.14

0.7
D.'
.231
.207
.294
.265
.364
.328
.438
.397
.516
.46'
.597
.544
.681
.•22
.768
.703
."7
.7"
....
.871
1.04
.958
D.' .187 .241 .299 .36' .• 29 .•99 .574 .647 .725 .804 .885
1.0
1.2
.171
.146
.221
.189
.275
.237 .'"
.288
.196
.34'
.462
.402
.'"
.460
.599
.523
.672
.587
.746
.653
.82'
.721

I.. .128 .166 .108 .253 ..,2 .354 .407 .46' .521 .580 .641
I.' .113 .147 .1"
.167
.226 .270 .317 .365
.,30
.416 .'68 .521 .577
1.8 .102 .132 .204 .244 .287 .371 .425 .474 .523
2.0 .092 .120 .152 .186 .223 .262 .30' .345 .38' .• 34 .'80
2.2 .1184 .110 .139 .171 .105 .241 .279 .318 .'58 •• 00 .443

2.' .078 .102 .129 .158 .190 .22' .258 .295 .'32 .371 .411
2.' .on .095 .120 .147 .177 .108 .240 .275 .310 .346 .383
2.8 .067 .088 .112 .138 .165 .1% .227 .257 .290 .32' .35'
'.0 .06' .D8l .lOS .129 .155 .183 .212 .242 .273
."" .l.l8

• Coefllc:l.nl$ In tllbl. IIrll for E60XX electrode with 11.600 psi .1I0w.ble shear stress.
El0XX .Ie.:trode. used with ASTM A36. A212 or A44t base metar In membClfs Of Ihe weld loll'l l, Is
permitted abyauowable she. r StrllSS of 15,800 pil. In luch cal ... munlpty the above
coefllcl.nll b 1.16.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CoNSTRUCTION
4 ·64
ECCENTRIC LOADS ON WELD GROUPS
TABLE XXI Coefficients C·

P - Permissible eccentric load in kipe.

I _ Length of weld parallel to lORd
P in inches.
ol D _ Number of ailteenlhs of an inch

r
%.
in fiUet weld aite.
C - Coefficienbl tabulated below.
xl - Distance from vertical weld to
center of gravity of weld (P"Oup.
Qp P - eDt p
Required Minimum C -m
W ..
..
..
.
D - Cl
I
I'

P
- CD

k
a
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.' 0.5 0.' 0.7 0.' 0.' 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.' 1., 2.0
- - - - -- -- --
0.2 .384 .• 34 .462 .484 .505 .527 .552 .582 .615 .651 .691 .778 .875 .977 1.09 1.20
0.3 .291 .m .375 .394 .412 .431 .451 .476 .503 .534 .56' .645 .731 .823 .920 1.02
0.'
0.5
0.'
.m .268
.190 .221
.161 .188
.301
.248
.211
.331
.276
.234
.347 .363 .381
.299 .313 .329
.,.3 .275 .290
.402
.347
.306
.426
.368
.325
.392 .419
.346 .370 .•25
.... ....
.453 .483 .550 .527
.54'
.711
.•25
.558
.800 .894
.707 .794
.•34 .713

0.7
0.'
.13'
.122
.162
.143
.•82
.161
.203
.178
.225 .246
.198 .221
.258 .273 .290 .310 .332
.233 .247 .,.2 .100
.382 .440 .504 .574
.300 .346 .•00 .459 .525 .593
....
0.' .109 .128 .143 .159 .176 .197 .212 .225 .239 .256 .274 .317 .367 .422 .483 .548
1.0 .099 .115 .129 .144 .159 .178 .195 .207 .220 .235 .252 .292 .338 .390 .447 .508
1.2 .103 .097 .110 .120 .133 .148 .167 .178 .189 .203 .218 .253 .293 .340 .390 .444

1.4
1..
.071
.062
.103
.073
.093
.101
.103
.090
.114
.100
.127 .143 .156 .166 .178 .191 .22' .25' .300 .346 .395
.m .125 .139 .148 .159 .171 .199 .232 .,.,
.310 .355
1.8 .055 .065 .073 .080 .10' .099 .m .125 .134 .143 .154 .180 .210 .244 .282 .323
2.0 .050 .058 .065 .072 .100 .109 .100 .112 .122 .130 .140 .164 .191 .223 .258 .296
2.2 .045 .053 .05' .066 .073 .081 .091 .102 .112 .120 .129 .151 .176 .205 .238 .273

2.' .042 .04' .055 .000 .066 .074 .083 .093 .103 .111 .119 .139 .163 .190 .220 .253
2.' .038 .04' .050 .056 .062 .068 .077 .086 .096 .103 .m .130 .152 .177 .205 .236
2.' .036 .041 .047 .052 .057 .063 .071 .080 .090 .096 .105 .121 .142 .166 .192 .222
3.0 .033 .038 .044 .050 .054 .000 .066 .075 .084 .090 .097 .114 .133 .156 .181 .209

% 0 .005 .017 .035 .057 .Il83 .113 .144 .178 .213 .250 .327 .408 .•92 .579 .667

• Coellicl.nt. In t.bl ••• e for UOXX .1kt1ode .... lth 13.600 pil .11o ..... bl •• h•• r . Ir....
E10XX .Iect.od •. u•• d wllh ASTM "36. "2.2 or "''''1 b.se m.tet tn member. of the ..... Id Ioin i. b
permill.d .n .11o ..... ble Ih'.r . Inln of 15.800 psi. In .uch e. .... multiply the 'bov.
coelflclentl b 1.16.
AMERI CAN I NSTITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRU CTION
 ECCENTRIC LOADS ON WELD GROUPS
....
TABLE XXII Coefficients C·

oj
,
P .. Pennissible eccentric l08d in kips .
.. Length or weld paraUcl to load
P in inches.
D .. Number of aixteentlu! of an inch
in fillet weld me.
C .. Coefficients tabulated below.
x/ .. Distance (rom verticaJ weld lo

'C:W
center of gravity of weld group.
p .. COl

RequiTed Minimum C .. ~
. .. P

. .. ,D .. CI

- CD
p

• 0
•
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.' 0.5 D.• 0.1 D•• 0.' 1.0 1.2 1.' 1.6 1.8 2.0
-- --
.•,. - - - - --I -
0.2 .l84 .478 .516 .554 .595 .•" .684 .733 .184 .8]7 .945 1.00 1.17 1.28 1.39
0.3
0.'
0.'
.m .335 .36' .400
.231 .261 .295 •321
.1" .220 .244
.'"
••32
.348
.2Ol
.461
.379
.316
.505 .541 ,593
.41l .'50
.346 .319 ,.115
.." ... .... .... .... ....
.641
.534
. '56
.691 .796 .0l4 1.01 1.12 1.24
.581
.5"
.183 1.10
.188 .8<JO .993
0.6 .161 .181 .201 .221 .247 .210 .2'l6 .l26 .35' .395 .435 .520 .611 .100 .0)3 .902

0.1
d••
.139
.122
.162
.143
.118 .197 .215 .236
.159 .174 .1" .209
.15' .286 .316 .34' .38S
.230 .2<4 .281 .312 .344
.463 ....
.417 .497 .581 .66'
.638 .no .82'
.758
0.' .109 .121 .142 .156 .170 .187 .201 .229 .153 .281 .312 .379 .•54 .'33 .616 .102
1.0
1.2
.099
."13
.115
.096
.128 .141 .154 .110
.107 .118 .129 .143
.187
."".231 .256 .284
.158 .175 .196 .217 .242
.341 .417 .49] .571
. 297 .359 .421 .... .652
.512

I..I.,
1.. .071 .013 .092
.062 .073 .lOt
.055 .00' .072
.... .... .".
.102 .U2 .123 .136
.120
,079 .Ill1 .096 .107
.151
.133
.119
.169 .189 ~1O
.14\1 .171 .1'"
.133 .149 .166
.25' .315 .316 .440 .50s
.233 .2Ol .336 .395 .•57
.201 .253 ..,3 .358 .421
2.0
2.2 ...,
.050 .058 .00'
.053 .05'
.072 .079 .Ill1 .096
.1<, .on .079 .088 ....
.Ill! .120 .135 .151
.IlO .12l .138
.187 .2., .Z76 .321 .380
.171 .210 .2<4 .301 .351

2.'
2.6
."2
.038 ........ ....
.054 .106 .073 .Ill1

.... .'"
.100 .113 .121 .158 .194 .235
.050 .055 .1<1 .rX;1 .015 .013 .093 .105 .m .147 .10) .218
.279 .325
.259 .>J3
2.'
....
.036 .042 .047 .051 .056 .062 .on .081 .091 .109 .137 .168 .204 .243 .284
3.0

% 0 ...
.033 .039 .043

,
.053 .058 .065 .072 .Ill1 .092 .102 .128 .158 .191

.017 .035 .057 .013 .113 .144 .118 .213 .250 . 321
,
.... ,
.228 .261

.•92 .57'
. .661
• eo,tnclent. hI 'abt, are lor E60XX electrode with 1l.600 psi allowable ahe •• I lr ....
E70XX ele<:trode, u.. d with ASTM "36, A24Z 01' ..... 1 bU. metel In memb.,. 01 the weld Joint. I.
~mllt.d en ,"owable ,he.r S(r!ll1S 0115 ..:10 pal. tn sueh ease., m",ltlpl)I tI•• above
eoertlcl,nt. b 1.16.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
4 - 66
ECCENTRIC CONNECTIONS
BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTION To avoid moment in the column full
eccentricity in the fasteners connecting plate
to beam should be figured. Lever arm I should
, be used. A coefficient for this fastener group,
~ ~
,'........
G· '
for ordinary cases, can be found in the tablllII
, on pages ... 52 to .. - 55.
FieJd fasteners connecting plate to column
should be used (least number) if beam can be
erected and if there are no interfering details in
the web of the column. The plate should figure
for a moment with lever arm i\. See page 4 - 68 for table of Net Section
Moduli of Bracket Plates.

SYMMETRICAL BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTIONS A Bingle plate

acroEl8 the column may be used. [f the reac-
, tions of tbe two beams are equal there is no ec-
centricity to figure on either beams or columns.
"~ ! The case of live load o n one beam only must..
I'- "
,
I however, be considered. Where for this or other
reason the beam reactions are unequal, figure the
1 I, fasteners in the column for the sum of the reac-
tions and the difference of the moments, taken
to the center of the connection. See page" - SO.
Plate should figure for greater moment with lever arm 1\_ See page 4-68
for table of Net Section Moduli of Bmcket Plates.

ZEE CONNECTIONS In general use for light loads only. Eccentricit.y in

fasteners connecting connection angle to the
beam should be figured, using the lever arm I.
Eccentricity in fasteners connecting connection
angle to colwnn, with a lever arm of Li • should
be figured. The thickness of the angle should
be ample to resist the bending moment. See
page 4-67.
Eccentricity in fasteners connecting the
two connection angles should be figured if the
lever arm l, is 2 I ~ in. or more. Tbe connection should be designed 80 field
work is at a minimum. There can be many variations of this type of connec-
tion depending on the length of I,. The eccentricity should be considered in
all cases.

TRUSS CONNECTION
The intersection of the working lines should
be located to bold the effect of moment on con-
nection and colUlW1 to a minimum.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 4 · 67

HANGER AND BRACKET CONNECTIONS

Structural Tee or Double Angle
Allowable loads in kips per inch

~
HANGERS BRACKETS

Z.87 4.13 5.62

1.91 2.75 3.74
1.43 2.06 2.81
1.15 1.65 2.25
0.96 1.38 1.87
0.82 1.18 1.60
0.72 l.O] 1.40
0.64 0.92 1.25
0.57 0.83 1.12
0.52 0.75 1.02
0.48 0.69 0.94
0.44 0.64 0.86
•n t.buleted .boy• .

The following method of design using a maximum bending stress of

22,000 pai is recommended. Angles and atructuraJ tees are considered re-
strained in cases shown above or in similar cases. Point of critical moment is
888umed at tangent of 6llet of outstanding leg of angle or tee.
• p _ SStI' . 14.67tt
Be e
where P - Allowable load on two angles or structural tee,
in kips per linear inch.
e _ Distance from tangent of fil1et of angle or tee to center of rivet,
in inches. {e/ 2 is the lever ann used to determine moment,
because angles and tees are considered restrained.}
t/ - Thickness of angle or Bange of tee, in inches.
For brackets 8B shown sbove and in Fig. 3, page 4 -5 1, divide the tension
in the two top rivets by the rivet pitch to obtain the load per linear inch of
two angles .
• Pia for fitting o nly; for prying action on fastener see Section 1.5.2.1 of Com-
mentary o n AlSC Specification. .
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
• ·68
BRACKET PLATES
Net Section Moduli

""
""
DlIome'tIf 01 holn ...umed
"" In . I.rg... Ihen nomine'
dllome'.,. 01 rivet '1t "I" 1)5«,;"" modor; ",,"
along this line
Rive" ,paeed
3 In. vertically

No. of
Rlyets O.plh * In. Rive's ll! In. Rlvetl lin . Rive ••
'0
00'
Vertlc,1
"
Pla'e
'0
Thlckn... 01 Pilote, In. Thickness of Pla'e, In. Thlckn", 01 PI"e, In.
fnchlll I
I~ 1-"- " +-~ ,., " "
lio
I~ .~
,
lIl'Il

6
\4
l.2 L8 " ,., " " ,.,
, ,., ,.,,.. ,., ,., .., '-' ..,
'-' ,., "
,., "
'.5 1.7
I-'-
'.0 '.2 '.7 '.8 U
,
3 '.5 5.0
8.7
7.5 '.8 5.' '.5 5.' '.8 7.' '.0
7.8 '.7 12
,
5
12
IS
,., "
6.' 10
IS
II
17
24
"
13 6.'
20 10 13
18
" 10
16
23
12
19
27
22 12 IS 18 21 24
32 17 21 26 30 34
16

7
18
21 13 20 "19
26 33
14
39 19 25 31 37 43 23 29 35 41 47
,
8 24
27
17 26
22 32 43 54
43 34 51 24 32 40 48 56 30 38 45 53 61
71 38 48 57 n
10 30 27 40 53
n "
ao SO
65 31

II. "
38
"
41

72 90
" 51
63
61
75
126 68
47 71
85 102
83 94
116
12

"
16
36
42
48
"
38 96 115
52 78 104 130 157
68 102 136 170 204 I"
54

96ISO lao
'"
74 98 123 "7 172 92
160 192 22. 12\l
Il5 138 161
2ll
184
241
'59 122 162 203 24' 284 152 190 266 304
18
2\l
22
54
60
66
" 129 172 215
196 160 213 266 '19
129 193 257 322 386
ISO
"" 363 42. '"'"
200
182 242 303
300 350 188
"7
235 329
284 341 398
'76
45.
24 72 153 230 306 383 '59 216 288 360 .32 504 27' '38 '96 473 541
26 78 lao 27' 539 254 '38 42' S07 592 317 397 '76 555
'" '598" '" '34

.. '"
28 84 208 313 417 521 294 392 '90 588 686 368 460 552 644 736
90 '38 'SO 56' 675 7" '22 528 633 845
30
32
34 "
102
24' '78
272 408 544 680 816
461 61' 768 922
718
384 512 640 768 .96 480
'34 578 723 "7 1012
600 721 841 '"
678 813 9491085
961

36 II. 34' m 68' 861 1033

Int"-POllott lor Intlrm,dlete Ihlck" ... 01 pla'e •.
4Il6 648 810 1134
'" ""'" 7" 912 106.1\ l1216

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CoNSTRUCTION

 " ·69
BENT PLATES
Minimum radius for cold bending
The following table gives the generally accepted minimum inside radii of
bends in terms of thickness, t, for various steels listed. Values are for bend
lines transverse to the direction of final rolling. When bend lines llTe pllTnUel
to the direction of final rolling, add J.1t to the values s llown. When bend
lines are longer than 36 inches, aU radii may have to be increased if problems in
bending are encountered.

Th lcko." 10 In<=hes
ASTM DesIgnalion
Up to 'Ai av., 1.4
,. I<> ,. ,Y.i
ava, Over 110 2

.7
°A283 Grade C , , 1Y<;t U
A373
.l6 1Y2:t 1y'!t 2t 2Y.!t
.,,, 2t ~ •... •...
'44'
M" '\',I 3\1' •... •. ..
.. 0.6 F, _ 18000 psI •
• 11 is ,Komm.nded Ihat malerialln Ihls Ihk:kn... ,anile be bent hot.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

4 ·10

SUGGESTED DETAilS
Beam framing
o.t.Ua on thll .nd Il>CCeedJn, P1I'" .f. SU".llad treatments only, .nd .f. nollnl.nd.d to limIt Ih.
u" of oth .. slmll.f conn.ctlonl nOl lI!ultr.I.d.

SHEAR CONNECTIONS

- -*=* +---_I~

.• -

2.ngles 21n~

Slotted holes in top angle

to allow for overrun of ~
beam depth -t

Note: Check intensity of

Seatangle...J web shear In coped beam

TYPICAL SKEWED CONNECTI ONS

Punch hol!S skewed
in detail material,
square WIth iIXlS 01 beam

?~IF~~;:::::lIINoteA)

Note A: Fat bent plal e connection. size of plate should be checked using
arm I. end eccentricity In fasteners checked using tables 01 Eccentric Loads
on Fastener Groups.
Note B: I f a combination of several connections occur at one level. provide
field and driving clearance.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 4 ·71
SUGGESTED DETAILS
Beam framing
MOMENT CONNECTIONS
Wind bracing connections. or connections designed 10 resist bending moments, IIrl usually
made with angles, struct ural tees or plales.

PrCMde drMng cltarance ~

~.~.' ......::r:;J.
-,]- -~Momenl~ (Nets
~ I Shims

T"

' -Tu or angles

~
•
:'4-
~

--

..........--Shims
-
- ~
Stifle
(if req "'~-<
"I
I -V I
- _'l
...r" SlIffene.s [If req'd)
:::1

Stiffeners"",,-
(il req'd) \'~+-IIftl"':-=-;
Stiffeners
(if req'd)
-.
~ ( I/Ii

~Kbonse.1

AMERICAN I NSTITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION

. -n
SUGGESTED DETAI LS
Beam framing
SHEAR SPLICES

:-rmr"
~B~ tID
L 1or 2 plates
Note: Of the aboye typu, 4 framing angles is more lIelible.

BOLTED MOMENT SPLICES

..••• .••
,

=<>- "mO' beams

to bear
WELDED MOMENT SPLICES
Splice plate (ship loose)
.~
"-- . Baclong bar ~Note A.
_-....","F;;;""9l1G1'1 bolts ttyp;,:;.;.I--'1':::=~--<
~-V. H ,. L Note A
• :. ~~• ..l<~~d :+-<Note A
... Shear carned Shear carried ~
Erettlon ' - by seal angle by plates Notch beam Note B
~IS Backing baf~ webs (typJ
'" to,
Note A: Joint preparation depends on thickness of material, and welding process.
Note B: Invert this joint preparation if beam cannot be turned over.

MOMENT SPLICE AT RI DGE 'BEAM OVER COLUMN

(FIELD BOLTED) (WITH CONTINU ITY)

Note A ,Note C

,":/"'j~~~N~';;-:1area should
be checked. (See
AISCSpec .. S&lIIO.l)

Note A: Two stillen",s, effective only if deck

or slab prevents ,,,talion of top flange .
Note B: Optional location of 2. stiffeners oyer
supporting column II.nies.
Nole C: If column abolle, use" fitted stiffeners.
• rot Pintle Oesl&n ••• 511'K. SCI!;t. 2.5.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CoNSTRUCtiON

 4 -13

SUGGESTED DETAILS
Column base plates

t
'" ~L
'" ~l
'"
""''''''
""'~

Base plate shop-welded to Base plate detailed and shipped separately

column shaft

Washer
I
,I"

w.",,,,

' -_ _-=:'o-. Anchor bolls

Base plate shop-welded to column shaft, or shipped as a separate piece

Note: Anchor bolts should be spread as far as practiC81 for safety during erection .

AME RICAN I NSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

4 · 74
SUGGESTED DETAILS
Column splices
Riveted and bolted

Erection deara~
Erection pin hoie
I
I/
~E_
(opuooal)
7 Non-bearing fill

clealanct!
:! /
r
~L:~-PB~
~r -
&
II

D,
""
DEPTH OF Du AND D, BUTT PlATE
NOMINALLY THE SAME

• Erection pin hole

(opbOnill)
I
• I

I. D, ,I
DEPTH Du NOMINALLY
2 IN. LESS THAN D,
Note: Erection clearance = 'AI in.

AMER ICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 4-7,
SUGGESTED DETAILS
Column splices
Welded

Erection pin hole

("""",)
,r""""
clearance
""
~ +,:+
-- -
l fr
2
-
::
"
"
--/"- " r-Ir
~j Ilr r-
"" jt
DEPTH Of D,. AND D, Bun PLAT[
NOMINALLY THE SAME

Erection pin hole

clearance (optIOnal)
.~

DEPTH Du NOMINALLY
2 IN. LESS THAN D,
Note 1: Election clearance Y.u to lA, in.
Note 2: When Du and D I. are nominally the same and th in lills 8'd required, s hop may attac h
splice plate to upper section and provide field clearance over lower section.

AMERICAN IN 5TtruTE Of STEEL CoNSTRUCTION

.. " 76

SUGGESTED DETAILS
Miscellaneous
STRUCTURAL TUBING AND PIPE
BEAM-TO-COLUMN CONNECTIONS

'h""b .~
Typ.
~
I :I :~;'mbl' '.om§
No:cO!umn. -
....,..,..... enter plate Alternate locatiofl
of erection seat

Erection seat:
miflimum shop weld
~bic (remove aftereleclion
Base Plate if necessary)
Note: Datails similar l or pipe and tubing.

GIRT CONNECTIONS PURLIN CONNECTIONS

r"-h_
~ Column _ _ 4-__

~Gjrtrjnes
SHELF ANGLES WITH ADJUSTMENT

5 1/l long clip angle 5'h

~
511,"loflg clip angle-.........
'1' 3 1'/.
(slot both legs 1 11{...t...- .
5 long cliP"
1'/.-1-
//
foradJuslment) angle
iorrAll OF SHIM
Boltheads_I~~~~
Bolt heads this side Ihis s i d e D 3 I,," slotted shims

Slot for !fa' horizontal

adjustment

Note: Horizontal adjustment Is made by slotted holes; vertical adjustment may be made
by slotted holes or by shims.
For tolerance allowance In alignment. see AISC Code of Standard Practice.
AMER.j.CAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
 4 ·71
SUGGESTED DETAI LS
Miscellaneous

:ill ]0[ H
TYPICAL BEAM SEPARATORS
j'dla Pipe;
Rodsl¥llh
I:':£":£
"""
~CM II fI tH
m n IIAngle Plate and Angle Pipe
§
TIE RODS AND ANCHORS
21jztol\fl Iklol1h
~ to c. of beams

Helt.nul W_ ~
Hell nuts

Helt.nut
Length of rod o. to o.
should be specified in d
mUltiples 01 3 In Weight includes one
1)"'- Total Weichl Ptate heavy hexagon nut
'0. .nd...ur., I...., ..uta, Lb. r
t .18 '0. . ........
""m w",""

,~
.0871 L'.
• 12tH .24
t .ae , -- ,.,..,
. I io/
.223/ .56
Note: Dimension d should
bf' l)ased on design leq't
for uptilt :~
1'0"
1'3"
1'3" ..,
Tie Rods Anchor Bolts Swedge Bolls

,
~>lh "ru.n.
'0.
10.nd und ...
12_14
16-18
'0.
-
,,
,
..
WI • .nth '"
Oh.
in. M I60

% In. lod 1'-9'" long. Weigh t 3 lb.

""
....
2-1 .00 " ..... ""
1I.0

Government Anchor Angle Wall Anchors

AMERIC~N INSTITUTE OF STEEL CoNSTRUCTION
4 ·78

DETAILING PRACTICE
Bolted and riveted con nections
Maximum efficiency in the fabrication of structural steel by modem shops is
entirely dependent upon close cooperation between designing office, drafting room
and shop. Designs should be favorable to, the drafting room should recogruze and
caU for, and the shop should adapt its equipment to, the use of recurrent details
which have been standardized.
Considerat.ion should be given to duplication of details a nd multiple punching
or drilling. Utilization of standard jigs and machine set-ups eliminates unnecessary
handling of material and aids drilling or punching holes in groups.
Column gage lines should conform to the standard machine set.ups illustrated
below. Once determined they should be duplicated as far aa possible throughout.
a nyone job. Gages on an individual member if possible should not be varied
throughout the length of that member.

DRill GAGES
K eep gages a nd longitudi nal spacing alike, if possible, as drilling can be done
simultaneously in both flanges.

Standard 3 3

~l'"
a
"
Minimum a - 3 in.; maximum a controlled by size of member. Gages other
than standard should be multiples of 3 in.

PUNCH GAGES
51k L ...
3~jlr 1~________~..
~ooo~ro~________~MT"~I1~;P='6~O~'.3
- 3 2V. 21/z 23(. 3 3V~ I
: W; ~35'" si l
\
::!:: ~~.-
21/~ 2112 20/. 3
•
3 1/_
I
I c

Standard die blocks

Minimum b _ 2M in .; maximum b controlled by size of member. Gages other
than standard should be multiples of 3 in. Maximum c controlled by size of
member.
Longitudinal spacing of holes for both punched and driUed work ahould be 3
in. or multiples of 3 in. The adoption of such spacing facilitates the use of multiple
drills and punches and makes possible the use of the Framed Beam Conrwct.ions
given on pages " · 12 to -4 • 18.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
 4·79
In general t he principles governing the selection of gages and longitudinal spac-
ing of holes in beam webs and Banges are identical with those for columna. Sketches
and notes for "Punch Gages" apply to all sections. Minimum goges are tabulated
under " Dimensions for Detailing" in Part 1. See page 4 - 81 for information
a nd dimensions pertaining to clearance requirements.
BeaITlB are connected to columns or other bealTlB by rramed, heavy framed or
seated connections. The need of providing for wind or bending requires a specially
designed moment connection. Typical examples of seated and wind bracing con-
nections are illustrated on page 4 . 71.
H eavy framed beam connections, page 4 - 16 should be used only when the
cApaci:ies of fra med connections are exceeded. Stiffened beam seats, page 4 - 36,
should be used only when the cnpacities of unstiffencd beam scats are exceeded.

Copes, blocks and cuts

Note 1 "Cut not chip"

A B

r1CJO
Note 2 "Cut and chip"
=-=';!F==
j\~lternate Note I. Preferred
Co,!" Note 2: Use II surface C
mU$t be flush with web

AJI re-enlmnt comers shall be shaped, notch free, to a radius of at least >i in.
These sketches indicate standard methods of providing clearance for beams
connecting to beams or columns. Where possible, a minimum clearance of Ii in.
is to be provided. Fabricators may vary in designation and dimensions of copes
and blocks. Some fabricators designate all of the operations pictured above by the
term "cuts."
For economy, coping or blocking of beams should be avoided if possible.
When construction will permit, the elevation of the top of filler bellms should be
established a sufficient distance below the top of girders to clear the girder fillet.
Unusually long or deep copes and blocks, or blocks in beams with thin webi, may
materially affect the capacity of the beam. Such beams must be investigated for
both shear and moment at lines A a nd B a nd . when n&cel!Jary, adequ81.e reinforce-
ment provided.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

• ·80
RIVETS AND THREADED FASTENERS
Erection clearances
BOLT IMPACT WRENCHES

DLI5ClJQJ '"-

~
~=ft
c .1
ir!~~1]]=::::;@3
-[%J2'I.EXTENSIONBAR
'IJI'
I. • 1 fAvailable In lengths
6lJl to 1'·3 MINIMUM CLEARANCES
'F

"~
~C- 01'
_...

20- fof3f4
EID UNIVERSAL JOINT
2\'0 If" """'"P
to 11

Boll
Socke t, Min. Cle.t.

15- for 7/.. l'

.. SI1.I A B E F

~ C 0
---,.--- 2 l r 1%
11,
% 3 2'A 1\4
Light 1> 3'A 210 l'A HI
Wrenches
% to 1 l-llA to 1·2 2\4 1 3'. 211 11\, 1~ 8
11' 3'.4 21> FAe WI,
Heavy
1 to 1% 1·31,4 to 1.51.4 210 1\4 4 3\0 "', PYle
Wrenches

RIVET GUNS
'" 4'A 3\4

~ .J]: Jr=f
~c D

INVERTED HANDLE

Rivet Stllndard Inverted

~,. 0
L C L C
LIght 1·5 ~ to 1·
Hemmer " .%.J> 2\1 910 1-9 to 2-2 1·2 to 1·3% 1·5 to 1·7

Medium
% 101% 210 1· 10% to 1· Z-Z to 2·4 1-5'h to I-B';i 1·9 to HO Y:
Hammer 1110
Heavy
Hammer 110 2\1 2·2y'! 2·' ... ...
AMERI CA N IN STITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
 4 · 81

RIVETS AND THREADED FASTENERS

Field erection clea rances
RIVET CLEARAN CE- W' COLU MNS

Th" d,menSl(ln constant

lo r W column se<:tK)llS
at s.ame nom,nal depth
"
3"
.."
5'\. 5', 14 W 426 to 43
12 W 190 t0 40
IO W1I 2 1033
.-
1',
,
3
2\'.
",-
<
'. I
<
, 8 W 671024

I w_
-".-
n -~ """~

~
0- -{6)
~ 0- --B
l •
Mu Iflpior
--- .", ..... b

'. ...
en lllnnl'ltkl •.vels

14 W 42610 43 .- ,~ 14 W" 426t0 43

"
,
3
.-
3't
3' .• 3'
, .'
511, 12 WI 90to40
10 W 11210 3l
8 W 671024
,. .-
41', 4'~

3 12-.1
12 W 190 1040
10 IfF 11210 3l
8 W 671024
•
I,
IV,
I'
I

S.sed on Dl me nl lonle l StruclUt".1 Rivet., p".e 4 ·12 . n d LenKth 01 Struduf.l Riv. t., "" . .. 4.1) 4 _...

BOLT CLEARANCE-W' COLUMNS

V. lues shown .bov. lor riYel el ••f.nc..... ccn IWY.'1Ye wh.n .ppll.d Ie boltl. SM "Speclti.
Clition for St'l,Ic1ufJ' JoInts u5illil ASTM A125 8011," to comjXIt. ov.... II'.f1l1lh' lor .... rkMI s &J1ps ,

fLANGE CUTS fOR COLUMN WEB CONNECTIONS

Bolt head or rlVel
~ 'i R
•" ~ "" ~
•• •
~ li\ - • ~ ~;:CSl • li\• • •• N When bums Iram'"IIO the ' "nps

·- -
of columns Illle. let. w.th bums

• --
N
~ ~ ~ ~ IflllTUlII lO the: web of 1M column.
~ ~

,
~ ~ ~ ~ iii ~ ~ ~ ~
tM latter must be CUI 15 $hawn.

~
-
0 ~
! ~ g ~ o.ITII!nslOll5 " '" for bolt, lind flvetS,
• • M >
N • • ~ ~
.'
• ~
• In.1I CilSI!S"""e membe., must

"
; ~ ; ~
• " N be IIrecled by dfCJPl)ln, OOwn,
••Iow III least ~- clellrill'OCe
I f"" 'I
,1)- ~
Bolt ltead or " VII I

14 W 426 10 142
8 14 WI J6tc87

,7 14 W 84to7S. 12 WI 90Io 65
14 W 74 10 61 . 12 W sallnd 53: lOW 1121C149
5 1 4W ~\oQ. 1 2 W ~\o~ I O W45 \on8 W ~\o31

• S W 28"nd 24

S ..ed on Dlmenl lon' of Struclural Rlvata. "", a " - 12• • nd 80\,., P"&es • - •• •

AME RICAN INSTITU TE OF STEEL CO NSTRUCTI ON

"
" ·82
RIVETS AND THREADED FASTENERS
DIMENSIONS Of STRUCTURAL RIVElS (HIGH BunON OR ACORN HEADS)

'X ~HH ~, ,
t ~~
H

I
id2:
C
J
--=rK

~39"
M

i
I C
~K
!.f:39"
N

0
I-W
' ,
~
DRIVEN HEADS
Olam. of Rivet, Inches
MANUFACTURED HEADS
I>
" " • ", !;
DIE
'\4 Il,
DRIVING CLEARANCE
' 1>
+
'"'>I, "'\I, ."
.~,
p~&
~

•
'. "
x.
c.
~ ",
A
H
1.5 0
.425 A
l.5H
MI
""II, ~,
I~&
'I\,
' >1.
1%&
% 'A
'0/>,
~~
2
1%2
lI¥I&
i
11%2
'•"
. \',

0
·c
.~- "7' C
K
1.81 0
.5 0
',;,
II '"II, " .% JlY32 2>1.
~,
11 ~&
II,
211 1\',
'!Ii,
22Yn
%
~

•
"-
~-

A 1.5 0 + Y32 'II. '>I. .\\, P I\, I1~

\',
1'1;,
\I
''11. 11;, 10/>,
X
0
,
H
F
.75 0+ 'AI
.750 +~
I'.
'" "'
' 0/>, '1Ii,
v,;,
'II.
'II, '>1.
'>I. l ~,
.'"
.\\,
I'A
~.
" M
....
.50 "
'>I.
\', \', \', I'. I>
.1\, p~

"" "" " """ "" """

I> \;
"• c
-~
2. N 0/>, I;, I;, I;,
,c
~- G .75 0 - ¥32 0/>, II, 0/>, '0/>, II, 'I\, % ' I\,
.\10 211 21>
~
• "•
U
C
K
1.810
.50
'II.
II,
PI\, 1'0/>,
~.
11~, 11;,
II,
1%
%
" " " \I %
Ole. In.
Driving
Clearance
Inches
•
E ( min .)
E (pret.)
.%

•
%
2
r--
.'. .'.
II
2'A

•
'"
.\10
."
2%

"A
' 1'.
3

."
. \1 '"PA
3" 3\;
•\1
I II
3%

"
1
.
........
CONVENTIONAL SIGNS fOR RIVETS AND BOLTS
....... , .....

USUAL GAGES fOR ANGLES, INCHES CRI MPS

Fig, b· t+}lh
Min.- 2

p., g
g,
th

AMERICAN I NSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 4 - 83
RIVETS
Length s of undriven rivets
In inches, for various grips

~ I Gnp I ""e Gr,~

CJ=t)~ D(7S- f)J ~:1

17~ I
D:I 7~'iJ ~[
Length I Lo,gth I I [ .....h I I ""gth I
FUU HEAD COUNTERSUNK HEAD
G, lp
,.
DI.lm.ller 01 Rivet, Inches
, ,. G,lp
Inch .. , '''' PA
DI.lmeler 01 Rlv,l, Inches
Inches

,. ,,. ,,% ,HI ,'" "m '''' -,.- ~, --

\I \I
,
,~

'"
,,.
\I
,,.'14
\I

, '''' '''' '''' '"

"A '\I
'''' ,,. ' ' '14
,,.
\I
'\4 ,~

,,.
\I Hie "A
'" '" \I '\I ' \I

,,. '",,. ,,.,,. '",,.".,% '",,.'% ,'% , , ,,,.m ,'",,.' % ,,,. ,'''
,~ ZIA f.
,'" '\I '\I
"A Z%
,'''' ,21,'''' ,,%
PA ' \I

,.'m ' 10 ".

,\I
,,. ,,% '",%3 , ".311 '''' ,.'" 'I> 'I> Z% 1%

,'''' 'I> 31> ",311 ,,. ,% '" 10% ,,.'10 ".'10 ,,. '1021',,.
\I ,\I 2::'8 'A
21,4
'10 ,,. ,,.
ZYe
,.%
\I "A
"A
II ,% "A "A
"A
,,.,% '" ,% '"
'II

'I> 3'A "M

31,4
,,. ,% 3% '" 'II 3\,
'% , % "4
"A 2l\
'II
'" ,%
,'"
,'" 311 3'.3,. 3,. 3% 3l'o4 441> ''''4
3~ I; ,\I
'10 '10
, 3\\ , ''''3 ,
, 'I;
,
\I
'" '" 4'''' 41>
4'" \I
,I; 21.
'''' ,''' 31>
31> 31> 3\4 '''' 314
,.%''..
3\4
,. '" .'•'1>. •'1> .'.11'\1'10. "4'11 '"'10'11 ."'"
'A 3::'e .\4 "A 3'A
' 10 '10 310 ,,.
'I; '\I
10 • '10 310
II .\\
10
'"
311 ,,.
'I, 311
l% '"
,,. ,,.'" 31; ""
3% , 3*

"4
3", l% '"

. l% 3% '"
. \4
.,.'10 .,.'10 .,.'10 .,. '"''1%10 .' %1; ,'%
"A '10

".
II 31;
I;
" • '" ", '''' • •
... ' % '% , , , 3 ... " ' \1 '\1 '1> '\1 '1>
3
\\
... ,." .',"
...
.",
,\\ ,'.,,. '\I
'\4 \I ... .,. ' 14 .\4
... '\4 41' ." 410 ' 10 ' 10 '\4 "A .\4

,.10%"'. ......... 5"51''I>510 ,,.5"510 5"5"510 ,,.51''% '"'511" '"'"5"5105% ,."'.

,\\ '\I
'" '\I ''4 5l\ 10 ... .,.
... ." .,... %1; ..,.. %1; .,.. \1 ."
' \1 .,.
' 10
,
'% , , ." ."
. ". • ... 5'" '"
'"
% 5 5 5
• 51> 5\1 51.
'"
... 5% 5% 5% I; ,\\ '\I

•'" ... ... ... •

... " • • "" .\\"4 •\I '"
...
... 5'A '\4 5'A 5\4 5'A
... 510 '10 '10 5l\ '10
... ... 61> 614 6" 6" '" ,,. ,,. ,,. ,,.
,,. '"
\\ '\1 ''4 '10
... ... 51; 5\1 ' \I ' \I

,.% ...... ... '10 6", '" 76%614 6%7" 6" '6,.
'A
%
'A
'" ... '10 ." 10 ...
...
...
... 5'A ,\I 5'A '% 5J,4
\I ... ... 6'. 6" 610 \I
... 6% 6% 10 ... ... 6 6 6 6 6
...
6'A
H8 7
6'1.1
6%
7 7\1
% ...
...
...
... ",614 61>
6'A
",
61,4
6"
61,4
6'"
6'.
5
f. '"

... ... . ..
... ... ...
7"
7'"
7\1
71A
710
7'"
7'.
711
,'" ...
...
...
...
...
..
610 610 610
6\1 6"
610

.....
7'A \I 6" 6"
'"
'A .. . . ...
... ...
711
710
7,.
7"
7,.
7\1
7%
\4
10
...
...
...
...
...
... 6"
6% M' 6,.
614 6%
6"
6%
10
,.
\I .. . .. ' ... 7"
7%
7% 7", 7", \I ... ... ... 6", 6'" .'" 6",

•'" • .'•. • ""

... ... ... 7'" ... ... ... 7 7 7 7
... ... ... '\1 .\\ ... ... ... 7\4 7" 7'. 7\4
"'" ... ... . .. .\\ '1> 8'04 ... ... ... 710 710 710 710
Abo~ . '"
I.lbl. m.ly ~Iry I,om sl.lndl,d pr8ctlce 01 Individual f.. brlc.llors .nd .hould be ch.cked
alf.lrnsl such Sl.lnd",ds by user.

AMERI CAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION

' ·84

RIVETS
Weights
WEIGHT WITH ONE HIGH BUnON (ACORN) MANUFACTURED HEAO IN POUNOS PER 1110
Dlamete, of Rlvel, 'n<: has Dlemeler 01 RlveL Inch ••
lenat h Length
Inch •• Inc:has 1 1110 1\4
--
II \I
" I~
1 1110 1\4
5 ...
II
,.\I %
74
1>
104
-- - -
138 180 226
110 ... 51 76 106 141 183 '30
1\4 11 ... 78 187
I>
II
12
12 104
I> "I> ...
...
"53 79 ""
110
14'
147
149
190 ''""
"'""
31 45 60 113
I> 32 47 63
81
... " 81
115
'"
l'l'
197 '"'"
" "
13 85 I> 55
14 49 88 "" ... 155 '01
"1> I'
"
33
35 51 "" " 1>
113
117
1\
... 68
84
85
117
11' 168
'"208 '"
'"'61
,
110
15
16
17
"
25
26
37
39
40
53
55
5)
" " '" •
74
11
95

102
126
130
110
...
...
...
.. .
...
...
..
81
I"
1Zl

90 125
I6l
163 m
I" Zl5
265
269
'4
I>
I>
17
I8 " "27
28 43 I>
59 80
83
106
109
"
I> 135
139
...
... ...
...
" 127
93 130
169 m
172 ill
'74
278
64 143 ... ... 95 132 '26 282

"1> '" " " " '''' '" I>

I> l'l 45 I> 85 113 17'
11. 148 ... ... 96 13' m 287
l'l 31
48 68
88 1\
... ... 136 180 '"
291

3
32

33
91

156 7 ... ...

"
100 138 183
'"
236
"" '" '"
50 )Q
110 "
" "34 51 127 161 110 '"
...
...
... IOJ
!OI lAO 186
'"
300

"I>
I>
Z2
23
ZJ "
35
"
36
37
53
I"
56
I>
I!o
I>
74
76 102
79 105
13l
134
138
165

174
...
...
...
...
104
106
141
14'
147
188 143 J04
l'll
194 '" 313
308

I>
" 38 5) I> 81 1118 1<1 178 ... ... 107 149 197 '"
'" 317
%
1>
25
26
39 59
1>
83 11'
85 113
145
148
182
181
% ...
... ...
... 109
110
151
153 ,.,
I" 257 3"
261 326
" 60

• 26 <I
I" 62 81 11. l'll
119 155 195
8 ... .. . .. .
... ... ...
155
15) ,.."" '" 3JO
334

" "" "" " '" '",..'" I>'A

110 64 89 110 268
28 44 65 91 159 ... ... ... 159 Zll m 339
I" 16, ... ... ... 161 213 343
I>
'"'"
6)
29 46 68 96 127 I" ... ... ... 164 216 347

"II11" 30
30 "47
48
49
)Q
71 ""11100
102
130 169 213
133
135
173
176
1I7 1\
...
'"
...
...
...
...
'",as289 '356360"
... ... ...
...
I"
168
170
m
31 73
'" '"
WEI GHT WITH ONE COUNTERSUNK HEAD IN POUNDS PER 100
Olemeter of Rive t, Inc hes
For Colln'er.unk RI"'et $, use .... elght give"

+I~I~I~ -18I -l~~

above with following deducllcm •.

Deduction. Lb. 3 4 1 12 Z6 36

WEIGHT OF HIGH BunON (ACORN) HEAOS AFTER ORIVING

"• " l ~ I'A

Diameter of Rivet , Inches 1110
Weight per 100 Heads, Lb. 7
------
1> I I 1
18 26 36 48
AMERICAN I NSTITUTE Of STEEL CoNSTRUCTION
 ' ·85

l!i! "''''1
~
~
1
RIVETS
Spacing
'-411» ~
MINIMUM PITCH FOR MACHINE RIVETING
OIom.
of
" ....1
c •
I
-C~c.7~~~CT~T7~~~C=~C.~-r.~r.o7T7.0.-;-1
l ~ . l l..f; , 1~ . 1 ~ 1% H4 11\: z 2~ 21,4 2~ 2Y.! 2% l
Oillano:../, In"he.

1* " ~ \4"r,"'-!-"CI-"-I--"-I--"+"-I-'--I-=-F"-J·=t'-"+=II-'-
Y.! 1 1% % III 0
% l~ 1 ~. l~ I '% % 0
%
¥II
p"
1%
1%
Z
"..
.. ,
1\4
...
l1A1
Ph
1
1%
%
llAl
0
¥e ~ 0
1 Ph 2~e ", .. . . .. 1% Ph 1% l~ fa \I ,
l~ 1% 2% ... ". ... .., 1% 1% Ilh 1% 1~ fa 0
JI.4 1% m ... ... ... ... '.. 2 Bfa 1% I if.! 1'.4 1 % 0
I~ I ¥e 21~. ... ... ... ... ... ... 2~ 2 1~ 1% l y'! 11,4'h 0
l Yl 2 3 .. , ... ... ... . .. ... ... 2\4 2lA! 2 Hi 1% l~ 0

.,
MIN IMUM PITCH TO MAINTAIN 3 OIAMETERS C. TO C.
Dlam. I){f,tanca.,.lnch ••
m
- • -' \4 -' 1;
I 1'.4 ' IIh 2 2% 2if.! 2% 3 3\4 31; 3\4
- - - I~ -=-
Riv.1

, ,
!
--
"I; I"
II;
\I
, ,
%
\4
I"
2\4
I"
1%
2
110
I"
" lit
1% I"
10
I
, , ~
21;
I " '" 3
310
2"
314
210
2\4
3\0
21t 2

'"
3
21;
21,
1\4
2\4
2\4
I"
2
21;
\4
1%
2\4
lit
2 II; , ,
I"
1\4 3\4 3\4 3\1
•' \4 •' \4
3\4
'."" • 314 3 2\4 "
21; 2\1 I" 110
, ,
.'.
I" . It 3,. 3\4 l\4 3\1 3\4 31t 2,. 21; 2\0 1\4 I
II; ' 1; 3,. 3\4 3\1 3\4 31t 2,. 2\1 2 II;
COVER PLATE RIVETING
• d • d
-'".
- -'".
In. In.

\I 2\1 1- 21h
I \I
II;
2
'"2l.
2\4
1
%
210
2'"
21,4
2\1 2" 11,4 2~
3 2,. II; 2
31; 3 1% 1%
,•
,
3\0
3\1
2
2\4
II;
1
3" Zif.! •••
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
 .. " THREADED FASTENERS
Boll heads

~~ DIG
r:mqj rU/1
D ©, c DI~)-@
''-'
~ c L1!J F W H

Square Hexagon Countersunk

S ta ndard bOil heed dlmen.lon., rounded to ne.".sl 'A. Inch, ,f, In accordance wilt!
ASA 818.2-1960.

Slendlrd DImensions for 80lt He,d,

ReBul •• Square ReButa, H '~'llon Heavy Heuion Counterlunk
Dlam, --
D ,.
01 Bolt Width Width
C
HeJ1h1 Width
f'
Width
C
H~hl Width
F
WIdth
C
He;,hl Diem.
C
H'J?hl

---
". --,--
In .
". ". ".
In.
". ". ". ". ". - ".
\I %
---
\; II, \; ~, ~, ... ... ... \; \I
% ~, II \10 ", %
'. ... .,. .. . ""- II,
%
\;

II
II
'110
1\1
1
III,
III,
II.
~,
\;
~.
'II.
I,.
%
I II,
1\10
II,
~.
\;
%
I II,
1\1
1
111.
l~e
II,
~,
\;
%
1\1
n, '.
II,
%
% III, 11~.
", "" I\;
", 1~. 1% ~, III, ~,

1
1\1
1\10
I \;
I1~.
1%
211,
2%
2\;
%
..
II
1 '~
J1~.
111
JI~.
11~.
2\1
..
%

%
1%
ll¥l.
2
III
211,
2\,
%
%
%
JI~fi
211.
2'.
Y,
",%
I
1%
I\;
211,
2\,
2'"
,\I 1
'II, 211,
2'.
".,
211, 1
'II, 211,
". ,,.
2\;
211A, 1
'II, 2\;
21~.
'II.
\4
1% ... ... ... 2\; 1\1 2\1 1\1 .. . ...
2 ... ... ... ,3l, 3~. III, '\I 311, 1\\, ... ...
2\4
2Y,
...
...
...
...
...
... ,\I '''''
11,
I \;
1%
,\;
• "'
4~.
...
...
...
...
2\4 ... ... ... '\1 ' \4 I1¥1. '''
'\4 '% ...1"
tI¥lt .. ,
, ... ... ... .\; 5~, 2 ."... ... ... ......
511, 2 .. .
''%"
'Y,
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.'" ,
5'.
5%
5"
6",1,
2~,
2lI,
2\;
...
...
...
...
...
... .., ..
,
...
.. .
.. .
• ... ... ... , 21IAe ... ... ... .. . .. .
''''
For "endlrd dlmen.lons IOf' high .trenath boltl. r.ler 10 · ·Speclflcatlon.lot' SI'UCIO. II Jolnll UtlOI
ASTM "l2S 801ts" In Par, 501 thl. menuel.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CON STRUCTION

- 4 - 87

THREADED FASTENERS
Nuts

N N

r'~Jc § 8Jc a
Square Hexagon
S'.Ad.,d nut dimension s, ro"nd ed to n.,,,. ,,s \ 'A. Inch, lire In accorda nce with ASA SI8 .2- I !l6oD.

Standard Dimension s for Nuts

Regulll' Square Rellul", H'."lIon HellVY Square Heavy Htl ugon
,
Nul Size Width Wid th
H~r
Width W¢th IH~h I Width He;.r'
Width
,.
H'f9h I Width Wid th

.. ,•. ,.. ,.. ~ .. ..I~ .. .. •. ~ ..

,
" C
F
, -,- -"- -,- -,- --
-- , - -I-c-
,
C C

..
'A lIls
\'0
%
'. 'II, \'0
30
1\<0 " '.
II
roo
%,
~,
~,
10
\'0 II,
~,
10
%
%

1\\,
\4
\10
\;
%
I
y"
\10
\;

.. "', " " " , "

\; \; 30
\'0 I 1\10 'A, 'II, I\!, 'A, I\!, 110 \'0 I\!, l o/ie \'0

30
"
1\<0
1\\,
" JI ~6 "..
% 1\<0 I'A
1\\, I\;
% 1\4
l'l'ie
I"
30
1\4
17..1,
lYle
l lio

I I\> Zy!, 30 110 P ~6 30 l lio "A I l lio 130 I

II>
1l,
P ~6 ' \'0 I
Il, P ~6 1' ~ 6 I
, ,.",
l l~, II>
,,\\,
P~ e , ~, II>

'.
I" II> II!, I'A I'A
1\10 ' I!,
2\'0
",, 21A,
'I>
' \10 ",, 21'
,\\, l\!, l lio
' \4
,\; llio

"'
114
'\4
.. .
1\<0
... "', '" , I\',
... ' Iio
2>\, 1\\, 'Iio nI,
... .. .
I\; 'Iio
.. . ,,, 211 ~ 6
1\<0
I'h
1%
, ... , ,
...
...
...
... ... ,.. ,\\,
'"
1\10
]7..16
110/1,
.. .
...
... ...
... .. . ' I>
,'' 1'"0
1'\,
4
2'A
... ... ... ... .. . .. . 4~6 '"
''''
.'.
,% 4\\,
"'
1% ... ... ... '\<0 •% ' \'0 ... ... .. . 41'0 1\\
, ... ... ... 4\; 5\\, ' \'0 ... ... .. . 4\'0 5\\, ,
,\4 ... ... ... ... ... ... .. . ... ... 5 5% 3'1..
,..
,\', ...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.. .
...
.. . .. . ...
... ... ...
5%
51A
6¥!,
61io
l'h

'"
4 .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. . 6'4 ,%, 4
for .I.ndard dlmenl lons for high strength bolts, r.Ier to "Speclflctllons for Structurlll Joints
Ullna ASTM .0.125 BoI's" In ParI 5 ollhll m.nulIl .

AMERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION

' ·88
THREADED FASTENERS
Weight of bolts
With square heads and hexagon outs in pounds per 100
Lenilth Oiemelet of Bollin Inc hes
Under

'.
H •• d
Im;he ,
1 2.38 "
6.11
\<0
13.0 "
24.1
%
38.'
110
...
1
...
11'
...
1\4

P '
1\<0
Z.71
3.05
6.71
7.47
14.0
15.1
25.8
27.6
41.5
44.0
...
67.3
.. .
95.1
...
...
.'"..
11. 3.39 8.23 16.5 29.3 46.5 70.8 99.7 ... ...
'"

2 3.73 8.99 11.8 104 ...

2\1
2\<0
2% ""
4.40
4.74
9.75
10.5
11.3
19.1
".5
21.8
31.4
33.5
35.6
37.1
49.1
52.1
55.1
58.2
74.4
77.9
82.0
".1
109
Il4 '"
149
155
161
206'
213
11'
3 5.07 12.0 23.2 39.8 61.2 ".2 124 168 221
31,4 5.41 12.8 24.5 41.9 64.2 94.' 129 174 229
3\1 5.75 13 .5 25.9 44.0 67.2 98.5 135 181 237
3% 6.09 14.3 27.2 46.1 70 .2 103 140 188 246

.'•.
'\1
.%
6.42
6.76
7.10
7.43
15.1
15.8
16.6
17.3
28.6
29.9
31.3
32.6
48.2
SO.3
52.3
54.'
73.3
76.3
79.3
82.3
107
III
115
11'
145
151
15'
162
195
202
208
215
254
262
271
279
5 7.77 18.1 33.' 56.5 85.3 123 167 222 288
5\4 8.11 18.9 35.3 58.' 88.' 127 172 229 296
5\<0 8.44 19.6 60.7 13l 118
5% 8.78 20.'
36.'
38.0 62.8
91.4
94.' 136 183 '"242249 304
313
6 9.12 ZLl 39, 3 54.' 97.4 140 188 321
"~A 9.37 21.1 40.' ".7 100 143 193 255 329
, \<0 9.71 22.5 41.8 68.7 103 147 198 ~ 337
".
7
10.1
10.4
23.3
24 .0
43.1
44.4
70. 8
72.9
''''
109
151
156
204
209 '"275 345
354
7" 10.7 24.8 45.8 75.0 112 160 214 282 362
7\<0 11.0 25.5 47.1 77.1 115 164 220 289 371
7% 11.4 43.5 79.2 118 168 225 379
•,
8\1
11.7
...
".3
27.0
28.'
49.8
52 .5
81.3
85.5
121
127
172
101
231
241
""
"'3
316
387
40.
... 30.1 89.7 133 189
' \I
10
...
...
31.6
33.1
55.2
57.9
60.6
93.9
98.1
139
145
197
205
252
"3
274
""
343
357
421
'38
.54
10\<0 ... 102 151 284 371
11
11\1
...
...
34.6
".2
37.7
63.1
66.0
68.7
106
110
157
'"
'" 221
230
295
306
384
398
471
.88
S05
12 ... 39.2 11.3 115 I/O 238 316 411 522
12\1 ... ... 74.0 11' 17' 246 327 425 53'
13 ... ... 16.7 123 182 254 338 .39 556
13\1
14
14\1
...
......
...
...
79.4
82.1
84.8
127
13l
135
188
194
2"
271
279
34'
359
3/0
...
452 572
589
605
15
J51h
...
...
'"
...
...
87 .5 140
144
200

'" 287 3"

392 '"
493
S07
622

16 ... ...
".2
92.9 143
212
218
2"
304 402 520 ''56"
Per Ineh
Additional 1.3 3.0 5.' 8.' 12.1 16.5 21.4 27.2 33.'
Note.: Bolt Is Ragular Squara Bolt. ASA BII.2 and nut I. f1nishad He.ason Nut . ASA BI8.2. Thl.
tabla eonlarm. to walsht . tandards adopted by Ihe Industrial Fastanan: InlUltula .

AMERICAN INS1ITUTE OF STEEL CoNSTRUCTION

 THREADED FASTENERS
....
Weight of bolts
Special cases in pounds per 100

VARIATIONS IN BOLT AND NUT TYPES

Weighta for combinations or bolL head. and nuUI, o ther than Iquare head. and
heJI:agon nuta, may be determined by malting ilie I'Ippropriate additiora and de-
ductiolUl tabulated below from the weight per 100 shown 011 lhe previous page.

Combination

Regular sq . bolt with

.
Add or
Subtra ct
\4
" --
Dlam't. 01 Bolt In Inch• •

I;
"
,
14 .- 1 11, 1',

resuler sq. nut + 0.1 1.0 2.0 3.' 3.5 5.5 8.0 12.2 16.3
Reiular sq . bolt with
heavy sq . nut + D.' 2.1 ' .1 7.0 11.6 17.2 23.2 32. 1 41.2
Regular sq . bolt with
he.... y hi'll(. nut
Regular hex. bolt with
+ D.' 1.5 2.8
••• 7.' 10.7 14.2 18.9 24.3

rflsuler sq . nul + 0.1 D.' 1.1 1.. 0.2 0.5 -0.2 -0.1 -1.7
Regular hell. bolt with
regular hex. nut
- 0.0 D.' D.' 2.0 3.3 5.0 8.2 12.3 18.0
Regular hex. bolt with
heavy sq. nut + D.' 1.7 3.2 5.0 8.3 12.2 15.0 19.8 23.2
Regular hax. bOlt with
heavy hell:, nut + D.' 1.1 I.. 2.' 4.3 5.7 ' .0 ,., '.3
Heavy hel, bolt with
heavy sq. nut + ... ... ' .7 7.3 11.3 16.5 20.7 27.0 ".•
I •••
Heavy hex. bolt with ... ...
heavy helt. nut + 3.' 7.3 10.0 11 .7 13.8 16.7

LARGE DIAMETER BOLTS

Weight. of balta over 11,4 inche. in diameter may be calculated (rom the
(ollowing dala. Standard practice is hel:. head bolts with heavy hu. nut. Square
head bolt.. and square nuts are not standard in ei2;e. over 1\f.I: inches.
Dlemeter of Bollin Inche.
_.
.
W",hl of 100 E,eh
1% ' IIJ.z
130 ~ ...
2 2\4 l14
..31;--- 121' 3 3\4 •
Resulat $q . heads
Resulal hex. heads
Heavy hex. heads
.
lOS
95
112 178
... ... ... ... ... ...
" ".
508 680 900 1120
2\;

13,.
397 541 720 950 ... ... ... ...
--
21,.
""
Resullt sq. nuts
Heavy sq. nuts
".5
125
12' '95
""
122 ... ,. . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . ..
161 ... ... ... .. . ... .. . .. . ... ... ...
Heavy hell. nuts 111 2D4 299 '19 564 718 950 1190 15lO 1810 210>
I-- . . _- - -- -- ._- -- - -
102
Linear Inch of threaded 35.0 42.5 57.4 75.5 97.4 120 147 178 210 246 284 l25
shank
Linear Inch 01unthreaded SO.D
-- -89.0 -- -- -- I-- . -- - -
shank 42.0 68.2 168 113 13' 200 235 272 31l 356

AMERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION

.. THREADED FASTENERS
Weight of ASTM A325 high strength bolts
Heavy hex. str uctural boltS with heavy semifinished hex. nuts in pounds per 100

lenllflh

..
Dt.m., .. of Bolt In Inches
Uno..
HN' , , ,
I,.
. II!.
I!. 1> 1 110 1"
Inch ••

1
1\4
16.5
17.8
.
29.'
31.1
"
47.0
49.6
...
74.4
...
104
...
...
...
...
.. .
...
-
.. .
...
III 33.1 18.0 148 197 ...
".,
19.2 52.' 10'
iii
,
II< 35.3 55.3

".
81.9
"'
11.
15.
160
"" '" ...
"A
'"'I<
21.9
Z3.3
24.7
". 1
31."
39.8
41.1
43.9
61.6
64.7
67.8
....
86.1
".3
". 8
12'
130
135
167
17.
181
212

'"
229
237
'"
'79
'"
300
3"
366
379
3 27.4 46.1 70.' 103
107
141
146 ".
188 310
321
391
403

'" '"''"" '"

3\4 28.8 48.2 74.0
3\;
31<
30.'
31.6
50.'
52.5
n .1 111
80.' lJ. 157
'" .., ." 263 332
428

•". 33.0
".3
35.7
~.7
••
83.3
...,
86. '
120
12'
128
'" '" '"
"8
173
223
'"
230 .
'41
,
280 353
363
374
453

.
'I!. 59.0

,. m '" '"..
37.1 61.2 92.7 133 179 237 306 384
,,...
'14
38.' 63.3 95.8 137 184

." ""
39.' !S .• 141 32.
".'" '"'"
65.5 40'
51!. 41.2 67.7
''"" 14' ." 332 515
514

•'I!.
42.6

".0
...
69.8

71.9 1118
160
154
201
207
'"
'"
m
...
341
431
447
527
540
552
'14
'14
.. .
...
74.1
76.3
18.'
111
11.
"8
'"
"3
"7
212
218
223
286
293 '" ." '"
367
375 468 ."

. ..
80.'
,,..
.. . 384
7
71.
71!.
...
.. '
82.8
121
12.
127
171
175
179
229
234
300
307
314
39'
401
479
.89
500
'"
602
714 ... 87.1 130 183 321 ." 510 ."
51'

8
814
81!.
814
...
...
...
...
89.'
...
...
...
133
...
...
...
187
192
'"...
'"'"
'.." .
.,
328
335
...
418
427
.35
44'
521
531
542
552
...51.
.39
.51

• ... ... ... ... .. . ...

P.,.nch
eodlllon'l 5.' 8.' 1l.4 16. 9 22 .1 28.0 ....'"
"3
42.5
'"
- 49.7
.dd
For •• ch
100 pl.'n
round 3.8 5.3 7.' n.s 14.4 17.2 20.8 21.1 31.8
••• 1'1 ... ,

..
.dd

,
for •• ch
be ...... d
'quer, 24.9 23.8 22.' 21.0 19.2 ".0 31.6 ... .. .
".
. . . 1'1...

Nol.: Thl$ lab,. tonlorma 10 welllh i IllOno.,dl IOdopted by ,h. Indul.rllll F..'.n.... Inl!llul • .

AMERICAN IN STITUTE OF STEEL CoNSTR UctiON

 4 · 91
THREADED FASTENERS
SCREW THREADS
Unified Standard Series-UN Cand 4 UN

Ili"ft"'''
A.S.A. 61.1- 1960

r---·'·
r
I'
p
'I, lilB Nominal size (basic major dia.)

.. -'\ 11/8
. ,' Th~,d "''''' "",,,,
' Thread class symbol

~ "W I \ ;-
3/4/1
Ih~'d.
No symbol req'd for
" - ~ right hand thread.
H/8
- P/8
Thread Dimensions
K D
¥.- IO UNC 2A lH
Standard Designations
Dia meter
Basic
Major
D
'00'
K
Grall
An
Area

Root GTenslle

j~ "
, .
I &Th'ds
Inch
-
M~Or
Dlam. t ....
Blllic
'00'
/(
Gross
A"
Area

'00'
A.
sTenSlle
Strell
f Th'ds

'"
Inch
- --- - A.
". ".-
---- "
In.

....
~J85
In.
...,
In.'
-
In.'
.027
In.'
.032 20
-
2.425
In.' In.'
- - - ----
5.940 4.62
In.'
4.93
-
••
.294 .110 .068 .078 '" 16 3
3\4
2.675 7.069 5.62 5.97

,... •••
\I .•00 .196 .126 .142 13 "/.925 8.296 6.72 7.10
.226 3'.
..
I"
.507
.620
.731
."7
.442
.601
.202
.302
.419
.... , •'"
.334
.462
11
ID
3.175
3.425
3.675
9.621
11.045
12.566
7.92
9.2.1
10.6
8.33
11.1
••
Iii<
I'A
.838
.939
1.064
....
.785
1.221
.551
.693
.890 ...,
.763
.%
8
7
7
.~
. \1
3.925
4.115
'.425
14.186
15.904
17.721
12.1
1l.7
15.4
12.6
14.2
16.0 ••
llO
1\,
1.158
1.283
1.485
1.767
1.05
1.29
U6
1.41 , 6 5
5%
4,675
4.925
19.635
21.648
11.2
19. 1
17.8
19.7 ••
I'A
1
1.490
1.711
2.405
3.142
1.14
1.30
.. 90
1." ,
5
4\1
5"
5\1
5.115
5.425
23.758
25.967
21.0
23.1
21.7
23.8
• 4

'"
1\1
1.961
2.175
3.976
4.909
3.02
3.72
3.25
4.00
•
411 5.675 28.274 25.3 26.0
•
• Tensile Slress area .. 0.18S4 (D _ .9~43) '.
tFor basic malor dlam.t .... of .... 10 4 In. incl., Ihr.ad serl.s Is UNC (coarse): for 4\4 In. dlam.ter
and la'&8I". Ih,.ad se,Ie.I. 4UN.
~2A denotes Clan ZA lit appllcabl. 10 .xternal threads. 2B denot., eorrespgndlns Class Z6 I.t
for Intern.t t hreads.

LENGTH OF THREAD ON BOLTS

A.S.A. 818.2- 1960

Dlam.l.r of 801 t, D, Inc hes

lenst h 01 801t
~I~I~'~'~I~I I I~~' I" ~ '" _, ' 2'A I 'II I~_3
To 6 In. Incl. % ' 1 ' 11,4 lY.! I-%, 2 ~' 2'h 2% 3 31,4 31A 414 4JA 51" 15% ' 6
Over 6 In. 1 H4 ~I'"ii" Z--"\zI,4 2~ 2% 3 31.4 3Y.!: "4' 4~ ~ 5Y2 :6 6Y2
Note 1. TIlread lenath for bolts up 10 61n. ton8 I. 2D
+ ..... for bolls 0 ...« 6 In. long, thfead lellilth
1s2D +~ . Th.,. proportions mllr be u •• d to comput. thread I.nsth lor dIameters nOI
shown In the t.bl •. Boltl which . re 100 shorl for lilted or computed t hr.ad I.nllt h •• r.
t hreaded as close to th. head as pgs:!lbJe.
Note 2. For th r.ad I.ngth, for hIS" s tr ength boltS, refer 10 "Speclllcatlons for Struct ural Join ts
U51 ng ASTM A125 601Is." In Pa ri 5 of this m.nu.l .

AME RtCAN !NM tTUTE Of STEE L CO NSTR UCTIO N

4-92

UPSET SCREW ENDS

Square bars

I J Jd
~=n
i L

.,
~"

d
Squar. Bar

I~ -In.'-
GrQSS
Squar. Aree
W,.
,-
Fl.
n
DIem .

".
length

F~
Tu rn.
b'lIl_

10.
L

F~
Clevis

10.
Turn-
b'lIl"
Upset End

Add'l Lenath
Required

F~
F~
Clevl.

".
----
F.,
Add 'i We1llht
Required

,M
F~
Turn·
b'kla
- -
"'
"'"
,,,
Cle"I,
Thdt ,

Inch
- Thd.
R~'
Aree
'".
b en
R~,

G.OII
Aree
~
CO. CO. CO. In.'
r-- - -
% .563 1.91 1\1 4% 4 41; 4 .72
--
.64 7
-
.693 23.1
!; .766 2.60 1'. 4% 4 3% 3 .81 .65 7 .8'" 16 .2
1 1.1100 3.40 1\; 5\4 4 5 3% 1.42 1.06 6 1.294 29.4
1\1 1.266 4.30 1% 51; 4 6 41; 2.15 1.61 5 1.74 37 .4
1\4 5.31 2 5% 4\1 7 5\1 2.44 41; 2.30
".6\47 ",5%4%
1.563 3.10 47.2
1% 1.891 6.43 2 5% 4\1 2.54 2.01 41; 2.30 21.6
1\1 2.250 7.65 2\4 6\1 5 3.98 3.03 41; 3.02 34 .2
1% 2.641 8." 21; ,% 5\1 5.24 4.30 4 3.72 40.'
1% 3.063 10.41 2\1 ,% 5\1 5\4 4\4 4.56 3.69 4 3.72 21.4
I!; 3.516 11.95 2\1 7\4 51; 6\4 4% 6.23 4.73 4 4.62 31.4
2
2\1
4.1100 13.60
4.516 15.35
2%
3
7\4
7\1 ,
51; 41;
51;
31;
4\1
5.10
7.04
3.97
5.76
4
4
4.62
5.62
15 .5
24 .4
2\4 5.063 17.21 3'. 8\& 'I; 6% 514 '.68 1.53 4 6.72 32.7
2% 5.641 19.18 3\4
31;
8\4
8\4
'I;
7
5
5%
4
5
7.99 '.39
8.85
4 6.72 19.1
21; 6.250 21.25 10.18 4 7.92 26 .1
2l!r
2%
6.891 23.43
7.563 25.71
3%
3% •• 1
II;
1
,
51;
51;
41;
13.67 10.74
11.79 '.64
4
4
'.21
9.21
33 . 7
21.8
2lio
3
8.266 28.10
'.1100 30.60
4
.\4
•
'1;
II;
... 1
5
...
14.05 11.71
17.85 ...
4
4
10.61
12.10
28.4
34 .'
3\1 9.766 33.20 '\4 'I; ... 5% ... 15.91 ... 4 12.10 23.'
314 10.563 35.91 10 ... 6\' ... ZO.ZO ... 4 13.69 29.6
3% 11.391 38.73
'\'>
'% 101; ... II; ... 24.21 ... 4 15.38 35 .0

• A.lthOUlh AISC S~(!IIe.tlon. do not relete strength 01 thr. . ded perts to thr.. d root " . ., thl.
dele Is Included 101' the (onvenTen'" 01 those worklnl to oth ... ,pecl&.tlon•.
Threedsllsled eboYe ere UNC end 4UN. elus lA, ASA 81.1·1960.
FOO' length Of dlemeter 01 upSet ..... t....- then tabulated ebove for eny bar sbe. e eonstNdlon In
which e '",e end Is welded to a ber with a doubla-vae or double·bevel weld mey be usad.

AMERICAN I NSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCT ION

 4 ·93

UPSET SCREW ENDS

Round bars

OIb ~.
0

Round Ba, Upset End

...
EIIt;e..
....... Add'l lenllth Add'l W.. I,hl
"",m.
d
GrOSS
"'
--
.. ...
Diem.
D ,~
lenllth L

T ... m·
b'llIe
-'0- ------
,~

Cle.-l'
Rflj ... lred
,~

T .... n·
b'llIe
,~

CI.vI.
I
Rflj ...... ed
,~

T ... ,n·
b'kle
•
,~

CI • .-l.
Thds .
,W
Inc:h "'"
·Thd.
R~'
Gron
- - ."
R~'
A,"
o.w
A, ..
I~ In." CO.
". . '0. '0. '0. CO. CO. In ."

U. 111, ,, , , ...
,y,
-- .

•
. .--

" y.
."2
.601 2."
'" ,, ,'. , \4 .53 .50
.55
,,
7
.551
.693
24.7
15.3
1
.'"
.185 2.67
3.3•
1%
1\1 ,,
5
5\4 ,
"n 5\1
5
1.22
1.41
1.00
1.13
1.054
1 .2~
,'-'
30.2
"' L'"
".
5Y, 5 1.14
".'" ,y, ,y, ' II '"'II
1\4 1.227 4.17 ' \I 2.26 1.65 41.8
1% 5.05 5\1 1.89 1.37 5 1.74 17.2
1\1 1.767 6.01 2 5% 5Y, 2.75 2.25 ,y, 2.30 30.2
1% 2.074 7.05 2" 5 7\4 5\<, 4,2' 3.23 'II 3.02 45.6
1% 2.... 8.18 2"
2\1
,y,
,%
5
5\\
5\\
, \\
" ~A
5\0
3.15
5."
2.90
•• 11, 'II 3.02
3.72
25.6
,4.7
1"
2
2.161
3.142
9.39
10.68 2\\ 5\1 5 , 4.45 '.56 ,, 3.72 18.4
".
2\4
3.547
3.976
12.06
13.52
,
2"
2\4
'"7\47\4 5\1
5\1
,\4
. \4
'"
3'h
'.28
5.35 ,." ,,
4.77 4.62
4.62
30.'
16.2
2%
2\1
4.430
'.909
15.06
16.69 '!4
7\\
.\4 •
.\1
514
7\4
,\I
514
7.22
10.08
5.65
'.00 •
5.62
6.12
26.'
l;.'
'.90 ,
'.26 •
,\4 .\4 514 ,\I '.82 24.2

....
5.412 18.40 '\1 6.72
""21.
2% 5.940 20.20 ,\I
'" 7 . \1 5\\ 10.94 7." ,3.3
,•
7 5\4 . \1 22.0
, 6.492 22 .01 '\I '\4 '.28 7."

,• ,,•
7.069 24.03 ll. 7 .\1 5 13.02 10.01 9.21 30.'
• •...... ,,• 38.'
7.670 26." 7\1 7\4 15.76 10.61

.....
13.04
'"
,\4 '.296 28.21 7\1
...
5 IUD
17.75
11.75
...
10.61 27.9
35.'
,%
,\\
30.42
9.621 32.71
'"'",yo 10
.\1
'II ...
...
7
• ......
7
16.36
20.41
...
... ,•
12.10
12.10
13.69
25.'
32.'
'",%
10.321 35.09

' 31
11.045 37.55
11 .793 40.10
."
."
10\\
IDYl
...
... • ...
7
25.03
n."
...
... ••
15.38
15.38
".2
30.'

I Allho ... ,h AISC Speclflcellons do nol relale sl.onllth 01 thr.. ded p.rt. to thre.d rOOI .,... Ihl.
dall I. Int;l ... ded lor the c:onvenlenc:. 01 those worldn, 10 olh. speoc:lfleltlof'l•.
TIw...d. lI.t .. d .Ibow..... UNC and 'UN. dess ZA, ASA Bl.1·1M.

",t\k:h, l1li',.
for "nllth or dlamel.. 01 ... pselar ..l . than t.bulated lbo:Iwo lor an)' bar size•• t;onst, ... a\On In
end If; _Ided 10 e bat" Wllh .. double·vee or double·~I ..... d mil)' be ... Md.

AM ERICAN INSTIT1JTE OF STEEl CONSTRUCTION

' ·94
CLEVISES

Grip _ tnickn . . .
pla'e + ...'
Thr... d: UNC C'ess2.8

Clevis
Num ber MIX. JJ M.~.p
,
Ormanslons, Inches
n a w I
.
Welllh i
Pounds
Sto le Watkins
load, Kip. '

2V,
3
l\
1%
I V,
1%
2'.
3
II;
1%.
4 1\4
5 1'. o/i,(+ Yu 0)
lh(+Y.!.2-0)
'12(+ I~ - 0)
2.0
4.0
7.5
15
31>
4
5
I'.
1%
2
2

'"
2V,
3V,
4
5 ""
1%
2'A
6 1%
6 2
7 2'.
112(+ Y12 - 0)
%(+ !t16- 0)
6.0
8.0
18
21
37.5
6
7
",
3
3
".
6
7
2'A
3
8 3
9 3'.
%(+ "'n -
Vi(+ 1AI - 0)
0)
16.0
26.0
36.0 "
68.5
8 4 4 8 4 10 4 l ~(+ IAI- 0) 80.0 135
• Sale worklnl load b ...d on S: I sale'y factor uslnK mulmum pIn diameter.

CLEVIS NUM BERS FOR VARIOUS ROOS AND PINS

Up~'1 Rods
NomlnllSlu .,.
Diem.
olhp
Olameter 01 Pin, Inche.
,
Round $quare Inch . .
);
¥e' 1 ' IIA Ilh 1%
2\h IzYt I 21h j 2'h
2 2'A 2\1 2'A ,\4 3V,
I.!! •
2Y.! 2Y.z ' 21k! 21fJ
* 2\1 ZYl ' 21h i 21h
I '" ... 3 3 3 3
"
I
I I; I'" I'A
I);
...
...
.. .
3
3
3V,
3
3
3'.
3
3
3V,
3
3V,
4
3V,
3\1
4
4
5
I"
}1.4.1% II; 1'A ... ... 4 4 5 5 5 5
1\1 1\4,1'" 2 ... ... ... 5 5 5 5 5 6 6
1~.1% 1\\ 2'A ... ... ... ... .. . 6 6 6 6 6 7 7
1ft.,2
2'.iI. l'A
1 ~,1%
t¥a. ?
2\\
2%
... ... ...
... ...
...
...
.. .
.. . 6
... ... .. .
6 6
7
7
7 ,
7 J
J
7
8
7
8
2% 2 '~ 3 ... ... ... ... ... ... .. . 7 8 8 8 8 8 8
Zlh.2iM. Z'A. 2~ 3\4 ... ... ... ... .. . ... ... ... 8 8 8 8 8 8
Z:J,4. z¥a 2" 3'. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 8 8 8 8 8 8
3 2~.2% 3% ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 8 8 8 8 8 8
31A1. 3\4 2'" 4 ... ... ... ... ... ... .. . ... 8 8 8 8 8 8
Abo ... e Tabl, 01 Clevis Slue II ~5.d on Ihe Net Area 01 Clevis Ihroulih Pin Hole batoR equello
or 'U. . , ... Ihen I lS per cent o f Net Area of Rod. Teble epptJe$ to . ound end sq ue .e .Ods
with up.et ends end .ound rods withou t upset ends. Pins e.e sulfldent 10f" she... but must
tHo In"elliaeted 10f" bendlna. f Of" other comblnetions ot pin end ,od Of" net eree ,etlos • •e '
Qulred clevis sIze cen Ia celculeted by . e terence to Ih" t"buleted dlm"nllonl ,
Weigh ts end dimension. 01 cle"lses ".e Cle"eland City f0f"8e Co, Stendard. SImile, ptoducts 01
other menulectur..s e'e essentially t he same.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 4·95
TURNBUCKLES

0:1@~
~
1--11 _ _ Q

I ,
ThfNd; UNC .nd. UN Clus 28

S.enderd Turnbuckt.. Weicht 01 Turnbuckl .... f'o1.Indl

DOm. I Turnbl.lckle
$aI, Working
, , ,
0 Olmenllons. tnchef leneth. c. Inch..

'"- , , • , , LAd. Kiol'

Q
"
II, ~ 'h;~
" " ". "
"
6
'4 ]I> I~,
.41
.75 ... 1.00 ,.,I.,
"
I>
%
6
6
6 ""
l Yle
7'~1
.1\
'"'
%
,~,
II>
I'll>
1.00
1.45
1.38
1.63
1.50
2.13
2.43
3.06 '.25
3.5
5.'
l'o 6 W31 8~e I", B', 1.85 2.83 '.20 5.43 7.'
,."
'9\,9\,"
I 6 II; I%> '.60 3.20 4.40 6.85 10.0 '.3
11\, 4.70 6.10 11.6
I'~
I'A
n,
11>
6
0
6
6
1%
JI~.
", 'lio
1014
1'",
11\,
11~6
Pfu
"',,,."
3y"
2.72
21¥,n 3.58
'.50
5.50
4.70
'.00
7.13 11.30
9.13 16.80
13.1
19.4
15.2
17.4
21.0
II; ,~ 10\1 I'y" 7.50 24.5
n.
H\
6
6
6
'I;
2%
11
11\1
,1\
'I;
""
•"',
'.50
11.50
15.25 16.00 19.50 ".3
]7.2
,
,..•,
27.50

".
0 ,% Ill; 11.50 15.25 37.2

'I;
6
6
]l'
'\1
12%
Ill;
'I;
21 ~6

• ,,,
18.00
2125
35.25
33.60
0.50
42.38
48.0
60.0
,% 6 '1\ 14'.4 3'A 31.50 54.00 75.0
3 , ,,...
6 .1; 15 31; 51, ".50 96.1
3~
3\1
31'
'0
0 0
...
l61;
"I;
18 ..'",
3lio
0%
0%
'1;
".50
".50
95,00
122.2
122.2
167.8

..•' I;. •0 0
0%
18
ZZI;
.);
,\4
'1>
'14
95.00
152.0
167.8
233.8
• 0% ZZI;
,...
''4 9% 152.0 233.8

, ••
233.8
' '4 6%
221' 9% 152.0
71; 10 '.,1.0 , 294.1
" 0
·S"a worklng !OIOd bend on 5:1 selely I.ctor.
Welaht. end dimensions 01 turnbuckles ere Clavelend City forge Com pliny Standerd. Similar
prod uct. 0 1 othar companies arl 1 . .lnlla lly Ihl Illme.

AMERICAN IN STIT UTE Of ST EEL CONSTRUCTION

.... SLEEVE NUTS

n • .Jt"
'" ,
YIn I", IA

Th, .ad: UNe and . UN CIa" 28

Diamat...,. Dimension s, Inches

01 Scre w 0
Inches
Short
Dlama'er
Lona:
Olamater ,
Lanll1h
""'" Cla. r
•
Welllht
Pounds

I>
~.
l~e
'l>o
'l>o
110 •• ---- .. ---- .. .27
,34
Y,
'A.
110
'11.
1
1 ~.
•55 ,
--
-- · --
·--
.'3
.64
I>
%
1 ~.
1" ''II>' '
l~e 5
-- .
-- .
,
·----. ,"
1.12
me

....
110 7 1~6 1 1.75
1 II> 1'*6 7 1 ~6 II; ',46
II; ,,1\.
11*.
".
,~. 7Y, III J~ 3,10
1~ 7\1 III B,
II>
1Y,
III 'I>
"I.
'\I
1
2 Me
21~1I
••.y, !l,
H\
,~.
Il,III
1Y, 4.97
6.16
7,"
1%
1110
,%
21.~6
31,
3\\. ,BY, 2Y1,
"I. ,
1110 8.87

,
10.42
,,y,
,'. 3\1 3Y, "I.
, y, 21' J.2.24

". .'.
3\1 31~6
' I> 16.23
,%
,%
3!' '1>
4'*11
10
lOY,
''''' '"
2!, 21.12
26.71
3
3"
3\, '"5l'
5
51>
5~

,51'
11
11\1
12
31\.
31>
311
3\1
31>
311
33. 22
40.62
49.07

•'"
'1> 12Y.! 31*6 3110 58.57

'\I '110 13 . ~. '1; 69.22

41,4 6\,
6l,7" 7" 13\, '% '1> 75.00
' \0 7 1~1I 14 5 4% 90.00
'% 81' lOY, 5~ 5 98,00
5 711 '110 15 5Y, 5~ 110.0
5~
5Y,
5%
•'1>B% ,~
,%
lOlA!
15Y,
16
16\1
,
53A
,~
5Y,
,
5%
122.0
142.0
157.0

• 'I, lOll 17 '\0 .~ 176.0

Strengths are ar.a ter Ihan the correspondin, connecting rod .... h.n ume material Is u.ad.
Welsh!._nd dlm.nslo,,_ a.a.tandard 8S furnished by Cleveland City ForIe Co. SImilar products
0 ' other manul.etu,_ ara auantially the ume.

AMERICA N IN STITUTE OF STEEL CON STRUCTION

 " ·97
RECESSED PIN NUTS AND COTTER PINS
lon, lon, Grio
Ii
~~ll~O Dli.
T I
·1 D
(CJ+u l ·! 'LiT T 1
Maleriat Steel Thread: 6 UN Class 1A/2B

NUT (Sulil&..led Dimensions)

()Iamel&!' ""
D
Th,..d Recess
of Pin
, Thick. O"mel ... Diem.
• T
n..s
I
Shari ' Lon,
""'m. ""'m.
R~",
Olem. • H...
WeI"'l
R~'" Pounds

2 2\4 1\0 1 110 lIo 3 3", 2% \4 1\4 1

.'""" ..,
2\0 2 1110 1 3110 \4 2

•'"
110

'" "' ,•
'110
3 3\4 3\0 2\0 1\4 110 1110 5 3l1o 2'. 3
3* 3 Il10 \4 1\4 ' lIo ' lIo lIo 2*
"A .\0 3\0 1\0 \4 I", 5\4 \0 3'. 5

'.
.*
5
5\0 5\4 , •5\4
6\0
.\0
5
II>
1\4
Il10
\4
I>
1\0
II>
1\4
5*
6\4
7
'I>
7\4
8110
8l1o
5\4
'\0
7
\0
I>
3*
'\4
10
8
'\4 7% I>
......
' \4
' \4 51,
7 2 I> Il10 8110 7\0 '4 5'. 12

'9\," • ,,,
'1>
7\0 5\0 2 110 10 8 5\4
''"" '4 14
"4
8\0
8
8'4
8\4

,
2\4
2\4
''"" ,
2110
2110 1QI.4
HI.4
IOlIo
Illlo ... "
8'4 '4 5'4
5"
""
'"
' \0
10
21>
2",
'" Grip
214
2" 11\4
13
13 "'" "
"'" '4
5*
5'4
32
32
~
Recen.ed Pin Null slmUe. to thou listed eboYe
r- are evelleDie. In c..1 Ileel. for pinl up to 24

0 --• I!o
Inch .. In dl.meter .
~ ~ ~~~o7t: -- Fo. pins over 10 inc:hes: in dieme ter , howev... ,
the pre/errea puc tlce Is a delall similar 10 thet
shown et the ielt, in which th e pin il held In
.,.ece by. recessed cep et eech end end secured
~'-IjJ. by e boll penln, completely throu,h the ceps
end pin . S41lleble provllion must be mede for
Typical Pm Cap Detail for Pins ellechln, pilots end arM", nuts,
over 10 I nches In Diameter
Dimension s shown ele epPlo_lmele

. II I
-
HORIZONTAL OR VERTICAL PIN HORIZONTAL PIN
Grip + Lit I' Grip + I' I'
I'
I I~ ,~ I
{ q } ~] ~ !!"
u ""U" J
I ' I
I .. Lenath 01 pin, In Inch...
Pins Wilh He.ds Colt...
Pins Wllh Huds Cotter
, W,.
~"
""'m. ""'m
•
Heed

h
.
Wel,ht
alOne
(Lb ,)
,
Lenath Diem .
P
...,.
(Lb .)
~"
o..m.
•
Heed
Diem.
h
Wel,hl
of One
(Lb.)
,
Lenat h ""'m.
P
...,.
Wo.

(Lb .)
-2 - -14- -
1\4 1\0 . 19+ .351 2.64 2'4 31' .82+1.681 •5 ~ II .•
1\0
1'4
2
2"
'"
2
2'"
21>
.26+ .501
.33+ .W
.•7+ .B91
.58+1.131
2\0
2"
3
3"
'''".. 3.10
3."
'.00 31,
9.40
3
3\4
3'4
3\0
3"
•'\4
1.02+2.001
1.17+2.351
1.34+2.731
1.51+3.131
,,
5
\0
\0
\0
Y,
28.5
28.5
33.8

''""
318
", 21\ .70+ 1.39l 3% 10.9
AMERICAN IN STI TUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCT tON
.."
Notes

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 ,- "

WELDED JOINTS
Requ irements
The standards and specifications of lhe American Welding Societ.y and
the A1SC have exempted from tests and qualification most of the common
joints applicable to steel structures. When these joints, which are detai led
on the foUowing pages, are welded in accordance with the requiremp.nts of lhe
Aw S standards and 8S modified by AlSC Specifications, they are designated
as prequalified. Small deviations from the dimensions, angle of grooves,
variation in the depth of double groove joints are permissible; consult the
AWS standards for limitations.
I n general. a ll fillet welds, whether illusLratea or not, are doomed pre-
qualified , provided they conform to requirements of AWS standards nnd
AlSC Specificatio ns.
Other joint forms and welding procedures (including other welding proc-
esses such as inen.gas metal-are) may be employed provided they are tested
a nd qualified in accordance with AWS Standard Qualification Procedure.
All prequalified joints iUustrated with the exception of partial penetration
types are also applicable for bridge construction.
The designations such as B-LIa, B - L2, B-U2, B-4 -S which are given
on the following pages are those used in the A WS standards. Groove welds
have been classified using t he following convention:
1. J oint Type S. Weld Type
B- butt joint l -square groove
C---comer joint 2- single-vee groove
T- tee joint 3- double-vee groove
BC- butt and corner joint 4-eingle-bevel groove
BTe - butt, tee and corner joint 5-double-bevel groove
Tc-tee and comer joint 6-&ingle-U groove
2. M aJ.erial Thickness and Efficumcy 7-double-U groove
L-limiled thickness, complete 8-aingle-J groove
penetration 9-doubJe-J groove
U-unlimit.ed thickness, com- 4. Welding Process
plete penetration I r not manuru shielded metal arc:
P- partial penetration S-tlubmerged arc

AMERICA N INST ITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

4 ·100

WELDED JOINTS
Standard symbols
BASIC WELD SYMBOLS
PLUG GROOVE OR BUTT
BACK FILLET
"" SlOT SQU""E , 'E1/£l U J FlARE'
FLARE
BEVEL

.:::::. ~ 0 I I V V Y V \ ( If
SUPPLEMENTARY WELD SYMBOLS
CONTOUR
WELD ALL
AROUND FIELD WELD
FLUSH CONVEX

0 •
STANDARD LOCATION OF ELEMENTS OF A WELDING SYMBOL
- r---,

Finl$h ~ymbol
GrOOYe a01l1e or Included
angr. 01coonlersiok
Contour symbol lor plull welds

Rool openi",. depth Lenllth of weld in inches

oll'lh"& for plull
and slol welds

Size 10 indies
, Pitcl! (e. to e. spacing)
of welds in inches

R.f,,~. IIM::::=\\ R • Weld-all·around symbol

Spealiel!lOIl. proteSS
or other relerence ----..... ~ -S
i ~i
.. r:. Field weld symbol
.. - L @P
T
f'
Tall (may be omitted
wlleo relereOCI
is not used)

~51c weld symbol

/ Arrow eonllflCtinll reference line
to arrow side of jOint (also poinls
to grooved fTH!mber In bevel and
or detail reference J IIrocwed jOints)

.•." SIn. wtId lymboj, IIncIh 01 wtId ...cI1f'KIrI1 ......1 ,eadln IhIl anIef I,,,,,, Jell Ig ritht ....., \hi ,ef,renc;, liM.
Nelthet ""t.nlfliGII of ..1..-. line nor Ioutlon 01 It. ...,gw ,I,. WI rule.
The potJ*Idlc: ..... '-I III ~, V. v. If" wtId lymboIs _ bIo at!tft.
"'row...:l Olio..- Side wtId..... 01 lilt ...... lila UI\lQ.$ othetwise " ' - -

\OI'IM
!C.a>ed.~ ' * - ~ ~ In dir«tiGII 01 Hldlnt ..-.Ies$ ~ 1>1' tt. "aIIvaoonof'.:l)'IToboI1/f other-

_erial (
n-~ do I'IGt ~I)' prooAde lot it. caa tn.1 f~ occurs In Iln.clunol """" ........ dupllaol.
.. Iliff..,,. _ _ on IIIe ,., aiI:II 01 • wtb 01 114M'! pIIole. ThlIIIbrit.a4>oc hiustry /'lis IdooItd u.s
a,n-.Ioon; lflii ....... I,. ~ detail mat.... disdDoH 1'- idonIity III f., ...,. with .... to*. it. MIIIint "-"
lot ,lit ..- l0:IIIII\1IIil10 be III on 1111 ,., l0:III.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 4 ·101

WELDED JOINTS
Complete penetration
Manual Shielded Metal·Arc Welded Joints of LIMITED Thickness
(as permitted by AISC Specification Sect. 1.17.2)
II-U. TC·LI

v.m..~T

T t nr~T Fr'
SQUARE GROOVE • SQUARE GROOVE

,.1-4r-.
B·LIb C-l2 50'
'c--I ,'-
v.~'n "it""'
T
[E
T t
• SQUARE GROOVE • SINGLE·VEE GROOVE

~
8.[2 TCl4a
50' _% m,x.
~ma ... - ~
T~\ ,I '.7
,I T ~

.
'

-lt.
_, c

4.
• SINGlE·VEE GROOVE • SINGlE·BEVEl GROOVE

TC-l4b

~
B·l4

=1=
V ~.
r "
45'

L- _
\.;:
,.~
"_
45' to
90'

• .~, ~ ~ ~
.~ SINGlE·BEVEl GROOVE • SINGlE·BEVEl GROOVE

• Goup n>DI bot.... MId.... MDDnII oIdL

• For Iooflzonl., po$Ition on1)'.

5i... 01 l,r"l welds reintor<:l"I IrooYe ",",S In 1.. and cO""r joInl.lIlIIlt equal T/4 wtth. ",. maxlmurn.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION

4 ·102

WELDED JOINTS
Complete penetration
Manual Shielded Metal·Arc Welded Joints of UNLIMITED Thickness
(as permitted by AISC Specification Sect. 1.17.2)

'8·U2 B-UJb I
\I
• 'CY
rw
-u-.
" SrNGLE.vEE GROOVE U
H ,/(
'IIf,'
'-- ..,. i"
DOUBLE.VEE GROOVE
l

" B-Ula
• 8-U. I
VJ~'
~r-. R)(" spacer
\!,'f-'!,',
4~ ---
~

L • '1'
.. DOUBLE-VEE GROOVE . • SINGLE-BEVEL GROOVE

· C-U2
~
•
8-USb C\'
I
'L~ '"
QJ t --1--,-.
~)( '" $pIICer~ V.

SrNGLE.vEE GROOVE ..~ DOUBLE-BEVEL GROOVE

• LIMITATIONS FOR JOINTS B-U5a I

~ ~=::
8·U2, B-Ula AND C-U2

• ,
sltle IIr$1
PI,,,, ,ned we~"'1 _hono 45' ~ 45'

... " "" pol.ol OlI

0' to IS'
' v~
~-

". • f lilt fIId OYtlhHd only

•
ro'
• /lilt _ _ ,!>M(!""1y
• •• DOUBLE·BEVEL GROOVE

• ec..,....- be_ -'<I.... ..ani ""'-.

• rOt ...."""101 pooot.... "".,..
• 1"', ioonI oIIOO!Id lIfeletobly be I!mot~ 1~ but """".. thlcluMs_ of "~ .............
" HoI p!~hlld lor IPotti on , _ ","po of brldp &orde<So

AMERICA N INSTI TUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 4 · 103
WELDED JOINTS
Complete penetration
Manual Shielded Metal-Arc Welded Joints of UNLIMITED Thickness
(as permitted by AISC Specification Sect. 1.1 7.2)

'S·U6

~\"RI
\\D/
->-
-*-0 t
• SINGlE·U GROOVE .h DOUBLE.J GROOVE

-FT:--:
SINGLE·BEVEl GROOVE
•• DOUBLE·U GROOVE

'C·U6 .. TC·USa I -c=e:.:: 1'

tlt,,1-ff-J;
R Xl6s~- f~r' ?
• ' i/ I'
.. DOUBLE·BEVEl GROOVE
a·us KUSh I K
r: / /,
r -----1,
-;§-

: 1":}:----1-
.~
•• SINGLE·) GROOVE
"' DOUBLE·BEVEL GROOVE
" LIMITATIONS FOR JOINTS ·- lIMITATIONS FOR JOINTS
a·UG, S·U7 AND C-U6 TC·U4 ANO Te·uSa
/"t,nHlted weId,nll
pos,,>OtI1 E

.,. All """hOll' 45' ... All 1'0,,10""1 UN,mll'"

• Coup !WI belort weld.,. _ond sde..

• rorllOrtlOlltllpos.rl_onIy.
TIft joIntloho:Uci p<tle<Xlly be '"""ed to ~ .......MoI thie""'".... of ti~ or III....
Iortio,._
C

SIte ollillel weld ...... MId. WI ,",.-.:I COfMf join" IJIaII ~ TJ4 .. ~h. " ................

AMERICAN I NSTITU TE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

4 ·104
WELDED JOINTS
Complete penetration
(as permitted by AISC Specification Secl 117.2)
Manual shielded metal·arc welded joints of UNLIMITED thickness

• SINGlE·j GROOVE • SINGLE·j GROOVE

'TC·U9 I • • LIMITATIONS FOR JOINTS

r.-l I' TC·U8a, TC·U8b AND TC·U9

' ''~. •
.,.
(le-:us.)
(lC-\J9J

Utlhmlled
.,-IF- \ '
t....-'" 30" flat..d _t.e.d OftI)' NoI_ 3'

d DOUBLE.j GROOVE
• Gouco root btfof. -.IcIlna -.elide.
• Tl\i$ loon'''''''' lIft'tf1IbIJ' be limit.. 10 base n'IIlHiI! thod<tlls.ses of"- or Ie,.....
s<z. oIliIIeI wtI6t.toMotcinc I~~' in t.. ..d comer joint..... equal T/' wdh t " "' lNIIoIIIUIII.

Submerged arc welded joints of LIMITED and UNLIMITED thickness

B.u.S I Welds must be
B·Ul·S \. 20' 0/
y..
v.. max.~c'nlered on joirrt
T-
I

o
20'
SQUARE GROOVE DOUBlE·U GROOVE

TC·Ll·S I TC·US-S
r"T r--;*max.
Ie ! r'
...
~-I--o o-IT..
~,
'>
SQUARE GROOVE DOUBLE·BEVEl GROOVE
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CoNSTRUCTION
, 4 · 1OS

WELDED 101 NTS

Complete penetration
Submerged Arc Welded Joints of LIMITED and UN LIMI TED Thickness
(as permitted by AISC SpecifICation Sect 1.17.2)
I .,.
- a.L2a.S
M
B·U," r ~~ x ~ spIItef
'rcd
iUlJ
°S-UH
\ I , I'
..J+. .,. •
SINGLE·VEE GROOVE DOUBLE·VEE GROOVE

B-I.2b-S
"'. BUS I I~
~< ~
"'. -~(T-\4)

'C/
' ')(( ,-
CMtr " to 1- IncluSlve:-
Weld , IlIr
weldi ng .t f " V--t'
Weld eller
welding at
y,
least one pan
on ol hll' lid. / ....!+.o
1111$1 Olle pass
on ol lMl, sid. '180~ -"(T -v.,
SINGLE·VEE GROOVE OOUBLE.vEE GROOVE

· C·lla-S I
M TC-l 4a·S
K,
_ I Mmu..

,' //
UPJ
·CU2·S
\ I

...w... -+:ltv.
SINGLE.vEE GROOVE SINGLE·BEVEl GROOVE

C-I.2b-S
JO r1MrI\IIl{.
TC-l 4b-S I .".. ~ .~<

"y'ri 1'+ Manual stlleIded

metal.reor
submerged Irt
' -:7
"-
~
,t
~~eId after weldin, lIIIet weld
.... f.O alleast one pus backina weld
on other side - !-O
SINGLE-VEE GROOVE SINGLE·BEVEl GROOVE

• LIMITATIONS FOR JOINTS

B·l2a-S AND C-L2a-S

- S·U2-S AND C·U2-S

.... s .,.
,.,.,
..,,,
'"""
".
• ,
"
•
-'"
.......
•
"""""
Sia of IdIM "'IIIdI
,~..-
In _.. Iftd _

tIIII--'T/"
MttI.tIo·~
......
)I:wIU

AMERICAN I NSTITUTE OF ST£EL CoN STRUCTION

4· )1)6
WELDED JOINTS
Partial penetration
Manual Shielded Metal·Arc and Submerged Arc Welded Joints of UNLIMITED Thickness
(as permitted by AISC Specification Sect 1 172)
BC·P2
60· m.n.
BCP6 I 45' min.
~ T. _ D _'1.
~

f O~ Tl } j!"Tol! t"",f T
~~R ---'T"

-1\-0
SINGLE·VEE GROOVE SINGl E·U GROOVE

BTC·P4 0 BTeps I DC - T.)

~14S"mjn. j! ~50mi".
ot
T
T T. - O-Vo ,
040
T
~"'

SINGLE·BEVEl GROOVE SINGlE·J GROOVE

8C·P2·S 8TC·P4·S

BC·P6-S BTC·pa.S
r« 1'- __ p:I an:
lion ~ _ _ to""
....,." jOorItl, . . . prepwt.
but
mocI,t ... 10_I/l0l rncas.

T>. "'~, T. - \ffi6

s.. AtSC SPKdcal..... Sect. 1147.
AMERI CAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
 4 -101
WELDED JOINTS
Details of fillet welds
For Manual Shielded Metal·Arc and Submerged Arc Welding

FI LLET WELOS

I
T'"
./! ~l ' \60 to90
0 0
~
For T len than \4: MOl •. Eff. fillet ~l~ _ T
t j. j. For T \4 or over: MaJ;. Eff. fillel ,1ze_T - Vi,

SKEWED TEE JOINT • EDGE FilLET

.--T

W
' ' 1;l ~
lima. . - ~~' 1090' ,
-
LT,
5 T, mill.
not Ius thin I ~
,-

,
T>T,; S-lSreql,llret:!
SKEWED TEE JOINT DOUBLE FILLET LAP JOINT
• for M... ......, $L!e - T _ T> 'olo. _ .... IS(: Spec,IQlIOtI. S«t. 1.17.~

AMERICAN IN S TITUTE OF STEEL CONS TRUCT ION

 5-1

PART 5
Specifications and Codes

AISC SPECrFtCATION FOR THE DESIGN, FABRI-

CATION AND ERECTION OF STRUCTURAL
STEEL FOR BUILDINGS ...................... 5-3 - 5-97
COMMENTARY ON THE AISC SPECLFICATION 5-99 - 5-137
AlSC CODE OF STANDARD PRACTICE ............ 5-139 - 5-150
ASTM SPECIFICATIONS, SUMMARy ............. 5-153 - 5-157
MINIM UM DESIGN LOADS IN BUILDINGS AND
OTIlER STRUCTURES. EXCERPTS (ASA ).... 5-159 - 5-164
RECQMl\fENOED LIVE WADS FOR STORAGE
WAREHOUSES (NBS) ......................... 5·165 - 5-167
SPECIFICATION FOR STRUCTURAL JOINTS
USING ASTM A325 BOLTS (RCRB&J)......... 5-169 - 5-182
SPECIFICATION FOR ARCffiTECTURALLY
EXPOSED STRUCTURAL STEEL (AISq....... 5·185 - 5-188
SPECIFICATIONS AND LOAD TABLES FOR OPEN
WEB STEEL JOISTS - LONGSPAN OR
LA-SERIES (AISC and SJ/ ).................... 5· 189 - 5-201
SPECIFICATIONS AND LOAD TABLES Fon OPEN
WEB STEEL JOISTS - HIGH STRENGTH
LONGSPAN OR LH-SERIES (AJSC and SJJ)... 5·203 - 5-219
SPEClFICATIONS AND LOAD TABLES FOR OPEN
WEB STEEL JOISTS - J~SERIES AND
U-SERIES (AISC and &11)............... ... ... 5·221 - 5-241

AMERICAN INSTI TUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 SPECIFICATION
FOR THE

DESIGN,
FABRICATION
& ERECTION
OF

STRUCTURAL
STEEL FOR
BUILDINGS

:g'
.. .,
~_I"f'!I;;

>Ie -
'
AMERICAN INSTITUTE
OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
101 PAAK AI,/&NUII. NEW YORK 17. N.Y.
 Structural &eel for Bui/dinp • 5·5

Preface
Widespread use of the AISC Specification for the Design, Fabrication
and Erection of Structural Steel for Buildings since ita extensive revision in
1961 has, 88 was to be expected, pointed up the desirability of a number of
minor amendments. The changes which have been made are largely clarifica-
tions of existing provisions.
In principle, the familiar effective length factor" K" was introduced into
the column formulas in 1961. To avoid misunderstanding, the formulas have
been re-written to include this factor.
The definition of a compact member, for which the more liberal flexural
requirements of Sect. 1.5.1.4.1 apply, is no longer dependent upon the provi-
sions of Sect. 2.6 in Part 2, which curmntiy are limited to steels having a
specified yield l)Oint no greater than 36,000 psi. The new provisions in Sect.
1.5.1.4.1 recogni ...e that, as the working stress is permitted to increase with
stronger steels, width-thickness ratios and unbrnced lengths must be held to
lower limits.
The provisions of Sect. 1.6.1 have, for clarity. been rearranged. As now
presented they reflect more directly their intended use as explained in the
Commentary.
Sect. 1.10.7 has been revised to limit the application of Formula (12)
to those cases where the girder web is proportioned on the basis of tension
field action. Thus, as in the past, no reduction in bending stress is required
wben the web shear stress does not exceed the former limiting value.
Welds in partial penetration grooves 80 disposed as to be stressed pri-
marily in compression, bearing, or tension pnra1lel to their axis are now
recognized to be fully as strong as a comparable area of the parent metal.
However, restrictions are included in Sects. 1.10.3, 1.10.8, 1.15.7 and 1.17.2
upon Lhe use of partial penetration groove welds 80 disposed 8S to be stressed
in tension nonnal to the longitudinal axis of the groove.
Additional control over the identification of stronger grades of steel bas
been introduced in Sect. 1.4 and Sect. 1.26.
By the Committee,
William C. Alsmeyer La Motte Grover William H. Munse
St.ephenson B. Barnes Theodore R Higgins Lowell A. Napper
Lynn S. Beedle John W. Hubler Charles I. Orr
Walter E. Blessey William H. Jameson Egor P. Popov
Frederick H. DiU Bruce G. Johnston Norman W. Rimmer
Milton E. Eliot William J. LeMessurier James Ruderman
Edward R Estes, Jr. Arthur S. Marvin lvan M. Viest
Edwin H. Gaylord. Jr. Carl A. Melz George Winter
John D. Griffiths Robert J. Wood
April 17. 1963
5·6 · A/se Speci/icot{o1l

Preface

This Specification form ulates rules for use in the design, fabrication and
erection of carbon and high strength constructional steels for structura l pur.
poses in buildings and structures other than bridges. Allowable stress design
provi.B.ions are included in Part Ij plastic design rules a re given in Part 2.
In the Appendix, which constitutes an integral part of the Specificatiol1, are
tabulated the numerical values for algebraic expressioTUI given in Parts 1 and 2.
applicable t.o steels of different strength levels.
In t.he preparation of the Specification, the Committee has studied avai l.
able resul ts of recent research and earlier editions of the A1SC Specification.
Based upon t.hese studies, a considerable number ofaect.ioTUI have been revised
and new provisions added.
As used throughout the Specification, tbe tenn "structural ateel" refers
exclusively to those itern& enumerated in Section 2 of t.he Code of Standard
Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges of the American Institute of Steel
Construction, and nothing berem contained is intended as a recommended
practice for members formed of flat rolled sheet or strip, light-gage st eel COI1-
struction, skylights, fire escapes., or other items not specifically enumerated
in tbat Code.
By the Committee.
William C. Alsmeyer Theodore R. Higgins J a mes A. Munro
Et.han F. Ball Sol Horwitz William H. Munse
Ly nn S. Beedle John W. Hubler Charles 1. Orr
WalLer E. Bleesey Bruce G. Johnston Egor P. Popov
Reuben W . Binder William J. LeMesaurier James Rudennan
Frederick H . DiU Arthur S. M arvin Ivan M . Vieet
Milton E. Eliot Cs rl A. M etz D avid M, Wilson
Edward R. Estes, Jr. William A. Milek, Jr. George Winter
Edwin H . Gaylord, Jr. Robert J . Wood
November 30, 1961
 Table of Contents
pART] Pogo
Sect. 1.1 Plana and Drawings 6- 11
1.2 Types of Construction . 5-12
1.3 Loads and Forces . . . 5-13
1.4 Material . . 5-14
1.5 Allowable Unit Stresse8 5-15
1.6 Combined Stresses . . 5-20
1.7 Members and Connections Subject to Repeated Variation
of Stress . . . . . . 5-22
1.8 Slendeme88 Ratios . . . . . . . 5-23
1.9 Width·Thickness Ratios . . . . 5-24
1.1 0 Plate Girders and Rolled Bean1s . 6-24
1.11 Composite Construction . . . 5-29
Ll2 Simple and Cont.inuous Spana . 5-31
1.13 Deflections . . . . . 5-32
1.14 Cl"088snd Net Sections . 5-32
1.15 ConnectiOTl8 . . 5-34
1.16 Rivets and Bolts . 5-37
1.17 Welds ..... 5-38
1.18 Built.-Up Members 5-41
1.19 Camber . . . 5-43
1.20 Expansion . . 5-13
1.21 Column Bases. 5-44
1.22 Anchor Bolts . 5-44
1.23 Fabrication 5-44
1.24 Shop Painting . 5-48
1.25 E rection . 5·49
1.26 I napect.ion 5-49
PART 2
Sect. 2.1 !leope . . 5-51
2.2 St.ructuraJ Steel . 5-51
2.3 Columna . . 5·5 1
2.4 Shear . . . . . 5-52
2.5 Web Crippling . 5·53
2.6 Minimum Thickness (Width-Thickness Ratios) 5-53
2,7 Connections . . 5-64
2.8 Lateral Bracing . 5·54
2.9 Fabrication . . . 5·55
APPENDIX
33,000 psi Specified Yield Point.
36,000 psi Specified Yield Point.
42,000 pei Specified Yield Point.
46,000 psi Specified Yield Point
60,000 psi Specified Yield Point
5 ·8 • AISC Speci/iCtJlion

Nomenclature
A. Nominal body area of a bolt
Ac Actual area of effective concrete flange in composite design
Ak Planar area of web at bea.m-to-oolumn connection
AI Area of oompreaeion flange
A. Area of steel beam in composite design
A., Cross-sectional arca of atiffener or pair of stiffeners
A. Area of girder web
B Coefficient used in column formula for plastic design
C~ Bending coefficient dependent u pon moment gradient; equal to

1.75 - 1.05 (Z:)+ (Z:Y 0.3

Ce Column slendemC98 ratio dividing elastic and inelastic buckling; equal to

. {2;'E
"T.
C. Coefficient applied to bending term in interaction formula and dependent
upon column curvature caused by applied momenta
C. Ratio of "critica1" web stress, according to the linear buckling theory,
to the shear yield point of web material; equal to
...-tEkV3
12(1 - 1'1)(h/ t )tF,
D Factor depending upon type of transverse stiffeners
E Modulua of elasticity of steel (29,000,000 pounds per SQuare incb)
E. Modulus of elasticity of concrete
F. Axial streas l>ermitted in the absence of bending moment
F.. Axial oompreaeive strt!86, permitted in the absence of bending moment for
bracing and other secondary members
F. Bending stress permitted in the absence of axial force
F'. Allowable bending stress in compression flange of plate girders as reduced
because of large web depth.t;o..thlckness ratio
F'. Euler strC8a divided by factor of safety; equal to
149,000,000
(Klb/ r&) 1
F. Allowable bearing atreas
F, Allowable tensile stress
F. Allowable shear stresa
F, Specified minimum yield point of the type of steel being used (pounda per
square inch unless otherwise noted)
G Coefficient used in column formu1a in plastic design
H Coefficient used in column formula in plagtje design
J# Mome.nt of inertia of transformed composite section
J Coefficient. used in oolumn formula in plastic design
 Strudural Skel {or Buildings· 5·9

K Effective length factor

L Span length, in feet
L. Maximum unbraced length of compression fiange, in feet, for which full
bending stress is permitted by Formula (5)
/If Moment
ML Smaller end moment on unhraced length of beanH.!olumn
MI Larger end moment. on unbraced length of beam-column
M D Moment produced by dead load
M r. Moment produced by live load
M. Reduced pl88tic moment
M, Plastic moment
N Length of bearing of applied load
P Applied load
P, Plastic axial load; equal to profile area times specified. minimum yield
point.
R Reaction or concentrated transverse load applied to beam or girder
$, Section modulus of steel beam used in composite design, referred to t.he
tension flange
So. Section modulus of transformed composite cross-section, referred to the
tension Rnnge
T~ Proof load of a high strengtb bolt
V Statical shear on beam
V,l Total horizontal shear to be resisted by connectors
V. Statica1 shear produced by ''uJtimate'' load in plast.ic design
Y Ratio of yield point of web steel to yield point of stiffener st.eel
a Clear distance between transverse stiffeners
a' Distance required at. ends of welded partial length cover plate to develop
at"",
b Effective widt.h of concrete slab
b, Flange widt.h of rolled beam or plate girder
c Distance from neulral axis to extreme fiber of beam
d Depth of beam or girder. Also diameter of roller or rocker bearing
e Horizontal displacement, in the direction of the span, between top and
bottom of simply supported beam at ita ends
f. Computed axial stress
ft Computed bending stress
f'. Specified compression strength of concrete .at 28 days
fl Computed tensile slress
f. Computed shear stress, in pounds per square inch
f.. Shear between girder web and transverse stiffeners, in pounds per linear
incb of single stiffener or pair of stiffeners
g Transverse spacing between fastener gage lines
h Clear distance between Banges of a beam or girder
k Coefficient relnting linear buckling strength of a plate to its dimensions
and condition of edge support. Also distance from outer face of flange
to web toe of fillet
1 ActuaJ unbraced length, in inches
I. Actual unbraced length in plane of bending, in inches
l." Critical unbraced length adjacent to plastic hinge, in inches
n Modular ratio; equal to E IE.
q Allowable hori7.ontal shear to be resisted by a connector
r Governing radius of gyration
5· 10· AISC Specificallon

r. Radius of gyration about. axis of com:UlTem.. bending

r, Lt>eser radius of gyration
, Spacing (pit.ch) between successive holes in line of 8lre.
t Girder or beam weh t.hickness
t, Flange t.hickne88
t, Thickneas of thinner part joined by partial penelmlion groove weld
w Web thickneM of plaslicaUy designed rolled beams. Also length of chan·
nel shear connectors
v Poiseon'. ratio
 5·11

SPECIFICATION FOR THE

Design, Fabrication and Erection

of Structural Steel for Buildings
PART 1
SECTION 1.1 P LA NS AND DRA WTNGS
1.1.1 Pl ans
The plans (design drawings) shall show a complete design with sizes,
sections, and the relative locations of the varioua membeJ1l. Floor levela,
column centers. and offsets shall be dimensioned. Plans shall be drawn to a
sca.le large enough to CODvey the information adequately.
Plans shall indicate the type or types of construction (as defined in Sect.
1.2) to be employed, and t.hey shaH be supplemented by INch data concerning
the all8UIned loads, aheara. moments and axial forces to be resisted by all
members and their connections, as may be required for the prOI>er preparation
of the shop drawings.
Where joint8 are to be assembled with high strength bolts and are re-
quired to resist shear between the connected parts., the plans shaU indicate
the type of connections to be provided, nnmely, friction or bearing.
Camber of tru88eS, beams and girders, if required, shall be called. for on
the design drawinga.
1.1. 2 Sh op Drawin gs
Shop drawinga, giving complete information necetl8ary for the fabrication
of the component pam of the structure, including the location, type and size
of all rivets, bolts and welds, shall be prepared in advance of the actual
fabriCiltion. They shall clearly distinguish between shop and field rivets,
bolts and welds.
Shop drawings shall be made in conformity with the best modern practice
and with due regard to speed and economy in fabrication and erection.
1.1.3 Notations for Welding
Note shall be made on the plans and on the shop drawings of those joints
or groupe of joints in which it is especially important that the welding sequence
and technique of welding be carefully controlled to minimize locked-up
stresses and distortion.
Weld lengths cnIled for on the plans and on the shop drawings sbaU be
lhe net effective lengths.
S· 12 • AiSC Sp«ifjadWn

1.1.4 Standard Symbols and Nomenclature

Welding symbols used on plans and shop drawings shall preferably be the
American Welding Society symbols. Other adequate welding symbols may
be used, provided a complete explanation thereof is shown on the plans or
drawings.
Unless otherwise noted, the standard nomenclature contained in t he
joint AISC-SJI Standard Specifications for Open Web Steel Joists- Longspan or
LA-Series shall be used in describing iongspan steel joists.

SECTION 1.2 TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION

Three basic types of construction and associated design assumptions are
permissible under the respective conditions stated hereinafter, and each will
govern in a specific manner tbe size of members and the types and strength of
their connections.
Type 1, commonly designated as "rigid-frame" (continuous frame),
n8SUl1les that beam-to-column connections have sufficient r igid ity to hold
virtually unchanged the original angles between intersecting members.
Type 2, commonly designated as "conventional" or "simple" framing
(unrestrained, free-ended ). assumes that the ende of beams and girders are
connected for shear only, and are free to rotate under load.
Type 3, corrunonly designated as "semi-rigid framing" (partially re-
strained), assumes that the connections ofbeams and girders posse98 a depend-
able and known moment capacity intennediate in degree between the com-
plete rigidity of Type 1 and the complete flexibility of Type 2.
The design of aU connections shall be consistent with the assumptions aa
to type of construction called for on the design drawings.
Type 1 construction is unconditionally permitted under this Specification.
Two different methods of design are recognized. Within the limitations laid
down in Sect. 2.1, members of continuouB frames, or continuous portions of
frames, may be proportioned. on the basis of their maximum predictable
strength, to resist the SI>6Cified design loads multiplied by the prescribed load
factors. Otherwise Type 1 construction sbal1 be designed, within the limita-
tions of Sect. 1.5, to resist the stresses produced by the specified design loads,
assuming moment distribution in accordance with the elastic theory.
Type 2 construction is pennltt.ed under this Specification, subject to the
stipuJations of the foUowing paragraph wherever applicable. Beam-to-
colwnn connections with scats for the reactions and with top clip angles for
lateral support only are classed under Type 2.
In tier buildings, designed in general as Type 2 construction (that is, with
beam-to-column connections other than wind connections flexible) the dis-
tribution of tbe wind moments between the several joints of the frame may be
mnde by a recognized empirical method provided that either:
1. The wind connections, designed to resist the assumed moments, are
adequate to resist the moments induced by the gravity loading and
the wind loading at the increased unit stresses pennltted therefor, or
2. The wind connections, if welded and if designed to resist the assumed
wind moments, are 80 designed that larger moments induced by t he
gravity loading under t he actual condition of restraint will be re-
lieved hy deformation of the connection material without over-stress
in the welds.
 Structural Steel/or 8uildings • 5·13

Type 3 (eeml-rigid) construction will be pennitt.ed only upon evidence

that the connections to be used are capable of furnishing, 8.8 a minimum, a
predictable Prol>ortion of full end restraint. The proportioning of main
members joined by BUch connections shall be predicated Ul>on no greater
degree of end restraint than th.i.s minimum.
Types 2 and 3 construction may necessitate some non-elastic but self-
Limiting defonnation of a structural steel part.
SECTION 1.3 LOADS AND FORCES
1.3.1 Dead Load
The dead load to be 8BSUIDed in design shall consist of the weight of steel-
work and all material pennanently fastened thereto or supported thereby.
1.3.2 Live Load
'rhe live load, including snow load if any, shall be that stipulated by the
Code under which the structure is being designed or that dictated by
the conditions involved. Snow load shall be considered as applied either to the
entire roof area or to a portion of the roof area, and the arrangemenlo of loads
resulLing in the highest stresses in the supporting member shall be used in the
design.
1.3.3 Impact
For structures carrying Live loads which induce impact, t.be 888UIDed
Jive load shall be increased sufficiently to provide for same.
If not otherwise specified, tbe increase sball be:
For supports of elevators . . . . . . . . . . . 100 l)8rce.nt
For traveling crane support girders and their connec-
tions . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 percent
For supports of Ligbt machinery, shaft or motor driven,
not less than . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 percent
For supports of reciprocating machinery or power
driven units, not less than . . . . . 60 percent
For hangers supporting Boors and balconies . 33 percent
1 .3.4 Crane Runway Horizontal Forces
The lateral force on crane runways to provide for the effect of moving
crane troUeys shall, if not otherwise specified, be 20 pe rcent of the sum of tbe
weights of tbe lifted load and of the crane lorolJey (but exclusive of other parts
of the crane), applied at the top of rail, one-haJf on each side of t.he runway;
and shall be considered as acting in either direction normal to the runway rail.
The longitudinal force shall, if not otherwise specified, be taken as 10
perceL1t of the maximum wbeel loads of the crane applied at the top of rail.
1.3.6 Wind
Proper provision shall be made for stresses caused by wind both during
erection and after completion of tbe building. Tbe wind pressure is de-
pendent upon the conditions of exposure, geographica1 location, and shape of
lobe structure.
l.3.6 Other Forces
Structures in localities subject to earthquakes, hurricanes and oloher
extraordinary conditions shall be designed with due regard for such conditions.
5·14· A/SC Specification

1.3.7 l\f,inimum Load8

In the absence of any applicable building code requirements, the loads
referred to in Sect. 1.3.1, 1.3.2, 1.3.5 and 1.3.6 above shall be not. less than
those recommended in the American Standard Building Code Requ.irements for
Minimum Design Loads in Buildings and Other StrucWres ASA ASS.t, latest
edition.

SECTION 1.4 MATERIAL

1.4.1 Structural Steel
1.4. l,1 Struct.ural steel shall conform to one of the following speci fica .
tions, latest edition:
Sleel for Bridges and Buildings, ASTM A7
Structural Steel for Welding, ASTM A373
Stru.ctural Steel, ASTM A36
High·Strength Structural Sleel, ASTM A440
High·Strength Low·AUoy Structural Manganese Vanadium Sreel,
AS'l'M A441
High·Strength LQw-Afloy Structural Steel, ASTM A242
Certified mill test reports or certified reports of tests made by the fabri·
cator or a testing laboratory in accordance with ASTM A6 and the goveming
spoc.ification, RhalJ constitute evidence of confonnity with one of the above
ASrM specificat.ions. Additionally. the fabricaklr shall, if requested, provide
an affidavit slating t.hat the structural steel furnished meets the requirements
of the grade specified.
1.4.1.2 Where a manufacturer's standard product, designed in accord·
ance with the 1949 AISC Specification and in production prior to November
30, 1961, does not. meet the ~uirements of Sect. 1.5.1.4.1 of this specifica'
tion, the use of ASTM A36 steel, with its minimum yield I>oint increased as re-
quired by the design but not more than 20 percent, will be permitted. Certified
rel>Orts of tests made by the steel producer. the manufacturer or a testing
laboratory snail constitute evidence that the steel meets the design specified
yield point and all other requirements of ASTM A36. The manufacturer
shal1, if requested, provide an affidavit stating that the structural steel fur·
nished meets the requirements of tbe grade spocified and the appljcable
increased yield point.
1.4 .1.3 Unidentified steel, if free from surface imperfections, may be
used for parts of minor importance, or for unimportant details, where tbe
precise physical properties of the steel and its weldability would not affect
the strength of the KtructurC.
1.4.2 Other MetaJs
Cast stool shall conform to one of the following sl>ecifications, laLeat
edition:
Mi(d...fo.A1edium.$trength Carbon·Steel Castings for General Applka·
tion, ASTM A27, Grade 65·35
High·Strength Steel Castings for Structural Purposes. AS'l'M A148,
Grade 80-50
Certified test reports shall constibJte sufficient evidence of conformity
with the specifications.
 Structural Steel/or Building• • 5 ·15

Steel forgings shall conform to one of the foUowing specifications. latest

edition:
Carbon Steel Forgings for General / ndustrial Use, ASTM A235,
CI8.98 Cl . F and G. (Class Ct Forgings that are to be welded
shall be ordered in accordance with Supplemental Requirements
SO of A235.)
Alloy Steel Forgings for General lndustriol Use, ASTM A237, Class A
Certified test reports shall constitute sufficient evidence of confonnity
with the sl>ecifications.

1.4.3 Rive t Steel

Rivet IIteel shall confonn to one of the foUowing llpecificationa, lateat
edition:
Structural Rivet Steel, ASrM A141
High·Strength Structural Rivet Steel, ASl'M A195
H igh· Strength Structural AUoy Rivet Steel. ASTM A406
Certified mill test reports shall constitute lIuflicient evidence of con-
formity with the specifications.

1.4.4 Bolts
High strength steel bolts shall confonn to one of the following specifica-
tions, latest edition:
High Strength Steel Bolts for Strudural Joints, ASTM A325
Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel &its and Siuds with Suitable
Nuts, ASTM A354 . Grade BC
Other bolts shall confonn to the Speci/ication. for J..ow..Carbon Steel Ex-
ternally and 1 nternally Threaded Standard Fasteners, ASJ'M A307, latest
edition, hereina£ter designated as A307 bolts.
Manufacturer's certification shall constitute sufficient evidence of con-
formi ty with the specifications.

1.4 .5 Fille r Metal (or Welding

Welding electrodes for manual shielded meta.l·arc welding shall conform
to the E60 or E70 ser ies of the Specification for Mild Steel Arc-Welding Elec-
trodes. AS'fM A233, latest edition.
Bare electrodes and granuJar flux used in t he submerged-arc process shall
conform to t he provisions of Sect. 1.17.3.
M anufacturer 's certificatio n shall constitute sufficient evidence of con·
form ity with the specifications.

SECTION 1.5 ALLOWABLE UNIT STRESSES·

Except 8S provided in Sect. 1.6, 1.7, 1.10, 1.11 and in Part 2, all com-
ponents of the structure shall be 80 proportioned that the unit stress, in
pounds I>cr square inch. shall not exceed the following va.lues, except 88 tbey
are rounded off in the Appendix:

• See Appendix for tables of.numencal va.lue8 for Va.riOWI grades of steel COrTe-
sponding to provisiollll or this Section.
5 · 16 • A/se Specijimtion

1.5.1 Structural Steel

1.5.1 .1 Tension
On the Det section, except at pin holes
FI - O.60Fr
On the net section at pin holes in eyehars, pin-oonnccted plates or built-up
memben
FI - OA5F,
1.5.1.2 Shear
On the gross section
F. - OAOF,
(For shear calculation, the gross section of beams and plate girden may
be taken as the product of the overall depth and tho thickness of the weh.
See Sect. 1.10 for reduction required for thin webs. )

1 .5.1.3 Compression
1.5.1.3.1 On the gross section of axially loaded compression members
when Kl/ r, the largest effective slenderness ratio of any unbraced segment as
defined in Sect. 1.8, is Jess t.ban C~

Formula ( 1)

where
5 3(Kl/ r) (Kl/ rp
F .S. _ factor of safety
- "3 + ~ - 8C~'
and

c, _ fr'E
F,
1.5.1.3.2 On tbe gross section ofaxially loaded columns when Kl/ r exceedsCc
149,000,000
Formula (2)
F. - (KI/ r)1
1.5.1.3.3 On the groea section of axially loaded bracing and secondary
members, when l/ r exceeds 120·
F. (by Formula 1 or 2)
F., - I Formula (3)
1.6 - 200r

1.5.1.3.4 On the gross area of plate girder stiffeners

F. - O.60F•

• For this case, K is taken aa unity.

 Slructuroi SUd/or BuUdUlRt • S· 17

1.5.1.3.6 On the web of rolled shapes at the toe of the filleL (crippling.
Ml8 Sect. 1.10. 10)
F. _ O.75F,

1.5.1.4 8endin&"
1.6.1.4.1 Tension and compression on extreme fibers of latera lly sup..
ported compact roUed shapes and compact bu.ilt.-up members having an axis
of symmetry in the plane of loading
P, - O.66F,
(1.n order t.o qualify as a compact section the widtb-thicknesa mtio of project.--
ing e1ement.9 of the compression flange shall not exceed 1fJ.'1O/V/i. except
that for rolled shapes an upward variation of 3% may be tolerated. The
widtb-thicknC88 mtio of Bange plates in box sections and flange cover plates
included between longitudinal lines of rivets, high strengt.h bolt.9 or welds
shall not exceed 6,OOO, v'F,. The depth-thickness ratio of the web, dl t,
shall not. exceed 13,300/ YF,. When subjected to combined axial force and
bending moment. d/ t shell not exceed 13,300( 1 - 1.43 ~:)/ YF. except that it
need not. be leBa than MOO/ #.. Flanges of compact buill-ull sections shall
be continuously connected to Lbe web or webs. Such members are deemed
to be supported laterally when the distance, in inches, bet.ween points of
support. of the compression flange doee not exceed 2400 bt/ VP, nor
20,000,000 A , dF.. )
Beams and girders wbich meet the requirements of tbe preceding paragraph
and are continuous over supports or are rigidly framed to columns by means of
rivets. high strength bolts or welds, may be proportioned for 910 of the nega-
tive moments produced by gravity loading which are maximum at points of
support. provided tbat, for such members, the maximum p08itive moment
shall be increased by M0 of t.he average negative mornent.9. This reduction
shall not. apply t.o moments produced by loading on cantilevers. If the nega·
live moment is resisted by a column rigidly framed to tbe beam or girder, the
M0 reduction may be used in proportioning the column for the combined
axial and bending loading, provided that. the unit stress, f. ,due to any con-
current axial load on tbe member, doea not exceed O.15F•.
1.5.1.4.2 Tension and compression on extreme fibers of unsymmetrical
members, except. channels, supported in the region of compresaion strees as in
Sect. 1.6.1.4.1
F. _ O.SOF)

1.5.1.4.3 Tension and compresaion on extreme fibers of box-type mem·

bers whose proportions do not meet. t.he provisions of a compact eection, but
do confonn to the provisions of Sect. 1.9
P, - O.SOP.
1.5.1.4.4 Tension on extreme fibers of other rolled shapes. built-up
memben and plate girders
p. - O.60F,
5 -18 • Al SC Speci{irotion

1.5.1.4.5 Compression on extreme fibers of rolJed shapes. 1)lst.e girders

and builtrup members having an axis of symmetry in the plane of their web
(other than box-type beams and girders), the larger value computed by
Fonnu1a.a (4) OJ)d (5 ), but not more than O.60F,

F. - [1.0 - ;~:~.J O.60F,· Fonnula (4 )

12,000,000
F. - /dI A, Fonnula (5)

where l is the unbrac:ed length of the comprcsa.ion flange: r is the radius of

gyration of a Lee soction comprising the compression flange plus one--sixth of
the web area, about an axis in the plane of the web; A I is the area of the com-
preasion flange: C, is defined in Sect. 1.5.1.3 and C~, which can conservatively
be taken fl9 unity, is equal to

C. - 1.75 - 1.05 (::) + 0.3 (Z;)t, but not more than 2.3

where M, is Ule smaller and M , the larger bending moment at tbe ends of the
Wlbraced length, taken about the strong axis of the member, and wbere
M ,f M t , the ratio of end moments, is positive when M Land Aft have the same
sign (singh! curvature bending) a nd negative when they are of opposite signs,
(reverse curvature bending). When the bending moment at any point within
an unhracoo length is larger than that at both ends of this length the ratio
M J M: shaU be taken fl9 unity_ See Sect. 1.10 for furthe r limitation in
plate girder flange stress.

I.S.1.4.6 Compression on extreme fibers of channels, the value computed

by Formula (S), but not more than
F • ... 0.6OF,
1.S.I.4.7 Tension and compression on extreme fibers of pins
F. = O.90F,
1.5.1.4.8 Tension and compression on extrcme fibers of rectangular
bearing plutea
F • .. 0.7SFr
1.5.l.5 Dearing (on contact area)
1.5.I.S.1 Milled surfaces, including bearing stilTencrs and pins in
reamed, drilled or bored holes, I)()wlds per square inch
F~ - O.90F, ··
I.S.1.5.2 Expansion rollers and rockers, pounds per linear inch
F _ (F,•• - 13,(00) 660d
, 20,000
where d is the diameter of roller or rocker in inches.

• Whcre l/ r is IIl&II than 40. sttCSII reduct.ion oc<:ording to Fonnula (4) msy be
neglected .
•• When pa rta in contact have di.lTcrent yield points. F. shall be lhetllnaller value.
 StrUClural Steel for IJuildings • 5·19

1.5.2 Rivets and Bolts

1.5.2.1 Allowable unit. tension and shear stresses 011 riveta, bolts and
lhreaded parts (pounds per square inch of area of rivets before driving or
unLhreaded body area of bolts and t.hreaded parts) shall be as given in Table
1.5.2.1.

... I
TABLE 152

Shear (F.)
'reMio n
DeecripLion of t-~l:llltener Friction· Bearing_
(1',)
Type Type
Connections COnnectiOIlA

A141 hot-driven rivelll 20,000 15,000

AI95 and A406 hol·driven rivets 27,000 20,000

A307 bolts {lnd threaded parts of

A 7 tmd A373 steel 14,000 10,000

ThreHdod parts o f other steels 0.40F. 0.30P.

A325 bolta when threading ill nol

excluded from shear planes 40,000 15,000 15 ,000

A325 bolta when threading ill ex·

cluded from shear planes 40.000 15,000 22.000

A354. G rade BC, bo". when

threading is rwt excluded 'rom
sbenr planes , 50,000 90,000 20,000

A354. Grade BC, when threading

ill excluded from shear planes 50.000 20,000 24.000

1.5.2.2 Allowable bearing stress on projeded area of bolts in bearing-

type connections and on rivets
F~ - l.35F.
where Fr is the yield point of the connected part. (Benring stress not re-
stricted in fri ction·type connections assembled with A325 and A354, Grade
Be, bolts.)
t .5.3 WeJds (stress in pounds per square inch of throat a rea)
1.5.3.1 Fillet, Plug, Slot and P artial Pe netration G roove Welds
Stress in fillet, plug, and slot welds, tension stress transverse
to the axis of partial penetration groove welds and
shear in such welds, when made with A233 Class EGO
series electrodes or by submerged arc welding Grade
SA W-1 on all steels or with A233 Class E70 series elec-
trodes or by submerged arc welding Grade SA W-2 on
A7 and A373 steels .. .. .......................... . 13,600
5 ·20 • A[SC Specifjcotion

Stress in fillet, plug, and slot welds, tension stress trans-

verse to the axis of partial penetration groove welds and
shear in such welds when made with A233 Class E70
series electrodes or by submerged arc welding Grode
SA \V -2 on A36, A242 and A441 steels ... .. . . . ...• .. 15,800
1.5.3.2 Groove Welds
The full 8t.res8es allowed by Sect. 1.5 for the connected material shall
apply to complete penetration groove welds stressed in tension, compression,
bending, shear and bearing and to partial penetration groove welds stressed in
compression, in bearing or in tension parallel to the axis of the weld. (See
Sect. 1.17.2 for electrodes and submerged arc welding process to be employed
on various grades of ateeL)
L5.4 Cast Steel and Steel Forgings
Allowable stresses same as those provided under Section 1.5.1, where
applicable.
1.5.5 M Monry Bearing
In the absence of Code regulations the following unit strC88e8 in pounds
per square inch shall apply:
On sandstone and limestone. . . . Fp - 400
On brick in cement mortar . . . . F, - 250
On the fujI area ofa concret.esupport Fp - 0.251'.
On one-third of this area . . . . . F, - O.3751'e
where I'. is the apecified compression strength of the concrete at 28 days.
1.5.6 Wind and Seism.ic Stresses
Allowable streaaes may be increased one-third above the values provided
in Sect. 1.5.1, 1.5.2. 1.5.3. 1.5.4 a nd 1.5.5 when produced by wind or seismic
loading, acting alone or in combination with the design dead a nd live loads,
provided the required section computed on this basis is not le88 than that
required for the design dead and live load and impact (if any), computed
without the one-third stress increase, nor less than that required by Sect. 1.7,
if it is applicable.

SECTION 1.6 COMBINED STRESSES

1.6.1 Axial Compression and Bending
Members subjected to both axial compression and bending stresses shall
be proportioned to sntisfy the following requirements:
Whe n I.I F• .::; 0.15
1.+lb<1.0 Formula (6)
F. F. -

When I.I F. > 0.15

Formula (7a)
 Structural Slftl for Buildl1t8l • s· 21

and, in addition, at points braced in the plane of bending,

~ + F.-
f. < 1.0 Formula (7b)
0.6F.

wbere
F. _ axial stress that would be permitted if axial force alone existed
F. _ compressive bending stress that would be permitted if bending
moment alone existed
149,000,000 (In the exprcesion for F ' .. I. is the actual unbraced
F'. - "7~'2~.
(KIt/ r.p length in 1M prone of bending and r. is the corre-
sponding radius of gyration. K is the effective length
factor in the plone of bending. As in lhc Cll8e of F••
F. and 0.6 F" F'. may be increased one-t.hird in
accordance with Sect. 1.5.6.)
f. - computed arial st:rese
f. - computed compressive bending stress at the point under con·
sideration
C.. _ a coefficient whose value shall be taken as follows:

1. J:o~orcompression members in frames subject to joint traoelation

(sidesway), C. - 0.85.
2. }o'or restrained compreemon members in frames braced against
joint. translation and not IlUbject to transverse loading between
their supports in the plane of bending,
M,
e. -0.6 + 0.4 M ,' but not less than 0.4,
where M d M t is tbe ratio of tbe smaller to larger moments at the
ends of that portion of tbe member, unbraced in the plane of
bending under conaiderat.ion. M aiM , is positive when the
member is bent in single curvature and negative when it is bent
in reverse curvature.
S. For compression membem in £rames braced against joint transla·
tion in the plane of loading and subjected to transverse loading
between their supporta, the value of C. may be determined by
rational analysis. However, in lieu of such analysis, the foUow-
ing values may be used. <a> for members wbose enda are re-
strained, C. - 0.85, (b) for members whose ends are unre-
strained. C. - 1.0.

1 .6.2 Axial T e ns io n a nd Be nding

Members subject to both axial tension and bending stresses shall be
proport.ioned to sat.isfy the requirements of Formula (7b) where f. and F.
are taken, respectively, 88 the computed and permitted bending tensile
stTe88. However, tbe computed bending compressive stress. taken alone,
shall not. exceed the value permitted by Formulas (4) and (5).

1.6. 3 Sh ear and Tension

Rivets and bolts subject to combined shear and tel'lBion due to force
applied to the connected parts, shall be 80 proportioned t hat tbe tenaion stress
5·22 • AJSC Speci{katwn

produced by tbe force sball not exceed the following:

For A141 rivets . . . . . F, - 28,000 1.6(. :5' 20.000
For Al95 and A406 rivets . . . . F, - 38,000 1.6(. :5' 27,OOU
For A307 bolts .... . F, - 20,000 1.61. :5' 14,000
For AS25 bolts in bearing-type
joints . . . . . . . . . . . F, - 50,000 1.6(. :<; 40,000
For A354, Grade Be, bolts in bear-
ing-type joints . F, - 60,000 1.61. :$ 50,000
where ( .. Lhe shear stress produced by the same force, shall not exceed lhe
value for shear given in Sect. 1.5.2.
For bolts used in friction-type joints., the shear stress allowed in Sect..
1.5.2 shaU be reduced 80 that:
For A325 bolts . . . . . . F .:$ 15,000 (1 - (,A.f'r &)
For A354, Grade BC, bolts . . . . . F .:$ 20,000 (1 - (,A .j7~)
where I, is tell8ile atress due to applied load and T&is proof load of the bolt.
SECTION 1.7 MEMBERS AND CONNECTIONS SUBJECT TO
REPEATED VARIATION OF STRESS
1.7.1 Up to 10,000 Complete Stress Reversals
The stress carrying area of members, connection material and fasten ers -
need not be in(.Teased because of repeated variation or reversal of atress unlC1:18
the maximum stresa allowed by Sect. 1.5 and 1.6 is expected to occur over
lO,~ times in the life or the structure.

1.7.2 10,000 to 100,000 Cycles of Maximum Load

Members, connection material and rasteners (except high strength bol ts
in friction-type joints) subject to more than 10,000 but not ove:r lOO,OO(f
applications of maximum design loading shall be proportioned. at unit str~
allowed in Sect. 1.6 and 1.6 for the kind of steel and fasteners used . 1.0 support
t.he algebraic difference-- of the maximum computed stress and two-thirds
of the minimum computed strees, but the stress-carrying area shall not be le9iI
t.han t.hat required in proportioning the member, connection maLerinl and
rasteners to auppert eiUler tbe maximum or minimum computed strCIIS at. t.he
vnlues allowed in Sect. 1.5 and 1.6 for the kind of ateel and fasteners used.
1.7.3 100,000 to 2,000,000 Cycles of Maximum Load
Members, connection material and fasteners (except high strength boll.M
in fTiction-tYI)(l joints) subject to more than 100,000 but not more than
2.000,()()()t applications of maximum design loading shall be proportioned a t
uni t stresses a llowed in Sect. 1.5 and 1.6 for A7 steel, A14 1 rivet steel and
E60XX and submerged arc Grade SAW-l welds to su pport the a lgebraic
difference of t.he maximum computed stress and % orthe minimum computed
st.ress, but the stress-carry ing area shall not be less t.han that. requil'(.>d in
proportioning the member, connection material and fasteners to support
either the maximum or minimum computed stress at the values allowed in
Sect. 1.5 and 1.6 for the kind of steel and fasteners used.
• As used in this Section. " (asleneflJ" comprise welds , rivets and bolts.
... In delennining lhe algebraic difference, tensile slt'es8 i& d l!8ignated IlS poeitive
and compreeeion &t1'(!88 lUI negative.
• Approximately equivalent. to one application per day ro r 25 years.
• Approximately equivalent to ten applications per day (or 25 years.
< Approximately equivalent to 200 applications per day ror 25 years.
 Strucrural Steel for Buildingll • 5·23

L7A Ove r 2,000,000 Cycles of Maximum Load

Members. connection material a nd fasteners (except high strength Ixllts
in friction-type joints) subject to more than 2,000.000 applications of mui-
mum design londing shall be proportioned at two-thirds of the unit stress
allowed in Sect. 1.5 and 1.6 for A7 steel, A141 ri vet. steel and ESOXX and
submerged arc Grade SAW-l welds to SUPl)Ort the algebraic difference of the
maximum computed stress and three-quarters of the minimum computed
stress, but the stress-carrying area shaU not be less than Ulat required in pro-
portioning the member. connection material and fastener to support either the
maximum or minimum computed stress at the values a ttowed in Sect. 1.5 and
1.6 for t.he kind of steel and fasteners used.
1.7.5 De t ails
Members subject to the provisions of Sect. 1.7.2, 1.7.3 a nd 1.7.4 shall have
no sharp notches. sharp copes or attachments of clips. brackets or similar de-
tails, at locations where the stress exceeds 75 percent of those allowed in this
section.
1.7.6 High Strength Bolted Connections
High strength bolts in friction·type joints shall be proportioned a t the
unit stresses allowed in Sect. 1.5.2 and 1.6.2 to resist the largest static stress on
the joint produced by any single application of the design loads.

SECTION 1.8 SLENDERNESS RATIOS

1.8.1 Definition
In determining the slenderness ratio of an axially loaded compression
member. except as provided in Sect. 1.5.1.3.3. the length shall be taken as its
effective length Kl and r as the corresponding radius of gyration.

1.8.2 Sidesway Prevented

In frames where lateral stability is provided by diagonal bracing, shear
wails, attachment to an adjacent structure having adequate lateral stability.
or by floor slabs or roof decks secured horizontaUy by wa lls or bracing systems
ptlraJlel to the plane of the frame. a nd in trll88e9 the effective length factor,
K , for the compression members shall be taken as unity, unless analysis shows
that a smaller vnlue ma.y be used.

1.8.3 Sidesway l'iot Prevented

TheefTcctive length Kl of compression members in a frame which depends
upon its own bending stiffness for lateral stability, shall be determined by a
rational method a nd shall not be less than the actual unbraced length.

1.8.4 Maximum Ratios

The slenderness ratio of compression members shall not exceed 200.
The slenderness ratio of tension members, other than rods. preferably
should not exceed :
For main members . . . . . . . . . . 240
For bracing and other secondary memberM 300
5·24 • AlSC Specification

SECTION 1.9 WlDTH·TmCKNESS RATIOS

1.9.1 Projecting Elements Under Compression
Projecting elements of members subjected to axial compression or com·
pression due to bending sball have ratios of width·to..thickness not greater
than the foUowing:
Single·angle struts; double·angle struts with separators . . 2,400/ VF.
Struts comprising double angles in contact; angles or plates
projecting from girders. columns or other compreasion
members; compression Banges of beams; stiffeners on
plste girders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,OOO/VF,
Sterns of tees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,OOOIVF.
The width of plates shaU be taken from the free edge to the first row of
rivets. bolts or welds; the width of legs of angles, channels and zees. and of
the stems of tees. shall be taken as the full nominal dimension; the width of
flanges of beams and tees sholl be taken as one·half the full nominal width.
The thickness of a sloping flange shall be measured halfway between a free
edge and the corresponding face of the web.
When a projecting element. exceeds the width·to·thickneas ratio prescribed
in the preceding paragraph. but would conform to same and would satisfy
the stress requirements with a portion of its width oonaidered 88 removed.
the member will be acceptable.
1.9.2 Compression Elements Supported Along Two Edges
tn compre88ion members the unsupported widlh of web. cover or dia·
phragm plates, between the nearest lines of fasteners or welds. or bet.ween the
roots of the flanges in case of rol1ed sections. shall not exceed 8.000/ VF, times
its thickness.
When the unsupported width exceeds thi.s limit, but a portion of ita
width no greater than 8,OOO/ VF, times the thickness would satisfy the stress
requirements, the member will be considered acceptable.
The unsupported width of cover plates perforated with a succession of
access holas, may exceed 8,OOO/ v'F,', but shall not exceed lO.OOO/ V F"
times the thickness. The gr08B width of the plate less the width of the widest
access hole shall be assumed available to resist compression.
SECTION 1.10 PLATE GmDERS AND ROLLED BEAMS
1.10.1 Proportions
Riveted and welded plate girders, cover·plated beams and 1'0Ued beams
sbaU in general be proportioned by the moment of inertia of the gross section.
No deduction shall be made for shop or field rivet or bolt holes in either 8ange,
except that in cases where tbe reduction of tbe area of either flange by sucb
holes, calcuJated in accordance with the provisions of Sect. 1.14.3. exceeds
15 percent of the groes 8ange area, the excess shall be deducted.
1.10.2 Web
The clear distance between Banges in inches, shall not exceed
14,000.000
V F,(F, + 16,5(0)
times the web thickness.
 Strncturul SUet (or IJuilding' • 5·25

1.10.3 Flanges
The thickness of outsLanding part.8 of flanges shall confonn to the require-
ments of Sect. 1.9.
Each flange of welded plate girders shall in general OOnAist of a aingle plate
mther than t.wo or more platessuperimp<:l8Cd. The single plate may oomprise
a aeriee of shorter plates, laid end-to-end and joined by oomillete penetration
butt. welds.
UnAtiffened cover plates on riveted girders shall not extend more than
3,OCIJ/ Vii; times the thiclmeas of the thinnest outside plate beyond the outer
row of rivets or bolts oonnecLing them to the angles. The total croee-eectional
area of oover plates of riveted girders eball not e:zceed 70 percent of the total
Oange area.

1.10.4 Flange Development

Rivets, high sLrength bolta or welds oonnecting flange to web, or cover
plate to flange, shall be proportioned to resist the total horizontal shear
resulting from the bending forces on the girder. Tbe longitudinal distribution
of these rivel.8. bolts or intermittent welds shall be in proportion to tho inten-
sity of the shear. But the longitudinal spacing shall not exceed the maximum
permitted, respectively, for compression or tension membel"8 in Sect. 1.18.2.3 or
1.18.3.1. AdditionaUy, rivets or welds connecting Bange to web ahaU be pro-
portioned to transmit to the web any load8applied directJy to tho flange unleas
provision is made to transmit such loads by direct. bearing.
Partial length OO\'er plates shall be extended beyond tbe theoretical cutroff
point and the extended portion shall be attached to the beam or girder by
rivets. high strength bolts (friction-type joint), or fillet welda adequate, at
8t.reeeee aUowed in Sect. 1.5.2 or 1.5.3 or Sect. 1.7, to develo)) the cover plate's
portion of the llexural stresses in the beam or girder at the theoretical cut-off
point. In addition, for welded cover plates, t.he welds connecting the cover
plate tenninntion to the beam or girder in the length 0', defined below, ahaU
be adequate, at the allowed stresses. to develop the cover plate's portion of
the flexuralsLre88es in the beam or girder at the distance a' from the end oftbe
cover plate.· The length a', measured £rom the end of the cover plate, shall
be,

1. A distance equal to the width of the cover plate when there is a con-
tinuous weld equal to or larger than ~ of the plate thickncss acr088
the end of the plate and continued welds along both edges of the
cover plate in the length a!.
2. A distance equal to 1,!4 times t.he width of the cover plate when there
ia a continuous weld smaller than %' of the plate thickness aCl"088 the
end of the plate and continued welds along both edges of the cover
plate in the length a'.
3. A distance equal to 2 times the width of the cove.r plate when there
is no weld across the end of the plate but continuous welda along
both edges of the cover plate in the length a'.
--:-::::-:-
• Thil may require the cover plate tennination to be pll'lced lit II point in the
beam or ,irder that h88lower bendin, atreea than the strellll at the theoretical cut-off'
point..
5·26 • A1SC SfXocifjcation

1.10.5 St.iffeners
1.10.6.1 Bearing stiffeners shall be placed in pairs at. unframed ellds on
the webs of plate girders and, where required· at. points of concentrated
loads. Such st.iffeners shall have a close bearing against. the flange, or flanges,
through which they receive their loads or rcsl.1.ions, and shall extend approxi-
mately to t.he edge of the flange plales or flange angles. They shall be designed
as columns subject to the provisions of Sect. 1.5.1, 888W1ling the column section
to comprise t.he pair ofstiffeners and a centrally located strip of the web whose
width is equal to not more than 25 times its thickness at interior stiffeners or
a width equal to not more than 12 times its thickness when the stiffeners a re
located at the end of Lhe web. The effective length shall be Laken as not less
Lhan ~ of the length of the stiffeners in computing the ratio tl r. Only that
I>ortion of the stiffener outside of the angle fillet or the flange-lo-web welds
shall be considered effective in bearing.
1.10.5.2 The largest average web shear f . in any panel between stiffeners
(total shear force divided by web cross-sectional area), in pounds per square
inch, computed for any condition of complete or parlial loading, shall not
exceed the value given by Formula (8) or (9),·· 88 applicable.

F. _ .!L
2.89
[c. + 1 - C.
1.15Vl + (al h )l
] Formula (8)

when C. is less than 1.0:

F. - 2~ (C.) Fonnula (9)

but not more than 0.4F.. when C. is more than 1.0 o r when intermediate
stiffeners are omitted;

wbere

a _ clear distance between transverse sti ffeners, in inches

h .. clear distance between flanges, in inches
C•• - 45,OOO,OOOk be· I h 08
F~(h /t)l' w en • is cas tan.

-
6,000
h It "I.1-';i"• when C. is more than 0.8

- thickness of web, in inches

k 4.00 + (:i~~" when a/ h is less thal1 1.0

.. 5.34 + (:i%,' when al h is more than 1.0

~ For proviBions j:(overn inj:( welded plate gi rd c~ see Sect. 1.10.10 .
.. F or valuee or F . corresponding to va.rious IJtiffener sPlIcing Bee Tublee 3 in lhe
Apl'lCndix.
 Structurol Steel {or Build./lg' • 5·21

When al h is more than 3 ita value shall be taken as infinity. In t.his case
Fonnula (8 ) reducell to Fonnula (9) and k _ 5.34.
1.10.5.3 Intennediate st.iffeners are not. required when t.he rat.io hi e is
IesB than 260 and the maximum web shear strC88 f . is Ieee than that. pennit.ted
by Jo~onnula (9 ).
The spacing or intermediate stiffeners, when stiffeners are required, shall
be such that the web shear str688 will not. exceed t.he value ror F. given by
Formulas (8) or (9) , as applicable, and lobe ratio a/ h shall not. exceed
260) 1 nor 3.0.
(
hi'
The spacing between stiffeners at end panels and panela containing large
holes shall be 8Uch that the smaller panel dimension, a or h. shaU not exceed
1l.OOOl.
Vi.
1.10.5.4 The gross area, in square inches, or intermediate stiffeners
spaced in accordance with Fonnula (8) (total area, when stiffeners are rur-
nished in pairs) shall be not less than t hat computed by Formula (10),
l - C.[a
A.. - - (a/h)']
- - - YDht Formula (10)
2 h VI + (a/h)'
where
en a, h and t are as defined in Sect. 1.10.5.2
Y _ yield point or web steel
yield point of stiffener steel
D - 1.0 ror stiffenere rurnished in pairs
_ 1.8 ror single angle stiffeners
_ 2.4 ror single plate stiffeners
When the greatest shear strese f. in a panel is less lhan that permitted by
Formula (8) this gross area requirement may be reduced in like proportion.
The moment of inertia of a pair or stiffeners, or a single stiffener, witb
rererence to an axis in the plane or the web, shall not be letIII than (h/ 50)'.
I nt.ermediate stiffeners may be stopped short or the tension Bange a
d istance not. to exceed 4 times the web thickne&8. provKled bearing is not
needed to transmit a concentrated load or reaction. When single stiffenenJ
a re used they shall be attached to the oompre&8ion Bange. ir it coll8ista or a
rectangular plate, to resist any uplift tendency due to Lorsion ill the plate.
When lateral bracing is attached to a stiffener. or a pair of stiffeners, t hese, in
tunl , shall be connected to the compression flange to transmit 1 I>creent of
the total flange stress, unless t be fla nge is compoaed only of a ngles.
I ntermediate stiffeners required by the provisions orSect. 1.10.5.3 shall be
connected ror a total shear transrer , in pounds per linear inch or single stiffener
or pair of atiffeners, not less than that computed hy the formula

t .. - h ~(3.~~)'
where F, - yield point of web steeL
This shear transfer may be reduced in the same proportion that the largest
computed shear stress f. in the adjacent panela is less than that permitted by
5· 28 • AlSC Speci{ical.Wn

Formula (8). However, rivets and welds in intermediate stiffeners which are
required to trarwnit. to the web an applied concentrated load or reaction shall
be proportioned for not lees than the applied load or reaction.
Rivets oonnecting stiffeners to the girder web shall be spaced not Dlore
than 12 inches on center. 1f intermittent fillet welds are used, Ule clear dis.
tance between welds shalJ not be more than 16 times the web thicknesa nor
more than 10 inches.

1.]0.6 Reduction in Flange Stress

When the webdepth-to-thickness ratio exceeds 24 ,OOO/ VJ.\, the maximum
stress in the compression flange shall not exceed

[
F't ~ F. 1.0 - 0.0005 A IA. (ht - 24,OOO)J
Vii. Formwa (11)

where
Fo - applicable bending stress given in Sect. 1.5.1
A.. - area of the web
AI - area of compression flange
1.10.7 Combined S h ear and Tension Strcss
Plate girder webs, subject to a oomput.ed average shear stross in excess of
that permitted by Formula (9 ), shall be 80 proportioned that bending tensile
stress, due to moment in the plane of the girder web, shall not exceed 0.6F.
no,
(0.825 - 0.375 ~. )F. Formula (12)

where
f . - computed average web shear stress (total shear divided by web area)
F . - allowable web shear stress according to Formula (8 ) or (9)

1.10.8 Splices
Butt welded splices in plate girders and beams shall be complete penetra-
tion groove welds and shall develop the full strength of the smaller spliced
sect.ion. Other types of splices in cross-sections of plate girders and in beams
sha ll develop the strength requ.ired by the stresses, at t.he poi nt of splice, but.
in no case less t.han 50 percent of the effective strength of the material spliced .

1.10.9 Horizontal Forces

The flanges of plat.e girders supporting cranes or other moving loads shall
be proportioned to resist the horizontal forces produced by such loads. (See
Sect. 1.3.4.)

1.10.]0 Web Crippling

1.10.10.1 Webs of beams and welded plate girders shaU 0080 proportioned
that the compressive streea at the web toe oft.he tulel!l, resulting from concen-
trated loads not 8Upported by bearing stiffeners. shalJ not exceed the value of
0.75F, pounds per square inch allowed in Seet. 1.5.1; otherwise. bearing
stiffeners shall be provided. The governing formwas shall be:
 Slrucl«rol sreeJ for nl£ildin/lS • 5· Z9

For interior loads,

N R 2A: - not over 0.75F. pounds per square inch Fonnula (13)
t( + )
For end·reactions,
R
- not over 0.75F. pounds per square inch Fonnula (14)
t (N + k)
where
R - concentrated load or reaction, in pounds
t - thickness of web. in inches
N - length of bearing in inches (not lese than k for end reactions)
k - distance from outer face of flange to web toe of fillet. in inches
1.10.10.2 Webs of plate girders shall alao be 80 proportioned or stiffened
that the sum of the compression stre8l:lC8 resulting (rom concent.rated and
distributed loads, bearing directly o n or through a tInnge plnte, ul)On the
compression edge of the web plate, and not supported directly by bearing
stiffeners, shaU not exceed

[ 5.5 + (a /4Ia)lJ 10,000,000

(h/ t )! pou
nds
per square
. ch
In
Fonnula (15)

when the 8ange is restrained against rotation, nor

4 J10000000 .
[2 + (a.fh)' '(h/ t)' pounds per &quare meb Fonnula (16)

when t.he flAnge is not 80 restrained.

These IJlre811e8 shall be computed as follows:
Concentrated loads and loads distributed over partial length of a
panel sha1l be divided by the product of the web thickne118 and the
girder depth or the length of panel in which the load ia placed, which-
ever is the lesser panel dimension.
Any other dirlributed loading, in pounds per linear inch of length,
shall be divided by the web thickness.

SECTION l.ll COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION

1.11.1 Definition
Comp08ite construction shall oonsist of steel beams or girders supporting
a reinforced ooncrete e.lab, 80 int.er-connected that the beam and s1nb act
toget.her to resist bending. When the slab extends on both sides of the beam,
the effective width of the concrete flange shall be taken 88 not more than one-
fourth of the span of the beam, and ita effective projection beyond the edge
of the beam shall not be taken as more than one-half the clear distance to the
adjacent beam, nor more than eight times the slab t.hickneE. When lhe slab
is present on only one side of the beam, the effective width of Lhe concrete
Hange (projection beyond the beam) shall be taken 88 not more than one-
twelfth of the beam span, nor six timea ita thickness nor one-half the clear
distance to the adjacent beam.
5·30 • AISC Specification

Beams totally encased 2 inches or more on their sides and soffit in concrete
poured integrally wito t.he slab may be assumed to be inLer-connected to the
concrete by nat.ural bond, without additional anchorage, provided toe top of
t.he beam i& at least 11i inches below the top and 2 inches above the bottom
of t.he slab, and provided t.hat the enca~ment. hilS adequate mtl6h or otber
reinforcing steel throughout the whole depth and across the soffit. of the beam.
When dlear connectors are provided in aooordnnce with Sect. 1.11.4. er:case-
mcnt of the beam to achieve composite action is not required.
1.1l.2 Deliign Assumptions
1.11.2.1 Encased beams shall be prol>ortioned to support un888isted all
dead loads applied prior to the hardening of the concrete (unlE!88 these loads
are supported temporarily on shoring) and, acting in conjunction with the
slab, to aupport aU dead and live loads applied after hardening of the concrete,
without. exceeding 11 computed bending stress of O.66F" where F" is the yield
point of the steel beam. The bending stress produced by loads after the
concrete has hardened shall be computed on the basis of the moment of inertia
of the composite section. Concrete tension stresses below the neutral axis of
the comJlO(l.ite section shall be neglected. Alternatively. the steel beam
alone may be proportioned to resist unassisted the moment produced by all
loads, live and dead, UBing a bending stress equal to 0.76F•• in which case
Lemporary shoring is not required.
1.11.2.2 Wben shear cOlmectors are used in accordance with Sect. 1.11.4
the composite section shall be proportioned to support all of the loads without
exceeding the allowable stress prescribed in Sect. 1.5.1.4.1 or 1.5.1.4.4 as
applicable. The moment of inertia I 'T of the composite section ahall be com-
puted in accordance wit.h t.he elastic theory. Concrete tension stresses below
the neutral axis of the composite section shall be neglected. The comprC88ion
area of the concrete above the neutral axis shall be treated as an equivalent
area of steel by dividing it by the modular ratio n.
For construction wit.hout temporary shoring the value of the section
modulus of the tl'8Jl.!lfonnoo composite section used in stress calculations
(referred to the tension flange) shall not exceed

Sir - (1.35 + O.35::)S. Formula (17)

where M I. and M D nre. respectively. the live load a nd dead load m oments and
S, is the section moduJus of the steel beam (referred to its tension flange ) and
provided that the steel beam alone, supporting the loads before the concrete
has hardened, is not stressed to more than the a ppl.icable bending stress
given in Sect. 1.5.1.
l.il .3 End Shear
The web and the end connections of the steel beam shall be designed t.o
carty the total dead and live load.
l.ilA Shear Connectors
Except in the case of encased beams as de6ned in Sect. 1.11.1, the entire
horizontal shear at the junction of the steel beam and the concrete slab shall
be assumed to be transferred by shear connectors welded to the top flange of
the beam and embedded in the concrete. The total horizontal ahear to be
thus resisted bet.ween the point of maximum positive moment and each end
 SUucturol $ted for 8",iJdlllp • 5-31

of the stool beam (or between the point of maximum posiLive moment a nd a
point of conlmttexure in continuous beams) shall be taken as the smaller
value using the formulas

v. O.85f'~
----
2
A.
FomlUla (18)
and
_ A,F,
V. FormuJa (19)
2
where
1'. - sl:Mrified compression strength of concrete at 28 days
A~ - actual area of effective concrete Oange defined in Sect. 1.11.1
A . - area of steel beam
The number of connectors resisting this shear. each side of the point of maxi-
mum moment. shall not be less than that determined by the relationship V./q,
where q, the allowable shear load for one connector, or one pitch of a spiral
bar, is as given in Table 1.11.4.
TABLE 1.11.'1

Connedor

1', _ 3,500
1'. - 3,000 1'. - 4,000
\.Il- d iam. X 2- hooked or headed stud 5 1 5,' 5 0
,,- dialn . X 2Yl- hooked or headed stud 8 0 8 6 o2
I~~ - dinm. X 3- hooked or headed stud 11.5 12.5 13.3

,,
:1- di~Hn . X 3}.i- hooked or headed s tud 156 16 8 18 .0
3'" channel, 4.1 lb. 3w , 7w 5 Ow
, .. channel. 5,4 lb. 6w , Ow 53w
,5- channel, 6.7 lb.
I~· diam. epiml bar
•
11 0
Ow , 3w
12. "
5Sw
12 .8
~. diam. epira! bar 148 1" 15 0
~ ~~ .. d iam. spiral bftr 17 8 18 , 19 . 1

w- length of channel in inchee.

The required number of shear connectors may be spaced uniformly be-
tween lhe sections of maximum and zero moment.
Shear connectors shall have at IcasL 1 inch of concrete cover in all direc-
tions.

SECTION 1-12 SIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS SPANS

1.12.1 Simple Spans
Beama, girders a.nd Lrusses shall ordinarily be designed on the basis or
simple spans whoee effective length i8 equal to the distance between centers of
gravity of the members to which they deliver their end reactions.
1.12.2 End Restraint
When designed on the assumption of full or partial end restrai nt, due to
continuous, sem i-continuous or cantilever Action. Lhe beams, girders and
trusses. B8 well B8 the ACctions of the members to which they connect. shall be
5 • 32 • Ai SC Speci(icotion

designed to carry Ule shears and moments 80 introduced, as well as aU other

foroea, without exceeding at any point the unit streeaea preecribed in Sect.
1.5.1 ; except that 80me non~lastic but self-limiting defonnation of It part of
the connection may be permitted when this is es&ential to the avoidance of
overatreeaing of fasteners.

SECTION 1.13 DEFLECTIONS

Beturuli and girders supporting floors and roofs sball be proportioned with
due regard to the deflection produced by the design loads.
Beams and girders supporting plastered ceilings shall be 80 proportioned
that the maximum live load deflection will not exceed ).i 60 of the IRpaR.
The depth of beams and girders supporting fiat roofs shnll be not leealhan
f.JfJXJ,OOO tim6IR their span length whether designed as simple or con·
tinuous spans.

SECTION 1.14 GROSS AND NET SECTIONS

1.14.1 Dellnitions
The gr0t)8 section of a member at any point shoJI be dct.ennined by
8UI11Jlling the products of the thickness and the gross width of each element as
meMured normal to the axis of the member. The net aection ahaU be deter·
mined by suhetituting for the gross width the net width computed in accord-
ance with Sect. 1.14.3 to 1.14.6 inclusive.
1.1<1.2 Application
Unleaa otherwise specified, tension members shall be designed on the
basia of net section. Compreesion members shall be designed on the basis of
gross aect.ion. Be8JD8 and girden shall be designed in accordance with
Sect. 1.10.1.
1.14.3 Net Section
tn the case of a chain of holea extending aCl'088 a part in any diagonal or
zigzag line, the net width of the part ahall be obtained by deducting from the
gro8IR width the sum of the diameters of all the boles in the chain, and adding.
for each gage space in the chain, tbe quantity

where
.'
4g

tI - longitudinal spacing (pitch, in inches) of any two consecutive holes

IJ - transverse spacing (gage, in inches) of tbe same two holes
The critical net section of the part is obtained from that. c hain which
gives the least net width; however, the net section taken througl\a hole 8hall
in no case be considered as more than 85 percent of the corre8ponding groes
8ed.ion.
In detennining the net eection acrose plug or slot welds, the weld metal
shall not be considered as adding to the net area.
1.14.4 Angles
For angles, the gT088 width abalI be the sum of the widths of the legs less
the thickness. The gage for holes in opposite legs shall be the sum of the
gages from back of anglea less the thickness.
 StructurtJl Steel for Buildings . 5·33

1.14.5 S ize o f Holes

In computing net area the diameter of a rivet or bolt hole shall be taken
as J.' inch greater than the nominal diameter of lhe rivet or bolt.
1.14.6 Pin-Connected Mem bers
EyebanJ shall be of uniform thicknesa without reinforcement at the pin
holes. • They shall have "circuJar" heads in which the periphery of the head
beyond the pin hole is concentTic with the pin hole. The radius of transition
between the circular head and the body of the eyebar shall be equal to or
greater t.han the diameter of the head.
The width of the body of the eyebar shall not exceEd 8 times ita thickness,
and the thickness shall not be less than J1 inch. The net section of the head
t hrough the pin hole transverse to the axis of the eyebar, sball not be le88 than
1.33 nor more than 1.50 times the cross·sectional area of the body of t he eye-
bar. The diameter of the pin shall not be less than Ji t he width of the body
of t he eyebar. The diameter of the pin hole shall not be more than .J1"2 inch
greater lhan the diameter of t he pin.
The minimum net section across the pin hole, t ransverse to the axis of t he
member, in pin-connected plates and built-up members shall be determined
at the stress allowed for such sections in Sect. 1.5.1.!. The net&eetion beyond
t he pin hole, parallel to t.he axis of the member, shall not be less than % of the
net section across the pin hole. The corneI"8 beyond the pin hole may he cut
at 45° to the axis of the member provided t he net section beyond the pin hole
on a plane perpendicular to the cut is not less than that required beyond the
pin hole parallel to the axis of the member. The parts of members built up
at the pin bole shall be attached to each other by sufficient fasteners to support
the stress delivered to them by the pin.
The distance transverse to the axis of a pin-connected plate or any
!l8parated element of a built-up member from the edge of the pin hole to tbe
edge of t.he member or element, shall not exceed 4 times tbe thickne88 at tbe
pin hole. The diameter of the pin shall preferably not be less tban 5 times the
t hickness of the member or separated element at t be pin hole. If a smalJer
size is used. the bearing stress sball not. exceEd t hat allowed by Sect. 1.5.1.5.1.
The diameter of the pin hole shall not be more than ~2 inch greater than t be
diameter of t he pin.
1.14.7 Effective Areas of Weld Me tal
The effective area of butt and fillet welds shall be considered as the
effective length of the weld times the effective throat t hickness.
The effective shearing area of plug and slot welds shall be considered as
t he nominal cross-sectional area of t he ho le or slot, in the plnne of the fay ing
surfnce.
The effective area of fi llet welds in holes and slots shall be computed as
above specified for fiUet welds, using for effective length, the length of center-
line of the weld through the center of the plane through the throat. How-
ever, in the case of overlapping fillets, the effective ares shall not exceEd the
nominal cross-sectional area of the bole or slot. in the plane of the faying
surface.
• Members baving a different thlcknese at the pin hole location are termed
"built-up."
5·34 • A J SC Spl'Cificotion

The effective length of a fillet weld shaH be the overall length of full-size
fillet including retums.
The effective length of a butt weld shall be the width of the part. joined.
TIle effective throat thickness of a fillet weld shall be the shortest distance
from the root to the face of the diagrammatic weld.
The effective throat thickness of a complete penetration butt weld (Le.,
a butt weld confonning to the requirements of Sect. 1.23.6) shall be the thick·
ness of the thinner part joined.
The effective t.hront thickness of singte·Y or single·bevel groove welds
having no root opening and having partial penetration into their joints shall be
U inch less than the depth of the Y or bevel groove. The effective throat
thickness of single·J or single-U groove welds having no root. opening and hav.
ing partial penetrntion into their joints shall be the depth of the J or U groove.
The effective throat. t.hickness of nny of these rmrtinl penetration groove welds
shall be not less than Vt,/ 6, where tl is the thickness of the thinner l>llrt.
connected by the weld.

SECTION 1.15 CONNECTIONS

1.15.1 Minimum Conncctions
Connections carrying calculated stresses. except for lacing. 88g bars, nnd
girts, shall be designed Lo SUPl>ort not less t.han 6,000 pounds.
1.15.2 Eccen t ric Connections
Axially st.ressed members meeting at a point shall have their grnvity axes
intersect lit a pOint. if practicable; if not, provision shall be made for bending
stresses due to Lhe eccent.ricity.

1.15.3 P lacemcnt o f Rivels, Bolts an d Welds

Except 9..9 hereinafter provided, the rivets, bolts or welds at the ends of
any member transmitting axial stress into that. member shall have t.heir cen-
tera of gravit.y on the gravity axis of the member unless provision is made for
the effect of t.he resulting eccentricity. Except in members subject to re-
peated variation in stress, as defined in Sect. L7, disposition of fillet welds to
balance the forces about the neutral axis or axes for end connC(..1.ione of single
angle, double angle, and similar type members is not required. Eccentridt.y
between the gravity axes of such members and the gage lilies for t.heir riveted
or boiled end connections may be neglected.
1.15.4 Unrcstrai ned Mem bers
Ex(.'Cpt. ruI otherwise indicated by the designer, connect.ions of belllns.
girders or trusses shall be designed as flexible. and may ordinarily be propor·
tioned for the reaction shears only.
Flexible beam connect.ions shall pennit the ends of the beam to rotate
sufficiently to accommodate its deflection by providing for a horizontal dis-
placement. of the Lop flange determined as foUowa:
e - O.OO7d. when the beam is designed for ftlll uniform load and for
Jive load deflection not exceeding 1.~60 of the span
- 3,600,000,
when the beam is designed for full unifonn load
producing the unit stress!. at mid-spall
 SirucluraJ. Steel/or Duildi11ll' • 5- 35

whero
e _ the horizontal di:lplaccment of the end of the top Bange, in the
direction of the span, in inches
f. the flexural unit stress in the beam at mid--apan, in pounds per
IICJ uare inch
d _ the depth of the beam, in inches
L the Bpall of the beam. in feet

1.15 _5 Res t rain ed M embers

FlUlteneni or welds for e nd connections of beams. girders and trusses not
conforming to the requirements of Sect. 1.15.4 Bhall be designed for the com·
bined effect. of end reaction shear a nd tensile or compre88ive stresses resulting
from moment induced by the rigid ity of the connection when the member is
fully loaded.

1.15.6 Fille rs
When rivets or bolts carrying computed stress pass through fillers t hicker
than Wi inch, except in frictio n-type connections assembled with high strength
bolts, the fi llers shall be extended beyond the splice material a nd the filler
extension shall be secured by e nough rivets or bolts to distribute t.he total
st ress in the member uniformly over the combined section of tbe member and
t.he filler. or nn equivalent number of fasteners shall be included in t he connec·
tio n.
I n welded construction, any 6lJer 7( inch or more in thickneea shall extend
beyond the edges of the splice plate and shall be welded to the part on which
it is fitted with sufficient weld to transmit tbe splice plate streea, applied at
t he surface of the filler as an eccentric load. The welds joining the slllice
plate to the filler shall be sufficient to transmit the splice plate strC88 and shall
be long enough to avoid overstressing the filler along the t.oeofthe weld. Any
fiU er less than I, inch thick shall have its edges made Bush with the edges of
t he splice plate and the weld size shall be the sum of the size necessary to carry
t he splice plate strese plus the thickness of t he filler plate.

1.15.7 Connections of T ensio n and Co m pression Me m bers in Trusses

The connections at ends of tension or compression members in trusses
shall develop the strength required by the stress, but not 1C88 t han 50 percent
of the effeclive strength of t he member. Groove welds in connoc1.ions at the
e nds of tension o r com pression members in t russes shall be complete penetra.
tion groove welds.

1. 15.8 Compressio n Me mbers with Be aring Joints

Where compression members bear o n bearing plates, and where t ier·
building columns are finished to bear, there shall be sufficient rivets, bolts o r
welds to hold all parts securely in place.
Where other compression members are finished to bear, the splice rna·
terial and its riveting, bolting or welding shall be arranged to hold all parts in
line and shall be proportioned for 50 percent of the computed strees.
All of the foregoing joints shall be proportioned to resist any t.ension that
would be developed by specified lateral forces acting in conjunction with 75
percent of the calculated dead load stress and no live load.
5· 36 • AISC SpI'f'i/ication

1.15.9 Combination of Welds

if two or more of the general types of weld (buLL. fiUet, plug, slot) are
combined in a single joint, the effective capacity of each shall be separately
com)Juted with reference to the axis of the group, in order to detennine the
allowable capacity of the combination.

1.15.10 Rivets Rnd Bolta in Combination with WeJds

In new work, rivets, A307 bolts, or high strength bolts used. in bearing.
type connections, shall not be considered 88 sharing the stress in combination
with welds. Welds, if used, shall be provided to carry the entire stretlll in tbe
connection. High strength bolts installed in accordance with the provisions
of Sect. 1.1S. 1 88 a friction-type connection prior to welding may be considered
as sharing the stress with the welds.
I n making welded alterations to structures, existing rivets and properly
tightened high strength bolts may be utilized for carrying strC88C8 resulting
from existing dead loads, and the welding need be adequate only to carry all
additional IIlreaa.

1.U.ll High Strength Bolts (in Friction.Type Joints) in Combina-

tion with Rivets
In new work and in making alterations, rivets and high strength bolts,
installed in accordance with the provisions of Sect. 1.1S.1 as (riction-tYI>e
conJlections, may be considered as sharing the stresses resulting from dead and
live loads.

1.1$.12 Field Connections

Rivets, high strength bolta or welds shall be used for the foUowing con-
nections:
Column aplices in all tier structures 200 feet or more in height.
Column splices in tier structures 100 to 200 feet in be ight, if the
least horizontal dimension is less than 40 percent of the height.
Column splices in tier structures less than 100 feet in he ight. if the
least horizontal dimension is less than 25 percent of the height.
Connections of all beams and girders to columns and of any other
beams and girders on which the bracing of columns is dependent .
in structures over 125 feet in height.
Roof-truss splicea and COlmections of tnllIaes to colum ns, column
splices, column bracing, knee braces and crane supports. in all
atructures carrying cranes of over 5-ton capacity.
Connections for aupports of running machinery , or of oUler live
loads which produce impact or reversal of atresa.
Any other COnJlections stil)Ulated on the design plans.
In all other cases field connections may be made with A307 bolta.
For the purpose of this Section. the height of a tier structure ahall be taken
as the vertical dist.ance from the curb level to the highest point of the roof
beam&, in the case of flat roofs, or l4 themesn heigbt of the gable, in the case of
roofs having 8 rise of more than 22 ~ in 12. Where the curb level has not been
established , or where the structure does not adjoin a street, the mean level of
the adjoining land shall be used instead of curb level. P enthoulIM may be
excluded in computing the height of structure.
 SlrucluroJ Stet'/ for IJlliiding$ • 5· 37

SECTION 1.16 RIVETS AND BOLTS

1.16.1 High Strength Bolts
Use of high strength bolts shall confonn to the provisions of LIle SpecijictJ-
lions for Structural Joints Using ASTM A325 Bolts 88 approved by the Re-
search Council on Riveted and Bolted Structural Joints, except tha t A354.
Grade BC. bolts meeting the dimensional requirements of the Councils'
specification and tightened to their proof load , may be substituted for A325
bolts at the working stresses permitted in Sect. 1.5 and 1.6.
1.16.2 Effective Bearing Area
The effective bearing area of rivets and bolts shall be the diameter multi-
plied by the length in bearing, except that for countersunk rivets and bolts
half the depth of the countersink shall be deducted.
1.16.3 Long Grips
Rivets and A307 bolts which carry calculated stress, and the grip of which
exceeds 5 diameters, shall have their number increased 1 percent for each
additional .J.16 inch in the grip.
1.16.4. Minimum Pitch
The minimum distance between centers of rivet and bolt holes shall be
not less than 2% times tbe nominal diameter of the rivet or bolL but preferably
not less than 3 dismeters.
1.16.5 Minimum Edge Distance
TIle minimum distance from the center of a rivet or bolt hole to any edge,
used in design or in preparation of shop drawings, shall be that given in
Table 1.16.5.

TABLE 1.16.6

Minimum Edge Distance fo r

Punched, Reamed 01 Drilled Holes
Rivet or Bolt (inches)
Diameter
(inches) At ll.oUed Edges of
At Sheared
Plates, Shapes or Bars
Edg" or Gill! Cut Edges"
~
"
ji
~
"
1"
1)( 1
"
I ll'
1
1"
" l ~·
2
2)(
1"
1 )(
1"
1)( l ji
Over lK Ih X Diameter 1)( X Diameter

• These may be 1 U in. at the ends of beam connection anglee.

•• All edge dilltan(:e8 in this column may be reduced ~ in. when the hole ill at a
point where atreM doea Dot exceed 25 % of the madmum allowed 1ItTe88 in the
element.
l.16.6 l\tinimum Edge Dis tance in Line of Stress
In bearing.type connectious of tension members, where there are not
more than two fasteners in a line pamllel to the direction ofstre88, the distance
from the center of the end f[ s tener and that end of the connected pa rt. toward
which the 8tree8 is directed shall be not less than
a ) for riveted connections: the aren of the fastencr divided by t.he
thickness of the oonnected part for fasteners in single shear,
and twice Lhis distance for fasteners in double I;.hear.
b ) for high strength bolbd oonnections: 11:4 times the distances
given in (a) .
The end distance may, however, be decreased in such proportion as the
fastener stress is less than that pemlitted under Sect. 1.5.2, but it shnll not. be
less than the distance specified in Sect. 1.16.5 above.
When more than two fasteners are provided in the line of stress the
provisions of Sect. 1.16.5 shal1 govern.

l.16.1 Maximum Edge Distance

The maximum distance from the center of any rivet or bolt to the nearest
edge of parts in contact wit.h one a not.her shall be 12 times the t hicknC88 of t.he
plate, but shall not. exceed 6 inches.

SECTION 1.17 WELDS

1.17.1 Welder and Welding Operator Qualifications
Weld. shall be rosde only by welders and welding operators who have
been previously qualified by testa 88 pre8cribed in t.he Standard Cotk lor
Welding in BuiJdirlll Construction of the American Welding Society, to per-
form the type of work required, except that this provision need not apply
to tack weldt not later incorporated into finished welds carrying calculated
.""".
1.17.2 Qualification or Weld and Joint Details
Weld grooves for oomplete penetration welds which are accepted without
welding procedure qualification under the Standard Code lor Welding in
Building Construction or lhe StandonJ Specifications lor Weltkd Highway
and Railway Bridges of the American Welding Society may be used under
this spocification without welding procedure qualification.
Weld grooves of the 60 0 single-V, 45 0 si ngle bevel, singlo.J o r single·U
fonn , confonning to Lhe det.ails for such grooves as provided in the above
AWS Standards but having partial penetration with a n effective t.hront
thickness as defined in Sect. l.14.7 and no root openi ng, may be used under
this specification without welding procedure qunlification. However, they
shall not be used in butt joints to resist tensile stress acting in 8 direction
normal to the plane or the weld lhroat. except in splices or connections or
columns or other members subject primarily to axial oompl'C88ive stress.
Joint forms or welding procedures other than those included in the fore-
going may be employed provided they shall have been qualified in accord-
ance with the requ.irements of theee AWS Standards.
ASrM A233 cla8a EGO and class E70· series electrodes for
-.~s..;::-:':a110W8ble Ilre811e8 Sect. 1.6.3.
 StructuroJ StM for Buildin,. • 5·39

manuaJ a rc welding and Grade SAW·l or Grade SAW-Z- submerged an:

process may be used for welding A7, A373 and A36 steel. Only E70 low
hydrogen eleclrodes for manual arc welding or Grtlde SAW·2 for submerged
arc welding shall be used wit.h A441 or weldable A242 steel, except Lhat. ftllet
welds or partial penetration groove welds mny be made with EGO 9('riee low
hydrogen (;loctrodes and Grade SA W-I submerged arc process.
Welding A440 IIteel is not recommended.

1.17.3 S ubmerged Arc We lding

The bare electrodes and granular fusible flux used in combinaLiolUl for
submerged arc welding IIhall be capable of producing weld metal having the
following tensile properties when deposited in a multiple pasII weld:

Grade SA W-l
Tensile strength . 62,000 to 80,000 psi
Yield l)Oint, min. 45.000 psi
Elonglltion in 2 in., min. 25%
Reduction in area, min .. 40 %

Grode SAW·2
Telu,ile strength 70.000 to 90,000 pili
Yield )Oint., min. 50,000 pili
Elongation in 2 in .. min .. 22%
Heduction in are.'l. min . . 40 %

1.17.4 Minimum Size of FiUet We lds

In jointH conn ted only by fil let welds, ~he m inimum lIize of 611et weld to
be used shall be as shown in Table 1.17.4. Weld size is detennined by tne
thicker of the t .....o parts joined, except. that U1e weld size need not exceed the
thickne68 or the thinner part joined unJ888 a larger size is required by calculated
stress:

TABLE 1.17.4
Material Thickn_ of Minimum Size or
Thicker ParL Joined Fillet \Vold
(I nches) (Inches)
'1'0 .\.i inclusive
Over Y.i to 5(
Over I . to I }i:
O\'er I~ to 2"4'
Over 2 1, to 6
Over G

1.17 .5 Mnimum Effective Size of Fillet. We lds

The maximum size of a fillet weld t hat may be assumed in the design of a
connection shall be Buch that Lhe strcseeB in the adjacent. base materiaJ do not
5 -40 • A1SC Specification

exceed the values allowed in Sect_ 1.5.1. The marimum size that may be
used along edges of connected parts sball be:
1. Along edges of material less than Y.I incb thick, the maximum size
may be equal to the thickness of the material.
2. Along edges of material Y.I inch or more in thickness, the maximum
size sball be 7f 6 inch less than the thickness of the material, unlet18 tile
weld is especially designated on the drawings to be built out to ob-
tain fu ll throat thickness.

1.17.6 Length of Fillet We lds

The minimum effective lengtb of a strengtb fillet weld shall be not 168IJ
than 4 times the nominal size, or else the size of the weld shall be considered
not to exceed one-fourth of its effective length.
If longitudinru fillet welds are used alone in e nd connections of fiat bar
tension members, the length of each fillet weld shall be not less than the
perpendicular distance between them. The transverse spacing of longi-
tudinal fillet welds used in end connections shall not exceed 8 inches, unless
the design otherwise prevents excessive transverse bending in the connection.

1.17.7 In termiU.cnt. F ille t. Welds

Intennittent fillet welds may be used to transfer calculated stress acr088 a
joint or faying surfaces when the strength required is less than that developed
by a oontinuous fillet weld of the smallest permitted size, and to join com-
ponents of built-up members. The effective length of any segment of inter-
mittent fill et welding shall be not less than 4 times the weld size with a mini-
mum of 1 ~ inches.

1.17.8 Lap Joints

The minimum width of IsPB on lap joints shall be 5 times the thickness
of t he thinner part. joined and not less than 1 inch. Lap joints joining plntes
or bars subjected to axial stress shall be fiU et welded along the edge of both
lapped parts except where the deflection of tbe lapped parts, is sufficienUy
restrained to prevent opening of the joint under maximum loading.

1 .17.9 End R e turns of Fillet Welds

Side or end fillet welds tenninating at ends or sides, respectively, of parts
or members shaU, wherever practicable, be returned continuously arou.nd the
comers for a distance not less than twice the nominal size of the weld. T his
provision ahaU apply to side and top fillet welds connecting brackets, beam
seats and aimilar COlmectiOlls, on the plane about which bending moments are
computed. End returns shall be indicated on the design and detail drawings.

1.17.10 Fille t We lds in Roles and Slots

Fillet welds in holes or slots may be used to transmit shear in lap joints
or to prevent the buckling or separation of lapped parts, and to join com-
ponents of built-up membel'8. Such fillet welds may overlap, subject to the
provisions of Sect. 1.14.7. Fillet welds in holes or slots are not to be con-
sidered plug or slot welds.
 Structural Sterl for Buiidill(l' • 5·41

1.17.11 Plug and Slot Welds

Plug or slot welds may be used to transmit shear in a lap joint or to pre·
vent buckling of lapped parts and to join component parts of built·up mem·
be...
The diameter of the holes for a plug weld shall be not lees than the thick-
nees of the part containing it plu.s ~ 16 inch, rounded to the next greater odd
J.1 fI inch, nor greater than 214 times the thickness of the weld meta1.
The minimum center-to--center sJ}acing of plug welds shall be 4 times the
diameter of the hole.
The length of slot for a alot weld sholl not exceed 10 times the LhicknC88 of
the weld. The width of the Blot sholl be not 1C88 than the tbickneas of the
part conLaining it, plus ~ i 6 inch, rounded to the next greater odd .H 6 inch,
nor shall it be greater than 21{ times the thick-nesa of the weld. The ends of
the slot sholl be semicircular or shall have the comel1l rounded to a radius not
lesa than the thickness of the part containing it, except those enda which
extend to t he edge of t he part.
The minimum 8pacing of lines of slot welda in a direction transverse to
their length shull be 4 t imes t he width of the slot. The minimum center·to·
cent er spacing in a longitudinal d irection on any line shall be 2 times t he
length of the slot.
T he thicknees of plug or Blot welds in material % inch or leas in Ulickneas
shall be equal to the thickness of the material. In material over % inch in
thiCknC88, it shall be at least one-half the thickness of tbe material but not
leM than % incb.

SECTION 1.18 BUILT-UP MEMBERS

1.18. 1 Open Box -Type Beams a nd Grill ages
Where two or more rolled beams or channels are used side-by-side to
fonn a OexuraJ member. t hey shall be connected together at intervals or not
more t han 5 feet. Through-bolts fUld S6paratol1l may be used, provided
t hat in be8Jll8 having a depth of 12 inches or more. no fewer than 2 bolts shall
be used at each separator location. When concentrated loads are carried
from one beam to the other, or distribut.ed between the bearna, diaphragms
having sufficient stiffnesa to distribute the load shall be riveted. bolted or
welded between the beams. Where beams are expoecd, they shall be sealed
against corrosion of interior surfaces, or spaced sufficienUy far apart to pennit
cleaning a nd pai.nting.
1.18.2 Compression Me mbers
1.18.2.1 AU parts of buil t-up com pression mem bel1land t.he t ransverse
spacing of t heir lines of fasteners shal l meet t he requirements of Sect. 1.8 and
1.9.
1.18.2.2 At the ends of built-up compre88ion membel1l bearing on base
plates or milled surfaces, all components in contact with one another shall be
connected by rivets or bolts spaced longitudinally not more than 4 diarnetel1l
apart. for a distance equal to 112 times the maximum width of t.he member. or
by continuous we1ds having a length not less than the maximum width of the
member.
1.18.2.3 The longitudinal spacing for intermedjate riveta, bolta or
intermittent welds in built-up membel1l shall be adequate to provide for t be
5·42 • AI se SpecifiootiQn

transfer of calculated stress. However, where a coml)Onent of a built-up

compreasion member consists of an outside plate, the maximum spacing shall
not exceed the Ulicknesa of the thinner outside plate times 4,OOOj V F, when
rivets are provided on all gage Lines at each section, or when intenniU.ent
welds are provided along tbe edges of the components, but this spacing shall
not exceed 12 inches. When rivets or bolts are staggered, the maximum
spacing on each gage line shall not exceed the thickness of the thinner outside
plate times 6,OOO/ v'F. nor 18 inches. TIle maximum longitudinal spacing of
rivets, bolts or intermittent welds connecting two roUed shapes in contact
with one another shall not exceed 24 inches.
1.18.2.4 Compression members composed of two or more rolled shapes
separated from one another by intermittent fillers shall be connected to one
a not her nt these fillers at intervals BUch that the slenderness ratio ll r of either
shalXl, between the Casteners, does not exceed the governing slenderness ratio
of the buill;-up member. The least radius of gyration r shall be used in com-
puting the slenderness ratio of each component part.
1.18.2.5 Open sides of compression members built up from plates or
shapes shall be provided with lacing having tie plates at each end, and at
intennediate points if the lacing is interrupted. Tie plates shall be 88 near
the ends 8S practicable. In main members carrying calculated stress the
end tie plates shall have a length of not less than the distance between the lines
of rivets. bolts or welds connecting them to the components of the member.
Intennediate tie plates 8hall have a length not less than one-half of this
dist.ance. The thickness of tie plates shall be not less than 1,1:0 of the dist.ance
between the tines of rivets, bolts or welds conneciing them to the segments of
the members. In riveted and bolted construction the pitch in tie plates
shall be not more than 6 diameters and the tie plates shall be connected to
each segment by at least three fasteners. In welded construction, the
welding on each line connecting a tie plate shall aggregate not less than one·
third the length of the plate.
1.18.2.6 Lacing. including 8at bars, angles. channels or other shapes
employed as lacing, shall be so spaced that the ratio ll r of the flange included
between their connections shall not exceed the governing rat.io Cor the member
88 a whole. Lllcing shall be proportioned to resist a shearing stress normal to
the axis of the member equal to 2 percent of the total compressive stre&8 in
the member. The ratio ll r for lacing bars arranged in single sy8temsshall not.
exceed 140. For double lacing this ratio shall not exceed 200. Double lacing
bars shall be joined at their intersections. lD determining the required sec-
tion for hlcing bars, Formula (1) or (3) shall be used, l being taken U8 the
unsupported length of t he lacing bar between rivets or welds connectinr it t.o
the components of the buili-up member for single lacing and 70 I)ercellt. oCthat.
distance for double lacing. TIle inclination of lacing bars to t.he axis of the
member shall preferably be not less than 60 degrees for single lacing and 45
degrees for double lncing. When the distance between the lines of rivets or
we.lds in the Oanges is more than 15 inches, the lacing shall preferably be
double or be made oC angles.
1.18.2.7 The function of tie plates and lacing may be performed by
continuous cover plates perforated with a succession of access holcs. The
wXlthoCsuch plateeat.aooeeehoies. as defined inSect. 1.9.2. islUlSUmedavailable
to resist axial stress. provided that: the width-to-thickness ratio conforms to
 Structural Stef'l for Uujldi"!l>~ • 5 · <13

the limitations of Sect. 1.9.2; the ratio of leng! h (in direction of stress) to width
of hole shaU not exceed 2; the clear distance between holes in the direction of
stress shall be not lese than the transverse distance between nearest lines of
connecting rivets. bolts or welds; and the periphery of the holes at all points
shall have a minimum radius of 172 inches.

1.18.3 Tension Members

1.18.3.1 The longitudinal slmong of riveta. bolts and i.ntermittent
fillet welds connecting a plate and a rolled shape in a builtrup tension
member, or two plate components in contact. with one another. shall not exceed
24 times the thickness of the thinner plate nor 12 inches. TIle longitudinal
spacing of rivets. boltll and intennittent welds connecting two or more shapes
in contact with one another in a tension member shall not exceed 24 inches.
Tension members composed of two or more shapes or plates separated from
one another by intermittent fillers shall be connected to one another at these
fill ers at intervals such that the slendemef18 ratio of eitber component be·
tween the fasteners does not exceed 240.
1.18.3.2 Either perforated cover plates or tie plates without lacing may
be used on the OI>8n sides of buillrup tension members. Tie plates shall have
a length not lese than two--thirds the distance between the lines of riveLs. bolts
or welds connecting them to the components of the member. The thickness
of such tie plates shall not be less than 150 of the distance between these lines.
The longitudinal spacing of rivets. bolts or intermittent welds at tie plates
ehaU not exceed 6 inches. The spacing of tie plaic8 shall be BUch that the
slenderness ratio of any component in the length between tie plates will not
exceed 240.

SECTION 1.19 CAMBER

1.19.1 Trusses and Girders
Trusses of 80 feet or greater !lpan should generally be cambered for
approximately the dead load deflection. Crane girders of 75 feet or greater
span should generally be cambered for approximately the dead and half live
load deflection.
1.19. 2 Camber for Other Trades
tr nny special camber requirements are necessary in order to bring a
loaded member into proper relation with the work of other trades. as for t he
attachment of rW1S of sash, the requirements shall be set forih on the plans
and on the detail drawings.

1.19.3 J<;r ection

Beams and trusses detailed without specified camber shall be fabricated
80 thst after erection any minor camber due to rolling or shop assembly shaU
be upward. I f camber involves the erection of any member under a straining
force, this shall be noted on the erection diagram.

SECTION 1.20 EXPANSION

Adequate provision shall be made for expansion and contraction appro--
pnate to the scrvice conditions of the structure.
5 ·44 • A1SC Specifico/ion

SECTION 1.21 COLUMN BASES

1.21.1 Loads
Proper provision shall be made to transfer the column loada, and momenta
if any. to tbe footings and foundations.

1 .21.2 Alig n ment

Column bases shall be set level and to correct elevation with full bearing
on the mnsonry.

1 .21.3 Fin ishi n g

Column bases shall be finished in accordance with the following require.
ments:
1. Rolled steel bearing plates, 2 inches or leas in thickness, may be used
wiUlout pla ning. provided a satisfactory contact bearing is obtained;
rolled steel bearing plates over 2 inches but not over 4 inches in thick·
ncaa may be straightened by pressing; or, if presses are not available.
by planing for all bearing surfaces (except 88 not.ed under require.
ment 3 of this Section). to obtain a satisfactory contact bearing; rolled
steel bearing plates over 4 inches in thickness shall be planed for a ll
bearing surfaces (except aa noted under requirement 3 of this Section)
2. Column bases other than rolled steel bearing plates sball be planed
for all bearing surfaces (except 88 noted under requirement 3 of this
Section).
3. TIle bottom surfaces of bearing plates and column bases which Are
grouted to insure full bearing contact on foundations need not be
planed.

SECTION 1.22 ANCHOR BOLTS

Anchor bolta shall be designed to provide resistance to all conditions of
tension and shear at the bases of columns, including the net teMile components
of any bending moments which may result from fixation or partial fIxation of
columns.

SECrION 1 .23 FABRICATION

1.23.1 Straig h teni n g Ma teria l
Rolled material, before being laid off or worked, must be straight within
the t.olerances allowed by ASTM specification AG. If straightening is neces·
sary, it shall be done by methods that will not injure the metal.

1.23.2 Gas Cutting

Gas cutting shall preferably be done by machine. GlI8 cut edges which
will be subjected to substantial stress or which are to have weld meLai de-
posited on them shall be free from gouges: any gouges that remain from
cutting shall be removed by grinding. AU re-entrant oorners shall be shaped
notch free to a radiuB of at leaat ~ inch.
 Structurol SkeJ for Building• • 5-45

1.23.S Planing of Edges

Planing or finishing of sheared or gas cut edges of plates or shspes will
not. be required unless specifically caUed for on the drawings or included in 9
stipulated edge preparation for welding.

1.23.4 Riveted and Bolted Construction- Boles

Holes for rivets or bolts shall be M6 inch larger than tbe nominal diameter
of the rivet. or bolt. If the thickness of the materiaJ is not greater than the
nominal diameter of the rivet or bolt plus >1 inch, the boles may be punched.
If the thickness of the material is greater than the nominaJ diameter of tbe
rivet or bolt plus ~ inch, the holes shall be either driUed £rom the solid, or BUb-
punched a nd reamed . The die for all sub-punched holes, and the drill for all
sub-drilled holes, shaJl be at least Y; 6 inch smaller tban the nominaJ diameter
of the rivet or bolt.

1.23.5 Riveted and High Strength Bolted Construction- Assembling

AU parts of riveLed members shall be weU pinned or bolted and rigidly
held together while riveting. Drifting done during assemblillg shall not
dilttort. the metal or enlarge tbe boles. Holes that must be enlarged to admit
the rivets or bolts shall be reamed. Poor matching of holes shaU be cause for
rejection.
Rivets shall be driven by power riveteIB, of either compression or manu-
alIy-operated type, employing pneumatic, hydraulic or electric power. After
driving they shall be tight and their heads shall be in full contact with the
surface.
Rivets shall ordinarily be hot.-driven, in which C8.8e their finished heads
shall be of approximately hemispherical shape and shall be of uniform aize
throu ghout the work for the same size rivet, full , neatly finisbed and concen-
tric with Ole holes. Hot.-driven rivets shall be heated uniformly to a tern·
perature not exceeding 1950° F ; they shall not be driven after their tern·
I)(!.rature has faUen below U)OO° F.
Rivets may be driven cold if approved measures are taken to prevent
distortion of the riveted material. The requirements for hot.-driven rivets
shall apply except as modified in the T enlatiue. Specifications for Cold-
Driuen Rivets of the lndustrial Fasteners lnstitute.
Surfaces of high strength bolted parts in oontact with the bolt head and
nut shaD not have a slope of more than 1: 20 with rcspect to a plane nonnal to
the bolt axis. Where the surface of a high strength bolted part hill! a slope of
more than 1: 20, a beveled washer shaJJ be used to compensate for the lack of
parallelism. High strength bolted parts shall fit solidly together when assem-
bled and shall not be seJlarated by gaskets or any other interposed com·
pressible materials. When assembled, all joint surfaces, including those
adjacent to the washers, shall be free of scale except tight. miU acale. They
shall be free of dirt, loose scale, burrs. and other defects that would prevent
solid seating of the parts. Contact surfaces within friction-type joints shall
be free of oil, paint, lacquer or gaJvanizing.
All A325 and A354, Grade BC, bolts shall be tightened t.o a bolt tension
not Ieee than the proof load given in the applicable ASI'M specification for the
type of bolt used. TighteningshaU be done with properly calibrated wrenches
or by Ole turn-of·nut method .
Bolts tightened by means of a calibrated wrench, ahaU be inataUed with a
5-46 • AlSC Specification.

hardened washer under the nut. or bolt head, whichever is t.he element turned
in t.ightening. Hardened washers are not required when bolts are tightened
by the turn-of-nut method.

1.23.6 Welded Construction

Surfaces to be welded shail be free from loose 9C8le. slag, rust, grease,
paint and any ot.her foreign material except that mill scale which withstands
vigorous wire brushing may remain. Joint surfaces shall be free (rom fins and
tears. Preparat.ion of edges by g88 cutting shall, wherever practicable. be
done by {\ mechanically guided torch.
Parts to be fillet welded shall be brought in as close contact as practicable
and in no event shall be separated by more than ~f 6 inch. If the separa-
tion is 116 inch or greater, the size of the fillet welds shall be incre~
by the amount of the separation. The separation between faying sur-
faces of lap joints and butt joints on a backing structure shall not
exceed >16 inch. The fit of joints at contact surfaces which are not com-
pletely sealed by welds, shall be close enougb to exclude water after painting.
Abutting parts to be butt welded shall be carefully aligned. Misalign-
ments greater than }' inch shall be corrected and , in making the correction.
the parts shall not be drawn into a sharper slope than 2 degrees 016 inch in
l2 inches).
The work shall be positioned for Bat welding whenever practicable.
In IlSI:ICmbling and joining parts of a structure or of built-u.p members.
the procedure and sequence of welding shall be such 88 will avoid needless
distortion and minimize shrinkage stresses. Where it is iml>088ible to avoid
high residual st.reeses in the closing welds of a rigid assembly. such closing
welds shaU be made in compression elements.
In the fabrication of coveT-plated beams and built-uJ> members, all shop
splices in each component part shall be made before such component part is
welded to other parts oft.he member. Long girders or girder sections may be
made by shop splicing not more than three subsections, each made in accord-
ance with this paragraph.
All complete penetration butt welds made by manual welding, except
when produced wit.h the aid of backing material or welded in the flat position
from both sides in square-edge material not more than rl6 inch thick with root
opening not less tha n one-half the thickness of the thinner part joined. shall
have the root of the initial layer gouged out on the back side before welding is
started from that side. and shall be DO welded as to secure sound metal a nd
complete fusion throu ghout the entire cross-section. Butt welds mode with
use of a backing of the same material as the base metal shall have t.he weld
metal t horoughly ful:lCd with the backing maLerial. Backing strips may be
removed by gouging or gas cutting after welding is completed, provided no
injury is done to the base metal and weld metal and the weld metal surfl!lce is
left flush or slight.1y convex with fu ll throat thicknCS8.
Butt welds shall be tenninat.ed at the ends of a joint in a manner t hat
will ensure their soundness. Where possible. this should be done by use of
extension bars or run-olT plates. Extension bars or run-oIT plates, if used,
shall be removed upon completion of the weld and the e nda of the weld made
smoot.h and flush with the abutting p:1rts.
No welding shall be done when the ambient temperature is lower than
0° F.
 S/:1uCtuml Steel fo,. Buildings . 5 ·47

Base metal shall be preheated as required to the temperature called

for in Table 1.23.6 prior to tack welding or welding. When base metal
not othe rwise required to be prebeated is at a temperature below 32 " F. it shall
be preheated to nt.least 70 °F prior to tack welding or welding. Preheating
shall bring the surrace of the base melal wit.hin 3 inches of Lho point of welding
to the specified preheat. teml>erature, and this temperature shall be main-
tained as a minimum int.erpass temperature while welding is in progress.
Minimum preheat and interpass temperatures shall be as specified in Table
1.23.6.

TABLE 1.23.6

Minimum Preheat and InterpaM Temperatures

Other Than Low- Hyd rogen
ThickneM of Low. Hydrogen
ThickCllt I)art at. Welding Processes t
Welding Procesaes!
POii'll of Welding - -
A373 A7, A36 A44 1 A37S A7, A36 A441

To 1", incl.
Slool

None'
Sleel

None'
."'" ."""
Welding with
this P"""'" None'
Steel SlceJl
--
None' None'
Over l' to 2', incl. 100 ~ F 200 "F no' rec- None' GO ° F 100 ° F
Over 2" 200 "F 300 ". ommended lOO°F 150" F 2OQ "F
-

! Welding with ASTM A233 E60XX or E70XX electrodes other than a low-
hydrogen cmlJB.
I Welding with properly dried ASTM A233 EXXIS, 16. 18 or 28 electrodCll or

submerged 01'(: welding with properly dried flUl[ .

• Preheating (or weldable A242 steel may need to be either higher or lower than
lhcee requirements, depending on composition o( steel.
'Except when ba8e metallemperature ia below 32 °F.

Where required, multiple-layer welds may be peened with light blows

fro m a power hammer, using a round-nose tool. Peening shall be do ne after
the weld hns cooled to a tempera tuN> warm to the hand. Care shall be
cxercilled to prevent scaling, or flaking of weld a nd base metal from over-
peening.
The tech nique of welding employed, tile appearance a nd quality of welds
ma de,and t.he methods used in correcting d efect ive work shall conform to Sec-
tion 4-Workmanshi p, of t he Standard Code/or Welding in BuildilllJ Ccnslruc-
lioll of the American Welding Society.
1.23.7 Finis hing
Compression joints depending upon contact bearing shall have the
bear ing surfaces prepared to a common plane by milling, sawing or other
suitable means.
1.23.8 T o ler a n ces
] .23 .8.1 Straigh t n ess
Structural members consisting primarily of a single rolled shape shall,
unless otherwise specified, be st.raigbt. within the appropriate tolerances
5·48 • AlSC Specl/iCfllion

allowed by ASTM Specification A6 or 88 pre8Cribed in the foUowing para.

graph. Built.-up structural members fsbricated by riveting or welding,
unlese otherwiee specified, &hall be straight. within the tolerancee allowed for
wide Oange shapes by ASTM Specification AS or by the requirements of the
foUowing paragraph.
Compreaaion members shall not deviate from 8traightnces by more than
J.i'ooo of the axial length between points which are to be lateraUy supPOrted .
Completed members shaU be free from twists, bends and open joints.
Sharp kinks or bends shaU be cause for rejection of material.

1.23.8.2 Length
A variation of J.i'2 inch is permissl.'ble in the overall length of members
with both ends finished for contact bearing 88 in Sect. 1.23.7.
Members without ends finished for contact bearing. which are to be
framed to other steel parts of the structure, may have a variation from the
detailed length not greater than 71' 6 incb for members 30 feet or 1e88 in length,
and not grenter than Ji inch for members over 30 feet in length.

SECTION 1.24 SHOP PAINTING

1.24.1 General Requirements
Unlees otherwise 8pecified, steelwork which will be concealed by interior
building finish need not be painted: steelwork to be encased in concrete shaD
not. be painted. Unlees specificaJly exempted, aU other steelwork shall be
given one coot of shop paint, applied thoroughly and evenly to dry surfaces
which have been cleaned in accordance with the foUowing paragraph. by brush,
spray, roller coating. flow coating, or dipping, at the election of the fabricator.
After inspection and approval and before leaving the shop, aU steelwork
specified to be Iminted shall be cleaned by hand-wire brushing, or by other
method8 elected by the fabricator, of loose mill saLle. loose rust, weld slag or
flux depoe.it, dirt and other foreign matter. Oil and grease deposita shaD be
removed by solvent. Steelwork specified to have no shop paint shaJJ, after
fabrication, be cleaned of oil or grease by solvent cleaners and be cleaned of
dirt and other foreign material by thorough sweeping with a fiber brwlh.
The shop coat of paint is intended to protect the steel for only a short
period of exposure, even if it is a primer for Btlbsequent painting to be per-
formed in the field by otbers..

1.24.2 Inaccessible Surfaces

Surfaces inaccessible after assembly shall be treated in accordance with
Sect. 1.24.1 before assembly.

1 .24 .3 Contact Surfaccs

Contact surfaces shall be cleaned in accordance with Sect. 1.24.1 before
a.seembly but 8hall not be lminted.

1.24.4 Fini1lhed Surfaces

Machine finished BUriace8 shaD be protected against. oorroeion by a rust-
inhibiting coating that can be easily removed prior to erection or which has
characteristics that make removal unncce883ry prior to erection.
 Stru.cluro/. Sitri /01' Building• • S · 49

1.24.5 S W'faccs Adjacent to Field Welds

Unle88 otherwise provided, surfaces within two inches of any field weld
location shall be free of materials that would prevent proper welding or
produce objectionable fumes while welding is being done.

SECTION 1.25 ERECI'ION

1.25.1 Bracing
TIle frame of steel skeleton buildings shall be carried up true and plumb,·
and temporary bracing shall be introduced wherever nect'888ry to take care
of al1loods to which the structure may be 8UbjecLed, including equipment and
the operation of same. Such bracing shall be left in place as long as may be
required for safety.
Wherever piles of material, erection equipment. or other loada are carried
during erection, proper provision shall be made to Lake care of streasea result·
ing [rom BUeh loads.
1.25.2 Adequacy of Temporary Connections
Aa e rection progresses. the work shall be securely bolt.ed, or welded. to
take care of 0.11 dead load, wind and erection strCf!6e8.
1 .25.3 Alignment
No riveling, pennanent. bolting or welding shall be dilne until 88 much of
the structure 88 will be stiffened tbereby has been prvperly aligned.
1.2.').4 Field We ldin g
Any sbop paint on surfaces adjacent. to Jomts to be field welded shall be
wire hruahed to reduce tbe paint fihn to a minimum.

1.25.6 J"'ie ld Painting

Responsibility for touch-up painting a nd cleaning, as well III for general
painting shall be allocated in accordance with accepted local practices and this
allocation shall be set forth explicitly in the contract.

SECTION 1.26 INSPECTION

1.26.1 General
Material and workmanship at all t.imes shall be subject to the itl8l)OCtion
of experienced engineers representing the purchnscr.
l.26.2 Cooperat.ion
All ins»6(:t.io l1 as far 8S possible shall be made at the place of manufacture,
and the contractor or manufactu rer shall cooperate with the inspector, per·
milling accell8 for inspection to all places where work is being done.
1.28.3 Rejections
Material or workmanship not conforming to the provisions of this
S pecificalion may be rejected at any time defects are found during tbe prog·
re8II of the work .

• See AISC Code or Standard Practice Sect. 7{h).

5 ·50 • AlSC Speci{ictJlion

1.26.4 In8pection or Welding

The inspection or welding shall be l>erfonned in accordance with the
provisions of Section 6 or the Standnrd Crxh for WeldilllJ in Buildi1llJ
ConslTUction or the American Welding Society.
1.26.5 Identification or High Strength Steel
Steel which is uaod ror main coml>cments a nd which is required to have a
y ield point greater than 36,000 psi shall, at all times in Lhe fa bricator's plant.
be marked to identify its A5TM Specification. Identification of such steel
in completed members or llS6Cmblies shall be marked by Iminting the ASTM
Speci6cation designation on the piece, over any shop coat of paint, prior to
shipment from the rabricator's plant.
 Slruclurol Stet'l {or BuildinN' • 5 -51

PART 2
SECTI ON 2_1 SCOPE
Subject to the limitations contained herein, simple or continuous beams.
one and t.wo-story rigid frames classified as Type 1 construction in Sect. 1.2
and similar portions of structures rigidly const.ructed 80 8.8 to be continuous
over at least onc interior support, • may be proportioned on the basis of plastic
design, i.e.• of their maximum strength. This strength, as det.ennined by
rational nnnJyais, shall not be lese than that required to support 1.70 limes
the given live load and dead load for simple and continuous beams. For
continuous frames it shall not be less than LBS times the given live load
a nd dead load. nor lAO times these loads acting in conjunct.ion with tAO
times any specified wind or earthquake forces.
Connect.ions joining a portion of a structure designed on the basis of
plastic bchnvior with n portion not so designed need be no more rigid than
ordinary scat-and-cap angle or standard web connections.
Where plastic design is used as the basis for proportioning oontinuous
beams and structural frames, the provisions relating to allowable working
stress. contained in Part I, are waived. Except as modified by these rules.
however. all other pertinent provisionB of Part 1 shall govern.
[t is not recommended that crane runways be designed continuous over
interior vertical supports on the basis of maximum strengt.h. However, rigid
frame benta flUpporting crane runways may be considered 88 coming within
lhe scope of tbe rules.

SECTION 2.2 STRUCTURAL STEEL

Structural steel shnJl conform to one of the following specifications, latest
edition:
Steel for Bridges and Buildings, AS1'M A 7
Structural Steel for Welding. ASl'M A373
Structural Sleel, ASTM A36

SECTI ON 2.3 COLUMNS

In the plane of bending of columns which would develop a plastic hinge at
ultimate loading, the slenderness ratio ll r shall not ex<..-eed 120, 1 being taken
as the distance center-to-center of adjacent members connecting to the
column or lhe distance from such a member to t.he base of the column. The
slenderness ratio of columns covered by Formula (21 ) shall not exceed 100.
The maximum axial load P at ultimate loading shall not exceed six-tenths POI
where p . is the product of yield point stress times column area.
Columns in continuous frames, where sideswsy is not prevented (a ) by
diagonnJ bracing. (b) by attaclunent to an adjacent structure having ample
laternJ stability or (c) by floor slabs or roof decks secured hori7.ontally by

• A" uaed here. "interior support" may be taken to include a rigid frame knee
formed by the junction of a column and 8 sloping or horizontal beam or girder.
5-52 • AISC Speci/iootiol1

walls or bracing systems parallel to the plane of the continuous frames, shall be
80 proportioned that

2P + _l < 1.0 Formula (20)

P, 70r -
Except as otherwise provided in this section, M.I M., the ratio of allow-
able end moment La the full plastic bending strength of columns and other
axially loaded members, shall not exceed the value given by the following
fonnulas, where they are applicable:

CASE L For columns bent in double rurvature by momenta producing

plastic hinges at both ends of the columns

M. - M. when PI P, ::; 0.15

Z: : ; 1.18 - 1.18 ( :, ) ::; 1.0 when PI P, > 0.15 Formula (21)

CASE n. For pin-based columns required to develop a hinge at o ne end

only I and double curvature columns required to develop a hinge at one end
when the moment at the other e nd would be less than the hinge vaJue

M.< B_G(~)
M. -
< 1.0
P, -
Formula (22)

the numerical values for B and G, for any given slenderness ratio in the plane
of bending li T, being those listed in Tables 4-33 and 4-36 of the Apl>enrlix.
Where LIT in the plane of bending is less than 60, and PI P, does not exceed
0.15, the full plastic strength of the member may be used (M . - M ,).

CASE HI. For column& bent in single curvature

M.$
M.
1.0 _ H(~)
P,
_J(~)
P,
' Formula (23)

the numerical vaJues for Hand J being those given in Tables 6-33 and 5-36
or the Appendix.
In no case shall the ratio of axial load to plastic load exceed that given by
the following express.ion:
P 8,700 I
- --- when - > 120 Formu la (24)
P_ (11Tp r

where land r are the unbraced length and radius of gyration of the column in
the plane normal to that of the continuous frame under consideration.

SECTION 2.4 SHEAR

UnlC88 reinforced by diagona1 stiffeners or a doubler plate, the webs of
columns. beams. and girders shall be 80 proportioned that
V . $ O.OOO55F.wd
where V. is the ahear, in kips, that wouJd be produced by the required ultimate
loading, d is the depth of the member, and w is its web thickness.
 Structural Steel for Building• • S· 5]

[Shear stre88e8 are generally high within the boundaries of the connection
of two or more members whose webs lie in a common plane. The foregoing
provis.ions will be satisfied, without reinforcing the web within the connection,
when its thickness w, in inches, is greater than 23,OOOMj AJ,. M being U1e
algebraic sum of clockwise and counter-clockwise moment (in kip. feet)
applied on opposite sides of the cOimection web boundary, and AbC the planar
area of the connection web, expressed in square inches, and F, is given in
pounds per square inch. When the thickne8lf or this web is less than that
given by the above ronnula the deficiency may be compensated by a pair or
diagonal stiffeners or by a reinforcing plate in contact with the web over lhe
connection area I

SECTION 2.5 WEB CRIPPLING

Web stiffeners are required on a member at a point of load application
where a plastic hinge would ronn.
At points on a member where the concentrated load delivered by the
Banges or a member framing into it would produce web crippling opposite the
compresa.ion flange or high tensile stress in the COlUlection of the tension flange.
web stiffeners are required

opposite the compression 8anges when w < A,

~ +5k
opJX)Site the tension flange when t, < OAVA ,
where
w _ thickness of web to be stiffened
k _ distance from outer face or flange to web toe of fillet of member to
be stiffened
it - thickness of flange delivering concentrated load
t, - thickncas of flange of member to be stiffened
A, _ area of flange delivering concentrated load
The area of such stiffeners, A' I> shall be such that
A ll. ~ A, - wet. + 5k)
Their ends shall be fully welded to the inside face of the flange opposite the
concentrated tensile load. They may be fitted agai nst the inside face of the
Bange opposite t.he concenlrated compression load. When the concent.rated
load delivered by a beam occurs on one s ide only, the web stiffener need not
exceed one-half the depth of the member, but the welding connecting it to
the web shall be sufficient to develop FrA.l.

SECTION 2.6 MINIMUM THICKNESS (WIDTH.THICKNESS

RATIOS)
Projecting elements that would be subjected to compression involving
plastic binge rotation under ultimate loading, shall have width·thickness
ratios no greater t.han the foUowing:
Flanges of rolled shapes and flange plates of similar built·up shapes:
8 y!!, except that for roUed shapes a n upward variation of 3 percen t
may be tolerat.ed. The thickness of sloping flanges may be taken
5·54 • A/SC Specification

as their average thickness. Stiffeners and that portion of flange

plates in box sections and cover plates included between the free edge
and Ule first 10ngitudlna1 row of fasteners or oonnecting welds: 8 >i.
The width-thickness ratio of Oange plates in box sections and flange cover
plates included between longitudinal lines of connecting rivets, high strength
bolts or welds, shall not exceed 32.
The deptb·t.hick:ne88 ratio of beam and girder webs aubject.ed to plnstic
bending without axial loading shall not exceed 70 and, when subjected to
combined axial force and plastic bending moment at ultimate loading, the
value given by the fonnuJa
d P
< 70 - 100- FomluJa (25)
w - p.
with a minimum value of 43.
SECl'ION 2.7 CONNECTIONS
AU connections, the rigidity of which is essential to the continuity
a&8Umed as the basis of the design analysis, shall be capable of resisting the
moments, shears and axial loads to which they would be subjected by the
ultimate loading.
Comer connections (haunches), tapered or curved for architectural rea-
SOllS, shall be 90 prol>ortioned that the fuU plastic bending strength of the
se<....ion adjacent to the connection can be developed, if required.
Stiffeners shall be used, as required, to preserve the flange continuity of
interrupted members at tbeir junction with other members in 8 continuous
frame. Such stiffeners shall be placed in pain on opposite sides of tbe web of
the member which extends continuously through the joint.
Riveta, welds and A307 bolts shall be proportioned to resist the forces
produced at ultimate load using unit stresses equal to 1.67 times thoee given
in Part l.
I n genera), groove welds are preferable t.o fillet welds, but t.heir use is not
msndatory when the strength of the latter at 1.67 times the str088 given in
Part 1 is sufficient to resist tbe ultimate load imposed upon a joint.
High strength bolts may be proportioned. on the basis of their minimum
guaranteed proof load, to resist the tension produced by the ultimate loading.
When used to transmit shear produced by the ultimate loading. one bolt may
be substituted for a rivet of the same nomina] diameter. High strength bolta
may be used in joints having painted contact surfaC(!S when these jointa are
of such size that the slip required to produce bearing would not interfere with
Lhe formation , at ultimate loading, of t he plastic hinges assumed in the design.

SECTiON 2.8 LA'fEUAL BRACING

Members designed on the basis of ultimate load sha ll be adequately
braced to resil:ll lateral and torsional displacementa at the plast.ic hinge loca-
tions IlSIIOCiated with the failure mechanism. 'l11e laterally unsupported
distance, I~, from such braced hinge locations to similarly braced adjacent
points on the member or frame shall not. exceed

4. ~ (60 -.of:) Fonnula (26)

except. that it need not be less than 35r"

 Strue/urot Sreei {or Buiidillgs • S· 55

where
r, - t he radius of gyration of the member about its weak axis
M _ the lesser of the moments at the ends of t.be unbraced segment
and
At / At" the end moment ratio, is positive when the segment is bent in
single curvature and negative when bent in double curvature.
Any greater laterally unbraced length for t.hese segmcnt.B must be justified
by an analysis based upon the predictable amount of restraint present at the
ends of the segment in the plane of the computed bending moment.B.
The foregoing provisions need not apply in the region of the last hinge
to form in the failure mechanism assumed as t.he basis for proportioning a
given member, nor ill members oriented with their weak axis normal to the
plane of bending. However, in the region of the last hinge to fo rm , a nd in reo
gions not adjacent to a plastic hinge, the maximum distance bet.ween point.B
of lateral support shall be such as to satisfy the requirements of Formulas
(4), (5) and (6) in Part 1 of this Specification. For this case the value of
f. and f~ shall be computed from t he moment a nd axial force at ultimate
loading, d.ivided by the applicable load facto r.
Members built into a masonry wall and having their web perpendicular
to th.is waU can be assumed to be laterally supported with respect to t heir
weak axis of bending.

SECTION 2.9 FABRICATION

The provisions of Part 1 with respect to workmanship shall govern the
fabrication of structures, or portions of structures, designed on the basis of
maximum strength, subject to the following limitations:
The use of sheared edges shall be avoided in locations subject to plastic
hinge rotation at ultimate loading. if used they shall be finished smooth by
grinding, chipping or planing.
Inlocatioll8 subject to plastic hinge rotation at ultimate loading, holes for
rivets or bolts in the tension area shall be sub-punched and reamed or drilled
rull size.
s-56 • A1SC Specifjoolion

APPENDIX
 Appendix. 5· 57

For Steels with 33,000 psi Specified Yield Point "-

II
C'?
Applicable to ASTM A7 and A3l3 Structural Sleel C'?
Approved Welding Electrodes: E60 Series. Submerged Arc Grade SAW· I.
no Series. Submerged Arc Grade SAW·2. "
..:
PART 1
SECTION 1.5 ALLOWABLE UNI T STR ESSES
1 .5 .1 Structural Steel
1.5.1.1 Tension
Tension on net section, except at pin holes ......... . F, - 20,000 psi
Tension 011 net section at pin holes .. . .... .. . ..... , .F, - 15,000 psi
1 .5.1. 2 S h ear
Shear on gross section (see Table 3·33 for reduced
values for girder webs) .. . .. , , ...... . .. ....... .. . F. - 13,000 pa.i
1.5.1.3 Compression
C. - 131.7
For values of F. given by Fonnulaa (I ),
(2) and (3) see Table 1..a3.

1.5.1.4 Bending
1.5.1.4.1 Tension and comprl!fl8ion for compact·
adequately·· braced beams having an axis of
symmetry in the plane of loading .. , ... , ........ " .F t - 22.000 psi
1.6.1.4.2 Tension and compression for unsymmetrical
rolled shapes except channels continuou.sly braced in
the region under compre88ion stress ...... , .... , ... . Ft - 20,000 psi
1.5.1.4.3 Tension and compre88ion for box·lyt:lC
members not included in Sect. 1.5.1.4.1. , .. , ........ . Ft

f.-
- 20,000 psi
1.5.1.4.4 Tension for other rolled shapes, built·up
membera and plate girders ........ . ............ . .. . 20.000 psi
1.5.1.4.5 Compreasion, except as provided by Sect.
1.5.1.4.1,1.5.1.4.2.1.5.1.4.3.1.5.1.4.7 and 1.5.1.4.8:
the larger value given by Formulas (4) a nd (5).

Ft _ 20,000 _ 0.571 ('-) ' Formula (4)

C. ,
F. _ 12,oro,OOO < 20 oro .....; Formula (5)
/dI Al -, .....

• hl/2J/.s 8i: dl e::5 (73 - 105 (.IF.) but noll_ ths!l44 .

•• Unb ....ced length (in. ) ::5 13 hI and GOO Alld.
5 - 58 • AlSC Specifu;ai.io"

TABLE 1·33
ALLOWAIlI..K STRKSS (KSI)
(>OR COMf'RI?SSION MEMBERS 01' 33 KSI SI'gcIYIJ::D YIELD POINT S1'KEL

Main a nd Secondary Members Main Members Secondary Members·

Kl/ r not over 120 Kl/ r 12] to 200 l/ r 121 to 200
Kl F. Kl F. Kl F. Kl Kl F. F.. F••
, (ksi) , (ksi) , (ksi) , F.
(ksi) , (ksi) ,I (ksi) .,-I (!tail
1 19.77 17 .64 81 14 .32 121 9.96 161 5 .76 121 10 .01 161 7 . 25
"
2 19 . 73 42 17 .57
3 19 .69 43 17 . 50
82 14 . 23
83 14 .13
122
123
9 .84
9 . 72
162
163
5 . 69
5 .62
122
123
9 .94
9 .87
162
163
7 . 20
7 . 16
• 19 .66 44 17 . 43
5 19 62 45 17 . 36
84 14 .03
65 13 .93
12.
125
9 .59
9 .47
16'
165
5 . 55
5.49
12.
125
9.79
9 . 71
16.
165
7 . 12
7 . 0B
6 19 .58 .6 17 . 29 66 13 .84 126 9 .34 166 5.42 126 9 .63 166 7 . 04
7 19 .54 47 17 . 22 87 13.74 127 9 . 22 167 5 . 35 127 9 . 55 167 7 .00
8 19 .50 48 17 . 14 88 ] 3.64 128 9 .09 168 5 . 29 128 9 . 47 168 6 .96
9 19 .46 49 17 .07 89 13.53 129 B.96 169 5.23 129 9 .38 169 6 . 93
10 19 .41 50 16 . 99 90 13 . 43 130 8 .83 170 5.17 130 9 . 30 170 6 .B9
II 19 .37 61 16 . 92 91 13 . 33 131 B.70 17I 5.11 131 9 . 21 17I 6 .85
12 19 . 32 52 16 . 84 92 13 . 23 132 8 . 57 172 5 . 05 132 9 . 12 172 6 .82
13 19 . 28 53 16 . 76 93 13 . 13 133 8 . 44 173 ' . 99 133 9 .03 173 6 .79
14 19 . 23 6' 16 . 68 94 13 .02 134 8 . 32 174 4 . 93 134 8 .94 174 6 .76
15 19.18 55 16 .60 95 12 .92 135 8 . 19 175 ' . 88 135 8.86 176 6 .73

16 19 .13 66 16 . 52 96 12 .8 1 136 8 .07 176 4 . 82136 8 . 78 176 6 .70

17 19.08 57 16.44 97 12 . 71 137 7 .96 177 4 .77 137 8 . 70 177 6 . 67
18 19.03 58 16 . 36 98 12 . 60 138 7 .84 178 4 . 71138 8 . 62 178 6 .64
19 18 .98 59 16 . 28 99 12 . 49 139 7 . 73 179 ' . 66139 8 . 54 179 6 .61
20 18 .93 60 16 . 20 100 12 . 38 140 7 .62 lao 4. 61 140 8.47 lao 6 .58
21 18 .88 61 16 . 12 101 12 . 28 141 7 .51 181 4 . 56 141 8.39 181 6 . 56
22 18 .82 62 16 .03 102 12 . 17 142 7 .41 182 4 . 51 14 2 8 . 32 182 6 .53
23 18 . 77 63 15 . 95 103 12 .06 143 7 .30 183 4 . 46 143 8 . 25 183 6 . 51
24 18 . 71 6' 15.86 \04 Ll .95 14. 7 . 20 184 4.41 144 8 . 18 184 6 .49
25 18 .66 65 15 . 78 \05 11.83 145 7 . 10 185 4. 36 145 8 . 12 165 6 .46

26 18 .60 66 15.69 106 11 . 72 146 7 .01 166 • 32 146 8 .05 166 6 .44
27 18 . 54 67 15 .61 107 11 . 61 147 6 .91 187 4 .27 147 7 .99 187 6 .42
28 IB . 48 68 15 .52 108 11 .50 148 6 .82 188 4 .23 148 7 .93 188 6.40
29 18,42 69 15 ,43 109 11,38 149 6 , 73 189 4 .18 149 7 ,87 189 6 .38
30 18 . 36 70 15.34 110 11 . 27 150 6 . 64 190 4 . 14 150 7 .81 190 6 . 36

31 1B.30 71 15 . 25 111 11 . 15 151 6 .55 191 ' .09 151 7 . 75 191 6 . 35

32 18 . 24 72 15 . 16 112 11.04 152 6.46 192 4 .05 152 7 .69 192 6 . 33
33 18 . 18 73 15 .07 113 10 . 92 153 6 . 38 193 4 .01 153 7 .64 193 6 .31
34 18 . 11 74 14.98 II. 10 . 80 154 6.30 194 3 .97 15. 7.59 194 6 . 30
35 IB .OS 75 14 .89 115 to . 69 155 6.22 195 3 .93 155 7 .53 195 6 . 28

36 17 .98 76 14 .80 116 10 .57 158 6 . 14 196 3 .89 156 7.48 196 6 . 27
37 17 .92 77 14 . 70 117 10 .45 157 6 .06 197 3.85 157 7 .43 197 6 .26
38 17 . 85 78 14 .61 118 10 .33 158 5.98 198 3.8 1 158 7 . 39 198 6 .24
39 17 . 78 79 14 .51 119 10 . 21 159 5 .91 199 3 . 77 159 7.34 199 6 . 23
.0 17.71 80 14.42 120 10 .09 160 5 .83 200 3 73 160 7 . 29 200 6 . 22

• K taken lIS 1.0 lor secondary membe's.

 Appendix · 5. 59

TABLE 2
VALUES 01' F ' , (lUll )
"~or wte in fo'ormula (7a), Sect.. 1.6.1, for all gradet of lteel
,..,.
KI. F ',
( kai )
KI. f".
( h i)
04 F ',
'. ( kai ) ~"
,.. CUi )
KI. F'.
( Ui )
K4
(I""
" " --- " "
21 338 13
22 308 09
23 28188
2' 258 as
25 238 59
51 57 .33
.2 65 . 15
53 5309
54 61 . 14
.5 '930
..
81 22 . 73
82 22 . 18
21.65
84 21 13
85 20 6.
111
112
113
11.
115
12 . 12
11.90
11 69
11.49
1129
141
142
143
14.
145
7 51
7 . 41
730
7 . 20
7 . 10
171
172
5 11
.05
173 .99
17.
• 93
175 '88
26
27
28
29
220 58
204 55
190 20
177 31
.."
56 47.66
57 45 .90
44 .33
42 .84
88 20 . 16
87
88
89
19.70
19 .26
18 . 83
116
117
118
119
11.10
10 .91
10 .73
10 .65
146 7 . 01
'47 6 . 91
148 6 .82
149 6 . 73
17.
• 82
177 .77
178 4 . 71
179 '66
30

31
32
33
165 68

HiS . 17
145
136
62
93
60 41.43
61 40.07
62 38.79
.3 37.57
90
91
92
93
18.41
18 . 01
17 . 62
17.24
120
121
122
123
10.37
10 . 20
10.03
9 .87
150 6 . 64
151 6 . 55
152 6 . 46
153 6 . 38
181 ....
180 4 .61

182 '51
183 4 . 46
34 128 99 6. 36.41 9' 16 .88 12. 9 .71 15' 6 . 30 18' 4.41
35 121 73 6. 35 .29 95 16 . 53 125 9 ." 155 6 . 22 18. ' .36
36 11506 66 34 .24 96 16 . 18 126 9.41 156 6 . 14 186
37 108 93 67 33 .22 97 1585 127 9 . 26 157 6 .06 187 •.27
32
38 103 27 66 32 .26 98 15 . 53 126 9 11 158 6 98 166
39 98 .. 69 31.32 99 15 . 21 129 8 .97 159 5 .91 189 • 23
.0 9320 70 3044 100 14 .91 130 884 160 190 • 18
5"
• 14
41 8871 71 2958 101 14 .62 131 8 . 70 161 5 76 191 .09

...
42
43
84 ..
8055
77 02
73 64
72
73
74
75
2877
2799
27 . 24
2651
102
'03
10'
105
14 . 34
1406
13 . 73
13 .53
132
133
134
135
8 . 57
8 . 44
8 . 32
8 19
162
163
16.
1..
5 69
5 62
5"
5 ..
192
193 • 05
19. •397
01
195 393

'6 70 47 7. 25 82 106 1328 138 8 . 07 166 .42 196 389

47 67 51 77 25 15 107 13 .02 137 796 167 636 197 385
'8 64 73 78 24 61 108 1280 136 794 168 529 198 3 81
.9
50
62
59
II
65
I 79 23 89
80 23 30
109 12 57
110 12 . 34
139
140
773
7 62
169
170
5"
• 17
199
200
377
373

F', - 149,000,000 PIli

(Kl. / ,..) I
 5 ·60 • AISC Specification

TABLE 3·33
Au.oWABLE SHEAR BTRP.S81!8 (F .) IN I'LATE GlIlOERS (1lB1)
FOR 33 KSI SPECIYlED YIKLD POINT In'KEL
(Required Gross Area of Pairs of Intermediate Stiffeners, as per cent of web a rea,
shown in italic..)'"

Aspec~ ratiOA a/ h: IIliffener spacing to web depth

• ,

70
0. ' 0 .6
1-
07 0 .• 0 .9 1.0
~ I.. I •
1.8 ~ 2.5~
13 .0 13 .0 13 .0 IS 0 : 13 .0
:d ov"
3 . 0 '-.:....
1 13 . 0 '~
-- ---- 13 .0 13.0 12 .9 12 .5 ~74 12 .0 , 11 .6
I~
90
-- Ta:O 12 .9 12 . L U .S I1 .S 11 . 1 11.0 ' 10 . 7
11 .5 11 .0
-10:-6'9':8
0 .4 07
100
-- ----
ID 12.'1 U.6 11.2 -11 .0· 10 .7 10 .5 10.4 10.0 ~
--,--
0 .' 0 .' 0 .'
8.4
1.3 1.6 1. 7
. -- -- 1iT.2
0.' ~~ 1..
110 lS .0 12 . 2 11.4 10 .8 10 .5 10.2 9 .• 9 .5 9 .0 6:9
•••
0 .3 1.2 2 .0 2,4 2 . 7 2.9 3 .0 2 .' 2 . 7
--
120 13.0 12 .3 11.4 lIT 10 .8 10 .4 - 9.8 - 9.4 9:0 • . 7 8.2 ~ 5 .8
I 0 .5 1.6 2 .3 8 .2 3.' ' .2 4.3 4 .2 3.9 3.5
Ji 130 130 12.7 11 .5 Il.l 10 .8 10.4 9.8 . 9.·~i" 8 .8 8."4 8 . 1 --,-:s 7.1 5.0
~ 0 .3
140 13 . 0 11 .8 11 .2
I .• 2 .•
10 .9 10 . 5
3 .• 4 .'
10 . 0 9.3
5 .3
s:s
5.4 6 .3
8 .3 1""ii I~
4 . • 4.1
7 .• ~ 6 .5 ' . 3

...
~

~ 1. 3 2 .• 5 .1 6 .1 • .3 • . 3 • .2 5 .9 5 .2 4 . •
S 150 12 .8 11:4 11 .0 J#.
10 .6 10 .1 9 .• 8 .9 8 .' 79 7. 5 7.2
••• 6":1 3."7
0 .7 2 .2 5 .3 6,4 7. 1 7.2 7.1 6 .8 65 5 .7
7 .6 7 . 2 8 .9 -----s:z ~I-32
3 .'
"•
~
~ 160 12 .0 11 .2 10 .9

170 11 . 5 ~
10 . 3
3 .1 5 .1
9 .8
I-M 74
.
•••s.-r
7. 9 7.9 7. 7 7 .4 7 .0
I~ - -
~
,• 11.1 10.6 10 .0
0.3 2 .3 4,4 6 .3
9 .5 9":1 8.4
~------
78
7.5 -4 2 . ' .6 . 8 .6 ' .2 7 .•
7.3 69 6 .6
74
--1-
29

180 ~ 10. 9 10.3 9. 8 8 . 2 7 .6 7T 6 7

~ --::-:-::- I . 1 3 . 0 5 .6 7.2
9 .3
•••
' . 3 ' .9 9 .2 9 .0 ' . 6 ' 2
6. '
7. 7
2.

.~ 200 ~1O. 5 9 .9 9.4 • . 9 • . 5 7 .• - 7:3

••• 2 I -
"~ 2 .3 5 .2 7A ' . 7 9 5 10 .0 10.1 9. 3
7.6 ~ --I - - -
-
I 4.0
1
220 10.8 10. 2 9 .• 9. 1 8:7 --s.a
10 .5 10 .8 10 . 7
7.0
10 .3
I 7
E - 240 10. 5 1 6.' ' .7 9 .' -- -- -- - - --
• • .4 8 .' 8 . 1
~
c
m
9.'
5.5
260 10.3
8 .1
9.7
8 .'
9 . 7 10.6 11 .2 11.4
9 . 2 8 .8 8 . 3 7. 9 l - - -I - -_. I 2 "
6.8 10.4 11.3 1/ . 7 11.9
280 10 . 1 I~
9.6 9.1 • .6
- - -- - - - -1- - - - -
7.? 11.1 11 .8
10 .0 I~
JOO 9.0
- - -- -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
9 .'
'.5 10.4 Il .6
320 9 .• .3
-- - - - - - - -- -- - - - - - - - --
109
340 1
-44
9.7 -- -- - - - - - - - - - - - - --
9.7

Girdel'& 110 proportioned that tile computed shoor is leM than that given in right-hand column
do not require intennediate stiffeners.
... For single angle stiffeners, mu1tiply by 1.8; lor single plate stiffeners, multiply by 2.4.
 Appendix.5 · 61

1.0 ,-
VI
~
C'?
C'?
.5
II
~

M, 0
M,

- 0.'16 (min.)
-.'

- 1.0 L . . - - -- L - - ---,L.----,L
1.0 1. 5 20 2.3
Co in teffiUI of M d M.
Fig. 1.5.1.4 .5
1.5.1.4.6 Compression for channels: Use Formula (5).
1.5.1.4.7 Tension and compression for piJl8 .. ' • . ... • Fo - 30,000 psi
1.5.1.4.8 Tension and compression for rectangular
bearing plates ................. . .............•... F t - 25,000 psi
1.5.1.5 Bearing
1.5.1.5.1 On milled surfaces and pins in reamed,
drilled or bored holes ........................... . . F. - 30,000 pe:i
1.5.1.5.2 On expansion rockers and rollers (in pounds
per linear inch) .. .................................. . . F. _ 660d
1 .5.2 Rivets and Bolts
1.5.2.2 Bearing on projected area of bolts (in bearing type
oormections) and rivets. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ............ F, "" 45,000 psi

SECTION 1.6 COMBINED STRESSES

1.6.1 Axial Compression and Be nding

fa + C,./~ < 10 Formula (7a)

When f. > 0.15 f F. (1 _~) F. -

F.
( ~ +fo < 1.0
20,000 F. -
Formula (7b)

For values of F. see Table 1-33.

For values or F'. see T able 2.
5· 62 • A/SC Specification

SECTION 1.9 WTDTH-TmCKNESS RATI OS

Single angle struts; double angle strut.<; with separators .....•.... 13
Double angle strub; angles or plates project.ing from girders,
columll8 or ot.her compression members; beam
BallKes (ba1K!d on one·half width); stiffeners ....... ..... . ...• 16
St.eJ118 of tees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . .. .. . ....... 22
Column webs; cover plates; diaphragm plates .................. 44
Perforated cover plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ........... 55

SECTION 1.10 PLATE GffiOERS AND ROLLEP BEAMS

1.10.2 Web
Maximum clear distance between flanges h - 345t
1.10.5 StifY'eners
1.10.5.3 For required stiffener spacing and gross area of inter-
mediate stiffeners see Table 3-33.
1.10.5,4 Maximum shear between web and intermediate st.iff-
eners in pounds per linear inch of stiffeners or pair of
stiffeners f., - 30h
1.10.6 Reduction in Flange Stress
When hI t exceeds 24,OOO I -v'F; the maximum compression flange stress
sha1l not exceed

Formula ( 11)

1.10.7 Combined Shear and Tension

F'. - 27,000 - 12,500 (~) 5 20,000 psi Formula (12)

1.10.10 Web Crippling

1.10.10.1 Uee stiffeners under concentrated interior loads when

t eN ~ 2k) would exceed 25,000 psi Formula (13)

and under end readioll8 when

N R k wouJd exceed 25,000 psi Formula (14)

t( + )
1.10.10.2 The compress.ion stress, in pounds per square inch. produced by
loads applied to girder webs, except through stiffeners. shalJ not exceed

[55 + _4_]
. (a l h )'
10,000,000
(h I t )'
Formula (15)
 Apptndu · 5 ·63

when Oange is restrained againat rotation; otherwise

2 4 ] 10,000.000 Formula (16)
[ + (a / h)! (h / t )!

The compression st.res8e$ to be limited by formulas (15) and (16) shall

be computed as follows:
Concentrated loads and total distributed loads over part.ial length of
a panel ahall be divided by the product. of the web thickne88 and Ule
girder depth or the length of the panel in which the load is placed,
whichever is the lesaer panel dimenaion.
Any other distributed loading, in pounds per Unear inch of length. shall
be divided by the web thickness.
5 -64 • AISC Speci/ic4lion

PART 2
TABLE 4-33
I"OK 3S Kg l SI'ftC IYlEO YIELD porN"(' 8TEEL

}<'ormula (22)
M. _
},f.
B-0("-) P,

1/ , B 0 1/ , B 0 1/ , B 0

I.
16
17
19
2.
1.140
1 . 140
1.141
1.141
1 .142
1.172
1.174
t . 177
1.179
1 . 182
51
52
53
5'
55
1.164
1 . 165
1 . 165
1.166
1 . 167
1.271
1 .276
1.281
1 .286
1 . 292
86
.7
88
.9
90
1 . 201
1 .202
1.204
1 . 205
1.206
1.616
1 . 633
1.651
1.669
1.888

21 1 . 142 1 . 184 66 1. 168 1.297 91 1.207 1.707

22
23
2'
25
1.143
1.143
1 . 144
1.145
1 . 187
1 . 189
1 . 191
1.194
57
66
59
60
1.169
1.170
1 . 171
1.172
1 . 303
1.310
1 . 316
1 . 323
.
92
'3
'5
1.209
1 .210
1 .211
1.213
1.726
1. 746
1 .767
1.788

26 1.145 1 . 196 61 1 . 173 1.330 96 1 .214 1.810

27 1 . 146 1 . 198 62 1.174 1.337 .7 1. 215 1.832
28
29
1.146
1.147
1 . 200
1. 203
63
6<
1.175
1 .176
1 . 344
1.352 ••
99
1 .217
1.218
1:855
1.879
30 1.148 1.205 65 1.177 1.360 100 1 .220 1.903

at 1. 148 1.207 66 1.178 1 . 369 101 1 .221 1.928

32 1.149 1 .209 67 1.179 1.377 102 1 .222 1 .953
33 1 . 1SO 1.212 68 1 . 180 1.386 103 1.224 1 .979
34 1.ISO 1. 215 6' 1 . 181 1 . 396 10' 1. 225 2.006
35 1.151 1. 217 7. 1 . 182 1 . 406 105 1. 227 2 .033

36 1 . 152 1 . 220 71 1. 183 1.416 106 1.228 2 .061

37 1.152 1.222 72 1 . 184 1.426 107 1 . 230 2.090
38
3.
••
41
1 . 153
1 . 154
1. 155

1 .155
1 . 225
1 _228
1.231

1.234
73
7.
75
7.
1. 186
1.187
1.188

1 . 189
1.437
1 . 448
1 . 460

1.472
l.
108
109

111
1 . 231
1.233
1 .234

1 .236
2.119
2.149
2.179

2.211
77 1.485 11 2 1 .237 2.243
"
43
1 . 156
1 . 157
1 . 158
1 . 237
1. 240 7.
1.190
1.191
1.192
1 .497
1.511
11 3
11.
1.239
1 . 240
2.275
2.309
"
45 1 . 159
1 . 243
1.247
7'
80 1 .194 1 .524 115 1. 242 2.343

'6 1 .159 1.251 .1 1.195 1.539 116 1. 243 2.378

47 1 . 160 1 . 254 .2 1 . 196 1 .553 117 1.245 2.414
••
.9
1 . 161
1 .162
1.25.
1.283
83
84
1.197
1.198
1.568
1. 584
11.
11 9
1 . 247
1.248
2.450
2.487
50 1 . 163 1 . 267 85 1.200 1.600 12. 1 . 250 2.525
 Appendix· 5 -65

TABLE 5-33
!"OR 33 KBI SPI!C'I'IED YIELD POINT STEEL

Formula (23)

: : .. 1.0 _ H (:,) _ J(:)'

1/, H J 1/, H J 1/ , H J

I .434 . 753 41 1.015 . 149 81 1.824 - . 738

.-
2 .449 .738 42 1.032 .133 82 1.850 - 769
3 .463 720 43 1.048 . Il6 83 1.877 - . 801
4 .478 . 703 44 1.064 .0998 84 1 .903 - .833
5 .492 . 687 45 1 .081 .0832 85 1. 930 -
6 .506 . 671 46 1 .097 .0663 86 1.958 - .900
7 .520 . 655 47 1.114 .0-492 87 1 . 986 - .93>1
8 ,634 , 640 48 1 . 131 .03 18 68 2 . 014 - .969
9
I.
.548
.562 ....
. 624 4.
5.
1.148
1 . 166
.0143
- .0036
89
9.
2 . 0-42
2 .071
- 1 .004
-1.041

1I .576 . 594 51 1.183 - .0217 91 2 . 101 -1.077

12 .690 .679 52 1 . 201 - .0401 92 2 . 130 - 1.115
13 .604 . 584 53 1.219 - .0588 93 2 . 161 - 1.153
94 - 1.192

..
14 1.237 -. 0777 2 . 191

....
.619 . 549 54
I. .633 .534 55 1.258 - .0970 95 2 . 222 -1.231

16 .647 .519 1. 274 - . 117 2. 254 -1.272

17 . 661 .604 57 1 . 293 - . 137 97 2.286 -1.313
18 .675 .490 1. 312 - . 157 98 2 318 - 1 354
19 . 569 .475 59 1. 332 -. 177 99 2. 350 - 1.397
20 . 703 .461 60 1.351 - . 198 100 2. 384 - 1.440

21 . 717 .447 61 1.371 - . 220 101 2.417 - 1.484

62 1.391 - . 241 102 2 451 - 1.529

.
22 . 731 .432
23 . 746 .418 63 1. ·411 - . 263 103 2 . 486 -1 575
24
25
. 760
. 774
.403
.389
64
65
1 . 432
1.452
-.286
- . 809 ,
10<' 2. 521
2.' "
- 1.621
-1.668

26 . 789 .374 66 1 . 473 - . 332 106 2 .592 -1. 716

27 . 803 .866 67 1.495 - .356 107 2.628 -1. 765
28 .8 1S .345 68 1.516 - .380 108 2.' " - 1.814
29 . 832 .33 1 69 1 . 538 - . 404 109 2 ,703 -1.865
SO . 847 .316 70 1.560 -.429 11 • 2 . 74 1 - 1 . 916

31 .662 . SOl 71 1 . 583 - .455 111 2 . 779 - 1. 968

S2 .877 . 287 72 1 .605 - .4S1 112 2 .818 - 2 .021
33 .892 . 272 73 1 .628 - .507 113 2 .857 -2 .057
34 .907 . 257 74 1 .652 - .534 114 2 .897 - 2 . 123
35 .922 . 24.2 75 1. 675 -. 562 11 • 2 .937 -2 . 185

76 -. 590 116 2 .978 - 2 . 242

...
38 . 937 . 227 1 .699
37 .953 . 211 77 1 . 724 - .618 117 3 .020 -2 . 300
38 . 196 78 1 . 748 - .647 118 3 .062 -2 . 358
39 .984 . 180 79 1 . 773 - .677 119 3 . 104 -2.417
40 1.000 . 165 80 1 . 799 - . 707 120 3 . 147 -2.478
5· 66 • AI SC Specification

PART 2
LOAD FACTOR
Live 1>lu8 dead load (or simple or continuous beams ..... . .. 1. 70
Live plWl dead load (or continuous frames.... , . .. . .....• 185
Live plus dead load plua lateral fo rCtlH for continuous Cramea . 1.40

S ECTION 2.3 CO LUMNS

For reduction factors in Accordance with Formulns (21), (22) and (23),
to be appljed to the tabulated M~ value furnished by members subject
to axial loading, see Table 4-33 and Table 5-33.

S ECTION 2.4 S HEAR

Allowable web shear (pounds)
VII ~ 18,000 wd

SECTION 2.6 WIDTH-THICKNESS RATIOS

(Applicable only to elements aubject to compression involving plastic
hinge rotation under ultimate loading.)
Beam flanges (baaed on one.haHwidth ) ...................... 8~
Cover plate projection outside of longitUdinal row o( fasteners
or connecting welda ................................... 8,!-i
Stiffenena .................................................. 8J1
Portion o( flange cover plates and flanges of box sections between
longit udinal rows of rivets, bolts or connecting we1da ........ 32
Webs o( bea.m.s, girders and colu.m.oa

~ < 70 - l 00!.. Fo rmula (25)

w - P,
with a minim um of 43

SECTION 2.8 LATERAL BRACING

Ie - (60 - 40 :J r. Fo rmula (26)

but not less t han 3S r•.

 Appendix · 5·67

For Steels with 36,000 psi Specified Yield Point

Applicable to ASTM A36 Structural Sleel
Approved Welding Electrodes: E60 Series. Submerged Arc Grade SAW-I.
E70 Series. Submerged Arc Grade SAW·2.

PART 1
SECTlON 1.5 ALLOWABLE UNIT STRESSES
1.5.1 Structural Steel
1.5.1.1 1'en s ion
Tension Oil net section, except at pin holes .. . ...... . F I _ 22,000 psi
T ension on net section a t pin boles ................ . F, _ 16,000 psi
1.5.1.2 Shear
Sbear o n gross section (see Table 3-36 for reduced
values for girder webs) ......................... . F. _ 14,500 psi
1.5.1.3 Compression
C. - 126.1
For values or F. given by Formulas (I ),
(2) and (3) see Table 1-36.
1.5.1.4 Be nding
1.5.1.'1.1 Tension a nd compression for compact, G
adequately" braced beams having a n axis or
symmetry in the plane of loading .......... ......... Fa _ 24,000 psi
1.5.1.4.2 Tension and compression for unsymmetrical
rolled shapes except channels continuously braced
in the region under compression stress . . . • . . .. . .. F. _ 22,000 psi
1.5.1.4.3 Tension and compression for box-type
members not included in Sect. 1.5.1.4.1 ........... . F. - 22.000 psi
1.5.1.4.4 T ension for otber roUed shapes, built-up
members and plate girders .................... . . . F. - 22,000 psi
1.5.1.4.5 Compression, except as provided by Sect.
1.5.1.4.1,1.5.1.4.2,1.5.1.4 .3,1.5.1.4.7 and 1.5.104.8:
the larger value given by Formulas (4) and (5).

F. _ 22,000 _ 0.679 (' ) ' Formula (4)

C. ,

12,000,000 < 22 000 i Formula (5)

F. - [dI A, - , p8

• bfl 2tf S 8Y.!; dl l S (70 - 100 (. I F,, ), but. not 1C1J8 than 42.
GG Unbraced length (in.) S 13 bf and 545 AJ/d
5 · 68 . A1SC Speci{jcQtion

TABLE 1·36
ALLOWABLB STRESS (KSI)
roll; COIU'R&8S10N KEIIBKR8 Of' 36 KSI SPEClPlED YIELD POINT 8'TBEL

Main and Secondary Membe ... Main Members Secondary Membe ... •
Kl r not over 120 Kl/ r 121 to 200 Il r 121 to 200
F. F. Kl F. P.. F.,
Kl
,- F.
(k,i)
Kl
r (kai)
Kl
,- (kli)
Kl
, p.
(JW) , (JW) ,I (bi) ,I (kef)
. . .
1 21 56 19 11 81 15 24 121 10.14 161 5 .76 121 10 19 161 7,.
"
2 21 ,2 42 19 03
3 21 48 43 18 95
,•21 44 18 86..
21 3. 45 18 . 78
82 15 13 122 9 99 162 5 .69
83 15 02 123 9 85 163 5 .62
84 1490 124 9 .70 164 5 ."
85 I~ 79 125 9 .55 165 5.49
122 1009
123 1000
124 990
1" 9 .SO
162
163
164
165
7. 20
7 16
7 12
7.08

7• 21 35 ••
18 70
21 30 47 18 .61
86
87
14 67 128 9.41
14 .66 127 9 . 28
166 5 .42 126
167 5 .35 127
9 70 166
9 .69 167
9 49 188
704
7.00
8 21 25 48 18 53 88 14 . 44 128 9 . 11 168 5 . 29 128 696
9 2 1 21 .9 18.44 89 14 . 32 129 8 .97 169 5 . 23 129 9 40 169 6 .93
10 2 1.1 6 50 18 . 35 90 14 . 20 130 8 .84 170 5 . 17 130 9 ,30 170 6 .89

JI 21. 10 01 18 . 26 91 14 .09 131 8 . 70 171 5 . 11 131 9 21 171 6 .85

12 2 1.05 '2 18 . 17 92 13 .97 132 8 .57 172 5 .05 132 9 12 172 6 .82
13 21 00 93 133 8 .44 173 .99 133 9 03 17S 6 . 79

"I' 20 95 "
18 .08 13 .84
1799 13-4 8 32 174 • 93 174 6 76
04
20 89 OS 17 .90
9'
95
13 72
1360 135 8 . 19 175 488 ",.
13' 8 9'
8 .86 17, 6 . 73

16 2083 56 17 81 96 13 48 136 8 07 176 • 82 136 8 78 176 6 70

17 20 78 97 7 . 96 177 477 137 8 70 177 6 67
18
19
20 72
2066
" 17 71
58 17 62
59 17 53
98
99
1335
1328
13 10
137
138
189
7 .84 178
7 73 179
4 71
466
138
139
8 62
864
178 6 64
179 6 61
20 2O .SO 60 17 .43 100 12 98 140 7 62 ISO 4 . 61 140 8" 180 6 68

21 2064 61 1733 101 12 .85 141 7 . 51 181 '-'6 141 839 181 666
22 20 '8 62 17 . 24 102 12 .72 142 7 .41 182 4 .51 142 8 32 182 6 '3
23 2041 63 17 . 14 103 12 .69 143 7.30 183 4 .46 143 8" 183 6 .51
2. 2085 6. 1704 104 12.47 14. 7.20 184 4 .41 14. 8 18 184 649
25 2028 65 16 .94 105 12 33 145 7 . 10 185 '36 14' 8 12 185 6 .6
26 66 16 84
20 22 106 12 20 146 7 .01 186 4 32 146 805 186 644
27 87 16 74
2010 107 12 07 147 6 .91 187 4 . 27 147 799 187 6 .2
28 88 1664
2008 108 11 94 148 6 .82 188 .23 148 7 93 188 6 40
29 20 01
69 16 53 109 11 81 149 6 .73 189 4 . 18 149 7 ,87 189 6 38
30 19 94 70 16 ,,3 110 Il 67 150 6 64 190 4 . 14 150 7 81 190 6 . 36

31 19 87 71 16 . 33 111 11. 54 151 6 55 191 ' .09 151 7 76 191 636

32 19 ,80 72 16 22 112 11 .40 152 6 . 46 192 4 05 152 7 69 192 6 33
33 19 73 73 16 . 12 U S 11 . 26 153 6 . 38 193 4 . 0 1 163 7 ,64 193 631
7 . 69 19. 6 . 30
34 19 .65
"
16 .0 1 II . 11.13 154 6 . 30 19' 3 . 97 16'
36 19 58 76 15 .90 11 6 10 .99 155 6 . 22 195 3 . 93 165 7 . 63 195 6. 28

36 1960 76 15 . 79 116 10 85 166 6 . 14 196 3 .89 166 7 '8 196 627

37 19 ,12 77 15 69 117 10 . 71 157 606 197 385 157 743 197 626
38 1936 78 15 88 118 10 57 158 5 .98 198 3 81 188 739 198 6 2.
39 19 27 79 15.47 119 10 43 159 5 .91 199 377 159 734 199 623
40 19 19 SO 120
15" 1028 160 • . 83 200 3 . 73 160 729 200 6 22

• K ta.ken IllII 1.0 (or aecondary members.

 Appendix ·5 ·69

TABLE 2
F', (K81)
VALUE8 0 ..

For U8e in Fonnula (7a ), Sect. 1.6.1, for al l gradel or 111.«>1

F ',
K4
... (ui)
KI,
"". KI,...
Cko/)
F',
(ksi)
K4
...
F ',
(Ui)
KI. F' ,
Cko/)
K4
... F',
Cko/)
21 338 13
22 308 09
.," 0733 81
.2 66 . 15 82
22 . 73
22 . 18
III
112
12 . 12
"
141
142
751 171 5 11

..
11 .90 7.41 172 5 .06
23 28188 53 5309 83 21 .65 113 11 .69 143 7 . 30 173 ' .99
2' 258 89 54 51 14 54 21.13 11. 11.49 144 7 . 20 174 , 93
,. 30

".
2. 238 . 59 55 20 . 64 115 1129 145 7 . 10 175 ' .88
28 220 58 56 86 20 . 16 116 11 . 10 146 7 .01 176 4 .82
27 204 . 66 .7 45 .90 87 19 . 70 117 10 .91 147 6 .91 177 4 . 77
28 190 . 20 58 44 .33 88 19 . 26 118 10 .73 146 6 .S2 178 4 .71
29 177 . 31 5. 42 .S4 8' 1S .83 11' 10 .55 14. 6 . 73 179 ' . 68
30 165 .68 68 41 .43 90 18.41 120 10 .37 150 6 .64 180 4 .61

.,••
155 . 17 61 40 .07 18 . 01
31
32
33
145 . 62
136 .93
62
63
38 . 79
37 .67
"
.2
.3
17 . 62
17 . 24
121 10 .20
122 10 . 03
123 9 .87
151 6 .65
152 6.46
153 6 .38
181 ' .66
182 4 . 51
183 4.46
128 .99 36 .41 16 .88
34
95 121 . 73 "
65 35.29 16 . 53
12' 9. 71
12. ' . 66
154
155
6 .80
6.22
184 4 . 41
186 4. 36
96
37
38
3.
11 5 .06
108 .93
loa 27
98 .04
66
67
68
6.
34.24
33 .22
32 . 25
31.32
96
97
.8
99
16 . 18
15 .85
15 .53
15 . 21
126
127
128
129
9.41
9 . 26
9 . 11
8 .91
158 ....
166 6 . 14
1.7 6 .00
196
187
188
168
4 . 32
4 . 27
4 . 23

.
I •• 5 . 91 4 . IS
.0 93 .20 70 30 . 44 100 14 . 91 130 8 . 84 160 • . 83 190 4 . 14
41 88 . 71 71 29 .58 101 14 62 131 8 .70 161 5 . 76 191 ,
..
.2
.3
45
8453
8065
7702
73 .64
72
73
74
75
28 . 71
27 .99
27 .24
26 . 51
102
103
104
105
14 . 34
14 . 06
13 . 73
13 . 53
132
133
134
135
8 . 57
8 . 44
832
8 . 19
162
163
164
165
5 .69
5 .62
5 .65
5 .49
192
193
194
195
4 . 05
• 01
3 . 97
3 .93
.6
47
'8
49
70 47
67 .51
64 73
62 II
76
77
78
25 .82
25 . 15
24 . 5\
79 23 8'
100
107
108
109
13 . 28
13 .02
12 .80
12 .57
135
137
138
139
807
7 .96
7 .84
7 . 73
168
167
168
16.
....
5 .42

• . 29
• . 23
196
197
198
199
389
385
3 81
3 . 77
60 59 . 65 80 23 30 110 12 .34 140 7 .62 170 5 . 17 200 3 .73

149,000,000 .
(Kl.trJ' pel
 5 ·10 . AISC Speci/icmwn

TABLE S-S6
ALLOWAflLE SHBARIJI'RKSSE9 (F, ) IN Pt.ATK CIKDEas (K8I )
!"OR 36 KS I HPY.CIPIKD Yl eLD POI NT STBKL
(Required GroS!! Area of Pairs of Intermediate Stilfenertl. 8!1 percent of web, area,
IJhown in itoJiC8) ·

Aspect ru.tioa a / A: 'lilfener 8pacing 1.0 web depth

~

over
-
0.5 0.• 0.7 0 .8 o• 1.0 1.2 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.5 3.0
I~
3
. 70
- - - - - - -_.
- - -- 14 .6 I • • ~ 14 .5 14 •
1- -
13 . 5 13 . 1 12.8 I~
14 . 5 14 .0 13 . 7 131
1--;;0 -- - 14 . 2 12 .6 12.3 12.l ~11 5
0 .7 0.3
90
-~

--I - 14 .5 114.4 13 .9 12 .6 11.2.8 12 . 1 11.9 11 .7 11.4 11 . 2 I ~ lO2

0 .6 D.• 1. 1 1 .2 1 .3 1 .2
--
100
-- 14 .6 14 .0 13 .0 12 .4 12 .0 11 . 7 11 . 4 11 . 2 11 . 0 10 .4 10.1 ~
0 .5 1.8 2 . 1 2 .1 2.2 2 .3 2 .1
tiD -- 14 .5 14 .0 12 . 7 112 . 3 12. 0 1t .6# 1l.T 10 .6 1.0 . 3 9.9 ' .3 8.9 If.9
~
m 120
:E
14 .5 14.4 12 .8 12 . 3 12 .0
1.1
1 .0

2 .1
1 .8
ll.6
2 .5 3.1
10 .9 10 . 4
4.7
3.5 3.6
9.9 ---g:s ' .1
3.6

4.8
3.4
8 .'
4.3
3 .1
8. 0
3.8
--.-.
iTT~
2 .' 4 .' 4 .'
~

~
130 114 .5 13 .3 I-tz:4 12 .0
D.• 2 .2
11 .6 10.<1 . 9.8 ' .3 8 .' S.' 7.8 7.4 5 .0
; 3.2 4.3 5 .6 5 .' 6 .0 5 .8 5. 6 5 .0 4.4
140 1'"1"4:3 12 . ' 12 . 1 ••• 6.81---.-:3
...
11 .7 11 . 1 10 .6 • .3 8.8 8. ' 8 .0 7.3
S
-•
~
~
0 .3
~
150 113":4 12 . 3 11.9
3.2 4 .8
11 .3 10 .8 10 .S
5 .' 6.7
••
• ••• 8 .'
6.8
8 4
6. 6
S.O
6 .3
7.6
5 .5
---'6.9
:-.g 37
1.2 2.8 4 . 7 6 .1 7.1 7. 7 7.5 7.2 6.8 6 .0 5 .2
~
t-M
~
,• 160 112:6 12 . 1 11 .6
• . 1 2. 1 4.1
11 .0 10.4 10 .0
6.• 8 .0
' .2 '8."6
8 .3
8 .1 7. 7 7. 3 6.• 3 2
10 .7 I~ ~
-170
- 12.4 8 .1 7. 7 7.3 6.3
.t:. 12 .0 11 . 3 10 . 2 ' . 7 ' .0 S. 3 7 .S 7.4 7.0 2.
~ D.• 2 .8 5 .3 7.0 8 .1 8 . 7 ' .0 8 .' 8.' 8 .1 7. 7
j 180 12.S 11.7 11 .0
1. 6 4 .• 6.4
10 .5 10 .0
7.' 8 .8 ••• 8 .S
' .4 ' .6
S. 1
' .3
7.6
8 .'
7 .2
8.5
6 .S
8.0
26
f
200 12 . • 11 .3 10 .7 10 . 1 • .6 • . 2 8.4 7.8 7. 3 2. 1

•~
2 .' 6 .• 8 .0
-•' -
.2 10 .0 10 .4 10 .4 10 .0 ' .5
I - --I - -~

i--I:7
~
, 220 11 . 6 10 .9 10.4 .8
•••
8 .' 8 2 7. 6
24. ~
7.5 9.' 10 .2 10 .8 11 . 1 11 . 0 ~
;;• 11.3 1.0 . 7 10 . 1 ~ • . 2 8.7 -- I~ - -I - - - 14
6.2 8.'
260 ll.T 10 .5 I~
11 .0 11 .5 11 .7
10 .0
•••- - - - - -
~ 8.6 -- -- - - 1.2
7.3 9 .5 10.8 11.6 12 .0 12 . 1
280 10.9 10 . 3 ' .8 ' . 3
-~
--
8 .2 10 .2 11.4 12 . 1
--.00 10 .8 10 . 2 ' . 7 -- - - -- - -I - - -I - - - - -
10.8 11 .8
I-J.:g
320 10 . 7 10 .1
1 - - - - - -- --
-~

9 .6 11 .2

GirdeIll 90 proportioned that the compu ted shear is ie88 than that given in right-hand column
do not require intermediate stilfenel'll.
• For >lingle angle stiffeners. multi ply by 1.8: ror aingle plate 8ti fJeners, multiply by 2.4.
 Appendix • 5 ·11

1.0

, 1-----",.

M, 0
.-.
~
"', '()
C'?
- .. - 0.46 ( min. ) II
11.>

-l.OL_ _ _---L_ _ _ _L _---,L

10 15 :! O 23
C. in terms of M d M,
Fig.I .S. I.4.S

1.5. 1.4.6 Compression for channels: Vile Formula (5 ).

l.5, 1.4.7 Telwon and compression (or pins ..... . F. _ 33,000 psi
1.5. 1.4.8 Tension and compression (or rectangular
bearing plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. F. - 21,000 pei
1.6.1 .5 Bearing
1.5.1.5.1 On milled surfaces and pins in reamed.
drilled or bored holes ............. ....... F~ - 33,000 psi
1.5.1.5.2 On expansion rockers and rollers (in pounds
per linear inch)................................ F, _ 760d
1.5.2 Rivets and Bolts
1.5.2.2 Bearing on projected area of bolts (in benring type
connectiona) and rivets . . . .. ... . . .. . ..... ..... /" ,. _ 48,500 psi

SECTION 1.6 COMBINE D STRESSES

1.6.1 Axial Com p ression and Bend in g

t.+
F. (1 C.1t
_F',f.) • < 10
F - .
Formula (7a)

When :: > 0.15

~+f·< l.O Form ulu (7b)
22,000 F. -

For values of F. see T a ble 1..36.

For values of.P. Bee Table 2.
 5• 72 • A I SC Specification

SECTION 1.9 WIDTH·THlCKNESS RATIOS

Single angle s Lruts; double angle struts with separators .....•.. 13
Double angle struts; angles or plates projecting from girders,
oolumns or other oompression members; beam fJanges (based
on o ne-half width); still'eners ................................ 16
Sterns of tees .................... . ........................... 21
Column webs; oover plates; diaphragm plates .................. 42
Perforated oover plates .................. .. ................... 53

SECTION 1.10 PLATE GffiDERS AND ROLLED BEAMS

1.10.2 Web
Maximum clear distance between 8anges h - 3Wt
1.10.5 Stiff'eners
&&.:' 1.10.5.3 For required stiffenCl' spacing and grosa area of inter·
mediate stilTeners see Table 3-36.
1.10.5.4 Maximum shear between web and intermediate stiff-
eners in powlds per linear inch of stiffeners or pair of
stiffeners f .. - 35h
1.10.6 Reduction in Flange Stress
When hit exceeds 24,000/VF. the maximum oompreasion
fLnnge stress shall not exceed

Fonnula (11)

1.10.7 Combined Shear and Tension

F. - 29,500 - 13,500 (~) ~ 22,000 pej Fonnula (12)

1.10.10 Web Cr ippling

1.10.10.1 Use eWfeners under concentrated iuterior loads when

t eN: 2k ) would exceed 27,000 psi Formula (13)

and under end reactions when

t (N: k ) would exceed 27,000 psi Formula (14)

1.10.10.2 The compression stress, in pounds per square inch, produced by

loads applied to girder webs, except through stiffeners, shall not exceed

55
[ .
+_ 4 _J
(a/h )'
10,000,000
(hl tp
Formula (IS)
 A.ppendix • 5·73

when Range is restrained against rotation; otherwise

[
2 + 4 ] 10,000,000 Formula (16)
(a / h ) I (lI"'"ji)t
The compresRion stresses to be Hmilcd by formulas (15) and (16) shall
be computed as follows:
Concentmt.cd loads and tot.a.1 distributed loads over partial length of
a panel shalJ be divided by the product. of the web thickness and the
girder depth or the length of the panel in which the load is placed,
whichever is the lesser panel dimension.
Any other distributed loading, in I)()unds per linear inch of length, ahaU
be divided by the web thickness.
5 · ]4 . AISC $peci/iCfJtioll

PART 2
TABLE 4·36
FOR 36 KB ' SPEC'''''': » T'~LD POlI"T STEEL

Fom'"', (22)
M. _ B _ G (!:) . :.-.('. , i;;" ,M~D.)dJ" t~
M. P,

M < M. M. M.

I , B G 1/ , B G 1/ , B G
- - -
'6
17
• 137
I.137
1 . 173
1 176
5.
52
1. 163
1. 164
1. 285
1. 291
86
87
1.203
1.204
1 .693
1. 713
.8

"
20
21
I. .38
139
1• 13.
1 140
1.179
1. 182
1 . 184

1. 187
.
"
64

56
1. 165
1 . 166
1.166

1 . 167
1 . 296
1.303
1.309

1.316
88
89
00
9.
1 .206
1 .207
1 .208

1 . 210
1. 734
1 . 755
1 . 777

1 . 799
22 1.140 1. 189 57 1 . 168 1 . 323 92 1.211 1 .822
23 I 141 1.192 58 1 . 170 1 . 330 93 1.213 1 .846

"
25
1 . 142
I 142
1.194
1.196
5'
60
1.171
1 . 172
1 . 337
1.345 ••9, 1 . 214
1.215
1.870
1.895
26 1.143 1 . 199 61 1. 173 1.354 96 1. 217 1 . 921
27 1.143 1. 20 1 62 1 . 174 1. 362 97 1 .218 1.947
28 1.144 1.204 63 1 . 175 1.371 98 I. 220 1.974
1.145
'"
30 1 . 145
1 .206
1.2<l9
54
65
1 . 176
1.177
1 . 380
1.390
99
100
1. 22 1
J . 223
2 . 002
2.030
31 1.146 1 .211 66 1 . 178 1 . 400 101 1.224 2.059
32 1.147 1.214 67 1.179 1.410 102 1.226 2. 089
33 1.148 1 .216 68 1 . 180 1.421 loa 1 . 227 2 . 120
34 1 . 148 1 .219 6. 1.181 1.432
35 1.149 1.222 70 1 . 183 1.444 '"
lOS
1. 229
1 . 231
2 . 151
2 . 183
36 1 . 150 1 . 225 71 1 . 1&4 1.456 106 1. 232 2 . 216
37 1.151 1. 228 72 1 . 185 1 . 468 107 1 . 234 2.249
38 1. 151 1.231 73 1 . 186 1.481 loa 1 . 235 2 . 283
3. 1 . 152 109
40 1.153
1. 234
1 . 237 "
75
1. 187
1 . 189
1.494
1.508 llO
1.237
1.239
2 . 318
2 . 354
41 1.154 1.241 76 1 . 190 1.522 111 1 .240 2.391
42 1.155 1 . 244 77 1.191 1. 537 112 1. 242 2.429

.
43
44

'6
1. 155
1 . 156
1.157

1.158
1 . 248
1 . 252
1 . 256

1 . 260
78
7.
80
8.
1.192
1.194
1.195

1 . 196
1.552
1 . 568
1.584
1 .601
113
114
115
116
1. 244
1. 245
1.247

1 . 249
2 . 467
2. 506
2 . 546

2 .587
47 1.159 1.265 82 1 . 197 1.618 1.250

..
117 2. 628
4.48 1. 160
1 . 161
1 . 270
1. 275
83
84
1.199
1.200
1.636
1.654
H8
11. 1. 252
1. 254
2. 67\
2 . 714
50 1.162 1.280 1.201 1 .673 120 1. 256 2 . 759
 Appendix . 5· 15

TABLE 5-36
FOR 86 ttS l SP'&:IYl E O TlgLO POINT IITEgL

Fonnul.a (23)

!:: - 1.0 - H (:J - J ( :. )'

tt'l fl II
M, M. lot < M.

-
1/,
I
2
H

.'35
.450
J
. 753
. 736
1/,
41
42
H
1 .036
1.053
J
. 137
. 121
1/ ,
81
82
-
H
1 .904
1 .932 -
-
J
.817
.851
3 .464 . 719 .3 1 .070 . 104 83 1.961 - . 888
•6 . 479
.494
. 702
.686
44
'6
1 .087
1 . 105
. 0867
.0692
8'
85
1.990
2 .020
-
-
. 922
. 958
5
7
. 508
. 523
.670
.654
46
47
1 . 122
1 . 140
.05 16 86 2 .050 - .995
.0336 87 2 .080 -1.034
. 537 .638 .8
...
8 1 . 158 .0164 88 2 . 111 - 1.072
9 . 552 . 622 .9 1 . 176 - .0031 89 2 . 142 -1.112
10 .607 50 1.195 - .0219 90 2. 174 -1.152
11 .68' .591 61 1.2 13 - 0411 91 2. 206 - 1.193
12 .695 .676 62 1.232 - .0606 92 2. 239 - 1.234
13 .610 . 661 53 1.251 - .0803 93 2 . 272 - 1.277
14 .624 . 645 64 1 . 271 - . 100 94 2. 306 - l.320
16 .639 . 531 56 1.290 - . 121 96 2 . 340 -1.864

15 .653 . 516 55 1.3 10 -. 142 96 2 .375 - 1.409

17 .668 . 501 67 1 . 330 - . 163 97 2.410 -1 .455
18 .882 . 486 68 1.351 - . 185 98 2.445 - 1.601
19 .697 .472 69 1.371 - . 207 99 2.482 - 1.649
20 .7 11 .457 60 1 . 392 - . 229 100 2 .518 - 1.697
21 . 726 .442 51 1.413 - . 252 101 2 .555 - 1.646
22 . 741 . 428 52 1 . 435 - . 276 102 2 .593 - 1.696
23 . 766 .413 53 1 .456 -. 299 103 2 .631 -1. 747
2. . 770 . 898 64 1.478 - .323 10' 2. 670 - 1. 799
26 . 785 . 384 66 1.501 - .348 106 2 .709 - 1.852
25 . 600 .369 68 1 .523 - .373 106 2 . 749 - 1.906
27 . 816 . 364 57 1 .546 - .m 107 2 . 789 - 1.960
28 . 830 . 340 66 1.570 - .426 108 2 .830 - 2 . 016
29 . 845 . 325 5' 1. 593 - .452 109 2 .871 -2 .073
30 . 860 . 310 70 1 .617 - .479 110 2 .914 - 2 . 130
31 . 876 . 296 71 1 .641 - .507 III 2 .956 - 2 . 189
32 . 891 . 280 72 1.686 - .635 112 2.999 - 2 . 248
33 .907 . 266 73 1. 691 - .564 113 3 .043 -2 . 309
34 . 922 . 249
36 .938 . 234 "76 1. 716
1. 742
-
-
.593
.623
II.
116
3 .087
3 . 132
-2 . 371
-2 ,433

36 .954 . 218 75 1. 768 - .564 115 3 . 178 -2,497

37 .970 . 202 77 1. 794 - .888 117 3 . 224 - 2 . 562
38 .987 . 186 78 1 .821 - .717 118 3 . 271 -2 . 627
39 1 .003 . 170 79 1 . 848 - .750 !l9 3 .318 -2 .694
.0 1.020 . 154 80 1 .876 - .783 120 3 .386 -2 . 762
5· 16 · AISC Specification

PART 2
LOAD FACTOR
Live plus dead load for simple or continuous beams ...•...•.... 1.70
Live plus dead load for continuous frames ................ , .... 1.85
Live plus dead load plus lateral forces for continuous frames ...... 1. 40

SECTION 2.3 COLUMNS

For reduction factors in accordance with Formulas (21), (22) and (23),
to be applied to the tabulated M,. value furn ished by members subject
to axial loading, see T able 4·36 and T a ble 5·36.

SECTION 2.4 SHEAR

Allowa ble web shear (powlds)
V M $ 20,000 wd

SECTION 2.6 WIDTH -THICKNESS RATIOS

(Applicable only to elements eubject to compression involving plastic
hinge rotation under ultimate loading.)
Beam fl anges (based on one-balfwidth) .............. . ......... 8~
Cover plate projection outside of longitud inal row of fasteners or
connecting welds .... .... ............ ............. " .... , .. 8}1
Stiffeners . . . . ............................................. 8 J':i
Portion of flange cover plates and flanges of box sections between
10ngitudinaJ rows of ri vets, bolts or connecti ng welds .......... 32
Webs of beams, girders and columns
d
-< 70- 100 -
P Formula (25)
w- P,
witb a minimum of 43

SECTION 2.8 LATERAL BRACING

_ 40 M),
M, • Formula (26)

but not less than 35 r,.

 Ap~ndix • 5· 17

For Steels with 42,000 psi Specified Yield Point

Applicable to ASTM A242, A440 and A441 structural steel plates over 1)1' to 4 inches
inclusive in thickness, and Group III structurat shapes.
Approved Welding Electrodes lor A242 and A441 : E70 low Hydrogen Series.
Submerged Arc Grade SAW-2.

PART 1
SECTION 1.5 ALLOWABLE UNIT S'I'RESS.ES
1.5.1 Structural Steel
1.5.1 .1 Tension
Tension on lIet section, except at pin holes ......... . F, _ 25,000 psi
Tension on net section at pin holcs . .. ....... . .... P, _ 19,000 psi
1.5.1.2 Shear
Shear on gf'08ll section (see Table 3-42 for reduced
values for girder webs)..... . .... . F. _ 17,000 psi

1 .5.1.3 Contpression
c~ - 116.7
For values of F. given by Formulas (1),
(2) and (3) see Table 1-42.

1 .5.1.4 Bending
1.5.1.4.1 Tension and oompreBBion for compact,·
adequately" braced beams baving an axis of
symmetry in the plane of loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F. _ 28,000 psi
1.5.1.4.2 Tension and compre8llion for uneymmetrical
rolled shapes except channels continuously braced
in the region under compression 81.:re88 • F. - 25,000 pei
1.5.1.4.3 Tell8ion and oompf'6ll8ion for box-type
members not included in Sect. 1.5.1.4.1 ........ . F. - 25,000 psi
1.5.1.4.4 Tension for other rolled shal>e8, built-up
members a nd plate girders ....................... . . F& _ 25,000 psi
1.5.1.4.5 Comprcse.ion, except as provided by Sect.
1.5.1.4.1,1.5.1.4.2,1.5.1.4.3,1.5.1.4.7 and 1.5.1.4.8:
the larger value given by Formulae (4) and (5).

F. _ 25,000 _ 0 .925 (~) ' Formula (4)

C. ,
P. _ 12,000,000 < 25 OlIO i Formula (6)
& ld/ A, - , ps

·6,/ 21, $ 8: d/ t $ (66 - 93 fa / F.), but. not. 11_ than 39.

•• Unbraced length (in.) $ 12 b,and -480 A rid.
5 ·78 • A1SC Specification

TABLE 1.42
ALLOWABLE STRI'..s8 ( XSI)
FOR COllf PRI'.'38 10N MS .. BEftS Of' 42 KS I S PECII'IEO YIELD POINT STE aL

Main and Sec.:ondary Members Main Members SecondlU'y Members ·

Ki/ r not. over 120 Kll r 12 1 to 200 Il r 121 to 200

,I
Kl ,~ Kl p. p. p. p. P~
, (bi) , . (kei)
Kl
,- (1<8; )
Kl
,- (1<8; )
Kl
r (k8i) (bi) ,-I p ••
(!lsi)
I 25 . 15 41 21.98 81 16 .92 121 10 . 20 161 5 .76 121 10 . 25 161 7 . 25
2 25 . 10 42 2 1.87 82 16 . 77 122 10 .03 162 5.69 122 10 . 13 162 7 .20

6
3
4
5
25 .05
24 .99
24 .94

2<1 .88
43
44
45
21. 77
21 .66
21.65

46 21.44
..
83
8'
16 .62
16.47
16 . 32

86 16.17 128
123 9 .87
12' 9 . 71
125
163
164
9.56 165
9.41
5 .62 123 10 .02 1637 . 16
5 .65 12' 9 .91 154 7 . 12
5.49 125 9 .SO 165 7 .08

166 5 .42 12. 9 . 70 166 7 .04

7 24 .82 4721 .33 87 16 .01 127 9.28 167 5.35 127 9 . 59 1677 .00
8 24 . 76 48 21. 22 88 15 .86 128 9 . 11 168 5.29 128 9 . 49 168 6 .96
9 24 . 70 4921. 10 89 15 . 71 129 8.97 169 5.23 129 9.40 169 6 .93
10 24 .63 50 20.99 90 15 .56 130 8.84 1705 . 17 130 9.30 170 6 .89

II 24 . 57 51 20.87 91 15 .39 131 8.70 171 5 . 11 131 9.21 171 6 .85

12 24 .50 5220 . 76 92 15 .23 132 8.57 1725 . 05 132 9 . 12 172 6 .82
13 24 . 43 53 20 .64 93 15 .07 133 8 .44 173 4 . 99 133 9 .03 1736 . 79
24 . 36 54 20 .52 94 14 .9 1 13' 8.32 174 4 . 93 13' 8.94 174 6 . 76
" 24 . 29 55 20.40
15 95 14 . 75 135 8 . 19 175 4 . 88 135 8 . 86 1756 . 73

I. 24 . 22 56 20 . 28 96 14 .69 138 8 .07 176 4 .82 138 8 , 78 1766 . 70

17 24 . 15 57 20 16 97 14.43 137 7. 96 1774 , 77 137 8 ,70 177 6 .67
18 24 , 07 5820 .03 98 14 . 26 138 7. 84 178 4 . 71 138 8 .62 178 6 ,64
19 24 .00 59 19 .91 99 14 ,09 139 7 , 78 179 4 . 66 139 8 . 54 179 6 ,6 1
20 23 .92 60 19 . 79 100 13 .93 140 7 ,62 180 4 , 6 1 140 8 .47 180 6 . 68

21 23 .84 6 1 19 .66 101 13.76 141 7.51 18 1 4 . 56 141 8.39 181 6 . 56

22 23 . 76 62 19 ,63 102 13 ,59 142 7.41 182 4 . 51 142 8 .32 1826 , 63
23 23 .68 63 19.40 103 13 .42 143 7. 30 183 4.46 1<3 8 . 25 183 6 . 61
24 23 , 59 64 19 . 27 104 13 . 25 144 7.20 184 4.41 14. 8 , 18 184 6 49
25 23 , 51 6519 , 14 105 13 .08 145 7 . 10 185 4 , 36 145 8 , 12 185 6 . 46
,. 23 .42
27 23 . 33
66
67
19 .01
18 .88
106 12.90
107 12 . 73
14.
147
7.01
6 .91
186 4 . 32 14.
8 ." 186 6 . 44
187 4 . 27 147 7 .99 187 6 .42
28 23 .24 68 18.75 108 12 .55 148 6 .82 188 4 .23 148 7 .93 188 6.40
29 23 . 15 69 18 .61 109 12 .37 149 6 . 73 189 4 , 18 149 7 .87 189 6 .38
30 23 .06 70 18 . 48 11012 . 19 150 6 .64 1904 . 14 150 7 .8 1 190 6 . 36

31 22 .97 71 lS . 34 III 12 . 01 151 6 .55 19 1 4 .09 151 7 . 75 191 6 .35

32 22.88 72 IS . 20 112 It .83 152 6,46 1924 .05 162 7 .69 192 6 .33
33 22.78 73 IS . OO 11 3 11.65 153 • . 38 193 4 .01 153 7 .64 19 36.31
34 22 .69 74 17 . 92 11.47 154 6 .30 194 3 .97 154 7 .69
35 22 . 59 75 "'
17 . 78 115 11. 2B 165 6 .22 195 3.93 155 7 . 53
194 6.30
195 6 . 28

36 22 . 49 7. 17 .64 liS 11.10 156 6 . 14196 3.89 156 7.48 196 6 . 27

37 22 . 39 77 17 .50 117 10 . 91 157 •. 06 197 3 .85 157 7 .43 197 6 . 26
38 22 . 29 78 17 . 35 liB 10 . 72 158 5.98 198 3 , 8 1 168 7 .39 198 6 . 24
39 22 . 19 79 17 . 21 119 1065 159 5.91 199 3.77 169 7 . 34 199 6 . 23
40 22 .08 80 17 .06 120 10 . 37 ISO 5 .83 200 3 . 73 160 7 . 29 200 6 . 22

• K taken ae 1.0 (or secondary membere.

 TABLE 2
F'. ( Iun)
VALUI::8 0"
For UINI in Fonnula (7a). Sect.. 1.6.1, (or all gradee of steel

KI. F'. K I. F ', KI. F ', KI,

,,-
,. , K4 Kt~
...-
£0" . F'.
(ksi )
" (hi)
" (kai ) (kai) ...- (ksi) ... (bi)
21 338 13 61 57 . 33 81 22 . 73 1.11 12 . 12 I 1.1 7 .5 1 171 5 11

.
22 308 .09
23 281 .88
25
258 .88
238 .9
52 .. 15
63 63 .09
5' 51. 14
55 '930
..
82 22 . 18
83 21.65
21.13
85 20 .64
11 2
113
114
11 5
1190
1l.69
11 . 49
1129
142
143
144
145
7 .41
7 .30
7 . 20
7 . 10
172
173
174
505
' .99
••3
17> '88

26 220 .58 58 47 . 56 88 20 . 16 lI6 11 . 10 1.6 7 . 01 176 4 .82

27
28
29
30
204 .55
190 . 20
177 3 1
165 .68
57
68
••
60
45 .90
44 .33
42 . 84
41 . 43
87 19 . 70
88 19 . 26
8. IS .83
90 IS.4 1
II.
117
118
120
10 .9 1
10 .73
10 . 55
10 . 37
147
148
1'9
150.
6.91
5 .S2
6 . 73
6 .84
177
178
179
180
'77
."
.68
4 . 61
31 155 . 17 61 40 . 07 91 1S. 01 121 10 . 20 I5l 6 .55 181 4 .68
32 145 .62 62 38 . 79 92 17 .62 122 10 .03 152 6.46 182 4 .15 1
33 136 .93 63 37 . 57 93 17 .24 123 9 . 87 153 6 .38 183 4 .46
34
35
128 .09
121 . 78
6. 36 . 41
65 35 .29 ••95 16 .88
16 .63
124
125
9 . 71
9 . 68
IS' 6 .30
155 6 . 22
184
185
4 .41
4. 36
36 11 5 . 06 68 34 . 24 96 16 . 18 126 94 . 1 156 6.14 188 4 . 32

..
37 108 . 93 67 33 . 22 .7 15 .86 127 9 . 26 157 6.06 187 .27
38 103 . 27 68 32 . 25 98 15 . 53 128 9 . 11 158 6 . 98 188 ' .23
39 98 .04 6. 31.32 99 15 .2 1 129 8 .97 159 5.91 189 4 . 18
.0 93 . 20 70 30 . 44 100 14 . 91 180 8 .84 160 5.83 190
.1 88 . 71 71 29 .68 101 14 . 62 131 8 . 70 161 5.76 191 ' . 09

.....
42 84 .53 72 28 .77 102 14 .34- 132 8 . 57 162 1) .69 192 4.05
.3 80 6. 73 27 .99 103 1406 133 8 .... 163 5.62 193 4 . 01
77 .02 74 27 . 24 104 13 . 73 134 8 . 32 16. 5 .55 19. 3 .97
73 .64 75 26 . 51 105 13 . 53 135 S . 19 165 5.49 19S 393
70 .47 76 25 .82 106 13 .28 136 8 .07 168 5 .42 196 3 89
47 67 .5 1 77 26 . 15 107 13 .02 137 7 .96 167 5 .36 197 3 .85
48 84 73 78 24 .5 1 108 12 80 138 7 .84 188 5 . 28 198 381
.9 62 11 79 2389 109 12 57 139 7 . 73 169 5 . 23 199 377
50 59 65 80 23 .30 110 12 .34 140 7 .62 170 5 . 17 200 3 . 73

F'. -
149,000,000
(Ki , / ,..)' ...
'
 5·80 • AlSC Specification

TABLE 3-42
ALLOWABLE 8HKAlI. 8TRE881::8 (F,) IN PLATE CIRDER8 (1tBI)
FOR 42 KSI 8PECInED TIEu) POINT STKEL
(Required Gf'OII8 Area of P.-il'll of Inlermediale Stiffeners, as per cent of web area,
,hown in italic. )·

Aapect ratioe a h: ,titrener spacing to web depth

---1--
0 .6 0 .6 0. 7 0 . 8 ,~
_-
1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6
1
1.8 2.0 I 2 .6
I-----l~--
3 .0 lo;er
70 , 17 .017 .016 . 716 . 116 . 7 , 16 .6 15 . 014814 . 2
1 1
eo ---- 17 0'17:0 164 153 14 6 14 . 4 14 :-2 ' 14 .0 13 . 6 13 .4 12 .4
_ _ _ _ _ _ I_ _ '_ _ _ _ _ _ ...2d.~~ . O.:! I~ 0 .9
90 17 .0 168 15 . 5 14 .7 14 . 2 13 .8 13 .6 13 .3 13 . 1 12.6 12 .2 10 . 4
1
0 .1 1.0 1.5 1.8 ' 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.8
I 100 17 .0 16.6 "'i'5.'l114.4 14 . 1 13 .6 13 . 2 '12 .6 12 . 2 11 .8 11.1 10 .6 --8 4
~ _ _ . __ 0.1,. ....!.:.!IM...!:?. 3 .2 ~ --.!..:..'! 3.2 2 .9
:E 110 17 .0 15 . 1 14 .4 14 .0 13 .6 12 .9 12 . 2 11.6 11.1 10 . 7 10.0 9.6 6 .9
" __ 1 .0 ~~ 3 .9. ...i:!.lg ~ 4 . 7. 4 .6 ~ 3.8
1 120 17 .0 15 .5 14.4 14 .0 13.6 13 .0 12 . 1 11.4 to .8 10.4 9 .9 9.2
O . 9 1 ~ 3 .2 . 4 ~1!... 5 .5 .. 5 . 9_ ....£.:.!~ 5 .6 _ 6.:..0.
8 .6 5 .8
4 .4
130 166 14.6 14.1 '13.6 13 .0 12 .4 11.6 10 .8 10 . 2 9.7 9 . 3 --.:5
iS
"'Q
0 .3 2 .0 3 . 3 4 __9. 6 .0 6 . 8'1~ 6 .8 6 .6 6 .3 .-44
140155' 14 .313 .9 13 . 2 12 .5 11 .9 11 . 1 lOA 9 .8 9 .3 8 .8 8 .0
7.9 ' .0
4.9
7 .4 4 .3
'Ii __ 1 :..4_ ~~ 6 .3 7 .2 7. 7 7.9 7. 6 7 .3 6 .9 6 .0 6 .3
~ 150 14 .6 14 . 1 13 .5 12 . 7 12 . 1 11 .5 10 .7 10 .0 9.4 8 .9 8.4 7 . 6 7 .0 "'37
_ _ _ 0 .2 2.:!i#. . 6~ 7.4 .~.:J_ 8 .5. 8 .6 .8: 2 2;.!1~ ~ 6 .6
~ 160 14.4 13 .9 13 . 1 12.4 11 .8 11 2 10.4 9 . 7 91 8 . 5 8 I 7 . 2 32
!
.~
-..!..! . .!!2. 6 . 6 ~, 8 .3 8 .9 9 2 ~ ~, E ' .8
170 14 .3 13.6 12.8 12. 1 n .s 11 0 10. 3 9.4 8. 8 8. 3 7.8
6'1__ 1 29
f 1.8 4 .4 67 ~! 9 . 1 9 .6 97 1~ 9 . ~ ,~ 81 , I
I 180 14113.3 126 11.9 11 .3 1(:1.'8' 99 9 .2"""86 8 0 ----,---s' - - 26
E 2 .6 5 .5 7 6 , 8 ,9 9 .810 . 1 !i!!.:! 9 .9 9,4 89 8 .3
{; 200 136128 112 . 1 ' 11 S 11 -0' 10 . 4 1""'9.6 8 .9 ~--. . - - 21
.§ I ~ ~ 9 .0 ! 10. 1 10 .711: 0 10 9 1~ . !!...~ - - ______ 1.
Ul 220 133 12 .6 11 .9 11 .3 107 10 .2 93 8 .6 1 7
240 1~ : ~ 1::: I :~:~ :~·~ . :~·: ITo111.410.9 1 _ - - --14
7 .3 9 .610 .811 .. 6 12 .012 . 1 _ _ 1_ _ _ _ _ _ _1_ _ _ I
1
260 12 . 7 12 . 1 11 .5 10 .9 10.4 9 . 9
8 .310 .2 11.4 , 12 . 1 12.4 .12 .6 - - _ _ _ _ 1_ _ _
280 12.6 11 .9 U . 3 10 .8
1
12
I_i'
9 .0 108 11.9 125

GirdeJ'8 60 proportioned that tho computed , hear ilIlessllllln that given in right-Imnd column
do not require intermediate stirrencJ'8.
• For single angle stiffener" multiply by 1.8; for lingle plate ,tirrenerl, multiply by 2.4.
 Appendix • 5·81

10

.5f---~

o~-------+--~~

L ____--+_____+ __-+-0.46 (min.)

- .5 ,

-1.0 ' -_ __ _' -_ _ _--,"':-_--,-':

1 .0 1 5 2 0 2 .3
C, in tennsoC M ,I M,
Fig. 1.5.1.4.5

1.5.1.4.6 ComprC88ion for cbannels: Use Fonnula (5).

1.5.1.4.7 Tension and compression for pins .......... . F. _ 38,000 psi
1.5.1.4.8 Tension a nd compression for rectangular
bearing plates ........... __ ...•............. , .... . Fa - 31,500 psi
1.5.1.5 Bearing
1.5.1.5.1 On milled surfaces and pins in reamed.
drilled or bored boles ." .. , ..... , ............ , ... . F" - 38,000 psi
1.5.1.5.2 On expan.8ion rockers and rollers (in pounds
per linear inch ) .. , ................. , ................ . F" - 960d
1 .5.2 Rive ts and Bolts
1.5.2.2 Bearing on projected area of bolla (in bearing type
connections) and rivets . . , ..... , ... ,.... . " ... ' , . ,F" - 56,500 psi

SECTION 1.6 COMBINED STRESSES

1.6.1 Axial Compression and Bending

Formula (7a)

When f. > 0.15

F,
Formula (7b)

For values of F. see T able 1--4.2.

For values oC p . see Table 2.
5·82 • A/SC Sp(!Ci/icalion

SECI'ION 1.9 WIDTH-TIDCKNESS RATIOS

Single angle struts; double angle struts wit.h separators .. 12
Double angle strohl; angles or plates project.ing from girders,
columns or other compression members; beam flanges (based on
one-ha Lf width) ; stiffeners .................................... 15
Stems of tees ............•..........••.. .. .••................ 2O
Column webs; cover plates; diaphragm plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ..39
Perforated cover plates ....................................... 49

SECI'lON 1.10 PLATE GIRDERS AND ROLLED BEAMS

1.10.2 Web
Maximum clear distance between flanges h - 2821
1.10.5 StUl"cners
1.10.5.3 For required stiffener spacing 8l1d gross area of inter·
mediate stiffeners see Table 342.
1.10.5.4 Maximum shear between web and intermediate stiff-
eners in pounds per linear inch of stiffeners or pair of
stiffeners I N - 43h
1.10.6 Reduction in Flange Stress
When hI t exceeds 24.0001v'.F. the maximum
oompreseion Bange stress shall not exceed

F. [1.0 - A.(h
0.0005 -
AI
-
t
24.ooo)J
- --
v'.F.
Formula (11)

1.10.7 Combined Shear and Tension

F. - 34,500 - 15,500 (~) ~ 25,000 psi Formula (12)

1.10.10 Web Crippling

1.10.10.1 Use st.iffeners under concentrated interior loads
when

teN ~ 2k ) would exceed 31,500 psi Formula (13)

and under end react.ions when

t(N: k ) would exceed 31.500 psi Formula (l4 )

1.10.10.2 The comprC88ion stress, in pounds per SQuare inch, produced by

loads aPl>lied to girder webs. except through stiffeners. shall not exceed

•• + _4_J IO,OOO,()(X) Formula (15)

[ . (al h)' 'hl t )1
 Appelldix • 5·83

when flange is restrained against rotation; otherwiStl

2 4 ] 10,000,000 Formula (I6)
[ + (0 hp (h i t )'
'The compre88ion stresses to be limited by fonnulas (15) and (16) shall
be computed as follows:
Concentrated loads and total distributed loads over partial length of
a panel shall be divided by the product of the web thickness and the
girder depth or the length of the panel in which the load is placed,
whichever is the lesser panel dimension.
Any other distributed loading, in pounds per Unear inch of length,
shall be divided by the web thickness.
5-84 • AJ::;C Speci{icolion

For Steels with 46,000 psi Specified Yield Point

Applicable to ASTM A242. A440 and A441 structural steel plates over ~ to lJi inches
inclusive in thickness, and Group II structural shapes.
Approved Welding Electrodes for A242 and A44I: [70 low Hydrogen Series.
Submerged Arc Grade SAW·2.

PART I
SECTION 1.5 ALLOWAB L.E UNIT STRESSES
1.5.1 Structu ra l S t.eel
1. 5.1.1 T e ns io n
Tensio n on net. section, except at pin holes ....... . . . P, - 27,500 psi
Tension on net section at pin hates . .............. . . F, - 20,500 psi
1.5.1.2 S hear
Shear on gross section (see Table 3-46 for reduced
values for girder webs) . .. ...... ..... . .......... . F , _ 18,500 psi
1. 5.L.3 Compressio n
c~ ... 111.6
For vruUe8 of F. given by Formulas (I ),
(2) and (3) see Table 1-46.

1. 5.1.4 Bendin g
1.5.1..1.1 Tension and compression for compact,·
adequately·· braced beams having an axis of
symmetry in Lhe plane of loading .. . .......... . .... . Fb _ 30,500 psi
1.5.1.4.2 TenBion and compression for unsymmetrica l
rolled shapes except channels continuously braced
in the region under compression stress ............. . Fb _ 27,500 psi
1.5.1.4.3 TenBion and compression for box-type
mem bers not included in Sect. 1.5.1.4.1 ............ . F. - 27,500 psi
1.5.1.4.4 Tension for ot.her rolled shapes, built-u p
members and plate girders .... . .. .. ............ . . . Fb - 27,500 psi
1.5.1.4.5 Compression, except as provided by Sect.
1.5.1.4.1,1.5.1.4.2,1.5.1.4.3,1.5.1.4.7 and 1.5.1.4.8:
the larger value given by Formulas (4) and (5)

Fo _ 27,500 _ 1.110
C.
(i)2
,
Formula (4)

F. ""' 12,000,000 < 27500 ..... i Formula (5)

ld/ A , -- , .......

• 6,/2t, S 7 ~; d/ I S (62 - S9 f. I F.). but not 1_ than 37 .

•• Unbraced length (in. ) S II ~ 6, and 436 A ,Id.
 Appendix . 5·85

1.0

.• 1----'.;:

M, 01--- - + ----->"'"
M,

_ .5 1-_ _ _ _ -+_____+ __+ - 0.46 (min.)

- 1. 0:-;:-----,-1::---:-:"::------::':
1 .0 15 2.0 2.3
C. in terms of M d M.
Fig. 1.5. 1.4.5

1.5.1.4.6 CompreMion for channels: Uee Formula (5).

1.5.1.4.7 Tension and compreasion for pins ... .Ft - 41,600 psi
l.5.1.4.8 TeNion and compression for rectangular
benring plates ................................. . F. - 34,500 psi
1.5.1 .5 Bcaring
1.5.1.5.1 On milled surfaces and pins in reamed,
drilled or bored holes ........................... . F. - 41,500 psi
1.5.1.5.2 On expansion rockers and rollers (in pounds
per Linear inch)................... ........ . ... . F. - I,09Od
1.5.2 R ivets and Bolts
1.5.2.2 Bearing on projected area of bolts (in bearing
type connections) and rivets ................ , .... .F. - 62,000 pe.i

SECTION 1.6 COMBINED STRESSES

1.6.1 Axia l Compression and Be nding

f. + C.ft < 10 Formula (7a)

When f. > 0.15

F. (1 _~:) F. - .
F.
~ +f. < 1.0 Fonnula (7b)
27,500 F. -

For values of F. see Table 1-46.

For values of F'. see Table 2.
5 ·86 • A1 SC Speci/icolion

TABLE 1-46
ALLOWA8LB IJI"RESS (KSl)
FOil OOMI'JUt8HION MEJoIBERS 0" 46 1'1:81 8PECIYfl':O TIELD POJNT !J1"BEL

Msil\ I\nd Secondary Membel"ll Main Membel'll Sccondnry Membe,."

KI/ r not oyer 120 Kljr 121 to 200 l/ r 121 to 200
,
,<I f . F. • KI F. F••
, (u;)
KI f.
, (u;)
KI
(ui) , KI
, f.
(bi) , (u;) ,I p ••
(bi)
I
r (k.i)

I
-
2754 41 81 17 91 121 10.20 161 576
.
121 10 25 161 725
23"
2 27 48 .2
3 27 42 43
• 2736 .. 23 73
23 60
82
83
17 74
"36 123
122

17 .39 124
10.03 162 5 69
9 87 163 5 62
9 .71 16. 5.65
122 10 13 162
123 10 02 163
12. 9 .91 16.
720
7 16
7 12

..
23 ,48 8'
6 2730 45 23 .35 85 17 .2 1 125 9 56 165 5.49 126 9 .80 165 7 ,08
6 27 23 23 22 86 17 03 126 941 166 542 126 9 70 166 7 .04
7 27 16 47 2309 87 16 .85 127 9 26 167 , 35 127 9 59 167 700
8 2709 '8 2296 88 16 67 128 911 188 529 128 9 .9 166 696
9 27 02 49 2'..1 .83 89 16A8 129 8 97 169 5 23 129 9.40 169 6 93
10 26 .95 50 22 69 90 16 .30 130 8.84 170 ," 130 9 , 30 170 6.89
II 26 .87 61 22 .56 91 131 8.70 171 5 11
16 . 12 131 9 . 21 17\ 6 ,85
12 26.79 52 22 42 92 132 8.57 172 505
15 .93 132 9 12 172 6 82
26 . 72 63 2228 93 133 8.44 173 4 99
15 74 133 9 03 173 6 79
"
14 2663 64
15 2655 55
22 14
2200
94 134 8.32 174
15 55
• 93
95 15 36 135 8.19 175 .88
13.
135
894
886
174 6 76
175 6 73

16 2647 66 21 96 86 15 17 136 8 07 176 136 8 78 176 6 70

2638 97 14 97 137 7.96 177 .77• 82 137 8 70 177 6 67
"
18 26 29
19 26 21
67 21
58 21
69 21
57 98
43 99
72
14 78 138 7 84 178 .71
14 .58 139 7 . 73 179 ' ,66
138
139
8
8
62
6'
178 6 6.
179 6 61
20 2611 60 2128 100 14 .39 140 7 62 180 4 . 61 1.0 8 . 47 180 6 .68

21 2602 61 21 13 101 14 . 19 141 7 .51 181 '66 141 839 181 6 56

22 25 93 62 20 98 102 13 99 142 741 182 142 832 182 6 53
23
24
26 2564

26 25 54
..
2563 63 2083 103 13
25 73 64 2068 104 13
20 63 105 13
20 37 108
79 143
68 14.
38 146
13 17 14'
7 ,30
720
7 10
7 .01
183
184
185
186
• 61
• .6
.41
.36
143
1..
146
, 32 146
825 183 6 51
8 . 18 184 6 49
8 12 185 6 46
805 186 644
27 25 43 67 20 22 107 12 .96 147 6 .91 187 427 147 799 187 6 .42
26 2533 68 2066 108 12 75 148 6 82 188 4 . 23 148 7 93 186 6 '0
29 25 23 69 1990 109 12 54 149 6 . 73 189 149 7 87 189 6 36
30 2512 70 19 74 110 12 33 160 664 190 •4 . 18
14 160 7 . 81 190 636
31 25 01 71 1958 III 12 12 151 6 65 191 ' . 09 151 775 191 6 35
32 2490 72 19 42 112 II .90 152 6.46 192 405 162 769 192 6 33
33 24 79 73 19 , 26 113 II 69 153 6 , 38 193 , 01 153 7 6' 193 631
3' 24 .68 74 19 10 11. 11 .49 154 6 , 30 194 3 .97 16. 769 194 • 30
36 2466 75 18 .93 116 11.29 156 622 195 3 .93 155 7 .53 195 • 28
36 2. 45 76 18 76 116 11.10 136 6 . 14 196 389 156 748 196 627
37 24 33 77 18 60 117 10 91 157 6 06 197 385 157 743 197 6 26
38 21 21 78 18 43118 10 72 168 5 95 198 3 81 168 789 198 624
39 24 10 79 18 26119 10 . 55 159 5 91 199 377 159 734 199 623
.0 23 97 80 1808 120 10 . 37 160 5 83 200 .3 73 160 728 200 822
• K LIlkeli ttl 1.0 (or eecondary membet'l.
 Ap~ndj:.r · 5·87

TABLE 2
VALUES 0,.F ', ( KSI)
For UlIe in Formula (7a), Sect. l.6. I, ror all grades orateel

!i!! F '.
(kai )
KI. F ',
(ui) _
I Kt.".- F' .
(ksi)
HI. F ',
(kai l
KI. F '.
(hi)
KI. 10",
(hi)
"
...
" " " "
21
22

"'"
25
338 . 13
308 . 09
2B188
258 .88
238 .59
..
61 57 33
62 65 15

6' 51 14
63 ..

65 • 9 30
81 22 73
82 22 18
...
S3 2185
21 13
85 2064
III 12 12
112 1190
113 11 69
II • 11.49
115 1129
1<1
142
1<3
1<.
1<5
7 .51
7.41
730
7 . 20
7 . 10
171

173
17.
5 II
172 605

• 93
175 '88
26 220 .58 66 4768 86 20 . 16 116 11 , 10 1<6 7 .01 176
204 . 65 57 45 .90 87 19 70 117 10 . 91 147 6 .91 • 82
"
2B
29
190 .20
177 .31
58 44 .33
69 42 . 84
88 19 . 26
89 18 .83
118
119
10 . 73
10 ,55
148
149
6 .82
6 . 73
177 '77
178 .71
179 ' .66
30 165 .68 60 41 .43 90 18.41 120 10 37 160 6 .64 180 .61
31 155 . 17 61 40 .07 91 18 . 01 121 10.20 151 6 . 55 181 ' .66
32 145 .62 .2 38 .79 92 17 . 62 122 10 .03 152 6.46 182 4 .51
33 136 .93 63 37 .57 93 17 .24 123 9 .87 163 6.38 183 4 .46
3'
35
128 .99
121 . 73 •• 36 .41
6. 85 .29
9.
95
16 . 88
16 . 53
124 9 . 71
126 9 .66
IS'
165
6 . 30
6 . 22
18'
185
4 . 41
'38
36 115 06 66 34 . 24 9616 . 18 126 9 . 41 166 6 . 14 186 .32
37
38
39
.0
HIS 93
103 . 27
98 . 04
93 . 20
.7
58
69
70
33 .22
32 . 25
31.32
30 . 44
..
97
98
1586
15 . 53
15 . 21
100 14 . 91
127
12B
129
130
926
911
8 .97
8 .84
157 6 . 06
158 5 . 98
159 5 . 91
160 5 .83
187
189
."
188 '23
190 • 18
• 14
41 88 . 71 71 29 . 58 101 14 .62 131 8 .70 161 5 . 76 191 ' .09
84 . 53 72 28 . 77 102 14 . 34 132 8 .57 162 192

...."
42 5 .69 4 .05
43 80 .66 73 27 .99 loa 14 .06 133 8.44 163 5 .62 193
77 . 02 74 27 . 24 104 13 . 73 13' 832 164 5 .55 19. • 01
7364 75 2601 105 13 . 53 135 8 19 165 5.49 195 •3 97
93

.
47

.9
50
70 . 47
67 . 51
64 . 73
62 . 11
59 . 65
76
77
78
79
25 82
25 16
24 . 51
2388
80 23 . 30
106 13 . 28
107 13 . 02
108 12 .80
109 12 57
110 12 . 34
136
137
138
139
140
8 07
796
784
7 .73
7 . 62
166
167
168
169
170
5 . 42
6 . 36
5 . 29
5.23
5 . 17
196
197
198
199
3 .89
385
3 81
377
200 373

F'. _ 149,000,000 .
(Kt./,.p PO'
 !Ii. 88 • AISC Speci/iCOtioll

TABLE 8-46
"u.oWABJ,.K SHEAR S'nlESSa (P. ) IN PLATE (llRDKR8 (lUll)
FOR 46 MllfPlJCll'tKO YIELD pou.rr 8'T'£EL
(Required Gl"OII8 Area of Pail'1l of In le:rmediate Stiffeners, tllI per cent of web area •
• hown in 1Ia/~) ·

Aspect ratio. 0/ 4: ltifl'encr IIpacing to web depth

80
0. ' 0 .6 0.7
- ~
0 .8 ~~ 1.2 ~1 1.G .~~ 2 .5 ~ ~
ov" ;1 ~
18 .6 18 . 5 185 185 185 18 .3 18.0 17 . 3
-,. - - 1
18 .5 18 . 5 '18 .3 17 . 5 169 166" 116 . 2 15 .8 Tsi" 14.9
I ~ 0.3
8i) 18 .6 18 .3 ' 17 .-2 16 . 1 15 . 7 1154 "'i'5l114'9 14 .5 14 . 213.0
o J -0.-7 -,_ .0 . J 2 1.3 , .3 ' . 2
-- 90 -- --
- - -- --
18 .5 17 .6 16 .3 15 . 8 15 .3 14 .8 14 .6 14 2 13 .8 13 . 1 12 .6 Io.4
j 0 .1 1 .6
r44 22 2 .3 2 .5
16~2 14 .6 13 .9 13 . 3 '12--:-8- 12.4 ~
2 .3

~
!--too -- I-u.4 18 .5 16 .0 I--t56
0 .3 1.3 2 . 1 29 3 .6 4 . 0 4 .0 4 .0 3.7 3.3
11 .6 11.0 ---s:4
~

~
110 18.5 17 .8 16 .0 15 . 5 15 . 1 14 .6 ~13 . 6- 12.9 12 . 3 11 .7 11 . 3 10.5
0 .3 2 .0 3.6 4.B 6 .3 6 .3 6 .2 4 .6 ••• ~
S 120 #. J4
18 . 5 16 .3 15 .6 15 . 1 14 . 5 13 .8 T29 12 1 ll .S 10 .9 10 .5 9.6 1-44 9 .0 5.i
~
1.6 2 . 7 4.2 6 .4 62 6.5 ,.g ~ 6 .3 6 .0 6 .3 4 . 7
i 1 130
~
17.4 15 .8 15 . 3 14 .6 13 .9 13 . 2 12 3 11 . 6 10 .9 10 3 99 9 .0 8 .3 6.0
, .0 2.5 4.3 5 .8 6 . 7 7.4 7 .5 _ 7 . 3 .2.:.£1~ 6 . 9 1 ~ _ _
~ 140 16 2 15 .5 14 .9 14 . 1 134 1 128 1! . ~ 111104 1 98 94 8,4 7 .8 4 .3
1.9 3.B 5.B 7.0 7.8 83 8 .2 80 76 7 .2 6 .3 5 .5
~ II5li
1 1
15 .9 15 .3 1-1 . 5 13 .7 13 .0 ' 12 . • 11i"""5 10 . 7 10 0 '94 ~S":OI~3.7
O.B 2 .B 5 .3 7 .0 B.O 8 . 7rJ4 8 .9 B.5 8 . 1+_H~ 5 .8 _ _
- -- --
.~
f
180 15 . 7 14 .9 H . I 13.4 12 .1 121 11 .2 10 .4 • 7 9 1 8 6 7.7
1.7 ~ 1 6.4 7. 9 1,g.~t44 9 4 ~ 8 .6 80 69
1 3 .2

89(""""8.a4
I1180 ~-'-'
170 15 . 5 14 6 13 .8 13 . 1 12.4 11.8 10 . 9 10 . 1 9 . -4
2 .4 5 .8 7.4 ~ I~ 10.0 /0 . 1 9B 93 8 .8 8
15 . 2 14 .3 13 .5 12 .8 12 . 2 11 6 1 10 . 7 9.i '-928.68.T 26
J1-.00 32 6 .8 8 .2 ...!:.!.I /0 . / 105 /0 .6 JO J ~..!.l.j 85
14 . 7 13 .9 13.1 12 .5 11.9 11 3 1 10 4 '9.6 8 .• 21
220
--
240
5 .3 7.9 9 .5 10.5 11 0 11

6. 7 9 . 0 lOA
1 I#i1J 1
14 .0 133 126" 12 .0 11 .4 109
7.9 9 .9
M 11 .9 12 .2 123
a
14 .3 13 6 12 .9 122 1 11 .6 11.1 lO.f ~
7 ~I..!.!.:!
11 2 10. 7

11.1 ~ j-1-
1 - - -1 -
------
3 I 7

I 4
1 280 13 .8 13 . 1 12 . 5 11 .8 1113 1Of - -
B.B 10 .6 1 II. 7 12 .8 12 .6 12 . 7
1-
-I"
Girdel'880 proportioned that the computed shear is Ieee tha n that given in right.-hand column
do not require intennediate atiffenel'8.
• For single angle stiffeners, multiply by 1.8; for lingle plate ItitTenera, multiply by 2.4.
 Appeti4iJ; • 5 - 89

SECTION 1.9 WIDTH-THiCKNE SS RATIOS

Single angle s truts; double angle struts with separators .......... 11
Double angle struts; angles or plates projecting from girders, col-
umns or otber compression members; beam Bonges (based on
one-half width); stiffeners . . .... .. ...... . . . ..... 14
Stems of tees .. .. .... ........ .... . .. . ................. 19
Column webs; cover plates; diaphragm plates .................. 37
Perforated cover plates ...................................... .47

SECTION 1.10 PLATE GffiDERS AND ROLLED BEAMS

1.10. 2 We b
M aximum clear distance between flanges h _ 260t

1.10.5 Stiffe n e rs
1.10.5.3 F or required stiffener spacing a nd gross Mea of inter-
mediate stiffeners see T able 3-46.
1.10.5.4 Maximum sbear between web a nd intermediat.e stiff-
eners in pounds per linear inch of stiffeners or pair of
stiffeners , .. - SOh

1.10.6 Reduction in Flange Stress

When hi t exceeds 24.000/~ the maximum compreasion

.-
flange stress sha U not exceed

Formula (11) ~
-0
1.10.7 Con\bined Shear and Tension "t

F. - 38,000 - 17,000 (~.) ~ 27,500 psi Formula (12) "

~)"

L.10.10 We b Cdppling
1.10.10.1 Use stiffeners wlder concent ra ted interior loads when

t eN : 2k) would exceed 34,500 psi F ormula (13)

and under end reactions when

R ) would exceed 34,500 psi Formula (14)

teN +k
1.10.10.2 The compression stress, in pounds per square inch, produced by
loads appued to girder webs, except through stiffeners, shall not exceed

[
55 + 4 ] 10,000,000 Formula (15)
. (alhp (h]£P
5· 90 • AlSC $peci/icalWIl

when flange is rBBt.raJned against. rotation; otherwise

? + 4 ] 10,000,000 Formula (16)

[ - (a/ lI )1 (II t) 1

'11e oomprestllon strC89C8 to be limited by fonnulas (15) and (16) shaU

be computed WI follows:
Con(:entrnted loads and total distributed loada over partial length of
a panel shall be divided by the product of the web t.hicknC88 and the
girder depth or the length of the panel in which the load i8 placed.
whichever i8 the lesser panel dimension.
Any other distributed loading, in pounda per linear inch of length,
shall be divided by the web thickness.
 Appendix· 5· 91

For Steels with 50,000 psi Specified Yield Point

Applicable to ASTM A242, A440 and A441 structural steel plates ' 1Inch and less in
thickness, and Group I structural shapes.
Approved Welding Electrodes lor A242 and A44I : [10 Low Hydrogen Series.
Submerged Arc Grade SAW·2.

PART 1
SECTION 1.5 ALLOWA8LE UNIT STRESSES
1.5.1 Structural Steel
1.5.1.1 Tension
T ension on net section, except at pin ho les .. ........ . F , _ 30,000 psi
Tension on net section at pin holee ............... . F , _ 22,SOO p8i

1.5.1.2 Shear
Shear o n gT088 aection (see Table 3-50 for reduced
values for girder webs)...... . .......... . F. _ 20,000 pa.i

1.5.1.3 Compression
c. - 107.0
For values of F. given by Formulas (l ).
(2) and (3) see T able l.so.

1.5.1.4 Bending
1.5.1.4.1 Tension and compression fo r compact.-
adequately·· braced beams having an axis of
symmetry in the plane of loading .. .... . .. . F. - 33,000 psi
1.5.1.4.2 Tension and compression for unsymmetrical

'-..
rolled shapes except channels continuously braced
in the region under compression stl'C98 .. F. - 30,000 psi
l.S. 1.4.3 Tension a nd compress.ion for box.type
...\C
members not included in Sect. 1.5.1.4.1 .... . F. - 30,000 psi
1.5.1.'1.4 T ension for other rolled shuflC!tI. built-up
members und plate girders . . . . .... . Fa - 30,000 psi
.,.,
0
1.5.1.4.5 Compression. except lUI provided by Sect.
1.5. 1.4.1, 1.5.L4.2, 1.5.1.4.3, 1.5.1.4.7 and 1.5.1.4.8:
t.he larger value given by Formulas (4) and (5).
"
u.."
FI ~ 30,000 _ 1.~0 (~y Formula (4)

F. _ 12,000,000 < 30 000 )8i Formula (5)

ld/ A , - , I

• b,/2t, ;5 7: d / t ;5 (60 - 85 (•. fF.), but not 1C88 ~han 36.

.. Unbraced length (in.) :5 1l 6, a nd 400 A I/d.
5·92 · AlSCSf)fl:i/icolion

TABLE 1.sD
Au.oWAIJl.E STRHSS (11:8.1)
lICK COM.I'Kr.s810N MEMBEIUJ 01' 50 KSI SPKCI I'IED YIELD POINT STEEL

Main and Secondary Members Main Members Secondary Membe... •

Kl/ ,. not over 120 Kt. , 121 to 200 1I,121 to 200
I
KI
, p.
(kai)
KI
, F.
(ui)
Kl
, F.
(bi)
KI
, F.
(kai)
KI
, (bi)
F.
, F••
(kai) ,I F.
Ikai)

1 29 9' 25 69 81 IS .S1 121 10.20 161 5 .76 121 10 25 161 725

3 29 .80
"
2 29 .S7 42 26 .65 82
83
IS .61 122
123
10.03
9 .S7
162
163
5 .69 122 10 . 13 162 7 20
6 .62 123 10 02 163 7 . 16
•
6 29 .66
"
25 .40
29 . 73 44 25 .26
25 . 11
84
86
18 . 41
IS . 20
17 .99
124
125
9 . 71
9 .56
164
166
' .55 124
6.49 125
• 91 184 7 12
9 .80 16. 708
6 29 .68 .6
" 24 .96 86 17 . 79 126 9.41 166 642 126 97. 166 7 . 0<
7 29 .50 47 24 .81 87 17 .58 127 9 . 26 167 5 .35 127 9 .59 167 7 . 00
8 29 . 42 '8 24 .66 88 17 . 37 128 9 . 11 168 629 128 9 . 49 168 696
• 2934
I. 29 . 26 60 " 24 .6 1
24 .35
89
90
17 . 16
16 .94
129 8 .97 169 5 . 23
130 8 .84 170 6 . 17
129
130
9 . 40 169
9 . 30 170
6 93
.89
II 29 . 17 61 24 . 19 .1 16.72 131 S . 70 I7l 5 . 11 131 9 . 21 I7l 6 .85
12 29 .08 52 24 04 92 16 .50 132 S .67 I72 '06 132 9 . 12 172 6 .82
13 28 .99 63 23 88 93 16 . 29 133 8.44 173 ' .99 133 9 .03 173 679
14 28 .90 54 2372 9. 16 .06 134 8 32 174 4 . 93 134 8 •• 174 676
15 28 80 55 23 ,55 95 15 .84 185 S . 19 175 4.88 135 8 .86 175 6 73
16 2871 862339 96 15 .62 136 8 .07 176 4 .S2 136 8 78 176 670
I7 28 .6 1 67 23 . 22 97 16 . 39 137 7 .96 177 4 . 77 137 87. 177 6 67
18 28 .51 58 23 .06 98 15 . 17 138 7 .84 1784 . 71 138 862 178 6 .6·1
19 28 .40 59 22 89 99 14 . 94 139 7. 73 179 4 .66 139 8 .64 179 6 61
20 28 .30 60 22 . 72 100 14 . 71 140 7 62 ISO -4 .61 140 8 47 180 6 68

21 28 . 19 61 2255 101 14.47 141 7. 51 161 4 .56 14l 839 181 6 56

22
23
24
25
2808 62 2237
'rI .97 63 22 . 20
27 .86 64 22 02
27 .75 66 21.85
102
103
10<
106
14 . 24 142 7.41
1400 143 7 . 30 183
182
13 . 77 144 7 . 20 184
13 . 53 145 7 . 10 186
4 .51 142
4 .46 143
4.41
4 .36 145
... 832 182 6 53
825 183 6 5 1
8 . 18 184 6 49
8 . 12 185 6 46

26 27 .63 00 21.67 106 13 . 29 146 7 .01 100 4 .32 146 8 05 186 644
27 27 .52 67 2\.49 107 13 .04 147 6 91 187 4 .27 147 7 . 99 187 642
28 27.40 00 21 31 108 12 80 148 682 188 4 .23 148 7 .93 188 640
29 27 . 28 69 21 12 109 12 .6 7 149 673 189 4 18 149 7 .87 189 6 38
30 27 . 15 70 20 9. 110 12 . 34 150 6 .64 190 4 . 14 150 7 .81 190 6 . 36

31 27 .03 7I 20 . 75 III 12 . 12
32 26 .90 72 20 . 56 Il2 11 .90
151
162
6 .55 ,.,
409 161
6.46 192 4 .05 152
7 . 75
7 .69
191 6 . 35
192 6 . 33
3' 26 . 77 73 20 . 3811 3 11 .69 153 6 . 38 19' 4 .01 163 7 .64 193 6 . 31
34 26 .64 74 20 . 19
36 26 .61 76 19 . 99
114 11.49
115 11 . 29
15'
165
6 . 30 194 3 .97 164
6 . 22 195 3 .93 166
7 .69
7 .63
I.' 6 . 30
1.5 6 . 28

362638 76 1980 116 11 . 10 166 614 196 38. 166 7 .48 196 6 . 27
37 26 . 25 77 19 6 1Il7 10 9 1 157 606 197 386 167 7 .43 197 6 . 26
3826 11 78 19.41 118 10 . 72 166 698 198 3 81 166 7 . 39 198 6 24
39 25 . 97 79 19 21 II. 10 .55 159 5 .91 199 3 . 77 169 7 .34 199 6 . 23
40 25 .83 80 19 01 120 10 .37 160 6 .83 200 3 .73 180 7 . 29 200 6 . 22
• K taken .. 1.0 (or secondary roembe....
 Appendix. 5·93

T ABLE 2
VALUKH OP F'. ( lUll)

For use in Formula (7a), Sect. 1.6. 1, (or all gradea o( ateel

KI, KI, KI, KI,

-K 4 F',
(bi)
10",
(ui)
-K 4
n
F '.
(kei)
F' ,
(kai)
F',
(Itai)
F',
(kai)
"21 " " " "
338 13
22 308 09
51 67 .33
52 56 . 15
...
81 22 . 73
82 22 . 18
111
112
12 . 12
11.90
141 7 . 61
142 7 . 41
171
172 ....
6 . 11

23 28188
" 258 89
2. 238 69
53 6309
54 6 1. 14
•• 49 .30
47 . 56
21.65
21.13
85 ZO .64
113
11.
115
116
11 . 69
11 .49
11 .29 ...
143 7 . 30
144 7 . 20

146
7 . 10
173 ' .99
17' 4 .93
17. ' .88
176
26 2ZO .68 .6 86 20 . 16 11 . 10 7 .01 4 .82
27204 .66 .7 46 . 90 87 19 . 70 11 7 10 . 9 1 147 6 .9 1 177 4 . 77
28 190 . 20 68 44 .33 88 19.26 11 8 10 .73 148 6.82 178 4 . 71
29 177 . 31 .9 42 .84 89 18 .83 119 10 . 55 149 6 . 73 179 ' .66
30 165 .68 60 41 .43 90 IS.4l 120 10 . 37 150 6 .64 180 4 .61

31 155. 17 61 40 .07 91 18. 0 1 121 10 .20 151 6.55 18 1 4 .66

32 145 .62 62 38 . 79 92 17 .62 122 10 .03 152 6 .46 182 4 .61
33
34
3.
136 . 93
128 .99
121.73
36 116 .06
63
6'
56
37.67
36.41
36 . 29
66 34 . 24
..
93
94
17.24
16.88
16.63

96 16 . 18
123 9 . 87
124 9 .71
125 ' . 66
126 9 . 41
163 6 .38
154 6 .30
15. 6 . 22
166 6 . 14
183
184
18.
186
.. .46
4.41
4. 38
4 .32
37 108 .93

...
38 103 . 27
39 98 .04
93 . 20

8871
67 33 . 22
68 32 . 25
69 31 .32
70 30 .44
71 29 .68
'7 16.85
98 15 . 53
99 15 . 21
100 14 . 91
101 14 .62
127
128
129
130
131
9 . 26
9 . 11
8 . 97
8 ."
8 . 70
160
161
...
157 606
168 5 . 98
I.' 5 . 91

5 . 76
187
168
189
190
191
4 . 27
' .23
4 . 18
4 . 14

' .09
'-
J:
...,o
..
42
43

••
. . .3
SO ."
77 02
73 ..
72
73
7•
75
28 . 77
27 . 99
27 24
26 ..
102
103
104
1"
14 . 34
14 . 06
13 73
13 . 63
132
133
184
135
8 . 67
8 . 44
8 . 32
8 . 19
162
163
164
165
6 . 69
5 . 62
• • 65
5 . 49
192
193
194
19.
4 .05
4 . 01
3 .97
3 .93
11

.6 70 47 76 26 .82 106 13 . 28 136 807 166 5 .42 196 3 .89

u.:-
.
.7
'8
.0
67 61 77
.. 73 78
62 11 1 79
59 .65 80
25 . 15
24 .51
23 .89
23 .30
107
108
109
110
13 02
12 . 80
12 57
12 . 34
137
138
139
140
7 . 96
7 ."
7 . 73
7 . 62
167
168
169
170
' .36
' .29
5 . 23
5 . 17
197
198
199
200
385
3 .81
3 . 77
3 . 73

F' 149,000,000 .
•- (K4 /'l) . pal
 5-94 • A1SCSpeci/ication

TABLE UO
ALLOW-,Sl.K SHP.... K S1'Kt.:SS1"AI (F .) IN '.I .... TE GlROI!KS (KSI )
POll 50 KSl !WECIPllW YIIU.o I'O INT STKKL
(Required G ross Arpa of Pairs of Inwrmediate Stiffenerll. IU!I per cent of web area.
shown in itaIICB)·

Aspect ratios a/II : s tiffener llpacing to web depth

0.5 0 .• 0 .7 0.8 0.• 1.0 l.2 1 .'

- - - - f-- - - - - - - - - 120:0 - - - -- - - I -
200 200
I.. 1.8
I2 0 2 .5
20 .0 19 7 19 . 1 18 .8 18 . 1
3.0
Over
a
- 60
---
70 20 . 0 20 .0 19 . 1 18 .2 17 .6 17 . 3 17 . 1 16. 7 16 .5 15 .5
0.4 0 .•
- - - -- 20 .0 19 . 1 17 .9 17 . 1 16 . 7 16 ,4 16 . 1 15 . 8 ~
#
80 15 .4 15 .0 ' 131
0 .• 1.2 1 4 I . • I . • I . • 1.5
-- -- 16. 16 3- 158- . 15 .3 14 .8 14 . 3 13 .5 13 .0 10.4
m ----.0
20 .0 18 . 3 17 . 3
0 .4 2 . 1 2 .5 2 .B
Jl
•••
~
100
-- 20.0 l8.1
1.3
17 . 2 16 . 7 16 .3 15.4 14 .6
o • I.' 2 .• 3 .B 4.4 4 . •
13.
3.1 3. 1
13 .4 12 .9 12 .0
4 .• 4.5
3 .0 2 .B
1f"4
3 .7
--..-.
~ 11 0 20 .0 18 .5 """i72 16 . 7 16 .2 154 )11.4 -13 6 12 .9 12 .3 11 .8 ~
10 .9 10 .3 If9
~ 0 .• 2 .2 3.2 4 .' 5.5 5 .• 6 .• 5 .B 5 .0 4 .4
S 120 19 .7 17.4 16 8 16 . 2 15 . 4 -)II 7 L3 .7 Tf. 8 12 . 1 1-J4
11 .5 11.0 10 . 1
••• 5.8
;; 2 .0 3.4 '. 0 6.1 7. 0 6 .•
IoU 16.4 15 .6 14 .8 141 ~
58 4 .•
~ 100 18 . 2 17 .0 13 . t 12 . 2 11 .5 -A4
10 .9 · 10
,~4.4 • .4 8.7 5.0
~ 1.5 3. 1 6.5 74 7 .• 7 .• 7.7 7.4
15 .9 ~
7.0 6. 1 6.3
~
•, 140 17 a 16 .7 151 14 .3 1m 12 .6 "'iT:8 11 .0 10 .4
••• 8 .• S":2-U
05 I 2 .' 4. 7 7. 7 8. ' 8.7 8 6 8. 3 7 .• • .5 5.7
i::. I 150 17 . 1 16 .4 i-J4
15 .5 146 13. 9 13. 12 2 11.4 10. 7 10 .0
7.'
9 .• 8 .• 7 .7
1
---a.7
<
.~
•
!c
e
14

2 .2
170 16 .7 ~
3 .• 6 .0 7 .• 8. • 2 • 4 9 .2 8. 8
160 16 .9 16 . 0 15 . 1 14 .3
7.1 B.5
15 .6 14 .8 14 .0
13.
13 .3 ~
~!
'm Ti9
99
12 .7 11.7
11.1 10 .3
9 .7 9 .2
10 .8 10 . 1
B.4
9 .7
8.7
••• I#.
8 .•
7 .•
• .2
. .8
8. 1
7.1 p:- 3 2

2.

~
••c
2 .9 6 .0 8 .0 9 .2
180 16. 3 15.4 14 . 5 13 .8
10. 0 10 .4
13 . 1 12 5
10 .4 10.0
11 .5 10 •
•••• • . 0 B.5
. .2 8 .7 2.
4. 1 8 .B 10 0 10.6 10.9 10 .8 104 • . 8 • .3
m ~
200 15 . 8 14 .9 14 . 1 13.4 12 .8 12 . 2 11.1 10 .3 9 .' ~ - -1 - 21

12 5 I~
5 .• 8.4 9 .9 10.8 11.4 11.4 10 .9 10 .3
220 15.4 14 .6 13 .8 13 . 2 11.9 109 10 .0
-1-
7

'-
l.l
7.3 •. 5 10.8 11.6
240 15 . 1 14.3 13 .6 13 .0
8 .3 10 .3 11.6 12 . 1
12 .0 12 . 1 n .8 11 .3
12 . 3
" .67
12 .4 12
- -I - - - - -I-- I ,

o
.." Girdel"880 proportioned that the computed shear is leas thon tha.t given in right-hand column
do not require intermediate stiffenel"8.
II • For single angle stiffenerS. multiply by 1.8; f'o r single plate stiffenerS. multiply by 2.4_
u.:-
 Appt!/'Idi% .5·95

10

'f---"<

AI , o f-----j---"' "
M,

- 'rL _ _ _ _ _-t-_____+__--'I'-OA6 ( m in .)

- IO~------~------~~--~L
10 16 20 23
C. in Iemu! of M, M ,
Fi~ . 1.5.1.4.5

I.S. I.4.6 Compre88ion for channels: Usc formula (S).

1.S.1.4.7 T ension and comprceeion for pins ... . F. _ 4S.000 pei
1.S.1.4.8 T ension and com pression for red.ungular
bearing plates ................................. ... Ft .. 37.500 psi
1. 5.1.5 Bearing
l.S.1.5.1 On milled surfaces and pins in reamed.
drilled or bored holes .. ...... . .. ... . .... F~ .. 4S.000 pai
l.S.1.5.2 On expansion rockers and rollen (in pounds
per linear inch). . . ............. .. F~ .. 1.22Od
1.5.2
1.5.2.2
Rive ts and Bolts
Bearing on projected area of bolLB (in bearing
'-
II
lubo connections) a nd riveUl. . ................ .F" .. 67.500 pai o
."
SECTION 1 .6 COMBlNED STRESSES
1.6.1 Arial Compression and Be nding "
II.~

r.+(c.lt) <1.0 Formula (7a)

F. I _ ~. F.
When I. > 0. 15
F.
-.b.... + I. < 1.0 Fonnula (7b)
30,000 F. -

For values of F. see Table l..ro.

For vruues of F'. see Table 2.
 5 . 96 • AiSC Speci/iColion

SECTION 1.9 WIDTH-TIDCKNESS RATIOS

Single angle struts; double angle struts with separators. . 11
Double angle struts; angles or plates projecting from girders,
columns or other compression members; beam flanges (bnsed
on one-half width) ; stiffeners ................................ 13
Stems of tees •.............. . ................................ 18
Column webs; cover plates; diaphragm plates ...........•...... 36
Perforated cover plates ....................................... 46

SECTION 1.10 PLATE GIRDERS AND ROLLED BEAMS

1.10.2 Web
Maximum clear distance between flan ges h - 243t

1.10.5 Sti1J'cners
1.10.5.3 For required stiffener spacing and grOIlS area of
intermediate stiffeners see Ta ble 3'{)0.
1.10.5.4 Maximum shear between web and intermediate
stiffeners. in pounds per linear inch of stiffeners or pair of
stiffeners f .. - 56h
1.10.6 Reduction in Flange Stress
When hIe exceeds 24,OOO/v"ff. the maximum compression
flange stress shaU not exceed

F. [1.0 _ 0.0005 A.
AI
(!!..t _ 24.000)
VF;
] Formula (11)

1.10.7 Combined Shear and Tension

F. - 41.000 - 18.500 (~) :$ 30,000 psi Fo rmula (12)

.-
~
1.10.10 Web Crippling
1.10.10.1 Use stiffeners under concentrated interior loods when
o
It') Formula (13)
t(N: 21.:) would exceed 37.500 psi

"
u.:- and under end reactions when

teN ~ k ) would eJ(ceed 37,500 psi Formula (14)

1.10.10.2 The compression stress. in pounds per square inch, produced by

loads applied to girder webs. except through stiffeners. shalJ not exceed

55
[ .
+ _ 4_ ] 10,000.000 Formula (15)
(al h)! (hl tl'
 Appendix. 5·97

when flange is restrained against rotatlun; otherwise

2 + 4 ] 10,000,000 Formula (16)

[ (a/ h)' (h / t )'
The compression stresses to be limited by formuJ88 (15) and (16) shall
be computed 6.11 follows:
Concentrated loads and total distributed loads over partial length of
a panel shall be divided by the product of the web thickness and
the girder depth or the length of the panel in which the lond is placed,
whichever is the lesser panel dimension.
Any oLher distributed loading in pounds per linear inch of length, shall
bedivided by the web thickness.
COMMENTARY
ON THE

SPECIFICATION
FOR THE

DESIGN,
FABRICATION
& ERECTION
OF

STRUCTURAL
STEEL FOR
BUILDINGS
APRIL. 17.1963

AMERICAN INSTITUTE
OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
10'1 PAFlKAWNU" NEW YOAK 17~N.Y.
 5·101

Commentary
ON THE SPECIFICATION FOR THE DESIGN , FABRICATION
AND ERECTION OF STRUCTURAL STEEL FOR BUILDINGS

INTRODUCTION
1n the belief that the designer can make more efficient use of the Specifica·
tion if he knows the basis for its various proviaioll8, this Commentary has been
prepared.
Many provisions, notably in the 8eCtions dealing with fabrication and
erection practices, have evolved [rom yeai'll of shop and field experience and
need no further elaboration. Attention is directed primarily to lesa widely
undel'lltood mcasure8 and particularly to modifications appeari ng for the first
time. Many of these are the outgrowth of extensive research which bas been
carried out in recent years.

SECTION 1.2 TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION

In order that adequate instructions can be issued to the shop and erection
forces, the bR8ic assumptions underlying the design must be thoroughly
understood by all concerned. As in the earlie.r AISC Specificotion, these
8S8UI1lptiol18 are c1888ified under three separate but generally recognized types
of construction.
Part 1 of the Specification includes rul of the provisioll8 necesaary for Il
working·stresa design covering all three types of conatruction. II. corresponds
to the earljer A1SC Specification in force when the Supplementary Rules for
Plastic Design and FaoricaJwn were issued by the American Institute of Steel
Construction in December, 1958. Part 2 of the Specificotion consista of these
Rules with 80rne minor modificatiol18.

SECTION 1.3 LOADS AND FORCES

As in the past, the Specification does not presume to establiah the loading
requirements for which structures should be designed. In most C88C8 these
are adequately covered in the applicable local building codes. Where 8Uch is
not the C88e, the generally recognized standards of the American Standards
ABaociation are recommended as the basis for design.

SECTION 1.4 MATERIALS

The increasing use of high strength steels no longer permits the con-
tinuation of 8 standard design specification based upon the exclusive use of one
strength grade of steel. H owever, the Ulrrest.ricted acceptance of all steels is
not desirable. Physical properties are not the 80Ie measure of acceptability.
Metallurgical properties, which alTect both fabrication and serviceability,
must also be considered.
The steels permitted by the Spccificalion alTord as much as a 50 percent
increase in strength as compared with the older A7 grade and olTer no particu·
5 ·102 • Commentary on A ISC Specification

Jar problems in their proper utilization. They by no means cover the entire
range of steels, however, and undoubtedly in time others will be added.
it. should be noted that the increase in yield point. above 36,000 pounda
per square inch is governed by the tllickness of t.he component. being consid ·
ereel. For material no Uticker than % inch a yield point. of 50,000 pounds pe r
square inch is available, while for material ranging between !-4 inch and 11 2
inch in Ulicltne88 t.he comparable specified minimum yield point is 46,000
pounds per lKiuare inch and for material over 1 M inch up to 4 inch in thickness
it is 42,000 pounds per square inch. Since the attainment. of specified me·
chanical properties in the production of roUed shapes cannot be closely
defined by a single thickness criterion, all high strength steel rolled shapes are
now classified in the ASTM Specifications, A242, A440 and A441 under one
of three groups, having a specified minimum yield point. of 50,000, 46,000 or
42,000 pounds per square inch, respectively.
In keeping wit.h the inclusion of steels of several strength grades, a
number of corresponding specifications for cast steel forgings and ot.her
appurtenant materials such as rivets, bolts and welding electrodes have been
added.
The provisions of Sect. 1.5.1.4.1 with respect. to stress increase at interior
points of suPI)Qrt of continuous framing now being somewhat more restrictive
lhan in t.he 1949 version of the AlSC Specification, some standard products,
designed for A36 steel and in production prior to adoption of the present
SI>CC.ification, cou1d comply with the 1961 AlSC Specificat.ion only by the Ul!e
of high strengt.h steel. Yet these steels, in the thicknesees required, provide
subetant.ia1ly greater strength than is needed. As an interim measure,
provision has been included in Sect. 1.4.1 whereby steel meeting all of the
requirements of ASTM A36 but having the necessary increased yield poin!.,
as evidenced by certified testa, may be used in the manufacture of these
products.
When requested to do 80, the fabricator must make affidavit that. all steel
specified to a yield point in excess of 36,000 pounds per square inch has been
provided in aooordance with the plans and Specification.
With recognition of high strength steels the need for high strength bolta,
stronger than those provided by ASI'M A325, became apparent. Pending
development of a suitable ASTM specification for such a fastener, worki ng
stre88e8 appropriate to ASJ'M A354 Grade BC bolts were included in the
AISC Specification in t.he November. 1961, revision.
At t.his time (April. 1963) it appears that a new ASTM specification
(A490) when adopted will call for mechanical properties, similar to those
required of the even stronger A354 BD Grade, rather Ulan those of the BC
Grade. TIle Research Council on Riveted and Bolted Structural Joints
has endorsed, as an interim measure, use of eit.her the B C or S O Grade of
A354 bolts in building construction, in accordance with the provisions con-
tained in the AlSC Specification for A354 BC Grade bolta, pending the
completion of further research to determine the extent to which higher
working stTe8geS may be recommended.

SECTION 1.5 ALLOWABLE UNIT STRESSES

1.5.1 Stru ctural Steel
Because of the introduction of steels having a specified minimum yield
point other than 33,000 powlds per square inch it is convenient to e.apress per-
 $tnu:Ijjrol Stftl for Buildinp • 5· ID]

misaible working streeees in terms of yield point F,. For ready reference,
numerical ValUOB are presented in an Apl>endix for each of the yield I>oinia
represented in Sccl.. 1.4.1. Since any greater precision would be unwarranted,
these are presented in round numbers which are eMily remembered, except
where they have to be given in tabular fonn.

1 .5.1.1 Te ns ion
The same factor of safety with respect to yield point stress heretofore
recommended for A7 steel has been uACd in determining the basic working
IItre8& for the newer and stronger steels. A working stress at the net &CCtion at.
pin holes haa been added. based upon research· and experience with eye-bars.

1.5.1.2 S h eRr
No change has been made in the recommended working slrea& for sbear
except in the case of slender girder webs discussed under Sect. 1.10.
While the shear yield point of structural steel hIlS been variously est.i·
mated Il8 bet.ween one·half and five-eighths of the tension and compression
yield point and is frequently taken 88 P,/\/3, it will be noted that the per-
missible working value is given 88 two-thirds the recommended basic tensile
streBe, substant.ially as it has been since the first edition of the AISC Specifica-
tion, published in 1923. This apparent reduction in factor of SIlfety is justi.
fied by the minor consequences of shear yielding, as compared with thoee
8SIIOciated with tension and compression yielding. and by the effect of strain
hardening.
The webs of rolled shapes are all of such thickness t.hat shear is seldnm the
criterion for design. However, the web ahear stresses are generally high
within the boundaries of the rigid connection of two or more members whose
webs lie in a common plane. Such webs should be reinforced wben the web
thickneas is 1C88 than
32,000/11
At<.F,
where M is the algebraic sum of clockwise and counter-cloc.kwi8e momenta
(in kip-feet) applied on opposite sides of the connection boundary and At<. is
the planar area of the connection web, e:r.prcaeed in square inchee. TItis
expression is baaod upon the 8B8UlIlpt.i<m that the moment M is resisted by a
couple having an arm equal to O.95db , where d. is the depth of the member
introducing the moment. Designating a8 de the depth of the member entering
Lhe joint more or less at right angles to it, and noting that At<. is approximately
equal to db X d" the minimum thicknC88 of the web not requiring reinforce-
ment can be computed from the equation
12,OOOM
allowable shear stress - 0.40F, - O.95A.. w.._.

1 .5.1.3 Com p ressio n

1.5.1.3.1 The Dew Formula (1), for colwnns whose mode of failure is by
inelastic buckling, like that for slender columns. is founded upon the basic
column strength estimate suggested by the Column Researcb Council.··
• Pin·Connected Plate Links, /939 A SeE Tra'UlaCtions•
• • Guideto Duia" Criterio for MeUd Compru,i.o" Membe,.., Eq. (2.9) and (2.2).
5·104 • Commentary Oil AISC Speci{icatioll

This estimate assumes that the upper Limit of elastic buckling fflilure is de-
fined by an average column stress equal to one-balf of yie1d stress. 1'he
slenderness ratio Cc , corresponding to this limit, can be expressed, in tennsof
tbe yield point of a given grade of structural steel, ns

~2T'E
F,
A varied factor of safety has been applied to the column strength estimate
to obtain allowable working stresses. For very short columns this factor has
been taken as equal to, or only s1igbtly greater than that required for members
axially loaded in ten.B:i.on. Similar provisions have been included in the
British and German deBign Btand.ards for 90me time and can be justified by
the insensitivity of such members to accidental eccentricities. For longer
columns, approaching the Euler slenderness range, the factor of safety is
increased 15 percent, to approximately the value used in earlier recommenda_
tions. In order to provide a smooth transition between these limits, the
factor of safety has been arbitrarily defined by the algebraic equivalent of a
quarter sine curve wbo&e abscissas are the ratio of given Ll r values to lhe
limiting value Ctt and wbose ordinates vary from 1.67 when ll r equals 0 to
1.92 when ll r equals Ce.
While the new formula is aomewhat more complex than heretofore, it
permits a more economical use ofrnateriaJ in relatively s1lort columns. Tables
giving the permissible stress for columns and other compression members for
each of the approved structural steels are included in tbe Appendix to the
Specilication for tbe convenieuce of the designer.
1.5.1.3.2 Formula (2), covering columns slender enough to fail by
elastic buckling, is based upon a constant factor of safety of 1.92 with respect
to the elastic (Euler) column strength. Allowable working stresses given by
Formula (2) are substantially the same as those given by the more complex
Rankine-Gordon formula which in the past were reduced by the factor
(1.6 - ~r) for main compression members.
1.5.1.3.3 By dividing the values obtained [rom Formulas (1 ) and (2) by
the factor (1.6 - ~r) when ll r exceeds 120, to obtain Formula (3), sub-
stantially the same allowable stresaes are still recommended for bracing and
secondary members aB those formerly given by t.he Rankine-Gordon formula
which has been included in t he AISC Specification si nce its first adoption in
1923. The more liberal working stress for this type of member was justified
in part by tbe relative unimportance of such members and in part by the
greater effectiveness of end rest[flint likely to be present at tbeir ends.
Since Pormula (3) does take advantage of end restraint, Lhe full un·
braced length of the member (rather than a reduced effective length, assuming
K < 1.0) should always be used, and the formula should be restricted to
members whicb are more or less fixed against rotation and translation at
braced points.
1.5.1.4 Bendjng
1.5.1.4.1 When flexural members are proportioned in accordance with
the provisions of Sect. 1.9 and are adequately braced La prevent the lateral
displacement of the compression flange, they provide bending resistance
 StructuroJ SIM for BuUdinp • 5 • lOS

equal at. least to the product of their section modulus and yield-point st.res8,
even when lhe width-thickness ratio of compre!!8ed elements of their profile is
such that local buckling may be imminent.
Research in plastic design has demotuiLrated that local buckling will not
occur in "compact" sections before lhe full plastic moment is reached. Prac-
tically all W"- and I-shapes of A7, A373 or A36 steel, and a lnrge pro)>orlion
of these shapes furnished in A242, A440 and A441 steel, qualify 88 com))8.ct
eectioflll under the definition given in Sect. 1.5.1..01.1 of the Specification, It is
obviouslhat the possibility of overload failure in bending of such rolled shapes
must involve a higher level of stress (computed on the basis of MS) than
members having more slender compJ"e8Bion elements. Since the shape factor
of W"- and I-beams is generally in ex0888 of 1.12, t.he allowable bending stress
for such members has been rai99d 10 percent from O.60F, to O.66F•.
To qualify as a compact aection, the compression elements of a profile are
required to have increasingly lower slenderness ratios 88 Ule yield point. of t.he
stool is increased.
The compression flanges of compact aectiona of steel having a yield point
of 36,000 I)ounds per square inch or lese are deemed to be laterally SUPl>orted,
wiLhin t he meaning of Sect. 1.5.1.4.1, when the distance betwoon bmcing
points ia no more than 13 times Lbe flange widtb. For slronger steels, for
which higher belKling stH~S8es are permitted, this limit is furt.her restricted in
inverae prol>ortion to Vii;.
Reflecting the results of the research on ultimate strength of structures
is the provision in Sect. 1.5.1.4.1 permitting a limited redistribution of moments
produced by gravity loading. Taken in conjunction with the 10 percent
increase in bending stress, permise;ion to proportion flexural membel"8 for
nine-tenths of the negative moment produced by gravity loads at points of
support affords the same reduction in required bending strength a8 was afforded
by the 20 percent. stress increase provision in the AlSC Specification prior to
November, 1961.
However, it. is now limited to compact shapes having an axis of symmetry
in the plane of loading and subject to only minor concurrent axial stress.
Also, it is now required that beams, proportioned for nine-tenths of the caJ-
culated moment at reaction points instead of the full compuOOd moment,
have sufficient. bending strength to resist t.he maximum calculated moment
between supports, increased by one-tent.h of the average of reaction point
moments, without exceeding the allowable bending sLrosa. Fig. C 1.5.1
iIlusLrates the application of this latter provision by comparing calculated
moment. diagrams with the diagrams as altered by this provision.
In order to assure maximwn advantage of moment redist.ribution, de-
signs should be executed in accordance with lhe rules for plastic design given
in Part. 2. However, for many casee commonly encountered, the provisions
ofScct.. 1.5.1..01.1 afford approximately the same overall economy.
1.5.1.4.2 Memool"8 asymmetrical about lhe plane of looding but having
continuous lateral support in regions of compreseion stren may be designed
for the full oosic stress. They cannot be trealed in t.he same manner 88 other
compact. members as in Sect. 1.5.1.4.1, however.
1.5.1.4.3 Box-type members, even thoae whoee width·thicknese rati08
are such that they cannot be clB98iBed 88 compact members. are torsionally
very aliff. Hence, reduction of tbe full stress, as provided by Formulas (4)
and (5) for open-type sections, is not required.
5·106 • Commentot:'!' (III A ISC Speri/irotlfJlI

1.5.1.4.4 And 1.5,1.4.5 While a Q,6F. bending stre88 may be used for
teneion in proportioning flexural members not covered by Sect. 1.5,1.4.1,
1.5.1.4,2 or 1.5.1.4.3, compression stresses in their extreme fibers may be
subject to limitation as provided by Formula (4) or (5). Box-type beams
and girders are ltn exceptio n, The torsional properties of a "closed" profile
are 80 much bet.ter than those of the "open" I-beam. that lateral stability is
not. n problem with box beams a nd girders.
Fonnula (4) b'eats the compression flange, plus one-sixtb the area of the
web adjacent to that flange, as a column, supported in t.he plane of the web
but free to bend, betwoon points of lateral support, about its axis in the plane
of t.he web. It should be noted that for shapes symmetrical about. their x-axis
of bending, substit.ut.ion of r. of the entire sect.ion for t.hat. of t.he compression
flAn ge plus one-sixth of t.he web is conservative. Through the introducLioll
of the modifier C•• • BOrne Iiberolizat.ion in stress is permissible where there is
moment gradient. over the unbraced length, but use of this liberalizntion is
optional with the designer. Formula (4 ) is based o n t he assumption that.
only the bend.ing stiffnesa of the compression flange is available to prevent
the Ilttera l displacement of that element between bracing points,
Rational expressions for the elastic buckling strength of the beam, which
take into account its torsional rigidity about its longitudinal axis as well 88
the bending stiffnesa of its compression flange. are too complex for general
design office use. They become even more complex if the locat.ion of the sup-
ported loads (above, a t or below the neutral axis) and the shape or the moment
diagram are taken into consideration.

/, "1 111 11 11111 1111 1111 1111 !lI t J IIIII OI!!1 !!IIIIIIII IIIIIII I I ,

A~
~

11 1111111111111111111111111111 II

A _ Actual moment diflgrnm

B - Modified dingmm correaponding to 10 percent moment reduction allowance At
interior 8uppor18
Fig. C 1.5.1

• See Ou-Uleto Desigll Criteria for M etal Compression M embers. Eq. (4.13) , p. 61.
 Strudurol Steel for Building• • 5 · ID7

FonnuJa (5) is a convenient approximation to 8uch expreseions, which is

conservative for all cases. Its agreement. wit.h these expresaiol18 is closest in
the case of sectiol18 having superior torsional propertica, identifiable by a
relatively low d/ A I ratio. In plate girders, which usually have a much higher
di A l ratio than rolled 1· and W·shapes, it may err grossly on the oonserva·
tive side. For such members the larger stresa pennit.ted by Fonnula (4) is t.he
better estimate of buckling strength. While it underestimates t.his 8trength
aomewhaL because it. ignores the torsional rigidity of the profile, this rigidity
for such sections is relatively small and the margin of over...oonservatism,
therefore, is likewise small.
Formula (5) assumes the most critical condition of load application and
bending moment U8UAl1y encountered in engineering structures. For less
severe condit.ions it can be made to yield better estimat.c8 of bending strength
when multiplied by a factor corresponding to the given loading conditions.·
Recent research on cantilever wedge beams at Columbia University has
developed an expression, in terms of ldl A" better suited to t.he case of a var-
iable dept.h d than Fonnula (5). It is limited to members where the moment
varies from zero at the (ree but laterally supported end to maximum at the sup·
ported end.··
It should be notOO. however, that Formula (5), like the more precise, com-
plex expresaions it. replaces, is written for the ca8C of elastic buckling. For
IiIhorter unbraced lengths where inelastic buckling would govern, these expres·
sions, like the Euler column fonnula, become unconservative and must be re-
placed by values providing a graduaJ transition between elastic buckling values
alld the full bending strength. A similar transition is not provided for Formula
(5) becaU8C. when actual conditions of load appLiClltion and variation in
bending moment are considered, any wlconservalive error without it must
be small.
Singly.symmelrical. built-up, I-shape memben!. such as oome crane
girders, oflen have an increased compression Bange area. in order to resist
bending due to lateral loading action in conjunction with the vertical loads.
Such rnemben! usually can be proportioned for the full penni8@ible bending
stress when that. stress is produced by t.he combined vertical and horizontal
loading. Where the failure mode of a singly...symmetrical l~sh8pe member
having a larger compression than tension Bange would be by lateral buckling
tbe permissible bending stress can be obtained by using Fonnula (4).
1.5.1.4.6 Rolled sbapes such as channels, zees and angles. when used as
minor flexural members, generally receive lateral support. from the slab. deck,
wall or siding which they support and hence can usually be designed for the
full permissible bending stress. When concentrated loads are introduced on a
channel beam by other members framing into it, these usually provide enough
torsional and lateral support. to the beam so that the reduction in permissible
stress, required for laterally unbraced Bebrments of r-shaped beams. can be
snfeiy applied in ita design. However. it should be remembered that. the shear
center of a channel profile is eccentric to its center of gravity and even to the
plane of its web. Hence. when transverse loading is applied without at the
same time providing lateral or torsional support. the effect of eccentricity of
loading must. be considered in the stress analysis.

• BuckliDIJ Considerations in the Design or Steel BeaIl18 and Plate Clrders, p. 429,
October, 1954 Journal. 0{ the Boston Society 0{ Civil ElIIJi~ .
•• See Welded Cantilever Wedge Beams, WeidinS Jou.rnal, March, 1969, p. 97_8.
5 · lOS • CommeND/")' on A /SC Sp«i/icotion

The analysis of olher typea of unsymmetrical pro61ee having only inter_

mittent points of lateral BUpport, partK:u1arly those produced by fabricating
component.IJ into built·up membel"8, is too compla to be covered by simple
nlh'8 (or common usage. For further diacwlBion of the subject aee the Guide
10 DeJllRn Criteria for Metal Compression Members, Chapter 4.
1.5.1.4.8 The increase in aUowable bending stress for bearing plates can
be justified on the basis of shape factor, which for a rectangular profile is 1.50.
AdditionnUy, the actual preesure at lhe edge of the overhanging plate must be
1e88 than the overage value used in design computation, based upon con-
sideration. of elastic behavior. Hence, the computed bending stress over-
estimnlcll the actual requirement and an increase in working stress to O.75F.
is still conservative.

1.5.1.5 Bearing
1.5.1.5.1 As used throuebout the Specification the tennIJ "milled
surface", " milled" or " milling" are intended to include surfaces which have
boon accurately sowed or finished to 8 true plane by an y suitablo means.
The recommended bearing s tress on pins no longer is tnken t.he 8llme 8S for
rivets. Wheml8 t.he latt(>r hns been increased slightly in keeping wit.h recent.
research on riveted joints. the value for pins has been reduced to nine-tenths of
the yield point of the part containing the pin hole as a further safeguard
sgainst instabjljly of the plate beyond the hole.· which is considerably larger
than a rivet hole.

1.5.2 Rivets Bnd Bolts

1.5.2.1 Tension
As in earlier editions, permiMible stresses for rivets are given in terms
applicable to the nominal croes-sectional area of the rivel before driving.
For greater convenience in the proportioning of the bolted connections.
permisaible stresses for bolta are now given in terms appucable to their nominal
body area, i.e., the area of the unthreaded shank.
The tension etreea permitted for A307 bolts and threaded parts of A7 and
A373 steel is equivalent to 20,000 pounds per square inch applied at the root
area of the threads. 8.8 in earlier specifications. A similar basis is reflected in
the provisiona for tension on threaded parts made from the other eteem listed
in Sect.. 104 .1. In recognition of the protection against notch effect in the
threading, assured by the required initial tightening, the Rceearch Council on
Rivet.ed and Boiled Structural Joint.. has recommended a relatively higher
working st.ress in tension for high strength bolts.
Any addilional fastener tension resulting from prying (lction due to dis-
tortion of the connection details should be added t.o the etreae calculated
directly from the applied tension in proportioning fasteners for an applied
tensile foroe, using the specified working st.resses. Depending upon the rela-
tive sliffneea of the fasteners and the connection material, this I)rying action
may be negligible or it may be a eubstantial part of the total tension in the
fasteners. ••

• See Pin-Connected Plate Linb, 1939 ASCE 7'rtlllsgction. .

•• See Research on Bolted Connections, 1956 ASCE 7'ronMlClioM. p. 1265.
 Slrudurul SIl!ei for Bu.iidmp • 5 · 109

Ui.2 .1 Shear
In keeping with the recommcndatiotul· of tbe Research Council on
R iveted and Bolted Structural Joints, two working shear values are given for
high strength belie. When slip between the COllnected parts cannot. be toler-
ated and mUJIt. be prevented by friction produced by high clampin g force, t.he
allowable shear value is the same as that llennitted on A141 rivets." I n
bearing-type connect.iona (where sUp is llermissible), when no precaution is
taken to exclude the threading from shear planes at the faying surfaces of t he
connected J>8.rU, the allowable shear value is al80 the same as that permitted on
A14 1 rivet:&. · ·
The shear value permitted on A307 bolla, as heretofore, al90 recognizes
the possibility of threading in the shear planes.
When care is taken to exclude the threads of high strength bolts from a U
shear planes in bearing-type joints, a shear stress of 22,000 )X)unds l)Or square
inch is pennitLed for A325 bolts. This va lue is based on extensive re8C8rch.
The allowable stresses for A354, Grade Be, bolts are proportionately higher
in keeping with their higher tensile strength .... •

1.5.2.2 Bcaring
Bearing values are provided, not as a prot.ection to the fastener, because
it needs no such protection, but 8J:, an index of the efficiency of net aecliona
compuU!ci in ao::ordance with Sect. 1.14.3. The same inde:.: is valid for joints
Il88embled with rivets or with bolts, regardless of fastener shear strength or
the presence or absence of threads in Lhe bearing area. Tests of riveted
joints'.j have shown that the tensile strength of t.he connected part is not
impaired when the bearing pressure on the computed contact area of the
fastener is as much as 21 I times the tensile sLress permitted on the net. area
of the part. In Ulis investigat ion t.he contact (hearing) area was computed,
ao::ording to the usual convention, a8 the product of nominal f8Htener diameter
and thickness of t.he connected ,mrL. No dHTerence WIlB observed between
single-shear bearing and enc10eed bearing. Based on t.hese findings. the
recommended working stress is the same for single-shear and double-shear
bearing, and approximately equal to 2 1 .. t.imes lhe tensile working stre88
recommended for determining required net area.

1.5.3 Welds
The pennillBible stress for fillet welds. without reg8rd to tbe direction of
appUed force, was established before the advent of high strength steels in
building colUltruclion by applying a factor of safety of 3 10 ultimate strength
lest. results. For convenience the working str688 was then rounded oR'to an
even 500 pounds per linear inch ller one-sixteenth inch of weld aize. Im-
provements in electrode manufacture and use, particularly lbe development
of coated electrodes for shielded metal-arc welding, have al\owed the 500
pound value to be increased to 600 pound8. This value is weU established in
welding done with EGO electrodes and is therefore retained in t.he Specification .
• See SpecificationiJ (or Slru.ctu.rol Joint.. U. inR ASTM A325 Bolt, .
•• Increfl8ed one-third (or A354, Grade Be, bolts tightened to their proor load,
which is approzim8tely one-third greater than that. or A325 bolts.
•• • See di8culll1on undur Section 1.4.
Effect. or Beering Ratio on Static Strength of Riveted Joints, 1958 ASCE
Trollaactionil.
5 ·110 • Commentary on A/SC Sp«i/icolion

Since the yield strength of weld metal deposited by E70 series electrode.
ranges about 15 percent higher t.han that of the earlier t.ypes., a corresponding
increaae in strees is permit.ted. Again, fOT convenience. the working value
h88 been rounded off, in thill case to 700 pounds per linear inch per one-
sixteenth inch of weld size. Since the increased strength of A36 sloel, as
compared with that of A7 nnd A373 for which the earlier l>ermiBSible weld
stre88e8 were estnblished. is comparable to the increa8(l in tho weld meLaI
strength using E70 rather t.han E60 electrodes, the higher working slrce8 for
fillet welds, permitted for the fonner with A242 and A441 stools, is al.!KJ per.
mitted with A36 steel.
The submerged arc proceas, employing bare wire electrodes and a granular
flux, h88 boon used in the fabrication of structural steel for over two decades
with excellent results. In the absence of a standard electrode 81>ecification,
provi.sionB for two strength level&-Grades SA \V· l and SA W-2-are included
in Sect. 1.17 of the Specification.
By requiring (Sect. 1.17.2) that only E70aeries electrodes or GmdeSA W-2
submerged arc be used in the welding of high-strength Jow·a1loy 8teels, weld
strength equal to that of t.he connected parts is 8SBW'ed.
When part.inl penetration groove welds are so disl)()8C(] thnt. they are
st.reseed primnrily in compreSBion, bearing, or in tension parallel to the longi.
tudinal axis of the groove, they may be proportioned to resist. s uch stress at
the snme unit. value permitted in the base metal. Tension stre&! nonnal to
the groove, however, is still limited to the value pennitted for fillet welds and
the use of such groove welds is rest.ricted by provisions pertaining to certain
specificapl)licalioJl8 in Sect. 1.10.3. 1.10.8,1.15.7 and 1.17.2.

1.5.4 Cast Steel

In keeping with the inclusion of high-strengtb low·ailoy steels. the
SI)6Cificalion rocognizes high-strength steel castings. H ence, allowable
working stres&e8 are now expressed in terms of the specified minimum yield
point for castings.

SECTION 1.6 COAtBINED STRESSES

1.6.1 Adal Compression and Bending
The straight line interaction formula for allowable combinations of stress
due to axial compression and bending, which was part of previous editions of
tho AlSC SI>ccification, has been revised in two respects, both of which have
boon the subject of considerable discussion · in recent years.
1. When the computed axial stress exceeds 15 percent. of the permissible
axial stress the concurrent bending stress at any cross-section subject to
lateral displacement must now be amplified by the factor
1

Thia is in the direction of greater conservatism. It recognizes the fact that

such displacement, caU90d by applied moment, geneml.e8 a 8eCOndary moment
equal to the product of the resulting eccentricity and tbe applied axial load,

• See Guide to Dl!l>iB" Criteria for Metal Compression !t1emberll. Chapt« 5.

 StruduroJ Steel. for Building, • 5 - 1Il

which is not reflected in lhe computed stress ff- Under certain combinations
of bending a nd axial stress and column sle ndemesa, designs meeting the
requirement of a straight line interaction fonnula become somewbat un-
conservative. However, under other combinat.ions this amplification factor
overestimates t.he influence of secondary moment. To take care of t.his
sit uation the amplification factor is modified by 0. reduction fa ctor C",. When
the computed axial slress is no greater than 15 percent of the permissible axial

otress tbe influence of ( C. ) i, gene.ally ' mall and may be neglected, ..

I_ f .
F' ,

provided by Fonnula (6).

2. Depending upon the slenderness ratio of a given length, unbraced in
the plane of bending, the combined stress computed at one end may exceed
the combined stress at all points where lateral displacement is created by the
a pplied moments, even when the bending stress a t these points has been
a mplified. ']'0 provide for this case the former straigbt line interaction
expression has been liberalized in Formula (7b) by substituting O.6F, for F •.
'l'he classification of members subject to combined axial compression and
bending stresses is dependent upon two conditions: the stabi lit.y against
sidesway of the frame of which tlley are a n integral part, and the presence or
absence of transverse loadi ng between points of support in the plane of bend-
ing. Three categories and the appropriate provisions of Sect. 1.6.1 are listed
in ']'able C 1.6.1. l.
Note that I. is defined as the computed bending stress at lhe point under
consideration. I n the abscnceoftranaverae loading between pointaof aupport,
I~ is computed from the larger of the moments at these points of SUPI)Ort.
When intcnnediate trnnsverse loading ia present, the larger moment a t one
of the two SUPl)Orted points is used to compute f. for use in Formula (7b).
,],he maximum moment between points of support, however, is used to com-
pute the bending sLre88 for use in Formula (7a ).
Category (A) covers columna in frames subject to sidesway. Le .• frames
which depend upon the bending stiffness of their 8everal members for overa U
lateral stability. For determining the vaJue of F. and F'., the effective
length of such members, as discussed hereinafter under Sect. 1.8, is never less
than the actual length, unbraced in the plane of bending, and may be greater
than this le ngth. The actual length is used in computing moments. For this
case the val ue of C.. can be conservatively taken as equal to

1 - O.18/. I F' •.

However, under the combination of compression st ress a nd bending stress

most affected by the amplification factor a value of 0.15 can be substituted for
O.lSI. I F',. Hence. a constant value of 0.85 is recommended for C. here.
Category (B) applies to columns not subject to transverse loading in
frames where sidesway is prevented_ For determining the value of F . a nd
F' •• the effective length of such members is never greater than the actual un-
braced length and may be somewhat 1!!tiS. ']'he actual length is used in com-
put ing moments.
For this category, the greatest eccentricity, and hence the greatest
amplification. occurs when M , and M , are equa l and cause single curvature.
5 ·112 • Commentary on AISC Speci/icolion

TABLE C 1.6.1.1
Loading
Gate.
go')'
conditioll8
(f. > 0.15F.)
CompulOO m()..
f. C. I -
llemarklJ

mcnta mnxi·
mum at. end :
joint. lmnBlation
-G' I,
"'0-
J;,
A
not. prevenled M,
S 0 .85 I /\1, •.
I
M, < Af,: flit poIIl llY e as
sho\\'ll
Check "'onnulus (7a) & (7b)
--~

-G" M' ~
Computed m().. ( M,
mcnUJ maxi. 0.4 M. +
mum at end; nO M, 0.6) I, A
B trnllllverae 1000d·
ing; joint t.rans- S but not I I
lation pre· leas tha n CII~k both fo'ormulDl:l
venled 0.4 (7a ) & (7b)
Transverse load- M,
ing; joint tron&- S
laUOII prevented Using
Formula
M Il'!" 41 M •
- ~
(7b)
l +"l!_ I t, ~-
C
",
S
F'.
Check both FonnullUl
·'1'1

Using (78) & (7b)

Fonnula
(78)

It is least when they are equal and of a direction to cause reverse cu rvature.
To eva luate properly the relationship between end moment and amplified
moment, the conccpt of a n equivalent moment M., to be used in lieu of the
numerically smaller end moment, has been suggested. M . can be defined as
the value or equal end moments of like signs which would cause fa ilure at the
same concurrent axial load as would t he given unequal end moments.

Then M . can be written,' in terms of M I , as

M, M,

M. _c. _ '\J/0.3 (At')'

M, M~
+ 0.4 (M')
M
+ 0.3
t

It has been noted" that t he simpler formulation

C. - 0.6 + 0.4 (Z:) 2: 0.4

affords a good approximation to this exp~on. Wben M d M . is J09B Uum

- 0.5 the combined axial and bending stress is usually limited by general
• See Guide to Desigll Criteria for Metal CompN!tRlwn Mtmben, p. 80 .
•• Strength and DCllign or MeW Beam-Columna, ASCE JourlllJi of /he StructW'tll
Divuwn, April, 1961.
 StructunU Steel for Building8 • 5 - 113

TABLE C 1.6.1.2

ea.. • c•

_f"""""""!l "{_ • I..

-f""'P IIIIIIIIIIII~_ -0.3 1 - 3 f.
· F'•

_~IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII~- -0.4 1 - ·4 F',f.

-, I
I-
-0.2 1 - , f.•
• F'

-, r-LI'
=.- - 0.4 1 - ·".b.
1".

-~ I ~- -0.6 1 - 6 f.
· 1",

yielding ralher tban by stability. in which case Formula (7b) wouJd govern.
Therefore, a tentatively selected column section should be tested by both
Formulas (7a) and (7b).
When bending occurs simultaneously about bolh axes of 8 column the
eecond (bending) term in Formula (78) may conservalively be treated 8S the
sum of two terms, 8S
C./.

where the subscripts % and y refer to the principal axes of bending of the
column profile.
Category (C) is exemplified by the compression chord of a truss, subject
to transverse loading between panel points. For this case the vaJue for C.
can be computed using the expression·
C• - I +. ~
F' •
• See Guide to Design Cril.eria for Metal Comprusian Memben, p. 76.
5· 114 • Commentary 011 A1SC Spa;I/iCfJlion

f,
F,ti-""""

f,'

' - - -- -----!:--f,
F,
Fig. Cl .G.S

where

0. - maximum deflection due to transverse loading

M. - maximum moment between supports due to tl'1Ul8V(lJ1Ie loading
Values for", (or several conditions of loading and end restraint are given in
Table C L6. 1.2.
Nol-e that. F . is governed by the maximum sJendcrneas rat.io regardless of
the plane of bending. F' ~ on the other hand , is a lways governed by the
slenderness ratio in the plane of bending. Thus, when flexure is about tbe
strong axis only. two different vaJues of slenderness ratio may be required in
solving a given problem.
1.6.2 AriaJ T e nsion and Be nding
Contrary to the behavior in compression members, ftxia l tension tends to
reduce the bending sLrese between points of laternl support because the
IIOCOndnry moment, which is the productofthedeflcclio n and the axial tension,
is opposite in f:I(l n8e to Ule a pplied moment, instead of being of the same sense
and add it.ive, aM in columns.
1.6.3 Shear and Tenllion
T ests have shown- that tbe strength of rivets s ubject to combi ned tension
and shear resulting from externally applied forces (in addition to existing
internal shrinkage stresses) ca n be closely defined by either (I ) an ellipse, or
(2) t he three straight Ii nesshown in Fig. C 1.6.3.
In m06l cases t.he lat.ter representation is the more simple of 8))plicntion.
since it requires no modification of the stress recommended for either shear or

• lIow Illuch COlllblllOO StnMI Can A RiveL Take? Englll(!Crlng Nc~·Rerord.

Dec. 4, 1952.
 Slructural Sted fo,. BuiJdinp • 5 - U5

tension when these stresses act in conjunction, respectively. wit.h relatively

large concurrent tension or shear stresaes. Therefore, it is the only one given
in Sect. 1.6.3, since the inclusion of more than one method is hardly warranted.
However. solUlions based upon use of t.he ellipse are equally vaUd and should
be allowed. Any djffercnces in the number of fast.e ners required by t.he two
prescriptions would be smalL
Similar interaction fonn ulas have boon derived for t he other approved
types of fasteners from ellipses const.ructed with major a nd minor axis ba lf
lengths equal, respectively, to the tension and shear stress given in Sect. 1.5.2

SECTION 1.7 MEMBER S AND CONNECTIONS SUBJECT TO

R EPEATED VARIATION OF STRESS
Few members in building frames, or the connections for such members,
need be designed for "fatigue". which can be de6ned as a reduction in strength,
due to repeated fluctuatio n in stress involving n large variation in stress.
Where fatigue is a problem its severity is enhanced by an increase in t he
number of load applications and also by an increase in t he magnitude of t he
stress variations. I t is aggravated by the presence of sharp notches a nd other
stress raisers in the region of maximum stress.

TABLE C 1.7

Calculated SI.r'e88 Allowable Strees

Section AppliCAtion of
Ulled fill Basis IlB Given in
No. Deaign Loads Sect. 1.5 and 1.6
for Detlign
-- -
1.7.1 Under 10,000 Limes, C ritical st.ntic loading Same IlB for sLeel and
wilh without (mal{, SUlLie stress fasteners ulICd
"
II tl'e!lll reVCr!l3] produced by . ny
application ofBpeci-
tied loada)

1.7.2 10,000 100,000 (Max. 1) min.) or Same lIS fo r llteel tl nd

'"
times, with or with- critiCtlI sUltic load- fasteners used
out stre!18 reversal iog
1.7.3 100,000 to 2,000,000 Max. - h min. Allowable str08ll for
limes, with or with- A7 sleel,• A l 41
outlltr08ll reversal riveteteel, E60XX
and submerged a rc
G radeSAW.lwelds
Critical static loading Same as for steel and
fllBteners used
1.7.4 Over 2,000,000 times, Max_ - ~, min. ~ tboae permitted for
with 0' without A7 steel,· A141
stress reversal rivetst.eel, EGOXX
and 8U bmerged nrc
Grade SA \V·l welds
Critical static loading Same as fo r steel and
fasteners used

• Rega rd less of yield point of steel fU nlished.

5 ·116 • Commentary on. A ISC Speci{icotioll

The magnitude of stress variations, i.e., the range of stress, ll8IJOCiated

with one rel>etition of load application, in most members is less than the full
allowable (max.) design stress because of the continued presence of dead load
(min.) strese.
For grades of etool recommended in the Specification no reduction in
working stress is required when less than 10,000 repetitions of maximum
design stress are expected to occur in the lifetime of a member', even if the
nature of loading is such as to cause an alternating reversal of strees. This is
the equivalent of one maximum loading and one complete reverti8.1 a day for
about 2S years.
The requirements covered by the provisions of this Section are summa·
rized in Table C 1.7.
When the fluctuations range from tension to compression, or compression
to tension, the algebraic difference of maximum aud minimum stress becomes
the arithmellc sum of these stresses and is characterized for design purposes as
the same kind of stress as t hat which is maximum. When both are tension or
both are compression stresses their algebraic difference is lese than t.he maxi·
mum. But the area, detennined on the basis of the computed dif·
feren~, can never be less than that required for the critical static loading
condition.
No reduction in streee is required, even at 2,000,000 cycles of loading, in
proportioning high st.rength bolts in friction-type joints. The stress in t.he
bolts is not affected by variations in stress in the connected parts. Tests
have shown that. the high clamping force required to resist slip in a friction-
type connection improves somewhat the fatigue strength of these parts.

SECTION 1.8 SLENDERNESS RATIOS

Considerable attention baa been given in the technical literature to the
subject of "effective" column length (as contrasted witb actual unbraced
length) 88 a factor in est.imating column Htrength. The topic is reviewed at
some length in Sect. 2.6 of the Guide to Design Criteria for Metal Compression
Members.
Two conditions, opposite in their effect upon column strength under axial
loading, must be considered. If enough axial load is applied to t he columns in
a frame dependent entirely upon its own bending stiffness for stability against

I:,
,,
p' ,, I'
KI , ,,
,,, ,,
I
,
I
,
I
I I
I
I I
I I

Fig. C 1-8.1
 Strudural Stm for Buiiding8 • 5 · 117

sKlesway, i.e., uninhibited lateral movement, 88 shown in Fig. C 1.8.1, the

"effective" length of these columns will eJ:ceed their actual length. On the
other hand, if the same frame were braced in such a way that lateral movement
of the tops of the columns with respect to their bases (translation or sideswny)
were prevented, Lhe effective length would be less t.han the actual length,
due to t he restraint (resistance to joint rotat.ion) provided by the horizontal
member. The ratio K , effective column length to actual unbraced length,
may be greater or 1688 than 1.0.
The Uleoretical K-values for six idealized conditions in which joint rota-
tion and translation are either fully reaJized or non-existent are tabulated in
T able C 1.8.2. Also shown are suggested design values recommended by the
Column Research Council for use when these conditions are approximated in
actual design. In general, these suggested values are stightly higher than
their theoretical equivaJents, since joint fixity is seldom fully realized.

TABLE C 1.8.2

(.) (b) (0) (d) (.) (n

~
."I
,,,
r J
','
,
,
, I,/,
,,
I pI
, ,b
,,
,, ,, ,,, ,, ,,, ,
,,,
Buckled shape of column
,,, , , ,
,, ,,, ,, ,
,,,
ill shown by dashed lino
,, \ ,, ,
,,,
,, ,
,,
\

Theoretical K vnlue
"
0.5
t r
0.7 1.0
mi'
10
t
2.0
>Ii~
1
20
Hecommended design
value when ideal condi- 0 .65 0.80 1.2 1. 0 2. 10 2.0
tions are apl)roximated
'"F Rounion fixed and translation fixed

End condition code "V Rotation tree and translation fixed

"4" Rotation fixed and trarndation free
y Rotation rree and translation rree

Lf Ule column base in case (f) of Table C 1.8.2 were truly pinned, K would
actually exceed 2.0 for a frame such as that pictured in Fig. C 1.8.1 because
the flexibility of the horizontal member would prevent realization of run
fixj ty at the top of the column. On the other hand, it has been shown· that
the restraining influence of foundations, even where these footings are de-
signed only ror verticaJ load, can be very substantiaJ in the case of flat-ended
column base details with ordinary a nchorage. For this condit ion a design K-
va lue of 1.5 would generally be conservative in case (0.
While ordinarily the existence of masonry walls provides enough lateral
support for tier building frames to prevent sidesway, the increasing use o r
• Influence of PlIftial Balle Fixity on jo'rame Stability, ASCE Jou.mal of 1M
Structwul Diuuion, May, 1960.
5 ·118 ' Commentary on AlSC Speeifjcalion

Light. curtain wall construction and wide column spacing, for high·rise st-ruc-
turee not. provided with a positive system of diagonal bracing, can create a
sit.uation where only the bending stiffness of the frame itself provides this
support. Several rat.ional met.hods are available. by means of which the
effective length of t.he columns in a laterally unbraced framo can be est.imated
with sufficient acclU'8.CY. These mnge from simple interpolation between the
idealized ca808 shown in Table C 1.8.2 to very complex analytical procedUJ'tlli.
Once a t.rial selection of framing members bas been made, the use of the
following alignment chart (Fig. C 1.8.3) affords 8 fairly rapid method for
determining suitable K-valuee.

K G.
., ., ., on.. ... bcrliU A ..... R..t. \0
the join... al the lWO ..... f>( .....
............ _k>a bel ... _ _ _ ed.
100.0
50.0
~8 1000
50.0 a"deli-.lu

30.0 5.0 300

20.0 40 20.0

10.0 30 10.0 In which % l..tb ......""",,,I;""

9 .0
~.~
f>r.1I ....... bent riaklly c:on"""ted
8.0 .... lheljeMIII.1III lri""ln wpb ...
7.0 In whkh buc.ll.., f>( Ihe ""'.......
60 6.0 iI bel.., COGIIkIom!t.I. I. Lo 1M
50 5.0 _ I (J( l...tI. ,,,oct
W the
u_JIPO)tUd ....... of .........
40 .abo, .0Id 1, Lo lhoo _ I of
4.0 2.0 u-w. end L, Ihe _~

IeacU> cInMr ... ..u- _

1._
-.
(J( •
_ _. ,. .... I ,
3.0 3.0 1Ilnl~

...... 11_ ........ ~k:Wer

.... !.he pb_ 01 budLu.,. bein.
2.0 2.0 For wlumn ...w. "'PPOO"UId
1.5 by bul ..oL ri«ldly co...-ud .....
r.-iDa: or ......1Id.u.lc>a, (} ..

1.0 1.0
~1ce.I1Y
actually
tiaoI r....
dell.....
pili, ....
.. . rno.
1..,111111.)', bul, .." ' -
true
y be ...... 1M

-
" 10" to.. ~ deoIlpoo. If

..... _I,.
Ihe ............ ead 10 "1Pd1y . 11Ad>od
~ r-.; ....

a 1.0
Sidesway Uninhibited
a
...
G .... y be ...11. . 1M 10. Smell...
nlu. ..,. be .... If jlllUlied by

Alignment Chart for Effccti\lo Length of Columns in Continuou. FrollleR

Jo~ ig. C1.8.3

Where t.he design of a building frame is based primarily upon t.he effect of
large sido loadi ng or upon a "drift" limitation, the effective column length
may generaUy be taken 88 the actua l unbraced length. If roof docks or floor
8labs, a nchored to shear walls or verlical plane bracing systems. are counted
upon to provide lateral support for individual columns in a bui lding frame,
due consideration must be given to their st.iffness when functioning as a
horizontal diaphragm.·
• See Latentl Bracing of Co!umlllJ and Beams, A SCE Journal of II~ Siructurol
Diui,ion , M arch, 1958.
 Structural Steel {or iJuildmgs • 5·119

While translation of the joints in the plane of 1\ truss is inhibited and, due
to end restraint, the effective length of compression members might therefore
be assumed as less than the distance between panel points. it is usual practice
to take K 8.8 equal to 1.0, since, if all members of the tru88 reached their
ultimate lond capacity simultaneously the restraints at the ends of the com-
pression members would disappear or, at least, be greatly reduced.
The alenderness limitations recommended for tension members are not
esaential to the structural integrity of such membell!; they merely afford a
degree of stiffness such that undesirable latera] movement ("slapping" or
vibration) will be avoided. These limitations are not mandatory.

SECTION 1.9 WIDTH -THICKNESS RATIOS

Elements of membell! having width·thickness ratios no greater than lhose
specified. can be stressed approximately to yield point without. failure by
local buckHng. Under favorable conditions of sUPl>ort, premature buckling
will not occur even under more slender ratios, but t he analyses needed to
detennine the proper limiting values are too complex for common use.
As the allowable stress o n comp r~ion elements is increased in prol>ortion
to the increase in t he specified minimum yield point of the material, width-
thickness rati08 must be further restricted in order to prevent local buckling.
For various grndes of steel the critical ratios are inversely prolJOrtional toVF:.
SECTION 1.10 PLATE GIRDERS AND ROLLED BEAJ\.fS
1.10.1 Proportioning
As in the earlier AlSC Specification, it is recommended· that flexural
members be proportioned to resist bending on the basis of the moment of
inertia of their gross cross-section. with t.he stipulation that holes ill the
Ranges having an area in excess of 15 I>crcent of the gt'088 flange area must be
deducted. However, holes not filled by rivets are no longer treated sepa·
rately. Test observations have clearly shown that the stress dist.ribution
around such holes is the same whether they are filled with a fastener or not.
1.10.2 Web
An upper limit is placed upon the web depth·thickness ratio Which, for
stool having a yield point of 33,000 pounds per square inch, is 345. For stools
having a higher yield point, t his limit is proportionately lcss. Analytical
studies, corroborated by test results, have indicated Lhat up to this lil\1it the
web is capable of providing vertical support for the compression flan ge. If
more slender girder webs were pennitted there would be a po88ibility that the
compression flange might buckle before the intended ultimate load had been
reached.
1.10.4 F lange Development
If a partial length cover plate is to function as an integral part of a beam
or girder at the theoretical cutro8' point beyond which iL is not needed, it
must be developed in an extension beyond this point by enough rivets, high
strength bolts or welding to support its portion of t he flexural stresses (i.e., the
stresses which the plate would have received had it been extended the full

• See Effective Moment or Inertia or a Riveted Plate Girder, 1940 ASCE Tra",.·
actioM.
•

5 .120 • Commentary on A ISC Sp«:i{ication

length of the member), TIle total cover plate streae to be developed by the
fasteners in the extension is equal to
MQ
1
where
AI _ Moment at beginning of extension
Q _ StaLica1 moment of cover plate area about neutral axis of cover-
plated section
[ - Moment. of inertia of cover-plated section
When the l1ature of the loading is such 88 to produce repeated variations
of stress the fasteners must. be proportioned in accordance wit.b the provisionB
ofSecl..1.7.
lo the case of welded cover plates it is further provided that the amount
of stress that may be carried by a partialiength cover piate, at 8 distance (I'
in (rom its actual end, may not exceed the capacity of tbe tenninal welds
deposited along its edges and optionally acr088 its end within this disttmce
a',· If the moment, computed by equating MQl l to tho capacity of the
welds in this diatancc, is less than the value at the theoretical cut-ofT point,
either the size ofibe weide must be increased or the end of the cover plate must
be extended to a point such that the moment on the member at the diatancea'
from the end of tbe cover plate is equal to that which the t.ermin.aI weide wiu
support.

1.10.5 Stift"eners
More liberal spacing of intermediate transverse stiffeners is now permitted
than beretofore. Earlier provisions governing the design of plate girdera
were bas3li upon the 8JI8UIIlption that the limit of structural usefulneas of a
girder web is attained when the level of stre8'J in the web reaches the eo-ca1l00
"buckling" stage. Un1ike columns, however, which actually are on the
verge of coUaplMI ns their buckling stage is approached, the panels of a plate
girder web, bounded on all sides by the girder flanges or transverse sWfeners,
are capable of carrying loads far in excess of their "web buckling" load.
Ul>on reaching the theoretical buckling limit, very alight lateral displacements
will have developed in the web. Nevertheless, they are of no structural
significance because other means are still present to 888ist in nsisting further
loading.
When transverse stiffeners are properly spaced and strong enough to act
as compression stn.lts, m embrane stresses, due to shear forces greater than
those nseocialed with the t.heoretical buckling load, fonn diagonal tension
fields. The result.ing combination in effect provides a Prat.t trn91:1 Which,
without producing yield stress in the steel, furnishes the capacity to rl!81st
applied shear forees unaccounted for by the linear buckling theory.
Analytical methods based upon this action have been developed·· and
corroborated in an extensive program of tests. ••• These methods form the
• See We/dins R~tleflrch Council Bulis!ljn. No. 63, p. 48 .
•• SeeSlrength of Plate Girdel'1l in Shear, ASCE Journolof the Structural Diui.ion.
Oct. 1961.
••• See Web Buckling Tt!IIUs on Welded Plate Girdera, Wddilll Re«orcII Coun.cd
BulUtin. No. 64.
 Sl.ructurol $reel. {or Buildingll • 5·121

baSis fo r Formula (8 ). Use of tension field action is not counted upon when
0.6F'< F < 04F
v3 - ·-·'
or where
a/ h > 3.0
When the computed average shear stress in tbe web is leas than that per.
mitt.ed by Formula (9). intermediate stiffeners are not required. Such
girders do not depend upon tension field action. However, the deptb of these
girders is limited to not more than 260 times the web thickness.
When intermediate stiffeners are required, their maximum pennissible
longitudinal spacing is dependent upon three parameters, a/h, h/ t and f ...
For the convenience of the designer, their relationship with one another is
presented in Tables 3 of the Appendix for each of the 5 specified yield points
covered by the Specification. Given the shear diagram produced by the
design loads and a desired depth of girder. it is only necessary to select a web
thickness (with due regard for Limitations placed on hIt ratios) such that the
web shear stress will be equru to or less than the maximum permitted vruue.
With the resulting value for h / t and the computed shear stress, t.he required
aspect ratio a/ h can be taken directly from the table. Comparison of the
web snd st.ilfener material required with two or three trial web thicknesses
will quickly indicate the most economical combination.
The corresponcling gross area of intermediate stiffeners, given as a percent
of the web area, is shown in italics in the column headed by the required
aspect ratio and the line nearest to the selected h/ t ratio. Stiffeners which
will provide this area usually will be litlle if sny larger than thoee generally
called for. No stiffener areas are shown when the a/h and h/' ratios are smnll
enough to permit a shear stress larger than O.35F•• which is covered by
FOrDlUJa (9 ). For s uch cases tension field action is not counted upon.
At the ends of the girder. the spacing between adjacent stiffeners is limited
to lL,OOOtlv'i.. as heretofore. So spaced, the web is capable of resisting the
full shear without tension field action, thus providing an "anchor" for the
tension fields developed in interior panels. The stiffeners bounding panels
containing large holes likewise are required to be spaced close enough together
80 that Ule shear in these panels can be supported without tension field action.
As in earlier Specifications, all stiffeners are required to have a moment of
inertia at least equal to (~)~. In many cases, however, this provision will be
overshadowed by the new gross area requirement Tbe amount of stiffener
area ncceasa.ry to develop the tension field, which is dependent upon the
ra tios a/ h and h/ t, is given by Formula (10). Larger gross areas are required
for one-sided stiffeners than for pairs of st.iffeners because of the eccentric
nature of their loading.
'l'he amount of shear to be transferred between web and stiffeners is not
affected by the eccentricity of loading, and generally is 80 small that it can be
taken care of by the minimum amount of welding or riveting that might be
desired. The specified formula

f. ~ h ~(/.:.,)'
affords a conservative estimate of required shear transfer under any condition
of stress permitted by Formula (8). Tbe shear transfer between web and
5·122 • Comment(Jl')' on AISC Speci{iooliofl

st.iffener due to tension fie ld action and that. due to a concent.rated load or
reaction in line with t.he st.iffener are not additive. The stiffener nced only be
connected for the larger of the t.wo !Wears.
In order to facilitate handling during fabrication and erection. when
inwnnediate stiffeners are required, the panel aspect ratio a ' h is arbitrarily
limited to not more tha n

with a maXllnwn spacing of 3 times tbe girder depth.

1.10.6 Reduction in Flange Stress

In regions of maximum bending moment II I>orlion of a thin web may
deflect enough laterally on the oompresaion side of the neutral axis 80 t hat it
does not provide the full bending resistance assumed in proportioning the
girder on the basis of its moment of inertia. TIle compres&on stress whieh
tbe web would have resisted is. tberefore, shifted to the compression flange.
But the relative bending strength of this flange being 80 mu ch greater t.han
that. of the laterally displaced portion of t.he web. t.ho rC!:lultillg increaae in
fl ange stress is at moat only a few percent. By reducing the allowable design
stress in the compression fl ange from F _ to F'~ , as prDvidt.>d in FonnuJa (11),
sufficient bending capacity is provided in the flange to oompensale fo r any
\088 of bending strength in the web due to its lateral displacement.

1.10.7 Combined Shear and Tension Stress

It can be shown t.hat. plate girder webs subject to tens.ion field action can
be prol>ortioned on the basis of:
1. Maximum permissible bending stress when t.he concurrent ahear is
not greater than 0.6 tbe fuji permissIo le value. or
2. Full permissible shear stress when t.he bending stress i9 Dot more
than 3-( of the maximum allowable.
Beyond these limits a linear interaction fomlula mprovided in the S,>ccifi-
cation by F ormula (12).

1.10.10 Web Crippling

1.10. 10. 1 Webs of beams and girders not prott.'ctcd I.)y bearing stiff·
eners could fail by cripplin g at points of high streBti collcentrnt.iOll re&llt.ing
from Lhe applicat.ion of concent.rated loads or reactions. To I,runrd against
this the stress at the toe of the flan ge fillet, assumed to be dislributed longi-
tudinally a diat.a.nce 110 greater than the length or t.he beari ng, plus 1 or 2
times the k-dist.a.nce or the Aange. depending upon the locution or the load , i9
limited by Fonnula (13) or (14 ) to 0.7SF •.
1.10.10.2 As a 8I1feguard against instability or relatively thin plate
girder webs a further limitation has been placed on the amount of load which
can be applied directly to the girder flange between stiffeners. Concentrated
loads, light enough to meet the provisions of Sect. 1.10.10.1, and loading a pplied
longitudinally over partial panel length. are treated as ir distributed by
means of shear over the full panel length wilhi..n which they occur (or the
depth of girder if this is less than the panel length). Taken together with
BUch other distributed loading as may be applied di.recUy to the flange, tile
 Structural Sleel {or lJuildlllgs • 5 · 123

total load divided by the web thicknese should not exceed the strege permitted
by Fonnula (15) or (16). If the flange is prevented from rotation about its
longit.udinal axis by its contact. with a rigid slab, Formula (15) will govern;
ot.herwise. t.he more conservative Formula (16) is applicable.
TI1C8e fonnulas are derived· from a considerat.ion of the elastic buckling
strength of the web plate subject to edge loading. TIle loading is resisted in
part by colwnn action and in part by a plate int.ermit.tenLly stiffened in the
direction of applied loading.
The fonnulas are likely to be over-conservat.ive in the case of riveted
girders since t.hey ignore any bending capacity the flange angles may have in
spanning between adjacent. stiffeners to support t.he loads.

SECTION 1.11 COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION

1.11.1 Definition
Wben t.he dimensions of a concrete slab supported on st.eel beams are
such t.hat the slab can effectively serve as the flnnge of a composit.e T-beam
and the concrete and steel are adequately tied toget.her so as to act as a unit,
the beam can be proportioned on the assumpt.ion of composite action. Here-
tofore, it has been a prerequisite that tbe beam be fully enca&ed in concrete
I>oured integrally with the slab. The Specification now has been expanded to
include provisions covering the use of mechanical shear connectors to obt.ain
composite action when the beams are not encased,
1.1l.2 Design AsSUfllptiOns
Beams encased in oonCfete are deemed to be interconnected by means of
t.he natural bond of the concrete to the steel beam. UnlC88 temporary shores
are used, however, the beam must be proportioned to support all of the dead
load , unassisted by the concrete. plus the superimposed live load in com-
posite action, without exceeding the allowable bending st.reaa for steel pro-
vided in Sect. 1.5.1.
Because the completely encased steel section is restrained from both
local and lateral buckling, an allowable stre88 of O.66F. rather than O.60F.
can be applied here. Tbe alternate provision pennitting a st.ress of O.76F..
to be used in designs where a fully encased beam is proportioned to resist. all
loads un8B8isted. reflects a common engineering practice where it is desired to
eliminate the calculat.ion of composite section properties,
I n keeping with the Tentative Recomnumdatioll8 for the Design a/ld Con-
struction of Composite Beams and Girders for Buildings," however, when shear
connectors nre used to obtain composite action. tbie action may be used wit.hin
certain limits in proportioning the beam for the moments created by both live
and dead loads. 'rhis liberalization is based upon an ultimate strength con-
cept. Safe working limits are establisbed by applying a factor of safety to the
ultimate bending strength of the composite beam, rather t.han to t.he load st
which. theoretically, yielding would commence in t.he steel heam.
In order that the maximum bending stress in t.he steel beam, under
service load.ing, will be well below the level of init.ial yielding, regardlesa of the
ratio of live-to-dead-load moment, the section modulus of tbe composite
• See New Provisions ror Plate Girder Design, Appendix C, 1961 PNJeffllirtgB AJSC
NolionoJ Errgiru:erinll Conferentt.
.. ProgrtlM Report of the Joint ASCE-ACI Committee on Composite Construc-
tion, ASCE Journal 0/ the Structural Diviaion, December. 1960.
5 ·124 • Commentary on A/Se Specification Revised 11/ 65

cross-section, in tension at the bottom of the beam, for unshored construction,

is limited to (1.35 + 0.35 M d M II ) times the section modulus of the bare
beam.·

1 .ll.4 Shear Connectors

Based upon testa at Lehigh University,·· and a re-examination of
previously published test dat.a reported by a number of investigatoI'8, more
liberal working values are recommended for various types and sizes of shear
connectoI'8 than in the past.
Composite beams in whicb tbe longitudinaJ spacing of shear connectors
has been varied according to the intensity of statical shear, and duplicate
beams where the required number of connect.oI'8 were wliformiy spaced, have
exhibited the same ultimate strength and the same amount. of deflection at
nonnal working loads. Only a alight defonnation in the concrete and t.he
more heavily stressed shear connectors is needed to redistribute the horizontal
shear to other less he-avily stressed connectors. The action is anaJogous to
that which takes place in connections having a large number of fasteners in
the line of stress. The important consideration is that the total number of
connectors, either side of the poillt of maximum moment, be sufficient to
develop full compoe.ite action at that point. The provisions of the Specifica.
tion are based upon this concept of composite action.
The working values for various types of shear connectors are based upon a
factor of safety of approximately 2.50 against. their demonstrated ultimate
strength.
Working values for use with concrete having aggregate not conforming
to ASTM C33 and for connector types other than those shown in Table
LIlA must be established by 8 suitable testing program.
The values of q in Table 1.1104 must not be confused with shearconnection
values suitable for use when the required number is measured by the I)aram·
eter VQ/ I, where V is the total shear at any given crOSlHlOCtion. Such a
misuse could result in providing less than half the number required by Fonnulas
(18) or (19).

SECTION 1.13 DEFLECTIONS

Although deformation, rather than stress, is sometimes the criterion of
satisfactory design, there is no single scale by which the limit of tolerable
deflection can be defined. Where limitations on flexibility are desirable t.hey
are often dictated by the nature of collateral building components, such as
plastered walls and ceilings, ruther than by considerations of human comfort
and safety. Tbe admissible amount of movement varies with the type of
component.
Movement under varying applied loads which would be intolerable to
peraons standing on a structure may be in no way objectionable 'in the case of a
shed·type building whoee only function is to provide sheller. Where human
comfort is the criterion for limiting motion. as in the case of perceptible
vibrations. the limit of tolerable amplitude is dependent upon the frequency of
vibrations .

• Progress Report of the Joint ASCE .ACI Committee on Composite Construction

ASCE Journal of tlu! StrllClural Division , Deeember, 1960. Equation (3) .
•• See !<' IeJ:u.ral Strength of Steel-Concrete Compoaile Beams, ASCE Journal of
the SlrllCl urai Diuisum, April, 1964.
 ·'itrodund &«1 for Buildjflll' • 5 - 125

Obviously, Ute mOftt satisfactory solution must. rest upon the sound
judgment. of qualified engineers. As a guide. but. only a guide, the foUowing
rules are suggested:
The dept.h of fully atressed beama and girders in 800rs should, if practi·
cable, be not. less thun F,/ 800,OOO times the epa11, and where subject to shock
or vibration not lees than F, /650.000 times the ept.m. If members of lese depth
are used, the unit atroee in bending sbouJd be decreased in the same ratio a8
the depth is decreased from that recommended above.
The depth of fully 8uessed roof purlil18 should, if practicable, be not leM
than F,/l,OOO,OOO times the apan. except in the case of roofs with a slope not
leas than 3 in 12.
Minimum depth ratiOll for restrained and continuOUJ spana should, if
practicable, be BUch that the deflection at critical pointe will not be greater
than that of a simple beam designed for the flame loading.
In the case of Bat 1OOfa, the Specification limits the depth-span ratio of
supporting beams and girders to f. /6IJO,OOIJ, regardJese of any condition of
continuity. This is done in order to minimize the effect of "ponding,"
wherein the deflect.ion of supporting beams rcsuJta in the retention of rain
water which. in turn, causes additionaJ deflection.
Serious ponding effect. is dependent UI)()I\ the accumulation of several
inches of water over substantial portioJ\8 of the roof, genemDy due to the
failure of roof drains to function adequately. Where very large roof areaB are
involved, the hydraulic gradient required for Bow towards the eaves from
remote regions may, during extreme rainfaU rates, exceed the pitch provided
for nonnal drainage.
[n the case of continuous framing, unequal dead load deflections in
adjacent spans can f08ult in a greater accumulation in one span which, in
turn, tends to unload the adjacent s pans, thus reducing the restraint at the
ends of the more heavily loa.ded span. To prevent this occurrence the same
depth-apan Limitation is stipulated for continuous framing as for simple spans.

SECTION 1.14 GROSS AND NET SECTIONS

1.14.3 Net Section
Teste have shown that the ultimate strength of a tension member con·
taining holes usually will not exceed 85 percent of a similar member without a
bole. even when the net IIedion. computed in accordance with the preacribed
ruJ es, is more than 85 percent of the groM eection. Hence, a limitation of this
amount has been added. Otherwise the provisions relating to gt088 and net
area are the same as fonnerly.

1.14.6 Pin·Connected Members

Forged eyebars bave been replaced by pin-oonnected plates or eyeban
flame-cut from plates.. Provisions for the prol)()rt.ioning of eyeban contained
in the Specificat.ion are baaed upon standarda evolved from long experience
with forged eyebanL Through extensive destructive testing they have been
found to provide balanced designs when these membere are flame-cut inatead
of forged. The IIOmewha.t more conservative rules for pin-connected membere
of non-unifonn CTOM-eect.ion and those not having enlarged "circular" heads is
likewise based on the results of experimental research.·

• See Pin-Connected Plate Li.nb, 1939 ASCE Tron.toctio,...

• 5· 126 • Commt:niory on. A I SC Spt:Ci(icotion

1.14.7 Effective Areas of Weld Me tal

The effective throat thicknet18 of partial penetration single-V, single.
beveJ, single.J and single-V groove welds having no root ol)Cning has been
added. The first two of these have been discounted by I I inch becauae of
the difficulty of ensuring full penetration at the bottom of the groove, as
indicated in Fig. C 1.14.1.
Partinl penetration groove welds of this type are freque ntly used in
column splices and in connecting elements of built-up members, pedestals.
grillages and similar 888emblies where the stress to be transferred is sub-
stantially lees than that requiring a complete penetration buLl weld. As in
the C8.8e of 6llet welds, the minimum permissible size of welds is a function
of the tbiclrnet18 of the material being welded.

Closed Single-Bevel Closed Singl&-J

CIOIMld Singl~ V Closed Single-U

,
rI r!? D kl-
I...

ii
Incomplete Penetration Single-Bevel Incomplete PenetrAtion Singie-ll
Groon Welda in Column Splices Groove Welda in Buih.Up Column
Incomplete [)enetratioD Groove Welda
Fig. C 1.14.1
 Structural 5t«l for Buiidin,8 • 5 ·127

SECTION 1.15 CONNECTIONS

1.15.1 Minimum Connections

The requirement that connections carrying calculated stress be designed
for not. iesa than 10,000 pounds. which was based on t he aS8UJl'lption that only
rivets (for practical reaaons requiring two as a minimum) would be used in the
connection. has been reduced eomewhat in keeping with tile current use of
fillet. welds and A307 bolts. The new requireme nt. is still adequate to take
care of temporary stress due to handling and erection.

}.1 5.3 Placement or Rivets, Bolts and We lds

Slight eccentricities between the gravit.y axis of single· and double-angle
members and the center of gravity of their connecting rivets or bolts have
long been ignored as having negligible effect upon the strength of such mem-
bers. Much more attent.ion has been paid to the matt er in welded construc-
tion, resulting at times in somewhat. awkward details. T esta have shown -
this practice to be unwarranted in statically loaded structures and t he Speci-
fication has been revised to retied these findings.

l .lIi.6 Fillers
The practice of securing fillers by means of additional faste ners, so tha t
they are in effect an integral part of a shear-connected component, is not
required where a connection is designed as a friction-t.ype joint. using high
strength bolts. In such connections the resistance to slip bet.ween filler and
either connected part is comparable to t.hat which wouJd exist. bet.ween t.hese
parts if no fill were required.

1.16.10 Rivets a nd Bolts in Combination with Welds

The sharing of stresa between riveta and A307 bolts, as in earlier editions
of the AISC Specification, is not recommended in new work. H igh strengt.h
bolts used in bearing-type connections 8190 should not be required to share the
slresa with welda. High strengt.h bolta used in friction-type connectiollB, how-
ever, because of the rigidity of the connection, may be proportioned to func-
tion in conjunction with welds in resisting the trans,[er of stress acr088 faying
surfaces, provided the welds are made after the bolts have been t.ighteI1ed.
In making alterations to existing structures it is asswncd that whatever
slip is likely to occur in riveted joints or high strength bolted, bearing-type
joints will have already taken place. H ence, in such cases t.he use of welding
to resist all cont.empla ted stresses in addition to those produced by existing
dead load. present at t he time of making the 81teration, is permitted.

SEC'l'lON 1.16 RIVETS AND BOLTS

1.16.1 High Strengt.h Bolts
The addition of this Section citing the specification of the Research Coun-
cil on Riveted a nd Bolted Structural Joints merely confirms action taken by
the American I nstitute of Steel Construction as long ago as 1950 in endorsing
that standard.
- The Welt/inN Journai, January, 1942, pp. 449 Rnd 458.
5·128 • Commentp/,), 011 A /SC Specjficatioll

1.16.3 Long Grips

Provisions requiring a decrease in calculated stress for rivets having long
gripe (by arbitrarily increasing the required number an amount in proportion
to the grip length) are not required for high strength bolts. Tests· have
demonstrated that the ultimate shearing strength of high strength bolt.8
having a grip of 8 or 9 diameters is no less than t.hat of similar bolta with
much shorter grips.
1.16.4 Minimum Pitch
The recommendations for minimum pitch in the spacing of rivets and
bolts is dictated solely by the need. for driving or wrenching clearance during
the installation of these fasteners.

SECTION 1.17 WELDS

1.17.2 Qualification of We ld and Joint Details
As ill earlier editions, the Specification accepts wit.hout further procedure
quaiificntion numerous weld and joint details executed in accordance with t.he
provisions of t.he A WS Standard Code for Welding in BuildilllJ Construction
and t.he A WS Standard Specifications for Welded Highway and Railroad
Bridges. Other welding processes, such as inert gas welding, have boon
developed and are being used, but have not been standardized 8ufficienUy to
be included specificaUy in the Specification. They may be used provided
they are quaH6ed to the satisfaction of the designer and t.he building rode
authority.

SECTION 1.18 BUILT-UP MEMBERS

Requirementa dealing with the detailing of built-up members, which
cannot be stated in tenns of calculated stress, have been assembled in a single
section of the Specification. Many of them are baaed upon judgment, tern·
pered by experience.
TIle longitudinal spacing of fasteners connecting components of built-up
compression members must be SO limited that buckling of segments between
adjacent fasteners would not occur at less load than tbat required to develop
the ultimate strength of the member as a whole. However, maximum fastener
spacing less than that necessary to prevent loca1 buckling may be needed to
ensure a close fit-up over the entire faying surface of components designed to
be in contact with one another.
Provisions based 0 11 thia latter consideration, like those giving maximum
spacing of stitch fasteners for separated components of built-up tension mem-
bers, are of little structural significance. Hence, BOme lat.itude is warranted in
relat.ing them to the given dimensions of a particular member.
The provisions governing the proportioning of perforated cover plat.es are
based upon extensive experimental research ...

• Long Structuml Joiola of A7 Stee1, Fritz EngifU!£ring lAboratory Report No.

271.18 .
•• Perforated Cover Plates for Steel Columns, Research ppper RPl861, National
Bureau of Standtuda, and
Study of COIUllUl8 with Perforated Cover Plates, AREA R'dktin No. 531, Sept.-
Oct., 1956.
 Stnldurol SUft for BuiJdinp • 5 · 129

SECTION 1.19 CA1tfBER

The cambering of flexural members. to eliminate the appearance of
.,.,gin, or to matcb the elevation of adjacent building components when the
member is loaded. is accomplished in various ways. tn the case of trusees and
girdel1l the desired curvature can be built in during 888embly of tho com-
ponent parts. Within limits, roUed beams can be cold-cambered at the
producing mill.
R ecently the local application of beat has come into common use as 8
means of straightening or cambering beam8 and girders. The method depends
upon an ultimate abortening of the beat-aO'ected zones. A number of such
zones, on the aide of the member that would be subject to compression during
cold-cambering or "gagging", are heated enough to be "upset" by the reo
straint provided by surrounding unheated areo.s. Shortening takes place
upon cooling.
While the final curvature of camber produced by any of these methods
can be controlled to a remarkable degree, it mUBt be realized that some toler-
ance, to cover workmanship error and permanent cbange due to handling. is
inevitable.

SECTION 1.20 EXPANSION

M in the case of deflections, the satisfactory control of ezparurion cannot
be reduced to a few simple rules, but must depend largely upon the good judg-
ment of Qualified engineers.
The problem is more aerioUB in buildings having masonry wall encloaure8
than where tile walls conaist of prefabricated units. Complete divorcement
of the framing, at widely spaced expansion joints, is generally more satisfac-
tory than more frequently located devicetl dependent upon the sliding of parts
in bearing, and usually less expensive than rocker or roller expansion bearings.

SECTION 1.23 FABRICATION

1.23.6 Welded Cons truc tion
Inclusion of 8 number of grades of steel in the Specification has created
the need for a greater control of preheat and int.erpasa temperature in welding.
The rules given reflect present practices as indicated by the standards of the
American Welding Society and the Welding Researcb Council publicat.ion
WeldabiLUy of Steels.

SECTION 1.24 SHOP PAINTING

The shop painting of structural steel not to be encased in concrete is no
longer mandatory. Steelwork to be covered up by the building finish will be
shop painted only if required by the plans and job specification. The lUnate
condition of steel framing disclosed by the dc.rnolition of long·standing build-
ing:s has been found to be unchanged from the time of its erection, except at
isolated spots where leakage may have occurred. Where such leakage is not
eliminated the presence or abaence of a ahop coat is of minor influence.•

• See Shop Paint and Painting Pnlctice, 1964 Proce«Jinp AlSO NaJ.wn.aJ. El'l/li.
neuing Oonfertrl«.
 !i ·130 - Commentary on A/SC Sprei/icalion

As in the past, the Specification does not define the type of paint to be
used when a shop coat is required. Conditions of exposure and individual
preferences with regard to finish paint are factors which have a bearing on the
selection of the proper primer. Hence, a single formulat.ion would not
suffice .•

SECTION 1.26 INSPECTION

Starting at tbe producing mills, a nd continuing in the fabricator's plant,
steel required to have a yield point in excess of 36,000 pounds per SQunre inch
must at all times be eo marked as to identify the ASTM specifica t.ion to whicb
it conforms.

PART 2
SECTION 2.1 SCOPE
Pending the completion of current research, the use of plastic design is
limited largely to low building frames wherein axial stress in the columns is
relatively small. However , beams in the floors of multi-story buildings, in
which sidesway is prevented and resistance to lateral forces is provided by
means other than the bending stiffness of these beams, may be designed in
accordance with t.he provisions of Part 2, provided the columns in such struc-
tures are designed in accordance with t.he provisions of Part 1.
The adoption of a load factor of 1.70 for beams reoognizea a fundamental
premise of plastic design, namely that a plastically designed continuous beam
should provide the same margin of strength as that inherent in 8 simply sup-
ported beam designed under an allowable working stress type of specification
to support the same load.
The plastic bendinJl: strength of a oompact flexural member is: grenter than
its strength at. initial yielding, in an amount measured by the shape fa ctor f of
its pro6le; a non-compact member (meeting the provisions of Sect. 1.9. but
not. thOBe of Sect. 2.6), usually has but little reserve strength beyond the
elastic limit because of buckling. Hence, for such members it may be said
that the effective shape factor is 1.0. The load factor , F, to be used in plastic
design is defined·· as

where IT~ and IT .. are, respectively, t.he yield stress and allowable working
stress. A load equal to 33,000 X 1.0 .,. 1.65 has proven adequate for t he
20,000
design of non-compact sectiolls for many years.
TIle superior bending strength of compact sections is now recognized in
Part 1 of the Specification by increasing the allowable bending stress to
O.66F,. By the same token the logical load factor for plastically designed

• For a comprehetlBive treatmen t of the subject ace Systems and Specifications.

Steel StruCtU11!6 Pointing Monuol. Volume 2. published by the Steel Structun!8
Painting Council.
.. See A$CE Manual of Enginf!Wing Practice No. 41. Commentary on PIAItic
Design in Steel, Pflge 18.
 &ructurol Steel/or Buildi,." • 5 · 131

beams having compact pro51es is given by the equation F _ 2L-

O.66F,
(f). For

such shal>e8 listed in the AISe Steel Construction Manual. the variation of f is
from 1.10 to 1.23 with a mooe of L12. Then the corresponding load factor
must. vary from 1.67 to 1.86 with a mooe of 1.70.
Such a load factor is consistent and in better balance with that inherent in
the aUowable working stresses for tension members and deep plate girders, 88
weU as for the design of non-compact roUed beams.
Extension of plastic design methods to simple beamA is merely for the
convenience of the designer. When the ana lysis of other members in a frame-
work is made on an ultimate strength basis using factored loads, it. is not
necessary to convert these loads back to actual requiremente in order to
proportion simple beams acrording to an aUowable bending stress provision.
Usually the same selection of member size results from solving for the required
M. at ultimate load .
SECTION 2.2 STRUCTURAL STEEL
The plustic design rules have been revised to incl ude the use of A36
structural steel. Since the elastic-plastic behavior of steels having yield
points in the range, of but higher than, 36,000 pounds per square inch (charac-
terized by the idealized stress-strain curve shown in }<·ig. C 2.2) is eesentiaUy

~ ~,-r-_-_---;-s:=", :,- ---

__
Fig. C2.2

the sarne as that of A7 and A36 steel. applications of plastic design would Dot
be improper. However, before this is recommended. the stability problems
(local buckling, lateral buckling a nd column buckling) must be restudied at
the higher stress level oorrespond.ing to the higher yield point. Hence. for the
present, the provisions are limited to steels having a specified y ield point of
36,000 pounds per square inch or less.

SECTION 2.3 COLUMNS

The limitations which have been placed on slenderness and on the intensity
ofaxia1loading reflect lhe fact lhat the effe<.1.ive plastic bend in g strength of a
member and its ability to rotate plastically decreases as slenderness a nd con-
current axial st.ress increase, and reaches a 110int where it is either non-
existent or 80 small as to render a shape too uneconomical for the requirements
of a given problem. However, these limits are ample enough to include the
full range of practical problems encountered within the scope presently
recommended for plastic design.
Three readily distinguishable condiUons of end moment are recognized:
Casetl 1, II and ill. Each is covered by an interAction formula giving the
effective moment M (> furnished by a particular ahal)C in the presence or a
5 - 132 • CommentQl'Y on. AISC Specl/ico.llon

given axial load P, in terms of the full plastic moment Alp of its profile and Lhe
axial load t.hat it would support in the absence of bending moment.
Within the limits given. the interaction expression for Case 1 (FonnuJa
21) is independent of slenderness ratio. 'The effective moment lifo is reduced
from the full plastic moment capacity M , furnished by the profile only by the
amount of Ule profile area required to support the given axial load P at yield
stress. • For Case II and Case III colwnns. the axial load which the profile
could SUPl>ort is dependent ul>on slenderness ratio. The corresponding inter_
action expressions (Formulas 22 and 23) become rather complex and can beat.
be expressed in terms of coefficients. the numerical values for which, corre·
sponding to values of IJr, are given in Tables 4-33, 4-36 and ,5.33, 5·36 in the
Appendix to the Specification.
By virtue of the provisions of Formula (20), use of Fonnulaa (21), (22)
and (23) is limited to frames in which sidesway is not a problem. Substan-
tially t he same interaction expressions as those given by Fonnulaa (21), (22)
and (23) could be written using Formulas (6) and (7), expressed in terllUl of
ultimate load rather Ulan working stress.·· These would have the advantage
of affording solutions for t.he cases where one of the computed end moments
was neither zero nor equal numerically to the other end moment. However.
the amount of design time involved in testing the suitability of a trial prome for
the given load, moments and unbraced length by these expressions, 88 com-
pared with use of the tables noted above. would seldom be justified by the
slight economy in the use of steel that might be achieved.

SECTION 2.4 SHEAR

The capacity of an unreinIorced web to resist shear has been defined as an
average shear suess equal to F,jv3.··· The effective depth of a beam h88
been Laken as 0.95 times its actual depth to allow for the presence of plastic
strain in tbe flanges, due to concurrent bending. Thus

V. _ 0.::::, wd = 0.55F,wd (in I>ounds)

- O.OOO55F, wd (in kips)

Assuming the moment +M. in Fig. C 2.4. expressed in kip-feet. to be re-
sisted by 8 couple of forces at the centroid of the beam flange, the shear,
in kips, produced in beam-to-column connection web abed can be computed as
V _ + 12M
O.95db
when
V = V" = O.OOO55F,wd~
12.000M
Req'd w
O.95d& X O.55F,d.

- 23.000M
AJ•
• See ASCE MaTlual of Ell8ineering Pmctice No. 41, Commentary on Plastic
DetJign in Steel, pp. 76-81 .
•• I bid., Eqs. (7.13) snd (7.16) .
••• See ASCE Manuol of Engineering Practice No. 41. Commentary on Plastic
Design in Steel, p. 39.
 Strudu1'Ol Sled lor Bu j/d;,,1l' • 5· 133

-M,
~

"
•
d,

d
,
d,

--M.

Fig. C 2 .•

where Ate is t he planar area abed and Fr isexpre88ed in pounds per 8Quareinch.

SECTION 2.' WEB CRIPPLING

Usually stiffeners are needed, as at ab and dt: in Fig. C 2.4. in line with
t he 8angca of a beam rigidly connected to the flange of a second member 80
located that their webs lie in the same plane, in order to prevent criPI)ling of
the web of the latter opposite the compression flange of the fonner. A
stiffener may al..eo be required opposite the tension flange in order to protect
the weld joining the two Ranges; otherwise the stress in the weld might be too
great in the region of the beam web, due to lack of bending stiffnC811 in the
Bange to which the beam is connected.
The formulas given for least weh thicknC88 w· and Oange thickness ',•••
below which 8tiffeners are required, have boon developed and corroborated by
teste··· to ellllure that yielding will not occur at these pointa before the fu ll
AI, value of the connected beam has been reached. 'They are equally lIppli~
cable to aimilar welded beam-to-column connections executed in accordance
with the provisions of Part 1 of the Specification and conservative for bolted
beam-to-column moment connections.

• ASCE ManulJi of EnBinrering Proclke No. 41, Commentary on Plastic Design in

Steel, Eq . (8.27).
•• I bid .• (Eq. 8.26) .
... See Welded Interi(}r 8eam-to-CCJlumn ConruclioM. American Institute of Steel
CODllruction.
5 -134 • Commentory on AISC Specification

When stiffeners are required, as an alternative to the usual pair of hori-

zontal plates, vertical plates parallel to but. separated from the web as shown
in Fig_ C 2_5 may prove advantageous..

,
Sliffener I'hl1('!l

I'
I
I
I

1
l
Fig_ C 2_5

SECTION 2_6 MlNTMUM THICKNESS (WrOTH. TmCKNESS

RATIOS)
The width-thickness rat.ios of compression elements of a profile subject to
rotation due to plastic hinge action are more resUietive t.han similar rati08
given in Sect_ 1.9 of the Specification. The latter are required merely to reach
yield streas without buckling. To ensure adequate hinge rotation capacity the
proportions required for compreesion elements in regions of maximum moment.
in plastically designed framing are such that t.hese elements can compreae
plastically to strain-hardening.·
The web dept.h-t.hickness ratio of beams and girders required to develop a
plastic hinge at ultimate load is limited to 70. In the presence of concurrent
axial loading this ratio is to be reduced in accordance with Formula (25). but
not below 43. None of the rolled shapes have a web depUl-t.hickness ratio
in eXc.l88 of 70_

SECTION 2.7 CONNECTIONS

Connections located outside of regions where hinges would have formed
at ultimate load can be treated in the same manner that similar connections
in frames designed in accordance with the provisions of Part 1 would be
treated. Since the moments and forces to be resisted will be th08e correeJ)ond-
ing to ultimate load. the permissible stresses to be used in proportioning parts
of the connection will be in t he ratio F ,/O.6F,. or 1.67 times those given in
Sect. 1.5 and 1.6, except that high strength bolts required to resist tension
may be proportioned on the basis of their proof load .

• See ASCE Mal1ual No. 41, Commentary on Plastic Design in Steel, Section 6.2.
 Slrudwal Steel. for Buildj1l8l • 5.135

The lIllme procedure is valid in proportioning connections located in the

region of a plastic hinge, with two added restrictioRii. The width-thickneat
ratio and Wlbraced length of aLi 1)8rt.s of the connection that would be subject
to compre88ion alreases in the region or 8 hinge shall meet the requiremente
given in Pan. 2. end sheared edges and punched holes shall not be used in
portions of the connection subject to tension.
When a haunched connection is proportioned elastically ror the momcnta
t hat would eX ist within ita length, thc continuous frame can be analY7.cd 8S a
mechanism having a hinge at the small end ollhe haunch. rather than at the
intersection point between connected members.· with 80me attendant
economy.
Haunched connections designed in ac:cordance with the following pro-
cedures will meet all of the requirementa 01 Sect. 2.7.

Tapered Haunches (See Fig. C2.7.1.)

1. Make web thickness not less than that of adjoining membel"8.
2. Proportion flange area 80 that the moment at any point due to ulti-
mate loading, divided by the corresponding plastic modulus 01 the section
taken normal to the connected member. would not exceed the yield point.

Fig. C 2.7.1

3. a. Lr the taper is BUch that the atrese. computed as in (2) above. i8

approximately yield point at bot.h ends. limit the unbrnced length l to not
more than 6 times the flange widt.h b or, ait.ernatively. mwtiply the flange
thidrness t', used in computing t.he plastic moduli. by the factor

1+0.1 (~-6)
b. Hthe proportions of the haunch areauch that. the stress aLone end,
computed 88 in (2 ) above. is approximately the yield point and the computed
stress f at the other end. using the seeLion modulus instead of tho plastic
modulus, is leN than yield point. Limit the unbracerl length to
I - (17.5 - 0.40nb
but not less than 66 .

• See Pkutk /)Uigll in Steel, American loatitute or Steel Construction, pp. 36

and 37.
5·136 • Comm~ntary 0 /1. A/se Speci/ictlliOn

c. If t he bend,i ng stress, computed on the basis oftha section modulus,

is lese than the yield l)Oint at all transverse sections. check to be aure that tbe
maximum COInI)Uted value does not exceed
12,000 X 1.67
ld
A,
where l is the distance between bracing points and d is the greateet depth of
section between these points.
4. Provide stiffeners at both ends of tapered haunches, making the total
cross-sectional area of these stiffeners not less than three-fourths t.hat of the
flange area.

Curved Haunches (See Fig. 2.7.2. )

1. Provide weh thickness not less than that of adjoining members.
2. With the aid orthe graph in Fig. C 2.7.3, determine the required thick-
ness t' (or a haunch flange having a width b equal to that of the connected
member in which the hinge would form.
t' .., (1 + m )t

Note "A"- Area of this

fiang9 need not exceed
tha t of ctlnnec:ted fiani e
if bending 1I1.re811, lt1 J S,
is less than Ir

Fig. C 2.7.2

3. If the unbraced length tt equal to Rq, where q, is expressed in

radians, is greater than Sb, increase the haunch ftange thickness, computed as
in (2), by an amount equal to

0.1 (4 - 6)t'
Alternatively, the haunch area bt' may be furnished by a plate having a width
not lese than ll 6 and thickhess not less than t'.
4. Limit width-thickness ratio bi t' of curved inner 8ange to 2Rl b or 17,
whichever is the sm.al1er value.
 Strm:turul Steel (or BuildingtJ • 5 · 137

5. Provide stiffeners at, and midway between, points of tangency,

making the total cross-sectional area of stiffe.ners at. the mid-brace point not
le88 than three-fourths that of the curved flange area.

o5
o •
~I-o 3
,
I
o2 \
"-
o. I
0 I I I I
3
• 5 6 7

Fig. C2.7.3

SECTION 2.8 LATERAL BRACING

Portions of members that would be required to rotate inelastically as a

plastic hinge. in reducing a continuous fTame to a mechanism at ultimate load.
need more bracing than similar parts of a continuous frame designed in
accordance with the elastic theory. Not only must they reach yield point at a
load factor of 1.67, they must also strain ine.lastically to provide the necessary
hinge rotation. This is not true at the last hinge to form , since the ultimate
load is assumed to have been reached when this hinge starta to rotate. When
bending takes place about the strong axis, any I- or W-shaped me.mber lends
to buckle out of t.he plane of bending. It is for tills reason that lateral bracing
is needed. The same tendency exists with highly stre88ed members in elasti-
ca11y designed frames, and in portions of plastically designed frames outside of
the hinge areas, but bere the problem is less severe since hinge rotation is not
involved.
Unbraced lengths no greater than those determined by Formula (26) en-
sure ample hinge rotation capacity when the width-thickness ratios of com-
pression elements are witbin t he limits provided in Sect. 2.6 SO as to prevent
local buckling. Values of la computed by t he formula are usually somewhat
conservative because no credit is given to t he restraining influence of segmenta
of the frame adjacent to the length under consideration. More accurate
procedures are available- fo r computing the critical unbraced length, but they
are ullnecessarily involved for ordinary usage.

- See ASCE M unualNu. 41, Commentary on Plast ic D88ign inSteel, Sect. 6.3.
Code of Standard Practice
for Steel Buildings and Bridges

Adopted by the Am_.lun ',..,tll"l. of St••1 CO,..lt,lIctlon 1124

Re vll.d hb,u.,lO, 1'"

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

101 Park Avenue, New York 11, N. Y.
5 ·140 • AISC Cod~of Slondarri Practice

FOREWORD

This current edition of the Code of Standard

Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges, effective
February 20, 1963. supersedes all previous ediLions.
 5 ·141

Code of Standard Practice

for Steel Buildings and Bridges
AdOPled 1924
Revised februlry 20, 1963

Since steel was first used for structural purposes, and concurrently with
the development of the structural steel industry. fabricators, erectors, owners,
archite<:t.a, engineers and contractors have developed (.'e rwin practiceB relat-
ing to the design, fabrication and erection of structural steel which have be-
come standard. While these standards are generally known, it is the purpose
of the American Institute of Steel Construction in publishing these standards
to make them available for ready reference by all those concenled WiU, the
use of structural steel in construction.
The standards herein described have been compiled as the result of studies
made by engineers and other members 01 the staff of the American iJlstitute
of Steel Construction and are set forth in reasonable detail in the foUowing
resume.
SECTION 1 GENERAL
(a ) Standard Specifications
In the absence of other instructions, the proViSIOns of the foUowing
standard specifications, as revised to date, govern the design, fabrication and
erection of structural steel:
For buildjnga and s imilar structures:
Specification for the Design, Fabrication and Erection of Structural
Steel for Buildings of the American Institute of Steel Con-
struction;
For bridgea:
Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges of American Associa-
tion of State Highway Officials;
Specifications for Steel Railway Bridges of American Railway Engi-
neering Association;
Specifications for Welded Highway and Railway Bridges of Ameri-
can Welding Society.

(b) Plans and Specifications for- Bidding

In order to ill8UTe adequate and complete bids, plans and specifications
accompanying the invitation to bid show:
5 ·142 • A1SC Code. of SUindClrd Practice

1. A complete design indicating the character of the work to be per.

formed and giving sizee, sections and the relative location of various membel"fJ,
floor levela, column oontel1l and offset&., with sufficient. dimcll8ions to convey
adequately the quantity and nature of the required structural 1Itool, and
2. Wind bracing and other special details, in sufficient detail regarding
rivetl, weidA and conatruction 80 that they may be readily under8tood and
supplied.
Plans are made to a 8C8le not less than ~ inch to the foot and the more
complez: information jg furnished to adequate 8C8le.
When the owner· provides the design, plans and specificatioll8 t.he fabri.
cator and erector are not re81)()n8ible for the suitability, adequacy or legality
of the design; nor jg the fabricator responsible for the pmcticability or snfety
of erection if the structure i8 erected by others. If the owner desires the
fabricator or erector to prepare the design, plalls and specifications or to
aaaume any responflibiJity for Ule suitability, adequacy or legality of the
design, he clearly atates his requirements either in the invitation to bid or on
such planfl and spec::ificatioJ'ls which accompany it.

(e) Patented Devices

Fabricatol"fJ aaaurne that all necessary patent rightl have been obtained
and that they (the fabricators) will be fully protected ill the use of patented
designfl, devices or parts shown on the plans which the o ....'11er eupp(j08.

SECTION 2 DEFINITION OF STRUCTURAL STEEL

The t.enn "structural steel" comprehends only the following categories of
paris,

Anchol"fJ for structur al steel;

8aeOB of steel or iron;
8cslll8, purtim, girta;
Bearing plates for structural steel;
Bearing shoes for bridges;
Bmcing;
Brackets;
Bridge pins;
Bridge railings of steel;
Columns or steel, iron, or pipe, or cement filled pipe;
Cou nterweight boxes for bridges;
Crane raila and stops;
Door frames constituting part of the steel framing;
Expansion joints connccted to the steel frame;
Floor plates (checkered or smooth) connected to tho steel frame;
Girders of steel;
Grillage beams and girdel1l of steel;
Hangers of structural steel, if attached to the structuml steel fram-
ing and shown on the framing plans;
• Thia term ia U8ed to dMigntlle not only the owner or the propoeed .lructure,
but &leo the architect, engilleer, general contractor, public authority or other
deeignated repreeentativel or the owner.
 Steel. Building' rmd Bridllt' • 5 ·143

Lintels shown on the framing plans or otherwise enumerated or

scheduled;
Marquees (structural steel frame only);
Monorail beams of standard structural shapes;
Separatol'8, angles, tees, c1ipe and other detail fittinp essential to
the structural steel frame ;
Suspended ceiling supports of structural shapes 3 indl(~8 or greater
in depth;
Shop rivets, permanent shop bolts, bolts required to assemble parts
for shipment and shop welds;
Struts;
'rie, hanger and sag rods forming part of the atructuralsteel frame;
and
Tru.....
Field Connection Material
When the fabricator erects the structural steel, the fabricator supplies
a ll materials required for temporary and for permanent collnection of the
component parts of the structural steel.
When the erection of the structural steel is l>erronned by someone other
than the fabricator, the fabricator furnishes:
1. Rivets of suitable siz.e and in sufficient quantity for aU field
oonnections of steel to steel which are designated as riveted field
oonnections, plus 10 per cent thereof to cover waste;
2. Bolts of suitable siz.e and su16cient quantity for all field connec-
tions of steel to steel which are specified to be permanently
bolted. Unless high strength bolts or other special types of bolta
and washers are specified. oommon bolts are furnished. 1'0
sUow for waate, an extra 2 per cent of bolts are furnished.
Unless sl>ecified in the invitation to bid or the specifications which ae-
oompany it, welding electrodes, shims, thin bearing plates used in lieu of
shims to provide an exact level grade ready to receive steel columns or girders
with ba&ee fabricated 88 an integral luut of the member, fitting.up bolts and
drift pins required for field connections are not furnisbed by the fabricator.
when the erection is performed by others.
The term "structural stee'" does not include steel, iron or other items
which are required for the assembly or erection of materials aupplied by trades
other than structural steel fabricators or erectors, even though such materials
are shown on the plans 88 rastened to the structural steel.
SECTION 3 CALCULATION OF WEIGHTS
If bids are requested or submitted at a price per l>Gulld of fabricated
atructural steel delivered or erected, rather than on a lump sum job basis.
Lhe actual weighing of materials is often impracticable and inaccurate. Jt is
deairable to calculate such .....eights according to the formula commonly used
by fabricatol"lJ , erectol"lJ and owners. While this formula doea not produce
actual .....eights. it is customarily used by fabricators and erectors in bidding
on a price per pound basis because it obviates the neceasity of meticulous and
involved calculatiolllf or additional shop work that entail substantial expeD8C.
Fabricatel'8 and erectors use t.bis formula to calculate weigbt. of fabricated
5 -144 • AISC Cod~ of Standard Proctice

structuraJ steel for all purposes, unless the invitation to bid or the owner's
plans or specificationa require the use of scale weights or BOrne other method
of calewation_
The standard formula or method of calculating weights of fa bricated
structural steel is lUI follows:
(a) The weight of steel is assumed to be 0.2833 of a pound per
cubic inch and the weight of cast iron is assumed to be 0.2604 of a pound
per cubic inch.
(b) Weights of shapes, plates, bars, castings, rivets. bolfB and weld
metal are calculated on the basis of detailed shop drawings and shop bills
of material showing actual dimensions of materials used 8 S follows:
1. Weight is calculated on the basis of rectangular dimenaiona
for all plates and ordered overall lengths for all structural sbapes
from which the required material is cut. without deductions for
copes, clips, sheared edges, punchings, borings, milling or planing.
When parts can be eoonomically cut in multiples from material of
larger dimension, the weight is calculated on the basis of the dimen-
sions of the material from which the parts are cut.
2. To the nominal theoretical weight of all univel'8ll1 mill and
sheared plates and slabs there is added o ne-half the aUowance for
variation or overweight in accordance with the applicable table in
the A.S.T .M. specifications.
3. To tbe nominal theoretical weight of rolled Boor plates
there is added one-half of the allowance for overweight in accorda nce
with ille a pplicable Tables 7-1 or 7-2 of the Steel Products Manual,
Carbon Steel Section. dealing with roUed Boor pla tes, published by
the American Iron and Steel Instit.ute_
4. TIle calculated weights of castings are determined from the
detail dra wings of the pieces.. An allowance for standard illlets for
such pieces and an average over-run of 10% are added.
(c) The weight of sbop rivets is calculated according to the fol-
lowing table:

Calculated Weight
Diameter of Rivet per 100 Rivets
~ inch 20 pounds
% inch 30 pounds
'.4 inch 50 pounds
38 inch 100 pounds
I inch 150 pounds
11A1 inch 250 powlds
11,4 inch 325 pounds

The weights of field rivets, shop and field bolts, nuts and washers,
are taken at their actual weights.
(d ) The following percentages of the calculated weight of materia l
80 protected are added for painting or galvanizing :
For each sbop ooat of paint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Y.r of 1%
For each ooat of oil ........................ . _. . . . . . . .. 1.4 of 1%
For galvanizing by hot dipping . ..... ..... ........ . . . . . . . ... 3Y.r%
 Steel BuUdinSII and Bridges. 5·145

(6) The weight of shop welds and of field welda in work erected by
the fabricator, is calculated on the basiB of tbe grosa weight of electrode
required to lay the weld as follows:
1. For standard equal-leg fillet welds:

Gross Weight of Electrode

Specified Weld Si7.e (Pounds per Foot of Weld·)
(Inches)
Continuous Intermittent· ·
.08 .09
"
II,
\4
. 15
.25
.17
.28
II, . 36 .40
1\ .50 .55
Y, .83 .91
1\ 1.25 1.40
1\ 1. 75 1.95
1'0 2 . 35 2.60
1 3 .00 3 . 30

• Net length as called (or on the drawings. exclU!:live or slart.ing and

slopping ends.
•• Weld length less than 32 times the specified lIize.

2. For unequal-leg fillet welds, tbe weight in the above table

oorre&ponding to the small leg is multiplied by the ratio of the
longer leg to the smaller leg.
3. For all groove welds, the weight of e1ectrode is calculated
by adding 100 % to the weight based upon the net theoretical \\"eld
Cl'088 section and length. The net theoretical volume of a square
groove weld with zero root opening is calculated as if J.i2 inch open.

SECTION 4 DRAWINGS AND SPECIFICATIONS

(a ) To enable the fabricator and erector to proceed properly and
expeditiously with the work, the owner furnishes as soon as l)()88ible a survey
of the building site or the lot lines and a set of oomplete drawings oon.8istent
with the original bidding plans and specifications. These show:
1. The design of the bridge or of the structural steel framework and
definitely locate all openings, levels, etc.; also,
2. AU materials to be furnished by the fabricator and give such ill~
formation as may be necessary for the preparation and completion of
shop drawings by the fabricator.
(b) In case of discrepancies between drawings and specifications for
buildings, the specifications govern. in the case of discrepancies between
drawings a nd specifications for bridges, the drawings govern. J n case of diB~
crepaneies between scale dimensions on the drawings and figures written on
them, the figures govern.
(e) When shop drawings are made by the fabricator, prints thereof are
8ubmitted to the owner for his examination and approvaL In order for the
fabricator to commence shop work, the owner muat return one act of prints
to the fabricator (customarily within five days) with a notation of the owner's
5·146 • A1SC Code of Standard Practice

outright approval or approval subject to corrections as noted. It is usual

practice for t.he fabricator to make the correctiOnB and to furnish one Bet of
corrected prints to the owner.
(d ) While shol> drawings prepared by the fabricator and approved by
the owner are deemed to represent t.he correct interpretation of the work to
be done, the fabricator is not relieved of responsibility for accu.racy of de-
tailed dimCnBiOll8 shown thereon.
(e) When the shop dmwings are furnished by the owner, he must
deliver them to the fabricator in time to permit the fabrication to proceed in
an orderly manner in accordance with the prescribed time schedule. The
owner prepares these shop d rawings, insofar 88 practicable in accordance with
Ule shop and drafti ng room standards of the fabricator.
TIle owner is responsible for the completeness and accuracy of shop
drawings 80 furnished.

SECTION. STOCK MATERIALS

(a) Many fabricators maintain stocks of steel products for use in their
fabricating operations. Such materials as are taken from stock by t.he fabri_
cator for use for structural purposes must be of a quality at least equal to that
required by the specifications of the American Society for Testing and Mate.-
rials applicable to the classifications covering the intended use. Mill test re.-
ports are accepted in the trade as sufficient record of the quality of materials
carried in stock by the fabricator.
The fabricator checks and retains the mill f.e6t reports covering the \1UI.
teriala he purchases for stock, but, because it is obviously impracticable to
do 80, he does not maintain recorda such as would identify individual pieces
of stock material against individual mill test reports. Such records are not
required if the fabricator purchases for stock under established speci.fications
as to grade and quality and tbe purchases can be checked against mill test
reports.
(b) It i8 common practice for the fabricator to use 8teel materials from
his stock in his fabricating operations whenever he desi~ to do 80, instead
of ordering items from the mill fo r the specific use. Stock materials purchased
under no particular specifications or under specifications less rigid than those
mentioned above, or stock materials which have not been 8ubject to mill or
other recognized test reports, are not used without the express approval of the
owner and then only under rigid inspection, except. that such material may
be used for small unimportant details where the qualit.y of t.he material could
not affect the strength of the structure.
SECTION 6 INSPECTION AND DELIVERY
(a) Test of Materi als
Mill teat reports are funlishcd by the fabricato r upon request of the owner,
provided such request is incorporated in tbe invitation to bid or otherwise
made in writing prior to the time the fabricator places his mill orders with the
mill 80 that he can, in turn, request them of the mill. If other tests ure de-
aired, the owner 80 8pecifies in the invitation to bid . The fabricator cus-
tomarily makes no tests of steel materials and the owner must. rely on such
additional tests of quality as he orders the fabricator to have made. Ift.esUi
of materials by others t han the mills are desired the owner should arrange for
8uch tests through the fabricator.
 Steel nuildHl~s and Rridll'!fl • 5 .147

(b) 'nspection
If the owner wishes an inspection of the steel by 8Omeone Olher than the
fabricator's own inspectors, he reserves the right to do 80 in his invitation to
bid or the aocompanying specificatioll8. Arrangements may be made with
the fabricator for inspection of materiala at the fabricating shop by the owner's
inspectors.
(e l Shop Painting
Prior to painting, the fabricator cleans the steel of I'U8t, looee mill scale,
dirt and other foreign IIUlterial by meall8 of wire bruehing. UnJC88 apecified,
the fabricator does not sandblast. flame clean, or pickle the material prior to
painting.
The shop coat of paint, unJess olherwise specified, is a prime coat, in-
tended to protect the steel for only a short period of exposure in ordinary
atmospheric conditions, and must be considered an impermanent and provi-
siol1al coating. Fabricators do not assume responsibility for deterioration of
such a prime coat of paint that may result from extended exposure to ordinary
atmospheric conditions, or from exposure to corrosive conditions more severe
than ordinary atmospheric conditions.
(d ) De livery o f Materia ls
11,6 fabricator wiU deliver the fabricated structural stool to the job site
in such sequence 89 will permit the most efficient and economical l)Crfonn.
ance of his own work. If the owner wishes to preecribe or control the se-
quence of delivery of IIUlterials., he reserves such right in his invitation to bid
or Ule specmcatioll8 which aocompany it.
The quantilies of material shown by the shipping statement are cus-
tomarily accepted by the owner, fabricator and erector as correct. Ac-
cordingly, if any shortage is claimed, the owner should immediately notify
the carrier and the fabricator in order that the claim may be inVeBligated.
(e ) Marking nnd S hjpping of Mate rials
Erection marks are painted on the structural steel members.
Rivets and bolts are commoruy shipped in separate containers according
to length and djameter and loose nuts and washers are shipped in separate
containers according to sizes. Pins and other small ,>aria.
and packages of
riveta, bolta. nuts and washers are wmnlly shipped in boXeR. crates, kegs or
barrels. A list and description of tbe material will usually appear on the out..-
side of ellch cloeed container.
Long girders are 80 loaded and marked that tllCY may be delivered at the
siLe in position for handling without turning. lnstructions for such delivery
should be given to the receiving carrier.
Anchor bolta, washers. and other anchorage or grillage mnterials to be
built into the masonry should be shipped 80 that they will be on hand when
needed. To make this possible, the owner should give the fabricator suffi·
cient time to fabricate and ship such materials before they are needed..

SECTION 7 ERECTION
(a ) M e thod of Erection
If the owner wishes to control the method and sequence of erection, he 80
.pecifics in the invitation to bid or the specifications that accompany it.
5 -148 • A/SC Code of Standard Practice

Othel'Wise t he fabricator will proceed according to the lOO8t economicaJ

method and sequence available to him oo118istent with the plans and specifica.
tione and such information as may be furnished to him prior to the execution
of the oontmct_
(b) Foundations, Pie n and Abutments
The invitation to bid_ or the specifications which accompany it, should
specify the time when all foundations, piers, and abutments will be ready, free
from obstruction, and ftCCC88ibJe to the erector. Unless the owner specifies to
the contrary in inviting bids, the fabricato r will bid on the basis that erection
wiD start at a designated time without interference or delay caused by the
owner or by others. The accurate location, strength, and suitability of al l
founda t ions, piers, a nd a butments is the sole responsi bility of Ule owner.
(c) Building Li.n es a nd Bench M8l'ks
The owner must accurately locate building lines a nd bench marks at the
s ite of the structure and furnish the fabricator a plan containing all such
information.
(d ) Anchor Bolts
All anebor or fowldation bolts and other oonnections between the struc·
tural steel and the work of other trades are located and set by the owner. In
order to avoid unnecessary expeD88, the owner must 8B8ume responsibility
for the accurate and oomplete performance of such work in time 80 as not to
delay or interfere with the erection of the structural steel.

(e) Steel and Cast Iron Bases and Bearing Plates

All steel grillage, rolled steel bearing plates, cast iron or steel bases which
are too heavy to be set without a derrick or crane are set and wedged or
shimmed by the steel erector, to grade or level lines which are determined and
fixed by the owner, who in turn grouts all such parts in place. All other looee
bearing plates are set to grade and are grouted by the owner. Before grouting,
the owner checks the grades and levels of the parts to be grouted, and is re·
sponeible for the accuracy of t he same. For steel columns or girders with
bases fabricated as an integral part of the member, the foundation is fmished
to exact grade, Jevel and ready to receive the steel work.

(f) Loose Lintels

UnlC88 otherwise specified in the invitation to bid or the specifications
which accompany it, the owner sets, without 8SBistance from the erector of
tbe structural steel, such loose lintels, shelf angles, and other pieces not
attached to the structural steel as are required by tbe plans and specifics·
tions.
(g) Working Space
The owner affords the erector oonvenient and adeqUAte space at the site
for his derricks, cranes, and other necessary equipment. When the structure
d086 not occupy the full available site, the owner provides adequate IJtorage
space to enable the fabricator and erector to operate at maximum practicable
opeed.
 Steel. Buildirl~ and Bridgu • 5· 149

(h) Tolerances
Some variation is to be expected in the finished overall dimensions of
atructural steel frames. Unlesa otherwise specified, such variations are deemed
to be within the IimitB of good practice when they are not in excess of the
accumula tive effect of the fabricating tolerances for finished parts permitted
in Sect. 1.23.8 of the AISC Specification for the Design, Fabrication and Erec·
tion of Structural Steel for Buildings, and the rolling tolerances for profile
dimenBion8 permitted under ASTM Specification AS, General Requirements
for Delivery of Rolled Plates, Shapes, Sheet Piling and Bars Cor Sl;ructurai
U...
In the erection of structural steel Cor structures other than bridges and
multi.story tier buildings the individual pieces are considered plumb, level and
aligned if the error does not exceed 1: 500.
In the erection of multi·story buildings individual pieces are considered
plumb, Jevel and aligned if the error does not exceed 1: 500, provided that:
(1) The displacement of the center-line of oolumns adjacent to elevator
shafts, from the e8tablished column line, is no more than 1 inch at
any poillt in the first 20 stories. Above this level, the displacement
may be increased 7§ 2 inch for each additionaistory up to a maximum
displacement of 2 inches.
(2) The displacement of the center-line of exterior columns from the
e8lablished column line, is no more than 1 inch toward , nor 2 inches
away from, the building line at any JX)int in the first 20 stories.
Above this level these limits may be increased J16 inch for each
additional story, but may not exceed a total displacement of 2
inches toward, nor 3 inches away from , the building line.
Tbe alignment oC lintels within limits closer than the foregoing tolerances
cannot be assured unless the owner's plans call Cor adjustable connectiol'l8 of
these lintels to the supporting framework. When adjustable connections are
apecified. lintels attached to the framework are considered to be in proper
alignment if their location, vertically and horizontally, is within 3 inch of
the location established by the dimensions on the plllIl8.
The owner. by whatever agencies he may elect, immediately upon com·
pletion by the erector. detennines whether the work, including aU lintels at·
tached to tbe framework with or without provisions for adjustment, is plumb.
level, aligned and properly guyed. In the event the owner finds otherwise, be
immediately notifies the fabricator a nd erector of any matters requiring cor-
rection. The responsibility of the fabricator and erector in t his connection
ceasea when the structural steel is once located, plumbed, leveled and aligned
within the tolerances permitted and guyed and braced 1'.0 the satisfaction of
the owner.
The temporary guys, braces, falaework and cribbing are not the property
of the owner and they may be removed immediately upon completion of the
steel erection unleae other arrangements are made. The owner removes, and
returns them in good condition if they are left in place under such arrange-
ments.
(I) Correction of Errors When Material [s Not Erected by the
Fabricator
Corrections of minor misfits and a reasonable amount of cutting and
reaming are considered a part of erection. Any error in s.hop work which pre-
5 ·150 • A1SC COIk of S14ndord Practice

ventA the proper 8B11e1Dbling and fitting of parts by the moderate use of driCt
pina, or a moderate amount. of reaming, dLipping or cut.ting, ahould be im_
mediately reported to the fabricator, 80 that he may either correct the error
or approve the method of correction that is to be used.
(j) Field Assembling
TIle aim of 8lI8embied piece& of structural steel may be limited by t.he per_
mi88iblc weight and clearance dimensions of transportation. Unless otherwiae
directed by the owner, the fabricator wiU provide for such field connections aa
wiU, in his opinion, require the le88t amount of field work.
(k) Cut. and Alterations
Neither the fabricator nor the erector wiU cut, driU or otherwise alLer
the work of other trades, o r his own work to accommodate other trades,
unl888 such work is clearly specified in the bidding information. Whenever
such work is specified, complete information 88 to size, location and number
of alterations mWlt be received prior to preparation of s hop detail drawings
covering the pieces requiring such work.
(I) Tentporury Floors for Buildings
It is customary for the owner to provide planking and to cover such
floors 88 may be required by municipal or state laws, excepting the floor upon
which the erecting derricks are located; the steel erector will cover this 800r
for his working purpoees. moving his planking 88 the work progrea&e8. II
other arrangements are deeired, the owner's invitation to bid and specifica-
tions should 80 specify.
(m ) Field Painting
The erector doee not paint field bolt heads and nuts, field rivet heads,
field welds, or touch up abrasions in the shop coat, o r perform any other field
painting unless specified in the owner 's specifications accompanying the invi-
tation to bid.
(n ) Final Cleaning Up
Upon completion of erection and before final acceptance, the erector re-
movee a U fal8ework. rubbish and temporary buildings funliahed by him.
,
SUMMARY OF PRINCIPAL MECHANICAL
AND CHEM ICAL REQUIREMENTS

ASTM Specifications
Rol led Stru ctural Steels

AMERICAN INSTIT UTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTI ON

101 Park Avenue. New York 11. N. Y.

lUfJised 3/66 5·155

SUMMARY OF PRINCIPAL MECHANICAL AND

CHEMICAL REQUIREMENTS-ROLLED STRUCTURAL STEELS

ASTM Specifications
l!!! A'~"!i ,I
SCOPI Product Group
Ten .
. . ,.
"" .
••• min
."
Elonl·
min .

I m~. "0
Percenlages

~
m~ •. ,
max.
Rlmlrks

7-blJ Shape. AU
i"'"" I ':ii;'

~~~~f:::o.
I.. I~~i::..
To I y'!
Plate • "'""
Ink.
Incl .
13
" " ... ... ... ." ." 881le

• ; "U,· •0'
b.r. Over ~~
."". •• "'""
thk.
Acid
beu.
. I Ii;;;; •.
- b31 I "·.. • A"
T• •
..... " 20
" ." ..
Ihk.
Incl . ." ... ...

Carbon sleel
shape s. pletea
'~~I' ." I/i. ...

'E~ ...... "

end bers 01 stru c-

" ." 1/;.

tural <l.ualll), lor Plat .. 20 ."••
use In flveted .
bOlted or welded
construction of
."
."••
~~}{{~:
." I ;'~
brldges.nd build .
Ings. and for gen ·
..alstru ctural pur ·
poses. When the
1\;.11 .30 .05
."
a'eel Is used In Ov .. ~
•••. ;~~ ~
...
welded const ru e· .29
lion. weldln~ pro· Incl
cedure sha I be
",1I.ble .~
lE~· ."
!~~~j~:.
l l eel end Ihe In_
tended service.
... ...
B...
,,, ,%!..l' I..... "
'0'
' hl"'s
20
" ." .~ ...
~:~:,:~
I lIm .20
.~ .. .
See plge 5 ·151 for footnote •.
5-156 • AS1'M Specification Summary

~~,T~
DeSI na Ion ,I Propertla.

".pe Produet Group

.,.
M.-;hanlcal

,. EIonS_
, _Chamlcl>l

Percantas.. Rama'ks

'"
", ,- 2- c
Tan.
min.
min.
s
". ~,~ P
mall.
1A242 -64T I -. I ~ Choka and

" " ...

u~ol
min. 50 8110)'In S
atamanll

..
HISh Itranf.lh low - - I-- - t- COmbined
alloy Itrue u." wllhC "'II,
Itaat Ihap-a.,
~ala. and ba.. o"$hap-a.
orwaldad •• ivatad
II
" - - " -...
min.
and S 10
produca
m.-;halll ·
or bottad COli·
It,uctlon 1"landed
prlma,lly for u ..
---I - I- cal propW.
U.. IhlH
ba mad.
a.lt.uctu...
mamber. wha,a
....ln5' In w.ISh!
"' " " " 1-"
--- --
min.
-- -
by manu.
la clu,.,.
Gr.. t ..
or ad a d du. · limo.·
.billty ... Impc)r '
lant. Th .......I. T.%
... ." I." ... .05 ... ph ... lc eor.
hi .... nh.ne.d
Ilmo.ph.,le co. ·
ro.lon , •• llllnel
thk .
Inel. min. " " IB m.lI. ' 0.101'1 , •.
.III'nca,1t
, .qul'ad,
Ihlll b.
equII to or 1I'I,tl'
--- I- -- -- -
..
th. n ca, bon " .ue· netoll.tld
wit Ih l
turel IIell. Wllh
,., '"
Pilies Ov.,~ m.nul,c·
" " -...
coPP.... Weldlnll Iu. " .
eh ... cterllll(:l bl'l Incl. min. Sultlbility
"'ry I c:eordln~ to olehlmlcal
Ihl tYPI 01 • ell
lu,n l.h.d. Thl • --- -- - -- eompo.l.
lion lor
• p.-;lIlclilon ,.
IImit.d to m"erll'
ur., 10 4 In ., Inclu·
• "a, In Ihk:knl".
""~
I"., 10 min.
~ Incl. " " ""
wlldlnS
.h.1I bl
m.dl ,
dlnllolh •
.
pu.eh......

r~440~ 64T I
, m'". -
... 50 IB
Hish .'relll'h
II . .' .h.p-a.,
pllIl•• nd ba.. 01
.t,uclure' 'Iuallty
Inllndld prlm.. ~ <Sh.p-al
lor uHln thl eon·
II,uetlon 01
1 - - 1-
II ...
" - - -" 1-
min. . Hot ,.-;om
mlndld
lorwlldlnl
.ivet.d or bott.d
K"
bridll" .nd build
Ins. and 'or oill.,
IPK'al Itructural
PY!rn:II, wherl
"~lnWII~hll'
" " ""
"' --
10%
min.

." ..
1.10 -,.
I... m,". ." ."...
Acid
AISC
pee.
1.17.2
aa.k: Ch.mlcal
requlrl '
s.cl

im .nt. T I " ,
mo.pll..le eon-o- "
Illk.
Incl.
...
min. 50 IB mIn" In.
eludl ,1.0
.Ion ...III.nCI of
th l, "1.1 I. IP'
~olllmr"IY IwicI
hat 0 It. uelu .. 1
e.rbonlleel. Thl.
IPaclllcltlon II
,., --- -- -- t- ...
PI. II'
b."
---
Ovar:
'" " -- -" -
Incl.
--
min.
-
. Cu .. 'OO.:2O'JI
eoP P
min .

IImllad 10 ml'arl.1
u~ 10 • In . Inelu -
1 "I in th icknl ... In " " " "
o,~
to ~
ncl. min.

See p'a' 5 · 157 10. loot not...

B('I)iMXi 3/66 Principal MI'Ch/Jnirnl ofld Chemical Reqlliremeni8 • 5 ·151

A~I~.
Design a Ion
nl M.chanlcal
Prop.rUn
"'Ch.mlcal

Scop. Product Croup

T.n.
." ..,'" ,..",.
min.
Elonl·
min.
C
P.rc.nlag.S

S P
R.marks

mall. Mo
Oth.r
- -- -- " ma •. rna •.

lAm·" otShapel Ihan

Croup
A
-T,-,- ... ...
eers thk . .21
Incl.
Croup
-- -- Sa. ASTM
Spec. lor
otShepel A .50 welver of
Carbon 51 ••1 -O...- - ... check
ple l.s. shares
,nd bars 0 s truc·
lurel quality nol
eers e.- I
Illk.
---
"
- - -- --
." enelysl.
end , .n·
ov.r 4 in. In thick.
n.sl. lor use In To" ,. .26 ... ... ." ."
.Ion I•• t l
10rC."eln
.mall I.C ·
th. construction
01 w.ld.d bridge.
and buildings and
Ihk.
Incl.
---
SS-75 32
" -- -- -- tlonl. C0rt·
p.r It •• 1 f

" ,
lor g.n.ral w.ld.d 'h
O~.r r equlr.d
"ructural
purposes. thk.
.25 ... Ihall b.
sp,cllled
Cu ...OO:~8;'
Incl.
Plat .. -- -- on 0.2

",
0 ..... 1 .50 min.
.26

-- ." ."
"
.,
'Ok
Incl.
---
"'~,
"
thk.
.22
.""
IA441· '3
Incl.

... -- - -I-- ---

--- -'"- - - -" -...
50
IlIh str.ngth low
IIlIoy structural
st.el shapes.
~,a tes and bers
-Shapes
min.

- -"- -"- ---" -

min. .
orw.lded •• I.... t. d
or bolted con·
" ,. Ch.mlc.1
strucUon bo'
tend ed r.;lmarlly
lor us. n welded
brld g.s and build·
'0' '" 4Z

T,. 1- -- - -
mIn. 16 r.qu lre ·
m.n,. In.
clud. e\so
copper.
Inp where $I ... ln~ thk.
'" " 1-" ." ,."" ." ." ."
min. 0.85 Cu ... 0.20';1(,
In W.i~ht or .dd.
dure b it)' er. 1m.
POrtent. Th.
at mospheric cor·
roslon r.slste nc. Plel"
'0'
Incl.

,,'
"'~:t
1-;;-
Incl. min . .
- - -" -
me ... min . and
v.,!a~~~
min.
of this s t•• II. ap.
fh:IlTmat.ly twlc.
het 01 $lru(;lurel ..." Ov.r
1"'; to
• Incl. " "
min .
,.
16
ce.bon st•• I. Thi.
specifiClltion I,
IImlt ed to material Over 4
>OS
1-;;- ...
uf,. to 8 In. Inclu·
s ve In thlckne ... Incl. min.
" "
• Valu.s r.prnent ledle anlllysis.
• s•• ind ividual ASTM I peclflclltlons
dlem.t", or thlckne ...
,,, deduction Irom pflfc.ntagflS ,,, Incremen ts 01
c See table below.
Group I Group II Group Itl
Wide Flenae Shep•• Wid. flenll. Shap.s
Nom . Size W.laht per fl . Nom . Slz. W.lght per ft.
All shap.. ..cer,t
those IIsled n 36 X 16~ All weights ax IS 119 to U6, Incl.
nxa AIlWelthl1
Groups
" '0' '" 14 X 16
12 X 11
141 to 1I,Incl.
120 10 190. Incl.
AnRl es o.... r '" In. In thlckne..

I Grouf A lncl ud. . W'" lhapes as lollows: All 36, 33 and 30,11 X 14, 24 X 14. 21 X Il, 14 X 16,
1 X 141o!t.12 X 12and lO X 10.
(XCERPTS FROM THE
AMERICAN STANDARD BUILDING CODE
REQUIREMENTS FOR

Min' Design Loads

in Buildings and Other Structures
A 58.1- 1955

S ponlo r : Natlon l l Buru u 01 Stl ndlrd.

AM ERI CAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

101 Park Avenue, New York 17, N. Y.
 5-161

EXCERPTS FROM THE AMERICAN STANDARD BUILDING CODE

REQU I REM ENTS FOR

Minimum Design Loads

in Buildings and Other Structures
A5i.l- 1955

Spoflsor: National Bur.. u 01 Stand"dl

2_3 PROVISION FOR PARTITIONS

til office buildings or other buildinga where partitions might be subject
to erection or rearrangement, provision for partition weight shaD be made,
whether or not partitions are shown on t he plans, unless the specified live
load exceeds 80 powuis per square foot.
3.1 UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOADS
3.1_1 Required Live Loads
The live loads to be assumed in the dceign of buildings and other struc-
tures shall be the greatest loads that probably will be produced by the in-
tended use or occupancy, but in no case less than the minimum uniformly
distributed unit loads required by Table 1.

Table 1. Minimum Uniformly Distributed live Loads

Uye load.
Occupancy or Use lb. per Iq. It.

Apartments (see Residential)

Armories and drill rooms 150
Assembly halls and other places of assembly:
fixed seats 60
Movable seats 100
Balcony (exterior) 100
Bowling alleys, poolrooms. and similar recreational areas 75
Corridors:
First floor 100
Other floors. same as occupancy served except as IndIcated
Dance halls 100
Dining rooms and restaurants 100
Dwellings (see ResidentIal)
Garages (passenger cars) 100
Floors shall be designed to carry 150 per cent of the maximum
wheel load anywhere on the lloor.
Grandstands (see Reviewing stands)
Gymnasiums. main floors and balconies 100
Hospitals:
Operating rooms 60
Private rooms 40
Wards 40
Hotels (see Residential)
libraries:
Reading l ooms 60
Stack rooms 150
Manufacturing 125
5 · 162 • E.,'xCYrpU-AmeriCOfl Standard Bu.ildinR Code

Table 1. Minimum Uniformly Oistributed live loads (continued)

u",. lo.d,
lb . . - "<I. ft.
Marquees
Offlee buildinss:
Offlees "
SO
lobbies
Pena' institutions:
Cen blocks
Conldors
..
100

100
Residential:
Multllamlly houses:
Private aparlments
Public rooms
.
100
Corridors
Dwellings:
firSI floor
Second floor and habitable attics
...,
60

Uninhabitable attics
Hotels:
Guesl rooms
Public rooms
.
zo
100
Corridors serving public rooms
Public corrid ors
Prlvale conldOl s .
100
60
Reviewing slands and bleache,s'
Schools:
CiaSlfooms
Corridors
Sidewalks, vehicular driveways, and yards, subject to trucking
.
100

100
250
Skallns rinks 100
Siairs, fire escapes, and exilways 100
Storale warehouse, IIShl 125
StOlase warehouse, heavy 2SO
Slor8l;
Retail:
filst· floor, rooms 100
Upper floors 75
Wholesale 125
Theaters:
Aisles, couldors, and lobbies 100
Orchesha l loors 60
Balconies 60
SlaSe floors ISO
Yards and tertaces, pedestrians 100

• for detailed .ewmmendaUonl, ... Am.rbn Standard Placel of OuldOor As.. mbly.
c:.end.tal'ld. and Tel'll'. Z2O.)- I950. o. Ihe 'alesl re¥lslon the."1 app,o"'ed by the
"me.'cel'l Standard. "nociallon, II'ICO.po.aled.

A3,1.2 Loads Not Spccilied

Stairway and balcony railings, both exterior and interior, s hou ld be de·
signed to resist a hori...ontn l thrust of 60 pounds per linear foot a pplied at the
top of the railing.
3,2 CONCENTRATED LOADS
Floors shall be designed to support safely the uniformly distributed live
loads pretteribed in section 3.1 or the concentrated load in pounds given in
Table 2, whichever prod u ~ the greater stre3ses. Urness otherwise specified,
the indicated concentratkm shaU be assumed to occupy an area of 2'2 feet
square and shaU be 90 located 8JI to produce the maximum str'C88 conditions
in the IItructuml members.
 Minimum Dc. jl1T1 Loodt • 5 · 163

Table 2. Concentrated loads

l oea tlon lOlld. pOu n d s
E)ev.I(lf m.chine fOom grating (on are. 014 sq. In.) JlO
Finish Ulht lloor plate construction (on aree of I sq. In.) 200
G.r.ges, passenger cars See 3.1.1
Office floors 2000
Scuttle • • skylight fibs. and accessible ceilings 200
Sidewalks 8000
Stair tleeds (on center of tread) 300

3.3 PARTIAL LOADING

When the OOl'l8truct.ion is such that the structural elements thereof act
together in the nature of an elastic frame due to their oontinuity and the ri-
gidity of the oonnectiol18. and the live load exceeds 150 pounds per aquare foot
or twice the dead load, the effect of partial live load such as will produce
maximwn stre&8 in any member shall be provided for in t.he design.

3.4 IMPACT LOADS

The live loads specified in 3.1.1 shall be assumed to include adequate
allowance for ordinary impact oonditions. Provision shall be made in the
structural design for uses and loads which involve unusual vibration and
iml)8cL forces.

3.5 REDUCI'ION IN LIVE LOADS

3.5.1. Roof Live Loads

No reduction shall be applied to the roof live load.

3.5.2 Live Loads 100 Pounds per Square Foot or Less

For live loads of 100 pounds or less per square foot. the dCflign live load
on any member supporting 150 square feet or more may be reduced at the
rate of 0.08 per cent. per square foot. of area supported by the member. except
that no reduction shall be made for areas to be occupied as places of public
8886mbly . The reduction shall exceed neither R as determined by the follow-
ing formula, nor 60 per cent.

D +L
R - 100 X 4.SSL

in which
R - reduction in per cent
D - dead load per square foot of area supported by the member
L - design live load per square foot of area supported by the member

3.5.3 Live Loads ElI:ceeding 100 Pounds per Square Foot

For live loads exceeding 100 pounds per square foot, no reduction sball
be made, except that the design live loads on OOIumn8 may be reduced 20 per
cent.
5.164 • ExcuptJl-America", SUJnilllrri Building Code

3.8 MIN1J\.1UM ROOF LOADS

3.8.1 Flat, Pitched, or C u rved Roofs
Ordinary roofs. either Bat, pitched. or curved , shall be designed for a
load not less than 20 pounds per square foot of horizontal projection in addi-
tion to lhe dead load, and in addition to either the wind or the earthquake
load, whichever produces the greater stresses.
3.8.2 Special Condi tions
(a) When the effect of Llle shape of roof structure as determined by
sctual test or experience indicates lesser or greater snow-retention value than
specified herein, the roof load shall be modified 88 directed or approved by the
building official.
(b) When valleys are fanned by a multiple aeries of roofs, special pro-
vision shalJ be made for the increased load at the intersections.
3.8.3 Special Purposo Roofs
When used for incidental promenade purposes, roofs shall be de8igned
for a minimum live load of 60 pounds per square foot; and 100 pounds per
square foot when designed for roof-garden or assembly U8C8. Roofs to be
used for other special purposes shall be designed for appropriate loads 8.9
directed or approved by the building official.
Recommended Live Loads
For Storage VVarehouses

AMERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CON STRUCTION

101 Park Avenue, New York 17, N. Y.
5 ·166

Recommended Live Loads

For Storage Warehouses
United States Department 01 Commerce, National BUreau 01 Standal d.

Weight Welllht Recom.

H.. lght
mend.d
Ma'MIaI ""
Cubic Fool
of Spac. Pile" ""
Squal. Foot
of Floor
u...load
Lb. pet
CO. feet CO. Sq. FOOl

BUILD ING MATER IALS

A.b •• lo • ••••••••••••....••••••..• .••••
Bricks, Bulldln ......... , .... ..... .... . .
50 ,,
,,
,.,
''5O"
Brick•• Fir. Clay ...................... .
Cement, Nalural .................. ... .
Cement, PorUand .................... .
Gypsum ••• ,." ... , .•••••••••••••••••••
Ume and Plaster .................... ..
Til ••.•..•.•••••.•••......•.•....••••••
Wood,. bulk ....... .... .............. .
"
~

12 to 105
50

.."
50
,,
,,
,
m
'1210 610

'"
'"
'"
..'",.
DR UGS, PAINTS, OIL. ETC.
, '"
Alum. Pear l, In barrel ........ ... .... ..
Bleaching Powder, In hogsheads .•...•
Blue "'Itrlol. In barrel................ .. .."
n
,,,'"
' 98
10'
m
Glycerine, In c.-... ..... , ............. .
Un.e.d 011. In bar r.I •.••••••••.••.....
...,."" '"
216

,,,•
..".'"'" ....
Un.e.d 011, In Iron drum ............. . '01
loawood Extr.ct, In boxu .•.•••.•.•.. 35'
Ro.ln. In Intr.I ..................... .. m
Sh.IIaC, Gum ....................... ..
" ,,. ,.
Soaps ••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••.••••
Soda ~.h. In hoashaad............. ..
Soda. Cau.Uc. In Iron drum •••.••••••• .
50

" ,".n. '"

Soda. Sllka'•• In barr.I•••••..••.•••..
Sulphuric Acid ....................... . "" ,, '00
no
m"
Toil.t Artlcl.......................... .
.... rnl.h.. ... ...• . .............. .
Willa lnd P•• t., In c.n ........... ..
WhIt. L•• d , dry ...................... .
R.d Lud .nd Ulh.r ••• dry ...•......
"
n," '"
.% ......'"
330

.'"
'%
DRV GOODS, COTTON, WOOL. ETC.
Burlap, In bal •••..••••••••••••••••.... ,,
Carpet•• nd Rugs •••.••••..••••..•..•• '"
"'
"" •••
Coir Varn.ln b . ..... ................. .
Conan. In bal.. , AmMlcan •.•..•••• ••• '"
'"
Cation, In ba"I, FOf.lan ••............
"" ••
120

,.."
COllon ell"e!'!.\! GOVdl,In enn.".,. 224
Cotlon Flann.'. In e••••.•.. , .. , ......
Colton Sh.ellne:. In case•••...........
Cotlon V.rn, In eas .................. . """ •• 200
ExcelslOf. comprels.d .••.•••••••.•..• 19
•• '"'" ,.
200
H.mp, Itellln, compr.lI.d ••..•.••..•
H.mp, Manll •• compr.n.d .......•..
Jut., comp.....d .•••••••.•..••....•••
Un.n Dllmllsk. In CIlS............... ..
.
"
lO

50 •,• '"
m
'SO
'SO
Lln.n Goods, In Cllsel ............... ..
Linen Tow.ls.ln e ..n ............... .
.."" ,• '"
Silk .nd SlIk Goods ................. ..
••• '"
'"
sr.al. compre...d ...... ............. .
Tow. compr....d ..•.•.. ...•.•...••.••
Wool, In 11..1 ... compr.n.d ••••••••.••
WOOl. In 11..1••• not compr.ued ••••..•
."
n

n
••
16.

'"
Wool. WOfsted •. In c.-I ••.••••••.•....
" '"
n,

We1aht p.I.f , and Recommend.d U .... Load p .••I. are b. .ed on Ilelalll of pile .hown.
 Recommelided Liue LDoth (NBS) · 5 · 167

We l8hl W.lllhi Recom.

mended
M.I.1II1 '"
Cubic Fool
olSpac"
'"
$q uere Foot
01 Floor
L.... Load
Lb. per
Lb. Lb. Sq. Fl.

GROCERIES. WINES. LIQUORS. ETC.

,•
S"ans. ln b.gs ............ . , ........ ..
Bever.gel ..................... ..
Cann"d Goodl, In eases . .. . . ....... ..
Cereall .•••. ••.••..•.....•. "" •• " ••• ..""" 8
8
'"
'"
'"
'"
Coc:oa ................................ .
Collee. Roalted. In bias .• ,., ••••••.•• "" 8
8
,,•
210

'"
Colle". Grotn.ln b.p ••..••••••••••.•
Oalel.ln e.sel •• , ••••••••••• • •••••••• "
55
, '"
'30
Flp. In c.lel ........................ .
f lour. In barrell ..................... ..
Fru ltl. Fr"Sh ••••••••••••••.•••.••••••.
Me.t and Mo.t Produetl •• , •••••••••••
""
...
.," ,,• ..
'"
201
210

'"
.
250
10I

,,,
Milk . COndens.d .................... ..
MoLasles,ln barrell .•••••••••••••••.•.
Rlce.ln baill ....................... . ..
Sli Sod •• In bar,.ls ................. ..
Sil l , In bap ........................ ..
."" , '"
'"
'"
35'
Soap Powder. In c•• es .............. ..
Starch,ln bar r.II .................... .. "" ,,
8
'"
15'
,,
"""
Sugar. In barr"ls ................ ..... . 215
SUllar. ln e•• e ...................... ..
Tea. In ch."I ....................... ..
Wlnas and Liquori, In berr.ls •......•• , '"
201

" "8
HARDWA RE. ET C.
AUlomobll. Parll .................... .
Cha in .. . .......•.......•......
Cullery .............................. ..
..
,"
....
,•
••
...'"
,..'"'"'"
Door Che<;k •.••••••.•••..•••••••••••.•
EIe<;I.1ca1 Goods end Mlchlnery •••••••
Hl n 8"1 •••••••••••••••••.•••....••..••• " ••
•• II.

""
Locks. In C.sel. p.cked ••••.•. .

'""' ....
M.chlner)'. Ll8M .................... ..
Plumbing. flxlur.............. .
Plumblnll. Supplies ................. ..
Sash Fa"ener....................... . ."
30 8
•• '30
'"
10I

,,• '"
SCrewl ............................... . 10'
Shafting St e"I. ...................... ..
Sheel Tin. In box" ••••• ... .•....... ...
Tooll. Smell. Melll. •.•••••••••• • ••••••
'"
'"
75
'51
..0
Wire Cables on r."I ................. ..
, '"
Wire. Insul.ted Copper, In coils • .• •••.
WIf". Galvanlnd Iron. In collI •••••••••
WIre. Ma8net, on lpaol •.•••••.•...•. .
""
75
.~
• '"
..,
III

MI SCELLANEOUS
Automobile Tir •••••••••••••••••••••••.
AuIOmobll.,.. unerlle.d ••....•.•.... . "•
,
, .""
110
Books (solidi), Ill eked} .•.••••••••••...
Furniture ..••••••••••••••••••••••••••..
Gless .nd Chlnlwl re . In erel.,. .• . . .• . .
Hides and Le.th" r. In beles .......... .
.
""
""
•• '"
'60
Leether .nd L".ther Good ••••• , •..••. 8
,, '"
210

.,""
P.ller. NeWIIl.ller. Ind Str.wboardl ..
Paper , Wrltlnll end C.lende'ed •••••••.
Rope . In collI ........ . .. ... ......... ..
Rub ber. Crude ...................... ..
60
,
,8 ...'"'"
Tob.cco. bales..... . . ....•......
" 8 210

W.'lIhl p.l.f. end Recommended ili. Load p .•. f •• re based on heighl 01 pILe Ihown
SPECIFICATIONS FOR

Structural Joints Using

ASTM A325 Bolts

... pp ro ....d by the Resurch Council on RI .... t.d .nd Bolted Structur.1 Join t.
01 the En,'n",'n, foundation , March 1"2
Endo,.ed b~ AmerlCin tutltull 01 St ... Co ns truction
EndorHd by 'ndustrla. f Ullne,s lnstitute

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

101 Park Avenue, New YOlk 17, N, y ,
 5·171

SPECIFICATIONS FOR

Structural Joints Using

ASTM A325 Bolts
AplN'oved by Rese.rCh Counclt on RIveted end Boned StruClUtel Jotn" 01 the
En8tneertn8 Found.Uon, M.,ch 1962
Endorsed by Am.,lu n tnst ltute 01 StNt Conltructlon, tnc.
Endorled by tndultr lllt ,...ten." Inlthule

1 Scope
(a> This tll>ccification covers the design and assembly of tlUuctural jointa
using ASTM A325 high atrength steel bolta or equ.ivaJent fll8teners,
tightened to a high tenaion, The bolts are used in holes slightly
larger than the nominal bolt si?'.e.
(b) Construction shall conform to t he applicable existing code or specifi-
cation for riveted or welded structures of wrought iron, carbon
struct.urnl steel and high strength steel, except. 88 otherwise pro-
vided he rein.
(c) Jointa required to resist shear between their connected l>arts are
designated 88 either {riction-lype or beoring-type connectiOIl!l. Shear
connections subjected to 8t.reee reversal, severe stress fluctuation ,
impact or vibration or where alippage would be undesirable, 8hall
be fri ction.type.
(d ) The a t.tached Commentary provides guidance in the applicat.ion of
the 8pecification.

2 Bolte. Nu ts and Waehers

(a ) Except. 88 provided in paragraph Cd) of this &eclion, bolts, nuts and
washers if required, shall conform to requirements of the current.
edition of the specifications of the American Society for Testing and
Materials for Higb Strength Steel Bolts for Structural Jointa,
ASl'M A325.
(b) Except as provided in paragraph Cd) of this section, bolt dimensions
shall conform to the current requirements of the American Standards
A.8aociation for heavy hexagon structural bolts, ASA Standard B18.2,
latest adoption.
(c) Except 8B provided in paragraph Cd ) of this section, nu t dimension8
shall conform to current requirements of the American Standards
A.88ociation for heavy semi-finished hexagon nuts, ASA Standard
B18.2, lalest adoption.
(d ) Other fasteners which meet the chemical composition requirementa
of ASTM specification A325 and which meet the mechanical
property requirements of that llpecification in fulJ-size teata and
which have body diameter and bearing areas under the bead and
nut, or their equivalent, not less than tboee provided by 8 bolt and
nut of the same nominal dimensions prescribed by paragraphll 2(b)
and 2(c), may be used . Such alternate fasteners may differ in ollier
dimensions from those of the sl>ccified bolta and nuts,
5 - 172 • Specifiootion for .Structural JOinl3

Table I Washer Dimensions (Inches)

. Square0< R.,genau'e. aeve'M
Cil'c:ute. w.. h«s We.n... tor Am.oc:.n

...,
Sile
W.. "..
H~ •
DI.m.l_
Out.lde
Thlckne..
elrmlnllh.m Th' k
Slende.d e . . m. end Chann...

Minimum Meen Slo p* or

OIam.'er WIre GIt.e Ie: n ... WIdth Thickn ... Taper In
No. Thk: kne..
-
'I. I!' 'I.
\I
%
%
J;
%
%
'11.
1\1
1%
2
12
,
10
8
0.109
0.134
0.148
0.165
'"
1%
1%
1%
'I.
'I.
II.
1:6
1:6
1:6
1:6
1 1 ~. 2\4 8 0.165 1% II. 1:6
1\4 1" 2\1 8 0.165 2" 'I. 1:6
1\4 2% 2" 11.
1%
1\1
'*
1\1
1%
3
3"
8
7
7
0.165
0.1110
0.180
2\4
2\4 .
11.
11.
1:6
1:6
1;6

(e) Circular washers shall be fiat and smooth and their nominal dimen-
sions shall conform to the current requirements of tho American
Standards A88OCiation (ASA B27.2, latest adopt.ion) for Type A
washers, as given in Table 1.
Beveled washers for American Standard beams and channels shall be
square or rectangular. shal1 taper in t.hickness, and shall oonfonn to the
djmensions given in Table 1.
Where neceasary. washers may be clipped on one side to il point not clO8Cr
than 1,S of the bolt diameter from the center of the washer.
3 Bolted Parts
(a ) The slope of surfaces of bolted parts in contact with the bolt head
and nut shall not exceed 1:20 with respect to a plane nonnal to the
bolt axis. &Ited parte s hall fit solidly together when assembled
and shall not be separated by gaskets or any other interposed com-
pressible material. Holes may be punched, subpunched and reamed,
or drilled, 88 required by the applicable code or SI>BCific.:ation and
shall be a nominal diameter not more than h 6 in. in exCC88 of the
nominal bolt diameter.
(b) When 888Cmbled, aU joint aurfaces, including those adjacent to the
bolt heada, nula or waahcl'8, 8hall be free of scale, except tight mill
8C8le, and shall also be free of burrs, dirt and oUler foreign material
that would prevent 80Ijd eeat'ing of the parta.
(c ) Contnct sur faces within friction-type joints shall be free of oil, paint,
lucquer or galvanizing.
.. Allowa ble Working Stresscs
(a) Basic Design Stress. The allowable working stresses specified in the
following paragraphs are given in tenns of tbe allowable st.ress per-
mitted by the applicable code or speci6cation for the design of ten·
sion members of structural steel confonni ng to ASTM Specifica·
tion A7 or A373. hereinafter referred to 8B the " basic design stresa."
('l'hi8 basic stress is 18,000 psi for AREA and AASHO Specifications
and 20,000 psi for the AISC Specification.) Aa used in paragraphs
(b) and (c) below, nominal bolt area is defined a.s the area oorte--
spondins: to the nominJal diamewr of thc bolt.
 AS'l'M A3i!6 BoU6 • 5 - 11l

(b) Applied Tension. Bolts required to support applied lond by means

of dhect tension shall be 80 proportioned U18t their average tensile
stress, computed 011 the basis of nominal bolt area and indel>endent
of any initial tightening force, wiU not exceed 2 times the basic
dcaign stress of the applicable code or specification_ The appued
lond shall be the sum of the external load and any tension resulting
from prying action produced by deformation of the connected pnrts.
(c) Shear. Bolts in fridion-type connections assembled in accordance
with the requirements of 3(c), and bolts in bearing-type connections
having threading in a plane of contact surfaces of the connected
parts, sball be proportioned on the basis of a shear value equsl to
0.75 times the basic design stress of the appucable code or specifica·
tion applied to their nominal area. In friction-type connections this
shear value may be used to proportion high strength bolts used in
combination with rivets designed in accordance with the provisions
of the appijcable code or specification. In friction-type connections
there need be no consideration of hearing, and fillers need not be
"developed." However, eccentricity of forces at short thick fillers
must be considered.
Bolts in bearing-type connections, where bolt threads are ex-
cluded from the shear planes of the contact surfacea between the
connected parts, shall be proportioned on the basis of a shear stress
equal to 1.1 times the basic design stress of the applicable code or
specification.
(d ) Bearing. In bearing-type connections the computed bearing pres-
sure, 888umed to be distributed over an area equal to the nominal bolt
diameter times the thickness of the connected piece, shall not ex-
ceed 2.25 times the basic design stre88 of the applicable code or
specification.
In bearing-type connections having no more than two bolts in a
line parallel to the direction of stress, the distance between the center
of the nearest bolt and that end of the connected member towards
which the pressure from the bolt is directed shall be not less than the
nominal shearing area of the bolt (single or double shear, 88 the
case may be) divided by two-thirds of Lbe plate thickness. This end
distance may be proportionately less where the shear stre8e per bolt
is less than that permitted in this section, but not 1C88 than 1.5
times the bolt diameter.
(e) Increase in working stress allowed in the applicable code or specifi-
cation may be applied to the stresses given in this section (see Com-
mentary for "Shear: Friction-Type Connections"),
(f) High Strength Steel. The fo regoing stresses for fasteners, based on
the basic design stress for A7 and A373 steels, shall also be used in
prolXlrtiOning the connections for members designed and fabricated
of higher strength steels.
5 Installation
(a ) Each fastener sball be tightened to provide, when aU fasteners in the
joint are tight, at least the minimum bolt tension shown in Table 2
for the size of fastener used.
Threaded bolts shall be tightened with properly calibrated
wrenches or by the tum-of·nut method. 1£ required because of bolt
5· 174 " Sped{icatwn for Struct.urol Joints

Table 2 Bolt Tension

Boll Size, MInimum Bolt Tenllon,"
In In ch.. In Poundl

12,050
19,200
28 ....
".050
47 .Z50
56,450
11,700
85,450
l04 ,DOO

-Equal to the prOOlload 01 bolt (Ienlth measurement method) live"

In ASTM A325.

entering and wrench operation clearances, tightening by either pro.

cedure may be done by turning the bolt while the nut is prevented
from rotating,
lmpact wrenches, if used, shall be of adequate capaciLy and
sufficiently supplied with air to perfonn the required tightening of
each bolt in approximately ten seconds.
(b ) Fasteners meeting the provisioll8 of Section 2 may be installed
without hardened washers when tightening is by the tum-of·nut
method, Any boiL tigbtened by the calibrated wrench method (or
by torque control) sbaD have a hardened washer under the element
(nut or bolt head) turned in tightening.
Where an outer face of the bolted parts has a slopeo! more than
1:20 with respect to a plane normal to the bolt axis, a 8mooth
beveled wasber sbaD be used to compensate for the lack of paral·
lelism.
(c) Calibrated Wrench Tightening. When calibrated wrenches are used
to provide the bolt tension speci6ed in 5 (a) their setting shaD be
such as to induce a bolt tension 5 to 10% in excess of this value.
These wrenches shall be calibrated by tightening. in a device capable
of indjcating actual bolt tension, not less than three typical bolts
from the lot to be installed. Power wrenches shall be adjusted to
sWI or cut;.out at the selected tension, If manual torque wrenches
are used the torque indication corresponding to the calibrating ten-
sion shall be noted and used in the installation of all bolts of the
tested lot. Nuts shall be in tightening motion when torque is
measured. When using calibrated wrenches to install several bolts
in a single joint, the wrench shall be returned to "touch up" bolts
previously tightened, which may bave been loosened by the tighten.
ing of subsequent bolts, until al1 are tightened to tho prescribed
amount.
(d) TUrrI.-of-Nut Tightening. When Ule turn-of-Ilut method is used to
provide the bolt tension specified in 5(a), there shall first be enough
bolts brought to a "snug tight" condition to insure that the parts of
the joint are properly compacted. that is, brought into full contact
with each other, Snug tightshall be defined 88 the tightness attained
by a Cew impacts of an impact wrench or the full effort of a mnn
using an ordinary spud wrench. Following the initial step. bolts
shaJl be placed in any remaining holes in the connection and brought
 ASTM A 325 8o/u • 5 ·175

Table 3 Nut Rotation" From Snug Tight Condition

Disposition of Outer faces of Bolted Parts
Both laces norm81 to One face normal t o bol t axis; Both faces sloped 1:20
bolt axis one sloped 1:20 (bevel Irom normal to bolt
washers not used ) axis (bevel washers
not used )
~ Ium * tum 1 t um
"Nul rota lion ,• •otatlon .etatlve to bolt . ega. dlen of the element (nut ~ bolt) belna1urned.
Tot..ance on rotation: ~ turn (60") over: nothrna un d ...
F~ coarse th.ead heavy head bolts of an sizes and 'enlrlh. and heavy .eml.flnlshed
nuts.

to snug t ightness. All bolts in tbejoint s ha Ubetightened additionally

by the applicable amount of nut rotation spec.ified in Table 3, with
tightening progressing systematically from t he most rigid part of
Ule joint to its free edges.
6 Inspection
(a ) The inspector shall satisfy himself that all requirements of th.is speci·
fication are met.
(b) The inspector shall approve the procedure for caJibration of wrenches
and installation of bolts. The inspector shall further observe the
field installation to determine that these procedures are followed.
No further inspection is normally required.
(c ) Where further inspection is required by the engineer, he shall specify
in advance Uae method the insrlCctor is to follow .

COMMENTARY
Cl Scope
When first approved by the Research Council on Riveted and Bolted
Structural Joints of Uae Engineering Foundation, January 1951, the Spec.ifi.
cation for Assembly of Structural Joints Using High StrengUa Bolts merely
I>cnnitted the substitution of a like number of high s trength bolts for bot-
driven ASI'M A141 steel rivets of the same nominal dinmeter. It was re-
quired that all contact surfaces be free of paint. As revised February 1954,
the omission of paint was required to a pply only to "joints subjected to stress
reversal, impact or vibration, or to ca&e8 where stress redistribution due to
joint slippage would be wldesira ble." This relaxation of the earlier provision
recognized the fact that, in a great many cases, movement of the connected
parts that brings the bolts into bearing against the sides of tbeir holes is in
no way detrimental. When the nature of the loadi ng- whether static, cyclic,
impact or vibration- is such that fatigue-type failure or reversal of movement
win not occur, the high clamping force in the bolts provides a rigid assembly
in the "slipped" position, and the shear strength of t he high strength bolts,
when threads are excluded from contact surface shear planes, is even greater
than that of hot-driven rivets required to function under similar circum·
stances. Since allowable stresses as weJl as the requirements fo r treatment of
contact surfaces appropriate to these service conditions are different, the
preeent specification recognizes two kinds of shear connections, designated
8.8 friction-type and bearing-type, respectively_
5 ·176 • Sp«i/ication lor Stnldural JoinJlI

Just how much stronger the high strength bolts are in resisting actua)
shearing forces and what ell'ect the higher stresses in the bolts have upon the
strength of the connected parts have been the subjects of extensive study
SPOll8Ored by the Research Council since 1954. The results of these studies,
together with improvements in installation practices which are the outgrowth
of extensive experience in the use of high strength bolts, formed the back-
ground for U1C 1960 edition. This latest revision recognizes the results of
additional research which has shown that washers may be omitted from the
f88t.ener 888embly with no adverse effect.
C2 Bolts, Nuts and Washers
This edition of the specification returns to the former practice of de-
scribing a single type of fastener. This is in the interest of simplification and
is without prejudice to any other types of fastener or fastener components now
available or which may become available at later date.
It is believed that, with the introduction of the heavy hexagon structural
bolt, the regular semi·finished bolt will cease to be in demand. While it is no
longer included in the specification, the Council continues to sanction its use,
provided a hardened washer is installed under the bolt head . Li.kewise, the
continued use of heat treated. finished hexagon nuts conforming to ASTM
A194, Grade 2H. is approved when tightened against a hardened washer.
Heavy hexagon structural bolts manufactured. to ASTM Specification
A325, the dimensions for which are shown below, are identified on the top
of the head by three radial Lines, the legend "A325," and the manufacturer's
mark. Heavy semi·finished hexagon nuts manufactured to ASTM SI>ecifica·

Table 4
Botl DImenSions. In Inches Nut DImension •• In Inches

NomInal He.vy Seml.llntshed

H.. vy HeQIOn Structural Botts HeQiOn Nuts
bolt size.
D
Width ecross Heliht, Th,ead
lenilh, WIdth ecrou Herlht,
fr.ts P flaIl W
" T H

I; II, I
\0
'A
"
II<,
I"
""'''
II{
ll; "
II<,
II{
'I<.

.'"
'%0

I
" l Yle
1\0
'Ii<
'Ii<
II;
,,
114
l~e
1\0 .,..
'Ii<
I;'
I" ,
IIHe '1<0 ,
l'He
''''
I\\,
'!I, "" 'II,
".
1'1 '\\' 'I{ " \\>
'" % ,\4 ''I I''''

~
BOIt

~
/N"t§m"ki"'-§ No"m.,
marking

. . . J.."
- > -
Lh_-{r-;,T~h~":::'d~-I:;:
CI I
,1,1,1'' . _.
be
_ _ faced as in (a) or
w"h..
~ I \: ) doubte chamfe, ed

l=i:J li+- Bolt length--!

Ir-W I
r--H.,
"' I I
,-.H -t;
,,'"(b)
(a) (b)
Fig. 1
tion A325 are identified on at least one face by three circumferential marks,
or by the number "2" and the manufacturer's mark.
 ASTM A325 Bolt. • s-m

Heavy bexagon lIt.ructural bolts have shorter titread Icngthe than other
stru\dard bolts. By making the body length of the bolt. the control dimension
it has been possible to exclude the thread from all shear planes, except in the
case of thin outside parts adjacent to the nut. Depending on tile amount of
bolt length added to adjUBt for incrementa1stock lengt.hs, the full thread may
extend into the grip as much as % in. for )1, ~, ;M. ~. 1M and IJ.1? in. bolts
and as much as ~ in. for 1, 178 and 1% in. bolts. Inclusion of some of the
thread run-out into the plane of shear is pen:ni8aible. When the thickn6880fan
outside part adjacent to the nut is less than these values it may be necessary
to call for the nut increment of bolt length together with a sufficient number
of 6at circular washers to insure full seating of the nut. Then the higher
working value in shear permitted in bearing-type joints can stiU be the basis
for determining the number of bolts in the connection.
In order to detennine the required bolt length, the value shown in Table 5
should be added to the gril) (that is. the total thicknC88 of all connected ma-
terial, exclusive of washers).
The preceding values are generalized, with due allowance for manufac-
turing tolerances, to provide for the use of a heavy semi-finished hexagon nut,
with adequate "st.ick-through" at the end of the bolt. For cach hardened
flat washer that. is used, add rr
6 in., and for each beveled washer add 7f 6 in.
The length detcnnined by the use of t.he above table should be adjusted to
the next longer .J4 in. length increment.
C3 Bolted P a rts
Joints which must transmit the forDell in adjacent parts by means of shear
are divided into two categories in tbe current specification; friction-type and
beariTil-type. High initial bolt tension provides worth while advantages, there-
fore the 88.Ole initial tell8iorung i8 recommended for bearing-lype connections
88 for the {ridion-type. Among these benefits are overall joint rigidity, a better
stress pattern and security against nut loosening.

Table 5
To Determine Required 8011
80It 51:1:e, In Inches Lenath Add 10 GriP. In Inches

~1; %
1'0
1
1'0 lifo
1 1%
lifo II!.
1% lifo
lifo 1%
II!. 11'0

C4 Allowable Working Stresses

While the provi8ions contained in the Council specification to a. limited
extent affect general design considerations, it is not the intent to present I}
complete design specification. Only those features influenced by the proper-
ties of higb strength bolts, as distinct from other types of fasteners, are in-
cluded. Working atresses are given in terms of the basic design stress for
structural steel meeting the requirements of ASTM Specification A7, as
stipulated in such design specifications 88 the AASHO Standard Specifica-
tion for Highway Bridges (18,000 psi. baaic stress), the AREA Speci6cationa
5 ·178 • Speci/icntio,.!or Structu.rol Joints

for Stool Railway Bridges (18,000 psi .) and the AJSC Specification for the
Design, Fabrication and Erection of StructuraJ Steel for Buildingt'l (20,000
pei. ). Except as modified by the provisions of the Council's specification,
it is aseumed that all of the applicable provisions of the standard specifica.
tions under which the structure is designed will be observed,
Tension
The working stress recommended is intended to include as part of the
calculated bolt load the bolt tension resulting from prying action produced
by defonnation of the connected parts. When subjected in tension to the
recommended working value (approximately equal to two-thirds of the initial
tightening foree) high strength bolts will experience little if any actual change
in stress, Tests l have demonstrated that their fatigue strength under this
condition of loading is not adversely affected.
Shear: Friction-Type Connections
No change has been made in the recommended working value for bolts
used in friction-type joints. They are, as heretofore, given the "shear" value
recommended in the applicable design specification for hot-driven ASTM
A141 steel rivets of the same nominal diameter.
Resistance to slip is detennined by the amount of bolt tension and the
nature of the contact surfaces in a given connection, and is independent of the
basic stress under which the connected parts are designed.
Connections having contact surfaces of unrusted mill IICllle offer the least
resistance to slip of any unpainted joints; rusted surfaces which have been
well cleaned may provide up to two times as much resistance. The recom-
mended "shear" value, equaJ to 0.75 times the basic design stress baaed on
numerous testa,"'"u can be correlated with a coefficient of friction of 0.35.
While lower coefficients have been observed in some laboratory teeta of joints
having contact surfaces of tight unru.sted mill scale, or surfaces made 8mooth
by grinding, a slip factor of 0.35 is more representative of values likely to be
encountered in actual construction.
Applying this value to the recommended minimum bolt tension, the
factor of safety against Blip can be computed as
N _ (0.35) (bolt proof load)
(1)
(0.75) (basic design stress) (nominal ixllt area)
For % a nd 1 in. bolts, N equals 1.55 for bridges designed in accordance
with the AASHO and AREA Specifications, and 1.40 for structures designed
in a(:cordance with A1SC Specification. Since the proof load for various size
I "Reaesrch on Bolted Connections," by William H . Munae, Transaction8, ASCE,
Vol. 121 , 1956, pp. 1255-1266.
1·· High·Strength Bolts in SLructural Joint.s: A Symposium: Slip of Jointa under
Static Loads," by R. A. Hechtman, D. R. Young, A. G. Chin and ,,::, H. Savikko,
Tra1VJ(lctioM, ASCE, Vol. 120, 1955, pp. 1336-1352.
'''Effects of Fabrication Techniques," by Desi D. Vasarhelyi, Said Y. Beano,
Ronald B. Madison, Zung-An Lu, and Umseb C. Vasisbth. TroIl8CctIOIl8, ASCE,
Vol. 126, Psrt H , 1961, pp. 764- 796 .
• "Static Tension Testa of Compact Bolted Joints," by Hobert T . Foreman and
John L. Rumpf, Tro/J8llctions, ASCE, Vol. 126, Part 0, 1961, pp. 228-254.
'''Static Tension Testa of Long Bolted Jointa," Lehigb Unlv .. Bethlehem. Pa..
(unpubliabed).
 ASTM A325 Bolt• • 5 · 179

bolts is not exactly proportional to their nominal area, the values for N would
be slightly higher for bolta smaller than 78 in. and slightly lower (2 to 5%)
for bolts larger than J in. in diameter. These factors of safety against slip
compare with factof'8 of safety for basic design stress of 1.80 and 1.65, re-
spectively. sgainst yielding.
Under repeated loading the factor of safety against slip indicates the
margin against the condition where a reduced fatigue strength may develop.
Under static load oonditions it may represent the margin against a one-time
displacement movement. as under latera l shock or maximum wind loading,
which is seldom likely to be reversed. A factor of surety against slip lower than
tllat implicit in the basic design stress is acceptable except where there must
not be movement under overloads which may occur within the basic design
stress factor of safety.
When the allowable "shear" value is increased one-third for wind t he
value of N in the above equation approaches unity. If the satisfactory per-
formance of the structure depends u pon joints which must not move, t he de-
s igner s hould 80 proportion these joints 88 to satisfy himself that the margin
against sHp is adequate.
Connections of the type shown in Fig. 2(a ), in which some of t he bolts (A)
lose a part of their ciamping fo rce due to appHed tension, s uffer no overall
1088 of frictional shear resistance. The bolt tension produced by t he moment
is coupled with a compel18ating compressive force (C ) on the other side of
the axis of bending. In a connection of the type shown in Fig. 2(b), however,
a U of the fasteners (B) receive applied tension which reduces the initial com·
pression at the contact surface. If bolts are used, and slip under load cannot
be tolerated, the working value of the bolts in shear should be reduced in
proportion to the ratio of residual tension to initial tension.
Because bolts in friction-type connections do not depend upon bearing
against the sides of their holes, those provisions of the general design specifi-
cations intended to guard against high bearing stresses, and bending of the
bolt due to bearing, are waived.
She ar: Bearing-Type Connections
i n connections where the bolts may bear against the holes in the con-
nected parts, the allowable stress of bolts is dependent Ul>on the presence or
absence of bolt threading at t he plane of contact sur faces where shearing
occurs. If the unthreaded shank of the bolt is available to resist t.bilj shear
at a ll planes where it occurs, tests U have shown (as could have been antic-
ipated from a knowledge of t heir mechanical properties) t hat a s hear stress
equal to 1.1 times the basic design stress affordB 88 large a facto r of safety
against high strength bolt shear failure as t hat provided in t he standard design
s l>ecifications for rivets. On the other hand , it was found that fai lure occurs
at 15% less load when threading is present at o ne of the two shear planes of an
enclosed part, and at 30% less load when threads a re present in both shear
planes. This latter load. giving a working value equal to 0.7 X 1.1, or ap-
proximately 0.75 times the basic design stress, could be ex,>ected also fo r
single-shear joints with threads in the shear plane. Similar observations have
been made !'rom tests using ordinary bolta. They merely reflect the ratio of
area at the root of thread to the nominal bolt area.
For convenience, djfferent working values (1.1 and 0.75 times basic
design stress) are given, applicable to the nominal bolt area; a single value
(the higher one cited) could have been recommended, leaving to the designer
5 · 180 • Speei/icalion. for StruduroJ Joint.

the determination of actual area available to resist shear. However, such a

determination might require prior knowledge of the side of the joint from
which the bolts would be installed. Such information is seldom available at
the time shop drawings are made.
In many double shear connections it would be possible to present the un·
threaded shank at one shear plane without taking any precaution to exclude
Ulfeading from the other plane. 1n such cases a working value intermediate
betwoon 0.75 and 1.1 times the basic stress could be justified, provided the
outside part8 of the connection were integml to a single member. Such would
not be the case, however, wiUl the outstanding legs of the framing angles for
two be8J118 on the oppoeite sides of a supporting girder.

B
-
A

c-
- (0) (b)

Bcarlng
Testst. 7 have shown that bearing pressure on rivets in double or aingle
s hear, computed on the basis of an area equal to the product of the part thick·
ncss and nominal rivet. diameter has no aignificant effect on the atrength of
the connected parte when tbill pressure is not more than 2.25 times the tellBile
stress applied to the net area of these parts. It would appear that the ratio
of fastener spacing normal to the line of force, to fastener diameter, rather
than unit pressure per Be, is the critical factor, and that computed bearing
stress is aimply a convenient index of effective net section. In consequence,
no increase in allowable bearing value seemed warranted when high strength
bolts are subeLituted for rivets.
When there are not more than two bolts in the line of sLress and the
pressure from the rolt is directed toward the end of a connected part, a 50%
incrcilsc in end distance, above that required$ for rivets under similar circum·
stnnces, is recommended, since the working value of the bolt has been in·
creased in the ratio of 1.1 to 0.75, or nearly 50%. Otherwise. the end bolt
conceivably might push out of the connected part before Lhe fuD tensile
strength of Lhe net section is attained •

• "Bearin. Ratio ElI'eet on Static Strength of Riveted Jointa," by Jonathan Jones,

TlTJnMldjo~, ASCE, Vol. 123, 1958, pp. 964-972.
" 'The Effect of Bearin. Preuure on the Static Strength or Riyeted Connections,"
BulldiA No. 454. Univ. of Ulinois, Engrg. Experiment Sta., Urbana, 111., July 1959.
• AlSC Specificat.ion, Sect.. U6.6.
 AS7'M A325 Bolu ' 5 -181

eli Installation
Teste' have shown that a hardened washer is not needed to prevent
minor bolt rela..J:ation resulting from the high stress concentration under the
bolt head or nut_ Such relaxations were less than 5% of the initial tension;
took place within hours of bolt tightening, after which further 1088 of tension
was negligible; and were substantially the same with and without the use of
washers. Teste" have also shown that any galling wbich may take place
where nute are tigbtened directly against the connected parts is not detri-
mental to the static or fatigue strength of the joint. However, to minimize
irregularity in the torque-tension ratio where bolta are tightened by the cali-
brated wrench method, a washer is still required under the nut or bolt head
which is turned in tightening. Otherwise, the use of flat circular washers is
no longer required.
Without preference, the Council endorses both the calibrated wrench and
the turn-of-nut methods for bolt tightening.
P revious editions of the Council's specifications have listed torque values
described as the approximate equivalent of the min imum bolt tension sl>eci-
fied fo r various si ...,e bolts. It was explnined that these values were no more
than observed experimental averages, and that the val ue to be used. both in
installing bolts and in inspection procedures, s hould be that determined by
the actual condition of the application. This point cannot be emphasized too
much. The present speci6cation requires that both torque and impact
wrenches be calibrated, by means of a device capable of measuring the actual
tension produced by a given wrench effort applied to a representative sample,
when the tigbtening of bolts is controlled on the basis of calibrated wrench
operation.
I nstead of suggesting one full turn of the nut from a finger-tight position,
when tigbtening is controlled by the tum-of-nut prescription, a somewhat
smaller rotation, from a snug tight condition, is now specified. On an average,
the bolt tension provided by either prescription is approximately the same.
However, measuring the nut rotation from a snug-tigbt condition, which
necessitates first drawing the several parts of the connection tightly together,
has been found to produce more uniform bolt Umsion.
The percentage of bolts in a given COlmection which must be made snug
tight in order to compact the joint will depend upon the stiffness of the several
connected parts and their initial straightness. In extreme ca.&e8 it may be
necessary to s nug-up bolts in all of the holes not used for pinni ng, in order
to seat t he parts.
After the parts are suitably drawn together bolts are installed in any reo
maining open holes, tightened to a snug tight. condition, a nd a U nuts a re t.hen
rotated by the prescribed amount, after which bolts are installed in the holes
originally pinned, and tightened using the same procedu re.
Tightening of the bolts in a joint should commence at the most rigidly
fixed or stiffest point, and progress toward t.he free edges. both in the initial
snugging up and in the 6na1 tightening. During nut tightening the bolt bead
should be held by a hand wrench to prevent turning.

f "Studies oHhe Effect. of Washers on the Clamping Force in High Strength Bolta."
SRS 191, Univ. or minoU!, Urbana, liI., Much 1960. unpubliBhed .
.. "Fatigue Behavior or Bolted Joints A88embled without Washers," SRS 242,
Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, nl., February 1962, unpublished.
5 ·182 • Specification for Structural Joint8

C6 Inspection
BollA, nuts and washers are normally received with a light residual coat-
ing of oil. This coating is not detrimental even to friction-type connectiOI\8
and need not be removed.
BollA tightened by the turn-of-nut method may have the outer faoe of
the nut match-marked with the protruding bolt point before final Wghtening,
thus affording the inspector visual means of noting the actual nut rotation.
Such marks can be made by the wrench operator with a crayon or d ahof paint,
after the bolts have been brought up snug tight.
If a torque wrench is used to inspect bollA tightened with a calibrated
wrench the fo llowing procedure is suggested:
1. Three bolts of t.he same type, size and condition of thread as t hose to
be inspected arc tightened individually to the req uired minimum bolt
tension given in T able 2 of the specification, in a device capable of
measuring bolt tension.
2. Ln this tightened condition the inspector's torque wrench is uaed to
rotate t.he nut s lowly a small amount in the tightening direction and
t he torque required to turn the nut, after it has bee" set in motio", is
recorded.
3. While inspecting t he bolts installed in a structure a similar procedure
is followed; the torque wrench is used to rotate the nut slowly a
small amount in the tightening direction and the torque required,
after the nut has been set in motion, is observed. Read ings higher
than the calibrated minimum tension equjvalent are not cause for re-
jection. On the other hand, bolts giving readings below the cali-
brated torque value should be further tightened; if higher readinp
cruUlOt be obtained the bolts should be removed and discarded, un-
leas re-ealibratiol18 of t he inspection wrench sbow them to have the
required lel18ion .
4. One or two bolts of each size in each connection and 100/0 of the bolts
in large connections may be checked. if one or more bolts in a oon~
nection is below the minimum tension, as indicated by the wrench,
all of t he bollA in that connection should be checked.
The sides of bolt beads and nulA tightened with an impact wrench will
a ppear slightly peened and thus indicate that the wrench has been applied
to the fastene r.
SPECIFICAT ION FOR

Architecturally Exposed
Structural Steel

Ad opted by th e Am.rlc .. n In.tltut. of 5 t •• 1 Co n. trucllo n. AI/au . t, lHO

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

101 Park Avenue, New York 17. N. Y.

5 ·186

FOREWORD

TO THE SPECIFICATION FOR ARCHITECTURAllY

EXPOSED STRUCTURAL STEEL

The rapidly increasing use of exposed structural

ateel as a medium of architectural expression in recent
years has given rise to a demand for closer dimensional
tolerances a nd amoother finished surfaces than required
for ordi nary structural steel framing. This specification
establishes standards for these require menta which recon-
ci le fi nished appearance with construction coaLs.
In order to avoid misunderstandings and to hold
coaLs to a minimum, it is recommended that only those
aUleI surfaces and colmecl;ions which will remain exposed
and subject to normal view by pedestrians or occu-
pants in the completed structure be included under this
apecification.
 5-187

SPECIFICATION FOR

Architecturally Exposed Structural Steel

Adopted by the Am.,l.:.n In$lItuta 01 St.el Conltructkln, Ine., AUiul t 25, l!I6O

SECTION 1 SCOPE
(a ) This specification sball only apply to members specifically desig-
nated on the design drawings as "architecturally exposed structurol steel"
which shall be fabricated, handled and erected as directed in this specification,
and except as noted below, in conformity with the American ll18titute of Steel
Construct.ion Specificat.ion for the Design, Fabrication and Erection of Struc-
tural Steel for Buildings. Because these members 80 designated are subject
to clCl6e inspection by the public, the fabrication t.olerances in this specifica-
tion shall govern when such tolerances are in conflict with thoee of the AlSC
Specification.

SECFION 2 MATERIAL
(8) Material shall be the same as specified for StructUl'ru Steel by the
AISC Specification.
(b ) Permissible tolerances for out-of-square or out-of-I)OO"allel, depth,
width and symmetry of rolled shapes shall conform to ASTM Specification
A6. Overall profile dimensions of built-up members shall be adequate to
provide for the accumulated permissible ovelTUn or the (:omponent »8.rt.s.
(e) The as-fabricated straightness tolerances of members shall not
e:.::ceed one-half of the standard camber and sweep tolerances in ASTM A6.

SECTION 3 FABRICATION
(a ) Fabrication shall be performed with special care and necessary
straightening to maintain the condition of the material as described above.
(b ) Shop details shall show clearly the required fabricatio n tolerances.
Erection plans nnd/ or anchor bolt plans shall show the required tolerancee
for setting embedded items.
(e) All copes, mitres and butt cuts in surfaces exposed to view ehall be
made with unifonn gaps of Ys" if shown by the architect to be OI>8n joints, or
in uniform contact if shown without gap.
(d ) Where t he fit-up of adjacent members is such that penn.issible
tolerances specified in Sections 2b and 2c may result in an unsightly joint, the
architect shall specify on the design plans the tolerances required.. TIlese
tolerances sball be maintained by speciaJ attention in detailing the joint, or if
necessary by refined fabrication techniques.
5· 188 • Specification {or Archilec,ura/ly Ezposed StruduraL Stm

SECTION 4 WELDING
(.> Fillet Welds
Faces of welds exposed to view shall have as-welded surfaces that are
reasonably smoolh and uniform. No finishing or grinding shall be required
except where clearances or fit of other items may 80 necessitate, or as spe_
cifically required by design drawings.
(b ) Butt and P lug Welds
Faces of butt and plug welds exposed to view shall have as-welded sur-
faces that are reasonably smooth and uniform and shall not project more
than Yi's· above the surfaces joined. No finishing or grinding shall be re-
quir ed except where clearances or fit of other items may 80 necessitate, or as
specifically required by design drawings.

SECTION 5 PAINTING
(a ) After inspection and approval and before leavi ng the shop, all
steelwork shall be cleaned by hand wire brushing, or by other means, elected
by the fabricator, of loose mill scale, loose rust, accessible weld slag or flux
deposit, dirt and other foreign matter. Oil and grease depoaits shall be re-
moved by solvent.
(b) After cleaning a1l steelwork shall be given one coat of shop paint
applied thoroughly and evenly to dry surfaces, by brush, spray, roller coot-
ing, How coating, or dipping, at the election of the fabricator.
(c) Surfaces within two incbes of any field weld location shal1 be free
of materials that would prevent proper welding or produce objectionable
fumes while welding is being done. If shop painted, surfaces to be welded
shall be wire brushed in the field before welding to reduce the paint fiJm to a
minimum.

SECTION 6 ERECTION
(a ) The erector shall use special care in unloading, handling, and erect-
ing the steel to avoid bending, twisting, or otherwise distort.ing the steel
members. The erector shall handle tbe material in Buch a way as to mini-
mize t.he damage to s hop coat or paint.
(b) The erector shall p lan and execute the erection in such a way tha t
the close fit and neat appearance of the joints and t.he structure as a whole
will not be impaired.
(c ) if temporary braces or erection clips are employed, care shall be
taken t.o avoid a ny unsightliness upon removal. Tack welds shall be ground
smooth and holE!8 shalJ be ruled with weld metal or body solder and smoothed
by grinding or filing.

SECTION 7 INSPECTION
(8 ) The architect shall inspect the steel at the point of fabrication prior
to shipment
 '",.'~"" ..,..

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS AND LOAD TABLE FOR

Open Web Steel Joists

Longspan or LA-Series

Adopted by the Amerlu n In l mllte 01 Steel Conl l ... c:llon. Jill, 1. l!61

Adopted by the Slee l Jolll Inltl illte , JIl', 1. l!61

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

101 Perk Avenue. New York 17. N. Y.

 '·191

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR

Open Web Steel Joists

Longspan or LA·Series
"dopled by the American In ..llule 01 Sleel Con.trucllon. Inc .• Jul, I, 1961
"dopled b, the Sleel JoI.t In.mule, Jul, I, 1961

SECTI ON 100 SCOPE

These specificatiOnfJ cover the design, manufacture and use of Open Web
Steel JoistB, Longspan or LA-Seriee, in any structure to be erected subject to
the proviBionfJ of these specificationfJ.

SECTION 101 DEFI NITION

The term Open Web Steel Joists, Longspan or LA-Series, as used herein,
refers to light weight steel trusses suitable for the direct support of floo rs and
roof decks between the masonry walls and/ or structuraJ BupportB in bu.ild·
ings, and deaigned in accordance with these Standard SpecificationfJ and the
Load Table attached hereto.

SECTION 102 MATERIALS

102.1 Slee)
The steel UBed shalJ conform to one of the following current Standard
Specifications of the American Society for Teeting Materials:
Structural Steel, ASTM A36.
Steel for Bridges and Buildings, ASTM A7.
Flo.t Rolled Carbon Steel Sheds of Structural Quality, ASTM A245, Grade C.
H~-Rolled Carbon-Steel Strip of Structurol Quality, ASTM A303, Grade C.

102 .2 P aint
Joists and 80cesa0ries shall receive one shop coat of protective paint of a
type standard with the manufacturer.

SECTION 103 DESIGN AND MANUFACTURE

103.1 Method
Joists shall be designed as simply supported uniformly loaded tl'U88C8 in
accordance willi these specificationfJ.
Where any feature or application is not BI:»ecifica11y covered herein, the
design shall be in accordance with the following specifications:
(a) American Institute of Steel Conslruction Specification for the Design,
Fabrication and Erection of Structural Steel for Buildings, where the ma·
teriala conform to ASl'M A 7 or A36.
(b) American Iron and Steel Institute Specifications for the Design of
Light Gage Cold·Formed Steel Structural Members, for members which are
cold· formed from aheet or strip comonning to ASTM A 245 or A303.
5·192 • AISC Specification- Open Web Steel J ow.

103.2 Unit Stresses

The components of Steel Joists shall be 80 proportioned that the unit
stresses in pounds per square inch shall not exceed the foUowing:

(a) Tension
Where maleriaJ conforms to ASTM AS6 . . . . . . . . 22,000
Where material conforms to ASTM A7, A245 or A303 . 20,000
(b ) Compression
Where material conforms to ASl'M A36:
.F or members with lI T not greater than 120 19,000 .625 (I f ,.)1
Where material conforms to AS'J'M A7:
For members with LI T not greater than 120 17,000 ,485 (1IT)1
Where material conforms to ASTM A36 or A7 :
1<~or members with li T greater than 120
but not over 200 . . . . . • 18,000 [
(ll r)' 1.6
1 + 18,000
Where material conforms to ASl'M A245 or A303 :
For members with ll r less than 132 . . . . . 17,000 ,485 (L/T)I
For members with Ll r equal to or greater than 132
but not over 200 . . . . • . 149,000,000
(1IT)1
in which I is Ute unsupported length a nd r is the corTe6ponding least radius
of gyration of the member or any component thereof, both in inches.
(c) Bending (except 8S specified in Section 103.48)
Where material conforms to ASTM A36 22,000
Where materiaJ conforms to ASTM A7, A245 or A303 . 20,000
(d ) Weld Stresses
Shear at throat of fillet weide . . . . . . . . 13 ,600
Tension or compression at throat of butt welds:
Where material conforms to ASI'M A36 22,000
Where material conforms to ASTM A7, A245 or A303 . 20,000
Shear at throat of butt welds:
Where material conforms to ASTM AS6 14 ,300
Where material conforms to ASTM A7, A245 or A303 . 13,000
103.3 Slenderness Ratio
Maximum for top chords of joists . . . . . 120
Maximum for all otber compression members 200
Maximum for tension members . . . . . . 2.0
103.4 Members

(a) Chords
The bottom chord s ha U be designed as an axially loaded tension member.
The top chord shaJl be designed IU! a continuous member subject to com-
 i-ongsfNJn or LA-Series , 5 ·193

billed axial compressive and bending stresses and shall be 80 proportioned

that the quantity

does not exceed unity, in which

F. _ permissible axiaJ unit stress
F. _ permissible bending unit atresa
f. - actual axial unit stress
f. - actual bending unit stress
Where material conforms to ASTM A36, F& may be taken as 22,000 psi
and 26,400 psi at mid-panel and at panel point, respectively. Where rna·
terial conforms to ASTM A7, A245 or A303, the corresponding pennissible
bending stresses shaH be 20,000 psi and 24,000 psi.
The unsupported length of top chord, for the pu rpose of comput ing t he
pennissible axial compressive stress at mid-panel and at panel point sbalJ be
considered equal to the panel length and half the p8nel lcngth, respectively.
The radius of gyration of the top chord about its vertical axis shall be
not less than 1/ 200 where l is the maximum permissible spacing of bridging
in inches as specified in Section 104.5b.
The top chord shaU be considered 88 stayed laterally by the floor or
roof deck provided the requirements of Section 104.ge of these specifications
are met.
(b ) Web
The vertical shear to be used in the design of web members shall be
determined from full uniform loading, except that it shall not be less than
20 l>ercent of the rated end reaction at midspan (Lj2) and shall be increased
linearly to 30 percent of the rated end reaction at a distance O.35L [rom the
end supports.
(c) Depth
The depth of sloping chord joists, for the purpose of design, shall be the
depth at mid-span.
(d ) Bearings
The bearing area shaH be proportioned 80 that the unit bearing pressure
in I>ounds per square inch does not exceed the foUowing values:
On masonry laid in cement mortar . . . . . . . . . . 250 psi
On I>oured concrete . . . . . . . . ... . . 600 psi
Thickness of bearings shaD be proportioned 80 t.hat t he bending stress
in pounds l>er square inch does not exceed 20,000 for A7, A245 or A303 steel
and 22,000 for A36 steel.
(e) Fillers or Battens
Chord and web members in compression, composed of two components
separated one from another, shall have fillers or battens spaced 80 that; the
ratio l / r for each component sball not exceed the ratio l/ r of tbe whole mem-
ber. Chord and web members in tension, composed of two components
5· 194 ' AISC Speci(icati()fl-Opefl Wtb Steel J()W

separated one from the ot.her, ehall have 6.llers or battens spaced 80 that the
ratio l/ r of each component 8hall Dot exceed 240. The ICRllt r shall be uaed
in computing the ratio I r of a component.
FiUera or battena may be omitted in webs compoaed of two components in
joists 28 inches or lees in depth provided the least r is UlMd in the computation
of tbe member.
(0 Extended E nds
Extended ends 8hall be de8igned as cantilever beams with their reac.
lions carried back at least to the first interior panel point of the joist.
(e) Cold ·Formcd Members
TIle nominal crosa-eection of members, cold-fonned from "heel. or strip
steel confonning to ASTM A245 or A303, may be of any luitable Ihape, but
no member shall have an Wl8tiffened projecting compresaion element of width
greater than 10 times ita thickness, where width is measured (rom the free
edge of the element to the toe of the bend which join8 the element to the re-
mai nder of the cr088·scction. The width-to-thickness ratio may exceed 10
but not 28.4 provided the projecting element is stiffened at ita free edge by a
8imple lip at right angle to the element. The overall depth of the lip sbaJl
be not less than the applicable value given in the following table in which w
is Ule width of the element and t is the thickness of the material. both in
inches:
Width·f.o.Thickness Ratio of Minimum Depth of
Stiffened Element (Wi t ) Stiffening Lip
10 or 1e88 0 .00
Over 10 thru 13 4 .80 t
14 6.40 t
15 6 . 82 t
16 6 . 15 t
17 6 .42 t
18 6 .65 t
19 6 861
20 7 051
21 7 231
22 7040 t
23 7 .55 t
24 7 .70 t
25 7 .84 t
26 7 .97 t
27 8 . 10 t
28 8 .22t
28 .4 8 .27 t
103.6
.
Connectaonl
(. ) Me thod
Joist membera. shall be connected directly to one another by welding in
accordance with the current Standard Code for Arc and Ou Welding in
Building Construction of the American Welding Society or by ot.her approved
methods.
 fA)"gfipa" or LA-Seriu • 5· 195

(b) Strength
Connectiona shall develop the design 8t.resa but not less than 50 percent.
of the 8110wable strength of the member.
(c ) Splice8
SpLicea may occur at any point in chord or web members and shall de-
velop the full 8trengUl of the member.
(d ) Eccentricity
Members connected at a joint shall have their center of gravity linea
meet at a I>oint, if practical. Eccentricit.y 011 either side of the neut.ral axis of
chord members, may be neglected when it d068 not exceed the distance be-
tween the neutral axis and the hack of the chord. Otherwise, provision shall
be. made for the 8tre88e8 due to eccentricity. Ends of joists shaU be propor-
tioned to resist. bending produced by eccentricit.y at the support.
SECTION 104 APPLICATI ON
104.1 Usage
These specifications sball apply to allY type of structure where floors and
roof decks are to be supported directly by steel joists installed 8B hereinafter
specified. Where joists are used other than on simple spans wIder unifonnly
distribuWd loading, 88 I>rescribed in Section 103.1, they shall be investigated
and modiflCd if neceaaary to make their design conform to the specifications
listed in Section 103.1.
10-1.2 Span
The clear span shaU not exceed 24 times t.heir depUl. In floor construc-
tion, for spans greater thnn 32 feet, tho span shall not be greater than 20 times
tbe depUl of the jOi8t.
104.3 Depth
'The nominal depth of sloping chord joists 8halJ be the depth at mid-
span.
104 .4 End Support8
The ends of joista shall extend a diBtance of not less than 6 inches over
masonry or poured concrete supports and not less than 4 inches over steel
supports.

L04.5 Bridging
(a ) Diagonal
Bridging shall consi8t of cross-bracing wit.h I r ratio of not more thnn
200 where I is the di8tance in inches between connections and r i8 the least
radiU8 of gyration of the bracing member. Where CJ'088·bmcing membenc
are connected at. their point of intersection, the I dist.ance sball be taken 88 the
distance in inches bet.ween connections at the point of inierseclion of t.he brac-
ing members and the connections to the chord of the joists:.
(b ) Spacin g
The maximum 8pacing of lines of bridging for the different chord sizes
shall not. exceed the values tabulated below:
5 -190 ' A 1SC Speci/!Culwn- Open Web Steel JoiWJ

Maximum Spacing of Linea

Chord Si ...e of Bridging
No. 02 to No. OS, incl. 10'--0--
No. 09 to No. 16, incl. 12'--0'
No. 17 to No. 19, incl_ 16'--0'

104,6 Ins talla tion of Bridging

All bridging shaU be completely installed before any construction loads
are placed on the joiata, except the weight of the workmen necessary to inst8U
the bridging.
Bridging shall support t.he top chords against lateral movement d uring
the <-'Onstruct.ion period and shall hold the steel joists in an approximately
vertical plane.
The ends of all bridging Jines terminating at walls or 00afl'Ui shall be
anchored thereto at top and bottom chords.
104.7 End Anchorage
(8) Masonry Supports
Joists resting on mason.ry walls shall be bedded in mortar and attached
thereto with an anchor equivalent to a %' inch round steel bar not less than 12
inches long. In roofs where masonry parapet. walls are Jess than 2 feet. high , two
" inch anchor bolts or other equal means shall be used in lieu of the steel bar.
(b ) Steel Supporta
Ends of joists resting on steel supports shall be connected thereto with
not. less than two 3,1 inch bolts or welds of equa l strength.
(c) Uplift
Where uplift forces are a design consideration, roof joists shaH be anchored
to resist such forces.
104.8 Joist Spacing
Joists shall be 80 spaced that t he loading on each joist does not exceed
the allowable load given for the particular designation and span in the Load
T able. The spacing s hall not exceed the safe span of tbe deck or sJab.
104.9 Floors and Roof Decks
(a ) Materiul
Floors a nd roof decks may consist.. of poured or proOJst.. concrete or
gypsum , formed steel, wood plank, or other suitable material capa ble of sup·
porting the required load at. the specified joist. spacing.
(b) Thickness
Poured slabs shall not be less than 2 incbes thick.
(e ) Cente ring
Centering for poured slabs may be ribbed metal lath, corrugated steel
sheets, paper· backed welded wire fabric, removable centering or any olher
suitable material capable of supporting the slab at t be designated joist. spac-
ing. Cenleting shall not cause latera1 displacement of the top chord of joists
during installation of the centering or placing of t.he concrete.
 l .ongfJpan or LA • .'jer(ell • 5 ·197

(d ) Bearing
Slabs or decks shall bear uniformly a long the top chordll of the joiBtB.
(e) Attachments
Attachments of slab or deek to top chords of joists, where required, IIhall
be calmble of S1.8ying the top chords laterally. The spacing of lIuch attach-
me nts along the top chords of joists shall not exceed 36 inchea.
(f) Wood Deck
Wood decking when placed over joists shall not have a epan exceeding
tha t which ill standard pmctice for allowable safe loading of the particular
grade and dimensions of the decking employed. All such wood deckll IIhall
be securely fastened to the joists.
(g) Wood Nailers
Where wood nailers are used, such nailers in conjunction with the deck
or IIlab shall be finnly attached to the top chords of the joists in confo rmance
with Section 104.96.
104.10 Dcftection
Deflection due to thedeeign live load shall not exceed 1/ 360 of the lipan.
104.11 Ca mber
Joists IIhall have approximate cambers in accordance with the following .

•
T OJ) Chord Approx. Top Chord Approx.
Length Comw Length Camber

30'-0· .--"'
.,. 70' O· 2}s·
23 ,.
40'--0·
50' ·0·
7'
1.!1·
80'-0·
9()'-o. 3 1:.! •
60'-0· lW 96'-0·
"
104.12 Inspection
AU steel joi8t.8 IIhali be thoroughly inspected by the manufacturer before
shipment to iJ'l8ure compliance of materials and worktnanBbip with the re-
quirements of these specificatioJ'l8.
SECTION 105 HANDLlNG AND ERECTION
Care shall be exercised at a ll times to avoid damage through careless
handli ng during unloading, stori ng a nd erecting. Dumping onto the ground
s ha ll not be permitted.
As soon as joists are erected, a ll bridging shall be completely installed
a nd the joists permanently fastened before the application of any loads.
Hoisting cables sball not be released until one bridging Ijne nearest mid-
SI>an for IIlmns up to 60 feet and two bridging lines nearest the third l)(lints of
the span for llpans over 60 feet are installed and where joiet.s are bottom
bearing their ends have been restrained laterally.
During the construction period, the contractor shall provide means for ilie
adequate distribution of concentrated loads 80 that the carrying cal)8city of
any joist is not e.J:ceeded.
s· 19ti

Standard Load Table

for Longspan LA-Series Joists
Based on allowable stress of 22,000 psi
Adopted by the American Inltilule 01 Steel COnllruetlon, In e~ July I. 1"1
Adopted by Ihe 51. .1 JoIII Inltltule. July I. 1961

Thi8 table is based on 22,000 psi allowable 8tre88 for A36 8teel.
Whe n A7, A246 or A303 8teel i8 used, all load carrying capacities shall
be reduced by 10 percent. Joists designed of steel other than A36
shall be designated by L rather tha." LA as shown in the table.

The following table gives the TOTAL safe uniformly distributed lond_
carrying capacities in pounds l>er linear foot of span.
This load table applies to joisLs with either parnllel cbords or standard
pitched tol) chords. When top chords are pitched, the carrying capacities are
determined by the nominal depth of the joists at center of the span.
Standard pitch is J..tt per foot. If pitch esceeds thla standard, the
load table does not apply.
Loads to tbe right of the dashed verticaJ line to be used for roof
construction only.
Loads below heavy slepped Une are governed by maximum end
reaction.
The weight of dead loads, including the weight of joiaLs. must in all
CIUM:l8 be deducted to determine the live load-all'rying capacities which must.
be reduced for concentrated loads. Approximate weights per linear fool of
jois18 include accesaories.
When holes are required in top or bottom chords the above carrying
capacitie8 must be reduced in proportion to reduction of chord Arens. The
top chords are considered 88 being stayed laterally by floor slab or roof deck.
 LoIlPfXUl or LA·&rie8 . 5 · 199

STANDARD LOAD TABLE FOR LONGSPAN LA·SERIES JOISTS

Pounds per linear Fool Based on Allowable Stress 01 22.000 psi
5·200 . A1SC SJH!Ci/ication-Open Web Sleel Joists

STANDARD LOAD TABLE FOR LONGSPAN LA·SERIES JOISTS

Pounds pel linear foot Based on Allowable Stress of 22,000 psi

I· mum
'od Clear Ope"lng or Nels"." r" Fnl
Rue·
'100·
lb•.
 STANDARD LDAD TABLE FOR LONGSPAN LA-SERIES JOISTS
Pounds per linear fool Based on Allowable Stress 01 22,000 pSI

it " .,
......"1 " ., 1,131

9,151 it"'I'" ,
1"'lm '''' :''' I''' '" "' I"' I"'I"' I"' lnl ln' I"" I"'I'''
~'" i ' '''~r.~ l: : : , m
, l "' I 157 I ~9 1 ~'

""'''
""'"
......"
"..
"..
....
,...
,51B

IU,1Ol I'"
~'I ' .. I"'"
STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS AN D LOAD TABLE FOR

Open Web Steel Joists

High Strength Longspan or LH·Series

Adopt"d by th" Amerlc:an In.tlllIl. of 51•• 1 CGn.trllo;llon, Jlln. n. uu

Adopled by Ih. 51•• 1 J IM'! In.tltlile. Jlln. n. UU

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

101 Park Avenue, New York 17, N. Y.

 5·205

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR

Open Web Steel Joists

High Strength Longspan or LH-Series
Adopted b~ the Amerleen Inltltlite of Sleel Constluetlon. Inc .. June n . 1962
Adopted by the Ste" Jolit Inltltute, June n, 1962

SECTION 200 SCOPE

These specificatiolls cover the design, manufacture and use of Open Web
Steel Joists. High Strength Longspan or LH-Ser ies. in any structure to be
erected subject to t he provisions of Ul e8e specifications.

SECTiON 201 DEFI NIT ION

The term Open Web Steel J oists, High Strength Longspan or LH -Series,
as used herein, refers to light weight steel trusses suitable for the d irect support
of floors and roof decks between the masonry walls aud / or structurolsupports
in build ings, uti Lizing high-strength hot-rolled or cold-formed chords. including
cold-formed chorda whoee yield point has been incrensed materially by cold
wor king, a nd designed in accordance with theae specifications and the Standard
Load Table attached bereto.

SECTI ON 202 MATERIALS

202.1 S t eel Specifications
These specifications contemplate the use of weldable steel of suitable
quality as defined, in general, by the provisiolUl of the latC8t edition of the
following standard specifications of the American Society for T esting
Materials:

Structural Steel, ASTM A36, modified to eliminate the upper limit on

tensile strength.
High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Manganese Vanadium Steel,
ASTM A441.
High-Strength Low- Alloy Structural Steel. ASTM A242, mod ified to
eliminate corrosion resistance requirements.
Flat Rolled Carbon Steel Sheets of Structural Quality, AST'M A245.
Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Strip of Structural Quality, ASfM A303.
High-Strength LaurAlloy HoI.-Roiled Steel Sheets and Strip, ASfM
A375, modified to eliminate corrosion resistance requirements.

The above provisions do not exclude the use of material ordered or pro-
duced to other than t he Listed specifications, provided that such material, in
tbe state as used for final 888embly and fabrication, is readily weldable and
j)()69C88e8 the pbysica1 properties specified in Section 202.2, as determined by
tests rerformed by the producer or fabricator.
5 ·206 • A1SC Speci/U:otion-Open Web Steel Joists

202 .2 Mechanical Properties

The yield point used as a basis for the design stresses prescribed in Section
203 shall be at least 36,000 psi but shall not be greater than 50,000 p6i. Evi·
dence that the steel furnished meets or exceeds the design yield point shall be
provided in the fOml of witnessed or certified test reports.
For material used without consideration of intteage in yield point result-
ing from cold forming, the specimens shall be taken from u-roJled material.
In the case of material of which the mechanical properties confoml to the
requirements of one of the listed specifications, test specimens and procedure
sbaU conform to th08El: of such specification and to AS'TM A370. In the case
of material of which the mechanical properties do not conform to the require-
menta of one of the listed speci fications, the test specimens and procedure shall
conform to the applicable requirementaof ASTM A370 and thespecimel19shall
exhibit A yield point equal to orexcooding the design yield point and a n elonga-
tion of not Ieee than (a) 20 percent in 2 inches for sheet and strip or (b ) 18
percent in 8 inches for plates, shapes and bars with adjustments for thickness
as prescribed in ASTM A36, A242 and A44l. Lf as-fonned strength is
utilized, the test reports shall sbow the results of tests performed on full
eection specimens in accordance with the provisions of Sections 3.1.1 and 6.3
of the AlSi Specification for the Design of Light Gage Cold Fornled Steel
Structural Members, and shaH indicate compliance with these provisions and
with the following additional requirements:

1. Where tension tests are made for acceptance and control purpoees
the tensile strength shalJ be at least 6 percent greater than the yield
point of the aection.
2. Where compression tests are used for acceptance and control pur-
poses t.he specimen shall withstand a gross shortening of 2 percent. of
its original length without cracking. The length of specimen shall
not be greater than 20 times its least mdius of gymtion.
3. If any test sl>eCimeu faiis to pass the requirements of subparagraphs
1 or 2 above, as applicable. two retests shall be made of specimens
from the same lot. Failure of one of the retest specimens to meet
such requirements Bhall be cause for rejection of the lot repretJented
by the specimens.

202.3 Welding Electrodes

The following electrodes ahall be used for manual arc weldi ng:
For members having a specified minimum yield point.
greater than 36,000 psi . . . . . . . E70 serics
For members having a specified minimum yield point
of 36,000 psi. . . . . . . Eoo or E70 aeries
Other welding methods, providing equivalent strength as demonstrated
by tests, may be ueod.

SECTION 203 DESIGN AND MANUFACTURE

203 .1 Method
Joist8 shall be designed 9.8 simply supported unifonnly loaded trusses in
ac(.'o rdance with these specifications. Where any feature or a l>plication is not
 High StrengtJl umg~poll ur '-H-&riu • 5 ·207

specifically covered herein, the design shaH be in accordance with the following
8pecificatioDS of latest adoption:
(8) American Institute of Steel Construction Specifirotion for the Design,
Fabrication and Erectwn of Structural Steel for Buildings, where the
material is uaed as a hot-rolled product.
(b) American Iron and Steel Institute Specification for the Design of
Light Gage Cold Formed Steel Structural M embers, for members which
are oold formed.

203.2 Unit Stresses

Joists shall have their components 80 proportioned that the unit etreooeo in
pounds per square inch shall not exceed the following where F, is the yield
point defined in Section 202.2:
(a ) T e nsion
All members
O.SF, (1)
(b) Compression
For members with l/ r less than C.:

(2)

where

For members with l/ r greater than C.:

149,000,000
(3)
(l/r)1

In formulas (2) and (3) l is the length cent.er-to-center of panel points,

and r is the corresponding least radius of gyration of the member or any com-
ponents thereof, both in inches. However, the slenderness ratio l/ r of web
members may be taken as 3l/ 4r" when this value exceedsl /r~, where r~ i8 the
radius of i'Yration in the plane of the joist and r, is normal to it.

(c) Beodioi
For chords and web members

0.6F, (4)

For bearina- plates

O.75F, (6)
5 ·208 • A Ise SfJt'CiProlmn---Open W eb Sleei Joit<ls

(d ) Weld Stresses
Shear at throat of fillet welds:
Made with E60 aeries electrodes . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,600 psi
Made with E70 aeries electrodes . . . . . . . . . . . 15,800 psi
Tension or compl'C88ion on groove or hutt welds shall be the 8B.Dle as th088
specified for the connected material.

203.3 Maximum Slenderness Ratios

Top chord interior panels . . 90
Top chord end panels . . . .120
Other compression members .200
Tension members . . . . . .240
203.4 Membe1'8
(a ) Chords
The botl'l;om chord shall be designed as an axially loaded tension member.
The top chords shall be designed as a continuous member subject to
combined axial and bending stresses and shall be so proportioned. that when
fully loaded the quantity
fa + f.
does not exceed a.6F, at the panel point and the quantity

f. + C./.
F. (1-;'.)F.
does not exceed unity at mid-panel; in wbich
C.. - 1 - 0.3f. /F'. for elld panels
C.. - 1 - 0.4f./F'_ for interior panels
f. - Coml>uted axial unit compressive HtrCM
f. - Computed bending unit compressive streas at the point undel
consideration
F. _ Permi8llible axial unit compressive stress baaed on l/ r for the panel
length center-to-center of panel points
F. - Penni88ible bending unit stress; O.6F,
149,000,000
F'. - (l/ r )' where ful l panel length, center-to-<:enter of panel
z
points shall be used for l
rr - Radius of gyration about t.he axis of bending
The radius of gyration of the top chord about its vertical axis shall be
not less than l / 170 where I is t he spacing in inches between lines of bridging
as specified in Sect.ion 20'1.5b.
TI\e top chord shall be considered as stayed laterally by the floor or roof
deck provided the requirements of Section 204.ge of theee specifications are
met.
(b) Web
The vertical shears to be uaed in t.he design of the web members shall be
determined from full uniform loading but such vertica1 shear sholl be not less
than 25 percent of tbe rated end reaction.
 High Strength LongBpon or LfI-&rin • 5·209

(e ) Depth
Joists may have either parallel chords or It top chord slope of >i inch per
foot . 111e depth, for the purpoae of design, in all cases shall be the depth at
mid-span_
(d ) Bearings
'l1le bearing area shall be proportioned 80 that the unit bearing pressure
in pounds per square inch does not exceed the following values:
On masonry laid in cement mortar .250 psi
On poured concrete . . . . .750 psi
(e) Flllers or Battens
Chord and web members in compression, composed of two components
separated one from another, shall have ftJlers or battens spaced 80 that the
ratio l/r for each component shall not exceed the ratio il r of the whole mem-
ber. Chord a nd web members in tension, composed of two components
separated one from the other, shall have fillers or battell8 spaced 80 that t he
ralio il r of each component shall not exceed 240. The le88t r shall be used in
computing the ratio il r of a component.
Filters or battens may be omitted in chords composed of two components
in joists having interior panel lengths not exceeding 24 inches and in webacom-
poeed of two components in joists 28 inches or 1eB9 in depth, provided the least
r of 8 single COmponent is used in computing the ratio il r of a component.
(0 Ext ended Ends
Extended ends shall be designed as cantilever beams with their reactions
carried back at least to the first interior panel point of the joist.

203.5 Connections and Splices

(_> Method
Joist members shall be oonnected by arc or resistance welding, bolting or
other approved methods.
(b ) Strength
Connections and splices shall develop the design stress but not less than 50
percent of the a llowable strength of the member, except that hutt welded
eplicea shnll develop t he minimum specified tensile strength of the member.
Splices may occur at any point in chord or web members.
(c ) Eccentricity
Members connected at a joint shaU have their center of gravity lines meet
at a point, if practical. Eccentricity on e ither side of the neutra1 axis of chord
members, may be neglected when it does not exceed the distance between the
neutral axis and the back of the chord. Otherwise, provision ehall be made
for the st:reEBes due to eccentricity. Ends of joists shall be proportioned to
resiet bending produced by eccentricity at the support.
In thoee cases where a single angle oompreaaion member is attached to
the outside of the stem of a tee or double angle chord, due conaideration shall
be given to eccentricity.
5·210 • A/se Speci/iMtion.-Open Web SteelJoUts

203.6 Shop Painting

Joists and aooeH8Ories shall receive one shop coat of protective paint of a
type standard with tbe manufacturer.

SECTiON 204 APPLICATION

204.1 Usage
These specifications shall a pply to any type of structure where Boors
and roof decks are to be supported directly by steel joists installed as herein·
after specified . Where joists are used other than on simple spans under
unifonnly di8lributed loading, 88 prescribed in Section 203.1 , they shaD be
investigated and modified if necessary to make their design conform to the
specifications listed in Section 203.1.
204.2 Span
The clear span of joists shall not exceed 24 times their nominal depth.
In floor const.Tuction, t.he spans shall not be greater t.han 20 times Lhe nominal
depth of t.he joist.
204 .3 Depth
The nominal dept.h of sloping chord joists shall be the depth at mid-epan.
The standard slope shall be Y8 inch per foot.

204.4 End Supports

The ends of joists shall extend a distance of not less than 6 inches over
DUl80nry or poured concrete supports and not leas than 4 inches over stee.l sup-
porte except where opposite joists butt over a nlllTOw stool support and )Xl8itive
attachment to the support is made by welding or bolting. [n such cases a
shorter end bearing length may be used when proper dea.ign proviBiol18 are made.

204.5 Bridging
(a ) Type
Bridging shall consist of croes-bracing with l/ r ratio of not more than 200,
where l is the distance, in inches, between connections and r is the least radius
of gyration of tbe bracing member. Where cross-bracing members are oon-
nected at their point of intersection, the l distance shall be taken us t.he d is-
tance in inches between connections at t.he point of intersection of the braci ng
memhel'8 and the connections to the chord of the joists. ColUlections shall
be made by bolting or welding.

(b ) Spacing
The maximum spacing of lines of bridging for the different chord sizes
shall not exceed t.he values tabulated below:

Maximum Sp8dn ~ or
Chord Size Lines or Bridgi ng
No. 02 to No. 08, incl. II '0"
No. 09 to No. 14. inc!. 16 '0"
No. 15 to No. 19, incl. 21 '0"
 HllJh Sirf!nlJrh I..onSlpon or I.H-&ri~ • 5 - Zll

204.6 Installa tion of Bridging

All bridging shall be completely installed before any colUltruction loads
are placed on the joists, except the weight of the workmen nocessa.ry to
install the bridging.
Bridging shall 8Upport the tol) chords against lateral movement during
the construction period and shall hold the steel joiats in an approximately
vertical plane.
The ends of all bridging linea terminating at walls or beams shall be
anchored thereto at lop and bottom chorda.

204 .7 End Anchorage

<a> Masonry S uppor ts
JoiBts resting on mrulOnry walls shall be bedded in mortar and attached
thereto with an anchor equivalent to a ' " inch round steel bar l'IOt 1e88 than
12 inches long. In roofs where tna80nry parapet walls are less than 2 feet
high, t .....o ~" inch anchor bolts or other equal means shall be uaed in lieu of the
steel bar.
(b ) Steel Supports
Ends of joists resting on steel supports shall be connected thereto with
not 1e88 than two ~ 4 inch bolts or welds of equivalent strength.
(c) Uplift
Where uplift forces are a design consideration, roof joi8t8 shall be anchored
to reaitJt. such forces.

204.8 Joist Spacing

Joists shull be apal'ed 90 that the loading on each joist does not exceed the
allowable load given for the particular designation and span in the Loud
Table. The sl..acing sha ll not exceed the Illfe span of the deck or Blab.

204.9 Floors and noof Dec ks

(a ) Ma te ri a l
Floors and roof decka may consin of pourOO or precast. concrete o r
gypMum, fonned Irteel, wood plank. or other suitable material capable of sup-
porting the required load at the specified joist 81>8cing.
(b ) Thickness
Poured !!lobs shall not be less than 2 inches thick.
(c ) Centering
Centering for poured slabs may be ribbed metal lath, corrugated steel
sheets, paper-bac ked welded wire fabric, removable centering or any other
suitable material capable of supporting lhe slab at the designated joist. 8p8cing.
('entering shall not cause lateral displacement of the top chord of joists
during installation of the centering or placing of the concrete.
(d ) Bearing
Rlabe or decks s11all bear uniformly along lhe top chords of the joists.
 5.212 • AISC Sprei{icalio,,-Open Web Steel Joist.

(e ) Attachments
AU.achmenta of slab or deck to top chords of joi.sts. where required, shall
be capable of staying the top chords laterallY. The spacing of such attach·
menta along the top chorda of joista shall not exceed 36 inches.

(0 Wood Deck
Wood decking when placed over joists IIhalI not have a span exceeding
tbat. which is standard practice for allowable safe loading of the particular
grade and dimension of the decking employed. All such wood decks shall be
securely fastened to the joists.

(g) Wood NailerfJ

Where wood nailers are used, such nailers in conjunction with the deck or
slab shall be 6nnly attached to the top chords of the joists in confonnance
with Section 204.ge.

204.10 De fl ection
The deflection due to the design live load shall not exceed the following:
F loors: 1/ 360 of span
Roofs: 1/ 360 of span where a plaster ceiling ia attached or su&-
pended
1/240 of apan for all other cases
204 .ll Camber
Joists shall have approximate cambers in accordance with the following:

Top Chord Approximate Top Cbord Approximate

","",h Camber ","",h Camber
- -
30 '0" W 70 '0" 2V",
40'0 · W_ 80'0" 2~4 '"
50 '0 '" Iii' 90 '0" 'W
60'0 '" l)i" 96'0·
."
) 204.12 Inspection
Before shipment, all joists shall be thoroughly inspected by the manu·
facturer. Lf the purchlUler wishes an inspection of the steel joists by SQmoone
other than the manufacturer's own inspectors, he may reserve the right to do
80 in his "invitation to bid" or the accompanying job specifications. Arrflnge-
menta shall be mnde with the manufacturer for such inspection of the joists at.
the manufacturing shop by the purchaser's inspectors a t tbe purchaser's
expense.

SECTI ON 205 HANDLING AND ERECTION

Care shall be exerciaed at all times to a void damage through careleee
handling during unloading, storing and erecting. Dumping onto the ground
&hall not be permitted
 Hlllh &rrngth Longspan or LH-Serle. • S· 213

As 800n 8JI joists are erected. all bridging shall be completely installed and
the joists permllllently fasLened into place before the application of any loads
except the weight of the erectors.
Hoi.sting cables shall not be released unLii olle bridging line neare&t mid-
span for spans up to sixty feet and two bridging lines nearest the third points
of the span for spons over sixty feet are installed IlIld where joists are bottom
bearing their ends have been restrained Interally. During the conlltructioll
l>eriod. the contrnctor shall provide mC8.nlI for the adequate distribution of
concentrated loads eo that the carrying cal:l8city of IlIlY joist is not exceeded.
The total length of lateral field welds at anyone point on a oold-fonned chord
eecti.on whoee yield point has been increaaed materially by oold working shall
not exceed 50 percent of the overall developed width of the cold-formed
chord. but in any event field welding shall not damage the steel joista. either
hot-rolled or oold-formed.
5·214

Standard Load Table

for Longspan LH-Series Joists
Based on Allowable Stress of 30,000 psi
Adopled by Ihe Ame, lcan I"slilule 01 Sleel Con s lru ellon. In.c •• June 21. 1962
Adopted by the Steel Joist Institute. June 21.1962

The bold face figures in the following table give tbe TOTAL safe uni.
fo rmly-disLributed load-arrying capacities, in I)()unds per Linear foot. of
LH -Series joists. The weight of DEAD loads, including the joists,· must in
aU C8.9C8 be deducted to determine Lhe LIVE load-carrying capacities of the
joists.
The lighLfnce figures in this load table are the LIVE loads l>Elr linear foot of
joist which will produce an approximate deflection of % 60 of the span.
LJ VE loads which will produce 8 deflection of >140 of the apan may be ob·
tained by multiplying the Light face figures by L.5. (Note: TIle tabulated
loads corresl)()nding to thege deflection limitations have been oomputed on
the basis of 30,000 psi allowable stress provisions. For joists designed to a
lower working stress these loads may be increaaed in the ratio of 30,000 psi
to tbe design stress used, in order to meet the same deflection Limitations.)
[n no ease s haJl the total load capacity of the joist be exceeded."
This load table appLies to joists with either parallel chords or standard
pitched top chords. When top chords are pitched, the carrying capacities
are detennined by the nominal depth of the joists at center of the llpaIl.
When holee are required in top or bottom chords, the above carrying
capacities must be reduced in proportion to reduction of chord areas.
'The top chords are considered as being stayed lateraUy by Boor slab or
roof deck.
Loads to the rigbt of the heavy dashed vertical Hne are to be U&ed for
roof cotl8truction only.
Loads below beavy stepped Line are governed by maximum end reaction.
Stan d ard p itch is YS' per foot . If pitch exceed s this s t and a.rd,
the Joad table d oes not apply .

• The weight of joists pc.r linear foot will vary with the design but will not exceed
that given in ihe standard specification fo r LA-Seriea longspan joists of corresponding
designation,
.. Section 204.10 of ihis LH-Seriea specification limits ihe design LIVE load
deflectiOn lUI follows: Floors-~60 of span. RoofS-JiM of span wbere 8.
plaster ceiling is attached or suspended; ~.O of span for all other~,
 High Strength Longspan or LH·Ser ies . 5·215

STANDARD LOAD TABLE FOR LONGSPAN LH-SERIES JOISTS

Pounds per Unear Foot Based on Allowable Stress of 30,000 psi

,,' "'.-
Noml· Clear Openlrl8 or Net Span In feet
m,m
E.'
""" Inches Depth
,.
"m " , .
[)as'I· I. Rea<:l 'OIl
l"'_ n lO i n u

..
~ ~ ~

... ...'23 '" 36' '16 14' '"" ,.,U. "

natIOn

181HOZ 18
'." 3451 324
235 212 1 19)
In VI

'" '" ... '"

',«" t
'.'" ... ...". '"'" '"
..
... ' m m
~, I
'51 '" '"
181HOl IS S2l 111
~,
310 '88
221 1201 112 III
18LH04 IS 1.]51
'"'" ... '" '81
m go... ...
440 I 413 u,
'"'" ".'" '62 '"".
18lH t!i

18LH ()(j
18

IS
8,718

10,382
"" ,. '"
'" ...'" ... '"'"
.. ~,
255 : 2J1 2lI
... ...... .14 ...54. ... '21 m '"'89 '"".
31'
508 1 416
298 1211
'" ""44.
961i 1S3l .89
'"
225

,~ .. ..
411

'"
324 1295 224
554 442 ~, 1lO
18LH01 18 ... '" '" ."'" .n ""'" ...'" '" '" ...'15
10,1!lO ~.

ISLH08 18 11 ,241
'"'
628

...
'"'" "" ...'" "....'"
'"
502

III .~
4~
,m.. '"282 '" m
' " 1314
717 1680
4IlB 1310 '" '"
...
..
2n
OM SOl
238

'" '" .., ... «,'" '"'" '" , ...'" ...'" on

II 12.011 ~, 110 111
',,"09
751 540 111

" m" mn " " ..." n'•,i ,. " " !O,17 " " "
M U

2OLHOiZ 20 5,672
'" ... '" '" '" 24'!II
'" '"
l2S 3111 19l 111 l2'5 ll5
".
.
n.
20 6,018
'"
... ... ...'" ... ,14 ...
Oil
'" 2'll

1n
... '"
220 200 1184
...'51 '"14' '" '"
'" lJ2 112
2OLH03
'" '"
"
,... m ...'" '" '" '"15. 11.'"'" ,.,'" . , ltl jm m20. '" '12 15. 14' m
412 381 31 • '" : 111
215 215 196 13l 112
2OLH04 20 440 114

2OLH05 20 ,... ''1"6 ..

'" '" '"
415 391

6Q2 ...
4"
511
'"
...
511
"','"
311 ll9 .. '81
241 122.1
m
458 : 414 III
'" '"
'" 20' '86 '60
211 218
...11. ...m "" ,,,, ... 231... '"201 m '14
151 ,~
112
131

12l

20tH.. 20 10,554

.
,~
822
'" 521 1491 ~, ~,

'" .99
'".,. '" '86 '60 '"
620 '" 410
'15
259 22Jl ,~

'" ...
2OlH07

.. 86' 114 621 590 1556 ,~

29. '"
20 l1 ,m 111 411 ~
"'
2OLHOB 20 !i .'S)
'" '" ,'"..
.15 '"
".
'" '" '18
1811

m ." ...
'"'60 '21 ..'",
~,

142 III ,~

5ll .. ..
4" ~

~4
... '""' m
m!712 ... '"
349 319
'S4 : 621 ,~

381 1J55 126 100

210

on ... m
,~
1~

50]
111

4"
211 220
,~

...
..
2OtH09 I~
20 12.709 990
." '" '" '" 111
'" 601

",.99' '" ...'" ... ... , "' ", '"'"m ., '"m ... '" '"no
55' 615 46' 421 1386 100 211 ~,

2OlHIO 20 13,710 '068 89'

411
1061
'" 851 625
'" 511
'" '" '" 112
 5 · 216 . AISC Speci{ictJl i(m-Qpen Web Steel J oim

STANDARD LOAD TABLE FOR LONGSPAN LH·SERIES JOISTS

Pounds per linear Foot Based on Allowable Siress of 30,000 psi

Noml· Maxi· Cleal Ope ning Of Net S~ n In Feet

,,' m,m
Jo"t
O"lg
na!1OII
Depth
'0
Inch"
Eo'
Lb•.
" .. " 31 .. " ",.to IIi ",
Rea.cbon
l5 ~1 .. .. " ..
~ 41 ..
24LH03
"
5,157
'" '" '"
~,

'" 7Jj7
m
~, ...'54 '"'44 u, ru'16 11' '"110 b, ~7

'" '" '"m '" '" '" ", I ", 178 166
'"
,~
t 1
7.053
2~LH04

" '" '"'" '" '" '" '" 3U

'""' '" '42 23' '25 '"
~,
Z4l U2

....,, ...m ... m '" ,., '" 1 m '" '" '"'SS 1<, 24.
234 217 201 1187 ,~
l55 27' 25' lS' III 117
24LH[15 7, 558 347 331 ~, 251
" "" '" '"
43~ I~U U, 38' ... ...
348 12O 273 25l 23S 121B In
,o.i61 '"
,~
117

'" '" '" '" '"54' '" 208 '" ", ''"10 '"'50 ' 50
55S 504 457
24LHD6
'"
~,

" '" ,~
258 "0
...
300 '18
I
'"' 1< '"41' '" '" '"'" 1* '" '"'" '" m18' ''"10
~,
24LH 07 ill 491 ~7

..
11,194 11l
",, - 432 398 ~,
291 Z1l 2S2 215 1~

11.9J1 701 on ...

...
24LHOB

24LH09
"
57'
14, 0lj

' "
III

'"
..
51S '" '"
'" '"'" '" '"
~7
7ll
'18

'"
"' llO1
~,
41' m
572 54' 520 1497

'" ,., ... i '" '"... '" ".60' m'" ...101 44''"'00
. ..
612 602 574
'" '"
'" 15' ''"
... ..,'" 18' m 702 1'" .31 '"31' '" 18''" 5U 111'"
1'" 155
"
US 417

22' 7Jj,
314

24LHIO

24lH Il
"
"
14,848

15,616
10'
112

.. ..
lSi
'"
'" "" '"
'776" 710 '" "'1
115 \ 151
~,

ru: 414 ...

554 "'lm
, 38' ..
'" 7" 1734 70' .71 ." '",., '" ...
398 1 310 144

'" '"
111 '10
'" '" '"
17l
5ll

.. " . 47 III e 60 " " " "

18"'OS

9,333 ...
41

111
~ 41

197
.q

" 7.'" In '"'" 14"n. '"22' '"110 '" "'IBS I1'"l7l '"'63 m '"'" nom ". m 11''" no
,~

... 3~ 1 ~1 ,,.U' lO' 18',SS '47 '"

1ll .
54 55

UI

18

..
,~ ~,
28lHDfi 4U III In HI
111 '" '10 '" '" Iro
.... ... u, ." 152 137 122 . .
'" ,,.'"' 39 U7 164 ,~ ,~

1
28LH07 18 10,520 50S '10 394 37'9 liS ,~ 1lI
,~
12' 208
~7 250 : 235 ' 15 '66 '" ". '"
28LHOS 11,250 ...
'" ...
316
'" '"
."
,~ ,~ ", I . " ~7
'"
,.. m
151

" ~,
517
359 ,~ III
'" 127
""
17l 157
'91 '80 ' 10 16' ''53" 3ll 301

... ...
'" ...
257 1242
"'
28LHog

28 LHIO
18 13,895 ~7
46' '"
il' iU

. '"
"". , .15 '"
" 16, 256 '",'".. ""47' '" '"m m
15.187
'il
350
519 49'.1 .iI
"" I '" 112 '" 14' 11.
1

m III
576 1 5~
156 '"
on
'" 107 '83
""... '" IlS
115
460
OIl' 314

28LHIl
" 157
~,

..
,~

.. ..
7~
no
411

'" 49' '" '" '" I1~, 116

,..
ill

766
30'
343 1 322

629 605
'"
'" ,..... '"
'" '"'16 '" '" '" '" m
~. 117
~,
'"140

'"517 '" '"... '"

115 104

28lH 12
" 17,873
,os 817 III
'" 1 711 709 ill
'" ' 38 '"
'" '" "" '" S17

28lH Il
" 18,649 ... .74
70'
'"
'" U, '16 '" I '"m
'"
151
57'
~,
""i '"
799 1Il 1 76Ei
537 5113 472 1444
'" m
'19
lSI
...
7U 6..
'
33'"
37l
'"
'".
113
""
. ll
... 18'sn
 STANDARD LOAD TABLE fOR LDNGSPAN LH·SERIES JOISTS
Pounds per linear Foot Based on Allowable Stress 01 30,000 psi

Noml· Mul· Clear Opening 01 Net Span in Feel

,,' m,m
Joist
Desig"
nation
Depth
Inchll$
"
Eo<
Reaction
Lin. . 50
" 52 53 !
54 ~ 56 51
" 51
" " " "
..
l2l.H05 ~ 8,m 331
". '" m
n. '"
... l lU VI
'"
". ,".. '" '"'D U' '"m ll. 201'10
' IS1
,~
U7 214

'" 35' mIni 101 ...

204 191 1182 I7l
'" m ... 211

..
~ m m
l2l.HD7 9,411
'14 '" '" '"
258 '" '94 '84
ZI1 , 205
'" '"
". '51 '"
2M

'" '" ". U'

2M
lIIl
.U
168 '" "' I'"
~ IO,~ n7 181 In
181 '" ".
"'I'" '" '"
32LH08
. M' 2lH 2S3 20'
'"
IU

'" '" '"IS' '"' 50 '"'" '" ,~

219 '" ".

12,814 .98 480 461 441 ~ 412 m 115 U.
12lH09 ~
'" '" '"
..'"'"
'10 lIS
~, ~, 287 1211
~,
'98 '" m ".
'" 257 '89
23l ,~

12LH1O ~
- .
14,179
.
.50 51' m
I
...'"~ '" .""0 '" ...18' 151 '"
4tS 1471 , 462
208
In '76

12lHIl ~ '15,520
'"~
.n
158 D'
...
'"'" '14 ...
ru ... ...
153
128'5
118 Jll

...
269
5411522 !OS
334 1316
'"
...
'47'" '" ""
...
'" ..
2M
'" , .. ..
'"'" '" '"'" "0 '" '"
'51
23l
'01
'"'76
...
OIl
,~

." ". .,. 641:

18,227 61' on 52.

.. on
,~

'" ."
32LHU J2
50S 401 J319 29' m '" '"
m 142lru '" ... '" ...'" '" '"
J2l

'" 49' '" '80 1416 '"131'" '" ...'"'" '" '" ""'" '"... ."... 25'..,
-
321Hll ~ ",>ll m 10' ,~ 581 5ll

.
555 4.;D ,~ 320 2Ii3
.-
l2lH]4 ~ Ztl,937 ~, ~o ,~

'" f-'" ...~ :rn'"m ". 398 31''50 '"125 10''"3§ '" '" 291 '" '"
84' 10 Ii•

."'"
~,
. '52
32lH15 ,~ ~I

'" 58' 554 S24 495 "''" "' '" 401 381 '" •• '" '"313 '"
J2 21.625 853 831 82' .~ ~. ~,

~I

" ,".. m.. .. " .

I61
lilHO? 36 8,419
'" '" ""
51

~.'14
'" ".
51

212
15'
59 60
I
u. nl m
"'I'"
'" 192 '83
1

1], '" m m,251 ,~

I" 138
~ ~

IV
10
,.
"
'"
11

UI
ill
36lHQI mil" ,u ".14. ".'82 'M
36 ',255
'" '
121
"." '"'I]
'" 211 U7 Ul
'" '"
u,aso '" '" 118 191 1188 111 "3
'" '36 125 120 l!5
36lH09

36lH 1O
36

"
",'" '"
.
'11
~,

~
311
'" ~3 '14
m
3741363 352
'82 '"
'"•• "" .,'" '" ,.m 164'" m '40
Nl , 230
440 426 411 1401

'" ...28' 71 '82 '" 401 ...

Il.O'30
211 254
". '" m m

'"'" ". '"'" '"

UJ ~3 314

351 34'
23' 220 111l 20'
~.
1ft
'52 ' 46

I~

,. '" '" ...195 '" m'12

.

. ..
36lHll ~ 14,212 .~ 480 451 : 418 415 4U ,~
3.
345 ~,

'" '" '" '" ...

3ll
'" " •U '" '" ill Zl3 204

.
m m "'1S2l

..
36lH12 36 11,09!1 ~3 ~,

'", '" ...'" '"

508

.,.,.. '",. '10 ...

352 W i lli >ll 22' '" '"'" ,~
'50 82•

...
,~

...
141 2ll ."
JiLHB 36
'" m 1m '" '"65'
'" .~

,.. no "'I'" "' '" ... '" 51. '" '"'" ."
'".~

'"
'I'
'34: 615
354 '" 51'
28'
SIll
258 ~,

36LHI4

36t H1S
36

"
22.146
'"
23,326
.31
809
S42
...
~.
'" '" '" '" '" '"
on '"
... '" '" '" '" '" '" I ~,
1
.34 413 1393 315 '51 34'
195 181 m ~ 744
515 465 1 443 4U 403 384
64'

.~
3ll

~,
561

3~
.
~,

~,
520 50S

513 561 551

~,
140
 5 · ZIB • AISC $puifjcaJion-Open W eb Sh!el J oists

STANDARD LOAD TABLE FOR LONGSPAN LH·SERIES JOISTS

Pounds per linear Foot Based on Allowable Stress 01 30,000 psi

""•.
.., Nom!· Maxi.
m, m
Clear Opening or Nel Span in feel

,,,...
Joist o.pu.
m
lnell.s
""
R. ac;I.on
Lb>.
" .. ~ : .. " " 11
" " n n " ..
11 11 74

,..
I
",HII8
" •. m '"~'" 241111 1234
'" , 110 '" ,.. '"m '"m '"'22 117 1118 ' 74
m Il2 2Il 20' 111 LU In

'" ". "'

,~
'62 III I~

"'H" 40 10,m
'" ns l •
III
211 1201 ".
'" '"m 147 ' 331 '" '" 181 m '" '68 '161
I~ "
28l
'" ,..
'"
n, m
141 138 m '"
I~
- f;;;'"
,~

4OLH IO

40LHll
"
"
12,049
'"~
".'H '"
13,100
~.

'" 226 !m '" '"

371
1881361
'"
m
199 191 IBl '" '"

"" '" IU
I~ Ul
~,

201 I" 186 '"

115
1ll
162 '" '"
3\3 lOS
168 '"

"' "'
'50 '" '" III
1I5

165 ' " . ..

,~

...
m nl
'68
,~

I~
I~

~l

" 15,957 ."'" 115m IIlI I1447'" U5 ."'" '" '"'" '"'" '"'" 115m ...'"~ mIH '" 184 '"
Z50 1240
40LHU

40LH Il
" 18,813
384
m
SIl
~.
nl , 336
Ut

1 514 3118 ... m m

542 528

'"
,~

III
. .Il

... '" '"'U '" '" 1M

'61 '" '"
...
28l

on ...'" '55'" ...".

• i l 4Sl
1» I .

4Ol.H14
" 21,538 ." ~ ! 1i01 ".
'"'"~ m ll56 U' '" '"'" m 55. SIl W SIS SOl

.. '" '"
~,

24,099 138
l8'l
&91 511
...
lU
'" '" '" '"
m ... ...
4OLH15
" IU
'" '" 118 U' '" '"'" '" 111 '" '" '"
5" ill II. III III ~.

"""16
" ".'" "" I'"
'58 418

531
]84 lm
419 1 401

513 491 1410 .. .. . .

'" '"m 1m 11. '" m '" '" '"U' ... '" '"
4ll
lU

lSi ll. lU l(IJ

51<

71
I

"
I
I 74
I " n 18
" " II . .. .. ..
II 11 IS

'4LH" 68 10,018 271 l m

186 1 179 '"111 '" 165 '" '151" 147 .m, '"
~, m IU U1
,~ no
",'"~ ",'" 1I0 '"101
221 ill UI

'"
44LH1O ~
214 i 205 '"191 '" 18) 116
U7
'" '"'" '"161 151'" '41 '" III m '"111 112
11 ,05/) 300 I Hl ill 17I Zl4
I~ lSI I .. I~ III
44LHll ~ 11,970 mlll7 lID m ,U m
231 p27 '18 '" 201 '" 181 '" '" '"
,to '" 161 '" '" '150 " 11.
I~

44LH12 ;, - ];"8(;, G02 ' l9l §1165 381 m

'" m "" 100 "" '"
III I~ I~

267 1 2S6 '" m

l~ 1II
". I/O '" '58
lIS lOt 111 ,~

.. 11,569 m i1 178... '" Ql '16 404 ... '" 16' 161 191 186 1§110
'" '"
111
'" '" '"
,~

44 LHlJ 471
'"466
'" .~ 4U 195 lSI 146
lSl

. 20,221 140549 1r 316514 '"111 '" '" m161 ... '"m ...'" '" '"Q5 '"415 ..."."" '" §. m
301 ~1 ~1

44LH J4

44LHI5

44LHI6 .. 27,146 min;

619 : 621 ..
510

. 23,5]6 396 1381 '"'"I. '"111 '" '" '"5U '" ...'"'61 '" ...'" "" m
~I

~I ~5

'" ...'" ... m '" '" +;;'" '" 'sit

llS
~I SlI

. ~.
"I
.. .16

, /0
4S5
,~
I~

~5

465 1 "'6 '"

.. ".1lS '"528 1 '"507 161'" '" '"IS' ••'u mns '"." '"'" 111 '"""m '"'" ".iI,'" m111 ...'"
'"lSI •• '" 510 ~) 520

'" .. '" .. '"

44LH IJ
'" '" )9; ~I

U) Oil ,~ ~.

'" ). 10l
 H igh Strength umgfp<ln or LJ./·Sf:nl.'s • 5 -219

STANDARD LOAD TABLE fOR LONGSPAN LH-SERIES JOISTS

Pounds per linear foot Based on Allowable Stress of 30,000 psi

Nom!· Mu!· Cleat Open ing Of Net SPAn In Feel

JOISI
00'
Depth
m,m
,,'
Des,,- ReactIOn
nl\JOn Inches lb5. II U Il U
" " " ,u n I 90 91
" " " "
~
"

., ,..
*
14. m ". m n. m 212 'A '" "'
,~

"' m'" 16. 161 IS; !isz '" ""'"''

48LH IO 10,045 221

...".
lQ ! 'I li ! 'm
'" ". ...
'" III 111

'" '4!III '44'01 ".'14 '"161 l2'! ~ !

,~ ZOO
48lH ii

.."
10,861

""
~, ,~ ,~
I 216 2U 2Ga
157 152 141 III ". '96 ,~

'"216 218 211 '"20J ",'96 '"'90 '83 171 171

-
'"'" ffi
,n 212 266 lit 'u
48lH12 13.120
'"'" ill 315 213
111 166 161 155 14.
,., '"
4&LH13
" 16,415
".'"
m 114 ".
14' '"m '" m 21'
m ~, lD 112 ~, 1lI lIZ

....288 '218" ...268 '"250 ".2" 216'" '"211 211 tvs "' '" '"m m111 '"
266 III 2\18 ~, ,~ ,~

" 19.395
'" • 54

. ...
.~ ~I li7

.. ~.
48lH14 ]I]

'"54' ". 2~
"" '" '"'92 '86 "'
48LH1S
" 22.252 III ~, ...
" 292 '" ... .D
2" m '"
m
,]1)
'210"

. . ..
' 10 '54
~.

48LHi6 - " 25.'" '"

116
i15
125 III
'" '" '" ' "
." '" '"m '" ~I ".'" '" 211 on ... m24.
511 5il
21l
521
"' '" '
U1
"
48lHI1 .. '" 28,82.
'"'"
...'" .n'"'" ... ...401'" '" .,". '"'" '" '"54' '" '"III 54' ". m
". '" '"
~I

~
~l

'" "" '"

S5I
.
'" '" '"
2i2 254
51>
STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS AND LOAD TABLES FOR

Open Web Steel Joists

J·Series and H·Series

Adopted b, SI.., Joist ••'!SUtul e and

Amulnn 'nl lilu" of SI.~ Construc llon , tnc., Februar" It6$
[IIKlln March I , 1165

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

101 Park Avenue, New York 17, N. Y.
I
 5-223

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR

Open Web Steel Joists

J-Series and H-Series
Adopted by Steel Jollt InstItute and
American lns btuta 01 Steel Conltnlt:tJon, Inc:., february, 196$
Elfactlve March I, 19M

SECTION 1 SCOPE
Theae specifications cover the design, manufacture and use of Open Web
Steel J oists, J- and H-Series.

SECTION 2 DEFINITION
The term "Open Web Steel Joists J- and H-Series", as used herein,
refera to open web load-carrying members suitable for the direct support of
floors and roof decks in buHdings, utili7.ing bot-roBed or cold-fomlOO steel, in-
cluding cold-formed steel whose yield point has been attained by cold work-
ing, and designed in accordance with these specifications to support the loads
given in one of the Standard Load Tables attached hereto.
The design of J-Series joists shaD be based on a yield point· of 36,000
psi and steel used for J-Series joists shall have a minimum yield point of
36,000 psi in the hot-rolled condition prior to forming or fabrication.
The design of chord sections for H-Series joists shall be based on a yield
point· of 50,000 psi. The design of web sections for H-Series joists shall be
baaed on a yield point· of either 36,000 psi or 50,000 psi. Steel used for H·
Series joists chord or \.\-'eb sections shall have a minimum yield I>oint, deter·
mined in accordance with one of the procedures sl>ocified in Section 3.2. which
is equal to the yield point assumed in the design.

SECfION 3 MATERIALS
3.1 Steel
The steel used in t he manufacture of chord and web ecctions shall conform
to one of t he following ASTM Specifications of latest adoption:
(a ) Structural Steel, ASTM A36
(6 ) fliglt-Strength Low.AUoy Structural Manganese Vanadium Steel,
ASTM A441
(c ) Higlt-Strength Low· Alloy Structural Steel, ASTM A242
(d ) Flat. Raf!l!d Carbon Steel Sheets of Structural Quality, ASI'M A245
(e) Hot Rolled Carbon Steel Strip of Structural Quality, ASTM A303
(f) f{jgh-Strength Low·Alloy Hot Rolled Steel Sheets and Strip, ASTM
A375
• The te.n:n "yield point" as used herein shall designate Lhe yield level ora material
aa deten:nined by the applicable method outlined in peragrnph 12. "Yield Point",
or peragrnph 13 • "Yield Strength", or ASTM Standard A370. "Mechanical Test,.
ing of Steel Producta", or a8 specified in Section 3.2 of this Specification.
5 ·224 • AISC Speci!ication-Open Web S/J!el JQisa ReviW3/65

or shall be of suitable quality ordered or produced to other than the listed

specifications, provided that such material in the state used for final a8gernbly
and fabrication is weldable and is proved by testa perfonned by the producer
or fabricator to have the properties specified in Section 3.2.

3.2 Mechanical Properties

The yield point used 8B a basis for the design stresses prescribed in Section
4 shall be either 36,000 psi or 50,000 psi. Evidence that the steel furnished
meets or ex(:eeds the design yield point shall be provided in the form of wit-
nessed or certified teet reports.
For material used without consideration of increase in yield point result-
ing from cold fonning, Lhe specimens shall be taken from as-rolled material.
In the case of material the mechanical properties of which conform to the
requirements of one of the listed specifications, test specimens and procedure
shall conform to those of such specifications and to ASTM A370. in the case
of material the mechanical properties of which do not conIonn to the require-
ments of one of the listed specifications, the test specimens and procedure shall
confonn to the applicable requirements of ASTM A370 and the specimens
shall exhibit a yield point equal to or exceeding the design yield point and an
elongation of not leas than (a ) 20 percent in 2 inches for sheet a nd strip or (b)
18 percent in 8 inches for plates, shapes and bars with adjustments for thick-
ness as preacribed in ASl'M A36, A242 and A441. The number of teats shall
be the same as prescribed in ASTM A36, A242 and A441.
if a&-fonned strength is utilized the test reports shaJi show tbe results of
tests performed on full section specimens in 8coordance with the I)roviaions of
Sections 3.1.1 and 6.3 of the A lSi Specification for the Design of Light Cage
Cold Formed Steel Structural Membet1l and shall indicate compliance with
these provisions and with the following additional requirements:
(a) The yield point measured in the testa shall equal or exceed tbe design
yield point.
(b) Where tension tests are made for acceptance and control purposes
the t.eruille strength shall be at least 6 percent greater than the test
yield strengtb of the section.
(0) Where compression tests are used for acceptance and control purpoecs
the specimen shall withstand a gross shortening of 2 percent of its
origi,lal length without cracking. The length of specimen shall not.
be greater than 20 times its least radius of gyration.
(d) If any test specimen fails to pass the requirements of s ubparagraphs
(a), (b) or (c) above, as applicable, two retests shall be made of
sl>ccimens from the same lot. Failure of one of the retest specimens
to meet sucb requirements shall be the cause for rejection of the lot
represented by the specimens.

3.3 Pa int
Paint may be either of asphalt base or other protective coating of a type
standard with the manufacturer.
Rttliud 3/ & J·Suiu and H·&,iu • 5·225

SECTION" DESIGN AND MANUFACTURE

4.1 M e thod
Joiste shall be designed in accordance with these specifications 8.8 simply
supported uniformly loaded trusses supporting a &or or roof deck 80 con-
structed 8.8 to brace the top chord of the joists against lateral buckting.
Where any applicable design feature is not specifically covered herein, the
design shall be in accordance with the foUowing specifications of latest adop-
tion:
(a )American Institute of Steel ColUltruction Specification for the Design,
Fab,ication and Erection of Stroclw'al Steel for Buildings, where the
material used consists of plates, shapes o r blUS.
(b) American Iron and Steel Institute Specificalion fo, the De8ign of
Light Gage Cold-Formed St«l Structural Members, for members which
are fonned from sheet or strip material.

4.2 Unit Stresses

At the option of the joist manufacturer, the length of compf"Cl:l8io ll chord
members shall be taken as either t he unbraced length clear of attachments
or as t.he distance between panel points. The components of joists shall
be 80 proportioned that the unit st.resees in pounds per square inch shall not
exceed the following:
(a ) Tension:
Chord and web members having a minimum yield point of 50,000 psi
............................................. .. ........... 30,000
Chord and web members having a minimum yield point of 36,000 psi
. . ...................... . ...............••............... 22,000
(b ) Compression:
1. When tbe unbraced length I is taken as the clear distance between
attachments for chord members and web members and, is the
corresponding least radius of gyration of Lbe member or any com-
ponent tbereof, botb in inches:
For chords and web members baving a minimum yield l)Oint or
50,000 psi,
l/ r not greater than 108 ...... ... ........... 25,750 - 1. 108 (1/ ,)1

ll r greater than 108 but not over 200 . . . ........ ..... 149,000,000
(1/ , )1
For chords and web members having a minimum yield point of
36,000 psi:
II' not greater than 127 ......... . . . ..... 18,540 - 0 . 574 (ll r )t
149,000,000
IIr greater t ban 127 b ut not over 200 ....... . ....•... :..cc:,:.:..:.:.::C'
(l/ r)'
2. When I is taken as the distance between panel points for chord
members and the unbraced length clear of attachment8 for web
members, and r is the corresl)Onding least radius of IYmtion:
5·226 • A1SC Sprei{icutlon-Open Web Steel Joists Revised 3/ 65

For chord and web members baving a minimum yield point of

50,000 psi:
50,000 - 2.183 (l j r)'
lj r not greater than 107 ....... .
1 667 + (l/ r) (l j r)'
. 285 9.800.000

//
c.
r greater tuan 107 b ut not over 200 .... ........... . 149,000,000
(l j rp
For chord and web members baving a minimum yield point of
36,000 psi:
36,000 - 1.134 {l/ r)t
l/ r not greater Lban 126 ...... .. ..... _ _-'-_ _ _-'--...:-'-'-_
667 (l / r ) (l/ r)·
1. + 336 16,000,000
149,000,000
l/ r grouter than 126 but not over 200 . .......... .
(l/rp
(e) Bending:
For chords and for web members other !:.han solid rounds baving yield
point of
50,000 psi ... .. ...................... , ....... 30,000 psi
36 , 000 psi . ............,.. .. . 22,000 psi
For web members of solid round cross-section having yield point of
60,000 psi ..... . ............ 45,000 1>Si
36,000 psi . .. .. ... ..... • .. 32 ,500 l:wri
For bearing plates baving yield point of
50 ,000 psi. ......................•......•. , .. 37,500 psi
36,000 psi . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ...................... 27 ,000 psi
4.3 Maximum Slenderncss Ratios
The slenderness ratio t/ r, where l is as used in Section 4.2 (b) and r is the
corresponding least radius of gyration shall not exceed the following:
Top chord interior panels .................................. 90
Top chord end panels ..................................... 120
Compreasion members other than top chord ..........•..... , , 200
'l'ension members .... , ... . , .... , ................•......... 240
4.4 Members
(a ) Chords
The bot.tom chord sbaJl be designed as an axially loaded tenHion member.
The top chord shall be designed for only axial compressive stress when the
panel length clear of attachments does not exceed 24 inches. When the l>anel
length clear of attachments exceeds 24 inches, the top chord shall be designed
as a continuous member subject to combined axial and bending stre8see and
shall be eo proportioned that when fully loaded the quantity
ReQised 3/65 J-Series ond H-SerieB • 5·227

=-="f,,,= + f.
0.515 F , F.
does not exceed unity at the panel point and the quantity

I. + C./.
F. (l-~~)F.
does not exceed unity at mid.panel; in which
c. _ 1 - 0.3/.IF', for end panels
c. - 1 - O.4/./ F'. for interior panel!'!
I. - Computed axial unit compressive stress
'6 - Computed bending unit compressive stress ot the point under
consideration
F. - Permissible axial unit compressive stress based on l/ r ns defined
in Section 4.2 (b )
Fb - Permissible bending unit stress
F, - Specified minimum yield point

F' , _ 149,000,000 where l is the panel length as defined in Section 4.2(b)

(ll rr )i
and r r is the radius of gyration about the axis of bending
The radius of gyration of the top chord about its vertical axis shaU be
not less than l / 170 where I is the maximum permissible 81)8cing in inches
between lines of bridging as specified in Section 504 (d ).
The top chord shaU be considered as stayed laterally by the floor slab
or roof deck provided the requirements of Section 5.8 (e) of these specifications
are met.
(b ) W eb
The vertical shears to be used in the design of the web members sbalJ be
determined from full uniform loading but such vertical shear shall be not less
than 50 percent of the rated end reaction. Due consideration shall be given
to the effect of eccentricity. The effect of combined axial compression and
bending may be investigated using the provisions of Section 4.4 (a) letting
C.. - 004 when bending due to eccentricity produces reversed curvature.
(c) Bea rings
The end bearing area on supports other than steelslulU be 90 proportioned
Lhat the bearing pressure does not exceed 250 pounds per &quam inch.
(d ) Fi llers or Ties
Members in (.'ompression composed of two coml)Qnents ahaU bave fillers
or ties spaced so that the ratio l/ r of each component shall not exceed the
ratio ll r of the whole member. Members in tension composed of two com-
ponents shaU have fillers or ties spaced SO that the ratio l/ r of each com-
ponent shaU not exceed 240. The minimum r shall be used in computing
Lhecritical ratio I r of a component.
Fillers or ties are not required in chords at end panels; or in chords at
interior panels of joists having interior panel lengths, clear of attachments,
of 24 inches or less, provided the least r is used in the computation of the
member.
5 - 228 • AISC Speci{icoUon- Open Web Steel Joi81.8 ReuilH!d 3/ 65

(e) Ex:l.endcd Ends

Extended ends shall be designed as cantilever beams with their reactions
carried back at least to the first interior panel point of the joist_
(C) Shape of Members
UnstilT'ened projecting elements of a member subjected to axial compres-
sion or compression due to bending shall have a ratio ofwidth-to-tbkkness not
greater than 10. TIle width shall be measured from the free edge of Ule
element to the toe of the fillet or bend which joins the element to the remainder
of the cross-section or to the toe of an effective interior stilT'ener. 'rhe width-
to-thickness ratio may exceed 10, but not 23.2 for H-Series or 27. 1 for J-
Series, provided the projecting element is stiffened at its free edge by a simple
lip at right angles to the element. The over-all depth of the lip shall not be
less than the applicable value given in the following table in which w is the
width of the element and t is the thickness of the material:
Width-to-Thickness Ratio
Mjnimum Depth of
of StilT'ened Compressio n Element
Stiffening Lip
wi t
10 or less 0 .00
Over 10 thru 13 4 .80 t
14 5 .40 t
15 5 .82 t
16 6 . 15 t
17 6.-42 t
18 6.65 t
19 6 .86 t
20 7 .05 t
21 7 . 23 t
22 7.40t
23 7 .65 t
23 .2 7 .69 t
24 7 .70 t
26 7 .84 t
26 7 .97 t
27 8.10 t
27 . 1 8 . 12 t
4.5 Connections
(a ) Method
J oint connections and splices shall be made by attaching the members
to one another by arc or resistance welding or other approved methods.
(b) Str e ngth
Joint connections shall be capable of withstanding the forces due to a n
ultimate load equal to at least two times the design load shown in the appli-
cable Standard Load Table.
(e ) Splices
Splices may occur at any point in chord or web members. Butt welded
8plices shaU have a net weld throat area equal to thecross-aectional area of the
mem ber spliced and shall develop a minimum tensile strength of 57,000 psi
on the fuU cross-sectional area of the member.
Ilf!IJUed 3/65

Cd ) Eccentricity
Members connected at a joint shall have their centroidsl axes meet at a
point if practical. Olherwise, due consideration shall be given to the effect
of eccentricity. In no case shall eccentricity of any web member at a joint
exceed ~" of the over.all dimension, measured in the plane of the web, of the
largest member connected. Such eccentricity shall be the perpendicular
distance from a point at the centroid of the joint located on the centroidal
axis of the chord , to the centroidaJ axis oftbe web member.
Ends of joists shall be proportioned to resist bending produced by eccen·
mcity at the support.

4.6 Design Verification Tests

(a) C h ord a nd We b M e m bers
Each manufacturer shall verify by shear and flexure tests on joists that
designs in accordance with Sections 4. 1 througb 4.5 of this specification will
provide a minimum factor of safety of 1.65 on the theoretical demgn capacity
of critical members, when such testa are evaluated· considering the actual
yield point of the members in the test joists.
Material tests for determining mechanical properties of component
members may be conducted on full sections.
(b) Joints and Connecti.ons
Each manufacturer shall verify by shear tests on representative joints of
typical joists that connections will meet the provisions of Section 4.5(b).
Chord and web members may be reinforced for such tests.

4.7 Ca m ber
The amount of upward camber shall be optional with the manufacturer
and shall be within the following limits:
o to ~ inches for spans up to 20 feet
o to M inches for spans 20 feet to 30 feet
o to % inches for spans 30 feet to 40 feet
o to 1 inch for spans over 40 feet
I n no case will joists be manufactured with negative camber.

4.8 S h o p P a int ing

Joists a nd accessories shall receive o ne shop coat of paint as Sl>ocified in
Sect ion 3.3.

SECTION 5 APPLICATION
5.1 Usago
These specifications shall apply to any type of structure where flool'!!
and roofs are to be supported directly by steel joists installed as hereinafter
specified. Where joists are used other than on simple spans under unifonnly

• Applies to design verification tests only

5·230 • A Ise $pec.i/icolion-OpeTi Web Steel Joists Ilevued 3/6S

distributed loading a s prescribed in Section 4.1, they shall be investigated

and modified if necessary to limit the unit stresses to those listed in Section 4.2
5.2 S pa n
The clear span of a joist shaU not exceed 24 times its depth except that
for floors tbe clear span of an H-Series joist shall not exceed 20 times its depth.

5.3 End Supports

1'he ends of steel joists shall extend a distance of not less than 4 inches
over masonry or poured concrete supports. The ends of joists shAll extend
not less than 2}:.! inches over steel supports except where opposite joists butt
over a narrow :;teel support and positive attachment to the support is made
by welding or bolt ing. I n such cases a shorter end bearing length may be
used when proper design provisions are made.

5.4 Bridging
Bridging is required and shall consist of o ne of the following types:
(a ) Horizon t a l
i-Iori1.ontal bridging shall consist of two continuous hori1.ontal steel
members, one attached to the top chord and the other attached to tile bottom
chord . Attachment to the joists shall be made by welding or mechanical
means and shall be capable of resisting a horizontal force of not less than
500 pounds.
The ratio of unbraced length to least radius of gyration (l/ r ) of the
bridging member shall not exceed 300, where I is the distance in inches be·
·tween attacbments a nd r is the least radius of gyration of the bridging memo
ber. If the bridging member is a round bar, the diameter shall be at least
M inch.
(b) Diagona.1
Diagonal bridging shall consist of cross-bracing with l/r ratio of not more
than 200, where l is the distance in inches between connections and r is the
least radius of gyration of the bracing member. Where cross-bracing memo
bers are connC(;ted at their point of intersection, the I distance shall be
taken as the distance in inches between connections at the point of intersection
of the bracing members and the connections to the chord of the joists. Con-
nect iOl Il~ to chords of steel joists shaD be made by positive mecha nical means
or by welding.
(c ) Sag Rods
In roof construction, when the slope is nonnal to the longitudinal axis of
the joist, sag rods may be used in lieu of bridging. They shall consist of steel
rods not less than },! inch in diameter and the number of lines shaU be the same
as that specified for bridging.
(d ) Spacing
In no case shall the spacing of bridging or sag rods be greater than given
in the following table:
RClJised 3/ 65 J -Serie. aTid H· SerieB • S - 230.1

--2!...ear Span Number of Lines or Bridging

Up to 14 feet One row near center
1<1 to 21 feet Two rows placed at approximately ~-3' points of 8pan
21 to 32 feet Three rows placed at approximately .J4 l>ointB of 81)8n
32 to 40 feet Four rows placed at. approximately U points of span
L~4~
O~to
::..:4",-~
8 ree
::::
t ---,---,F
~,~
·v~e~ro
""w~s~p~l~
aoed
"",-"at approximately y& points of span

5.5 Installation of Bridging

All bridging and bridging anchors shall be oompJetely installed before
construct.ion loads are placed on the joists.
Bridging shall support the top chords against lateral movement during
the construction period and shall hold the steel joists in the approximate
position as shown on the plans.
The ends of a ll bridging lines terminating at walls or beams shall be
anchored theret.o at top and bottom chords.

5.6 E nd Anchorage
(0) Masonry Supports
Joists resting on masonry supports shall be bedded in mortar a nd an-
chored thereto with an anchor equivalent to a % inch round steel bar not
less than 8 inches long. Every third joist in floors and every joist in roofs
shall be anchored. In roofs where parapet walls are not present, two J1 inch
anchor bolts or other equal means shall be used in lieu of the steel bar.
(b) Steel Supports
E nds of joists resting on steel supports shall be connected thereto with
the equivalent of two Ji" inch fillet welds 1 inch long, a J1" inch bolt, or a Yia
inch round steel anchor fastened over the beam Oange. The M6 inch round
steel anchor shall not be used where wind or similar forces must be considered.

(e) Uplift
Where uplift forces are a design consideration, roof joists shall be anchored
to resist such forces.
5.7 Joist Spacing
Joists shall be spaced so that the loading o n each joist does not exceed
t he a llowable load for t he particuJar joist design.·

5.8 Floors and Roof Decks

{a } M a t e rial
Floors and roof decks may consist of cast-in-place or precast concrete or
gypsum, formed steel, wood, or other suitable material capable of supporting
the required load at tbe specified joist spacing.
(b ) Thickness
Ca&t-in-place slabs shall not be less than 2 inches thick .

• In Room, it is recommended that the maximwn spacing be not greater

than 24 inches.
5·230.2 • A/se Speci/icntiOfl-open Web Steel Joisu

(c ) Centering
Centering for <:ast-in-plaoe slabs may be ribbed metal lath. corrugated
steel sheets, paper-backed welded wire fabric. removable centering or any
other suitable material capable of supporting the slab at the designated joist
spacing. Centering shall not cause lateral displacement or da.mage to the
top chord of joi.st8 during installation or removal of the centering or placing
of the concrete.
(d ) Bearing
Slabs or decks shall bear uniformly along the top chords of the joists.
(e) Attachments
Each attachment for slab or deck to top chords of joists shall be capable
of resisting a lateral force of not less tha.n 250 pounds. The spacing shall not
exceed 36 inches a long the top chord.
(f) Wood Nai lers
Where wood nailers are used . such nailers in conjunction with deck or slab
shall be attached to the top chords of t he joists in conformance with Section
5.8(e).
5.9 DcClcction
TIle deflection due to the design live load shall not exceed the foUowing:
Jo1oors: 1/ 360 of span
Roo[S: 1/ 360 of spa.n where a plaster ceiling is attached or sus-
pended
1/ 240 of Spa.D for all other cases
5.10 Inspection
Joists shall be inspected by the manufacturer before shipment to insure
compliance or materials and workmanship with the requirements of these
specifications. If the purchaser wishes a.n inspection of the steel joists by
8Omeonc other than the manufacturer's own inspectors. he may reserve the
right to do 80 in his "Invitation to Bid" or the a.ccompanying "Job Specifica-
tions." Arrangements shall be made with the manufacturer for such inspec-
tion of the joists at the manufacturing shop by the purchaser's inspectors at
purchaser's expense.
SECTI ON 6 HANDLING AND ERECTION
Care shall be exercieed at al\ times to avoid damage through careless
handling during unloading, storing and erecting. Dropping of joiats shall
not be perm itted.
As lOOn 8S joiats are erected, a ll bridging shall be completely installed and
the joists permanenUy fastened into place before the application of any loads
except the weight of tbe erectors.
During the construction period the contra.ctor shall provide mea.ns for
adequate distribution of concentrated loads 90 that the carrying capacity of
any joist is not exCt!Jeded.
Field welding sha.ll not da.mage the joists. The total length of weld at
anyone point on cold-fonned members whose yield point has been attained
by cold working and wboee as-formed strength is used in the design shall not
exceed 50 percent of the over-all developed width of the cold-formed section.
 5· 231

Standard Load Table

for Open Web Steel Joists, J-Series
Based on allowable stress of 22,000 psi
AdOpted by Steel Joist In.thute May 30, 1961 and
Amer ica n Institute 01 Sleel ConstructIon, Inc., June 19, 1963

The following table gives the TOTAL safe uniformly-dislribuleci load-

carrying capacities, in pounds per linear foot, of J-$cries Open Web Steel
Joisl..8, The weight of DEAD loads. including the joisl..8, must in all caaes be
deducted to determine the LIVE load-carrying capacities of t.he joists.
Loads above heavy stepped lines are governed by shear.
Foornot~ table.
e Indicetee Nominal Depth of Steel JOlaUl only .
•• Appl"Oltimate Weights per Linear Foot of Steel Joists only, Ac:ce880riee and
nailer 8trip not included,
See manufacturenJ' catalogs for detailed infonnation on s pecific joist types.
Testa on steel joists deeigned in accordance with the Standard Specification8 Mve
demOnBtrated that the Standard Load Tables are applicable for concentrated top
chord loadings (auch 88 are developed in bulb-tee roof con8truction) when t.he 8um
of t.he equal conceo trated top chord loadings doeu not exceed tbe allowable uniform
loading for the joist type and l:lpan a nd the load8 are placed I:It 8paCing8 Dot Oltceed-
ing 33" &Jong tho top chord.,
T able reproduced by courtesy of Steel Joist In8titute.
5· 232 . A1SC Speci/icotion-OpelJ Web Steel J oisU

STANDARD LOAD TABLE FOR OPEN WEB STEEl JOISTS, J-SERIES

Allowable lotal safe loads in pounds per linear foot based on allowable stress of 22,000 psi

Joist
De5!,1nll ion 'J' 10JZ lOJ3 ,~ . W, Wl W, W. WI

"Deptll!n Intlles
• 10 10 10 12 Il 12 12 12
R.'i$tin~ Momen t ~ m ,~ ,~

,.." "., ,.." ,..

in Inc KIps 111 16' ,~

MI~. End Reaction

in Pounds .... lID) "., lJOO .,.
"Approx.. Joist Wgt.
Pounds per foot
.., I '.2 ... •.a ••• •., •. a 7.a ..,
SIMI" in f et!t I I
,•
10
.~
422
171 .'" ....
- ...
••
'" ". '7 .,..,
11
~, .7 .~

'"'"
Il 417 500
13
14

"
"
22'
,~

'"'85
,.,
,~

2~

'" '" 12''"

'82
118
;m

132
~l
320
ll5

25l .
'"
28'
lIS
~7
III
11l
.'"
' 15

118
..,'"'"
315

'~- '"'" '"~~ '" '"m

17 205 lU l5l
31
U
ro
...
,~

'"
'" '48 '" '"
117
205
'43
112

'"
'0\
'"
'"'" '"
lII1
284

241
.'"
III
116

,.'"'"
21 III
12
21
-
117
307 '",m '" 112 2m
147
I~ '86 127
24
" lZ5
 J·Serift ' 5· 213

STANDARD LOAD TABLE FOR OPEN WEB STEEL JOISTS, J·SERIES

..
Allowable total safe loads in pounds per linear foot based on allowable stress of 22,000 psi

Joist
Desl,lnaUon
14J3 14J4 ,.s , 14J7
"">6
,~s ,~. 16J7 ,~a

' Depth In Inches 19 19 19 19 19 >6 >6 >6 >6

,., ,.,
ResiStln~/.1 omenl
In Inc Kips
Max. End Reaction
in Pounds
""ApPtOJC. JOisl Wgt.
.. ,~

,'" "'" "'"

"'"
,~

3100
173

.,.,
a.,
,>6

"" ""
158 ".
... ...,
m

•••
.
Pounds pe! FOOl
S., 7.' 8.' 9.7 7.'8.S 10.1 ILl

Spiln In Feel I
.... ...
. . '". '" .'" .... .
~.
19
15 310 m
350 '" .~

425
'"'"
~. lIS
>6 300 388
~ ~ '"388 ~. 47'
S'
11
18
282
~,
319
.11 '"'" lIa .n
.., .
'11
19 ,~

'"'"14. '"". ...'" '"'" ". ~7 m ~, m

.,
10

12
13
n
m
'91
,~

>6.
'19
100
181

'"
139
.,., .'"'" ,.,.'" "" '"'" ...... '"
~.

111
'"
'"
198
m
117
11l
18l 41.
'14
'47
'"'" '" ...
,~

"" ". ,~
110
103 '"'45 194
ZOO
,~
1SO
1J) 310
3S8

~
11 '" '"'45
116
,~
'81
17.
>6,
127
m
,~
m
'"
,~
111
158
'"
,. '" .".
113
'" m
D1

"" '",.,
18 197 ,~

.," 131 111 '"

10S ,~

'"
'18 ,.,'50
'"'"'"
19'

"
11
120
113 19' ,.
,~
"S
101
5·234 . AISC Speci{icoJian-()pen Web Steel J aw

STANDARD LOAD TABLE FOR OPEN WEB STEEL JOISTS, J-SERIES

Allowable total safe loads in pounds per linear foot based on allowable stress of 22,000 psi

Joist W. l'J6 lW I ••
"'. Mn MJJ
"'.
. ...
Deslgn.tlon
· Depth In Inches 18 18 18 18 20 20 20 20
Resl5tin~Momen t ... "
'"
... ...
~. 182
'"~
In Inc Kips
M... End Reaction
243
'" .,., 4100
In Pounds 3500 DO
"'"
··Approx. Joisl;;r .., •.,
.
7.' 10.2 11.3 ' .1 10.6 11 .9
Pounds Der F

..'"'"
Span In Feet
18
19
4Jl
411 ...'" QI
20
21 '"'" '" '." '"J62 IW

'"
130
"'41.
.~

'"".
OJ) 41'
'"
22
2l
24
25
'"
281

'"
.
'"
'"
'U
182

'"'"
'"m
'"
'"'"'"m
~.

' 30
."
28l
373
~7
142
l2J
'U
'"
VI

'"
'"))1 . OJ)

18l

" 24'
'" 12l
'" n,
J54

'" ,.'"'"
222 ~1
27
28
""m '"
24'
'"'" 12l
no
24'

'w
1O7
'"
" 180
Zl2
217 196
250
"" 117
307
30

"32 ". 203 '"'40 Dl

lIZ 184 2U
283

'" '"
158 191
'" '" '" '" '" '"'"
))

•
l5
36
14'
1~
III

'"
''""
1~
151
'15
20l
19'
lfl
24'
,~

221

'"
162
153
184
136
19)
1~
In

,. '"
163
.
114
220

197
'"
,~

'"222
31
'" 1~ 1~
21'
"""
122
n. 167
n, '"
132
'" '"
19'
 STANDARD LOAD TABLE FOR OPEN WEB STEEL JOISTS, J.SERIES
Allowable total safe loads in pounds per linear foot based on allowable stress 01 22,000 psi

JoIst W, WI
DHlgnallon
"Depth In Inches 2Z
W7
2Z 2Z
""
24
W7
.
WI

24
Resisti~ Moment ...
in Inc kips
Max. End Reaction
in PoIInds
"Approx. Joist wr.
3~

"'"
... ... ...
'" '" '"
"., ...'"
••• ••• U.•

.
Pounds per Foo 10.5 11.9 11.1
Span In Fllt!t
2Z

" '"'" 391 '"

117
24
'" 3~ <XI
'" '" ..,
417

"
16
27 ....
'"
313
'"""
333
'"'"
'"
352
138

'"m
3~

...'" '"
'ro
""
~
31
'"
,~

212
."" .. '"
RI
310
313
331

310
291
In '"'"
3ll

...
1O3
'"
lIS
13l
313

" 218 Vl 239 3ll

33

"
lS
~
31
'"'"
'"
In
'"
'"
'"'". '"'" ..'"
'"
291

24'
22S
212

I~
'"'"
'"
237
.'"
3113

27B

'"'" '" 16'

'".'"
18
39 '" '" '61
'U ".
10 '"
110 '"
115 153
2112
IR
237
22S
IR no
" In If7
"" I~

17.
"
,~

..
4l
U7
121 '51 '"
17.
,ro
139
132 I~
,~
I~ '"
..
15
II'
"' '"
121 151 "'In
lro
." "'
111
'15
' 39
'"
I~ 133 I~
 5 ·237

Standard Load Table

for Open Web Steel Joists, H-Series
Based on allowable stress of 30,000 psi
Adopted by Ste" ..Io15t Inalit .... e Mayll, Itlil end
American In.lltute 01 Steel Conil(rl,lCtlI)n, Inc •• June 19.1963

TIle bold face figures in tbe following table give the TOTAL safe uni·
form ly distributed load-carrying capacities in pounds per linear foot, of
H-Scrica High Strength Steel Joists. The weight. of DEAD louds, including the
joists. must. in all cases be deducted to determine the LIVE load-carrying
capacities of the joista.
TIle light. face figures in thia load table are the LIVE loads per linear foot
of joist which will produce an approximate deflection of 1/ 360 of the span.
UVE loada which will produce a deflection of 1 240 of the span may beo))'
tained by multiplying the figures in light face by 1.5. In no C8fIC s hall
the total load capacity of the joist be exceeded .•••
Loads above heavy stepped lines are governed by shear.
Loads below dashed lines are to be used for roof construction onJy.
Foolllote.-&e table. and text above
e lndicatee Nominal Depth of$leel Joists only .
•• ApproIimate Weights per Linear Foot of Steel Joista only. AC(!OIIlIOriea and
nailer etrip not included .
••• Section 5.9 of the Standard SpecificatiOM for Open Web Sleel Jois ... J-Seriea
and I-I-Seriea limitA the design LIVE load deHection &8 follows: Floors, I l • 0 of apan.
Roofe, "l" of epan where a pluter Cf!iling is ALtacbed or suspeDded; ~40 of span
for aU other cases.
See manufacturers' ca.talogs for detailed inrorIDation on specific joiaL types.
Tests on stool joists designed in accordance witb the Standard Specifications tuave
demonlltrated thaL the Standard Load Tabll!tl are apl)licable for concen tfllled top
chord loadingll (Buch asare develol>ed in bulb· loo roof construction) whe n the sum
of t he equsl concentrated top chord loadings d OO8 not exceed lhe allowable uniform
loading for the joist type and span and Lhe loods are placed at spacing. noL eJ:ceed·
ing 33" along the top chord.
Table reproduced by courtesy of Steel Joist Institute.
5· 238 . AISC Speci(ication-Open Web St«l Jout.

STANDARD LOAD TABLE OPEN WEB STEEL JOISTS, H-SERIES

Allowable lolal sale loads in pounds per linear 1001 based on allowable stress of 30.000 psi

Jol.t DK!tnatlon 1HZ 10Hl 10Hl 10H4 UHZ UH' UHI UH' UH.
'Depth in Inches
Rellstl~ Moment
• W 10

n.
10

.a
U U U U U

n
... ... ... ...'"
in Inc Kips ~ III .~ III 222

axlmum End Rlactiof1 ,.. ,.-

In Potinds
" Ap~jmall Wllihl
"'" ._, "'"
.. , "'" .., .., ..,
••• '.5 7.'

.
In nds per Foot '-'

,
Sp.an In Fill

. ...'" .... ."... ..

,•
'" .. .,.
II 3M 50!
n.
... ...
II

\I
".
'"
--- .. ..
UI

."
'"
.. .. ... .'"
'"
III
m
II!
182 '" 41. . '" 9.
'"no
II

15

. '" .
'"no155
120 .'"'" ..'"'" ....'" ...... ...
n'
'"
."
m
m
'"
'"
m
'"
141

m
41'

'""" '"'" '".. ..'" ...., ...'"

.10 m 350
--- --- IOl

". '" ..
." '" ... ...
241 2J6

'"'" . ...
no
" m
lZl

II

.
"
.117
III
'A
,~
'"n•
'"'" ..'"
.~

122
15.
'"
m
'67
221

'"
14'
,e
21.

m
m
m
'"
ClI
ill

" ---
W
--'" '"
. - ~-
,~

21 " '" '115 -~

m -
225
'"
m

. ." "I
IlM '"
III '61
I"
212

" ,. '" '"'"

19 Ul
us
III
'10
2l

" "
121

"
.n
W,
,g
"
..'"
'" "''" '"".
122

'"'10 '"
.~
 H·Ser~. ' 5 ·239

STANDARD LOAD TABLE OPEN WEB STEEL JOISTS, H·SERIES

Allowable total sa fe loads in pounds per linear foot ba~d on allowable stress of 30.000 psi

Joist Dft.Ignetlon

..
14H3 I<H. I<H.
..""'
14H7
Ii"' 16H5 I."
""'
....
UH'
'Depth In IlIChes
Re5bt~Moment
m
14 14 14 16

'" • 11 " 221 '" '"

16 16 16
.., 16

in I l<iP$
~ ••Im.,lIn End ReacIJon
in Pounds
165

"'" ... ... ,.. ""

l800 'lOO ... ... ...
4Il

"Ap~lmIte WI/(II\! 5.5

••• ••• ,. ...
.. ... .. '"
In nds per Foot '.5 10,0 W•• U .•

.
Span In FHt
U,
15
...'" ...'" '" '"
.....
~,

16
17
..'" ... '" '" '" '"
'" 4U
.~
~,... ~5
~I
.~

44'
m III

'"m '"...
,~

ill

'" '".. ..... '" ... .

18 511 on
. ... no '"
'" .... ......... ...'"'"'" .....,... ..... '" ...'"
70S m ~,

'44 ~I
20 m
m
.~
258
'"
ill 174
21
'" '" '"
III
m
m '"
... .
.-- '" .'"'" ...'"'" ..'"
12l
..
'"
l7S
C•

.. .. . ...'" ...'"...m

'"m ..
" I~ '"
144 '" 211
• Ii
257
191
~O Vl
... ......
" I~
--- III m

'"... '"'" . '"'" '"'" ..

16. 205
--- -- --
"
~
m
Ul '"I.. In 217 '" '"'"
~I
'" '" ... '"
2J9
III

'U.",. '" '" '"

I~ 160 191 ZI2 III '"331
"27 144
'" '" '"
... n'
170 ... ---
... --...'" '"'" '" --
155
m
r;,-
.. ,.,I..
111 I~ 18. lOO
151 217 !II 117 lU

" I.
77 ..
U1
'"
220
11•
I~

'" '"'" 'I." m ".

Il6 U4
16'
II.
201
181
'"'" ,.'"'"m
210
19

"
II
IU
IW
'"n.I§ '"'"
... '"'"
In

101 122 147

..
'"'" 21..'",
17I I~

u IN
I5l
91
144
1\1 I~
".'" '"m
" '" 101 121 '"
141
lU
161
5· 240 . AISC Speci{ioo lion-Qpen \Veb !SteeJ.,jolsls

STANDARD LOAD TABLE OPEN WEB STEEL JOISTS, H·SERIES

Allowable total sa fe loads in pounds per lineal foot based on allowable slress 01 30,000 psi

JoIst Deslgnltion I ,,"' ""' ""'

..
lBHS ISH' ' 1H1 ISHI 20HS
II II
'De pth in Il'IChes
ReSlsti:'c\Mom'l'Il
II
...
II
'" '" ...'" '"
...
'" ...
~,

'" '"
50)
In lne KIp'
~aximum End ReacbOtl
In Pounds WI
"'" 5<11 WI 5100
"" U.,
"Ap~xima" Wlljht
••• •., 10.4 11.6 ••• ••• 10.1

.....
In nds per fool
Span In Fee t
II

'21""
'"'" ...,
Sll 511
~1

~
'"'"
'"'" ..
157
520
·-;5
."
'"
.11
'51
QI

••'"
51.

...
.~

..,
"'
.11
45'
'"
ill

..'",
"
"
'51
...'"
175 ..
111

'.," '"
III
.ro
••
'"
'" Q•
.ro
•• ..,
..'" ..
Q1
~
"' III
"' '"'15 '"
III III In III

.. ..
.~~8
211
'"
,~ 105
~15
" '" '" '"'" '"'"m III

'"'"
'" lIS

.. .'"
27
21. '"'" 115
300
m
II<
''"" '"". 37.
'15

" '"
,~
'" II.
m
'"'"
'"'" '"'" 315
m m
" '" '" m 210'" :- '"'"
'" +-:
113 m 215
J7 '"
'"21. _25'"l _ HI 30' In
'57---
..
--- ,~
--- '88
,'" '" - 11.
231 211
'"'"
"
"
225
"'12. '"'m
'"
~1

"" - ,..",- - '44".m

:: -
212 II'

''"~" '"'"
-:-
212 III
I.~-
,~

1--" ,-
225
'"
- ,n
" ,..
'45 105
'"mm '"
,~
'88 '16 J~ _ _225- _ 2,!
" '07
~
22'
'"' 01 III
112
'50
'"
'34
'61 '87 '" 215
~ In
II. 254
'" '" '" '"'12 '"
221

'""" '"
131 '58 122
~
'n'45 ,n ~,

37
U7
,~
'"'" !U
178
'"
'"'" ._-- I~_-
2U
IS'
310

HI
,45
'"
,~
'01
~ ~;7
'"" II' '"'" '"'58
.."
--- -_. 1- ,-..
,~
171
II• '"U. '" ~,
'Q

" '"" 201

115 13'
 H-Seria • 5·241

STANDARD LOAD TABLE OPEN WEB STEEL JOISTS, H-SERIES

Allowable total safe loads in pounds pel lineal foot based on allowable sl,ess of 30,000 psi

Joist Oes.ijJnllion 12"' 22H' 12HI

"". l4H7 l'H'
' Oepth ifllllUles
ResistJol\, Moment
in inc Kips
~ aximum End Rnction
'"
22
..
22 22

'"
10

...'"
10

'"
10

...'"
In Pounds
"'" S600
"'" SOD

" Ap~~itrnlte WeJat1t

In nd s per Fool I .. , 10.7 17.' 10.3 11 .5 17.'
SPIn In Fut
22

"
10

"
~I
.ro
''12"
..,
50!

..,
...
'"
'"
......
OIl
...
~,

'"... .
'"
~

"
28
I
415
.~

m ..
~I

'15 4JO
.11
431
415
m
_ .~
.~

411
'"
.~

'"
.
151

"
M
lIS
.16
111
'"
168
In
'"
~,
.~

142
'"
14'
.14

I '"
111 181 III
11 111
11
19I

'"'"'15
161
101
174

'" '"
.10
101
~I
117

'"'74 '"
315
'" '"~ - 175

II
'"no 122

""
I~
lEI
'"'" m
1i4

'"
"
15
24l
I~
103

'"'"
311
26l
111
'"'"
251
112
".
lSl
315-
--

~
'"
1>1
m ""m ''I m -
111
251
14l

'"-
- -III
'"
122 ,~

31
-----
I~
- -192- - -----
221
'"182
m
111
210 '"
14
'"
I~
I~
2Si
In
24l
11'
'"114101 m
'17
-- - '"
-
no
"'
I~

'" '" '"'" - 225

"
40
II>
110
211
151
- -no '"171 '"
I~
2S2
181
IQI
208

4!
'"'" 110
272

m
161 '"__
~ _ !!4
'40
----I~
'"'U
--- 193
16'
II' '"
110 ".10'
111
131 '"211
I~
~
" '"
I~
'" 115
175 271
161

'"'"
121 12'
m
.." m m
140
" l-- ~13 110 116 115 '"
155

..
14S
III
111
I~ '171" '"I,. I~
12S
247
115
I~ 140
~
101
14.
118 '"
115

., ~
III
f-- ~I O '"m
127

.. '""
131
8l
17'
101
14'
I~

207
111
"
 .-.
PART 6
Miscellaneous Data and Math ~matical Tables

Page Nos.
MISCELLANEOUS DATA
Wire a nd Sheet Metal Gages .............. . ...•. , ..... 6-3
Corrugated Steel CoMtruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6-4 6-7
EtTect. of Heat on Structural Steel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6·8 - 6- 10
Coefficients of Expansion ............................ . 6·1l
WEIGI:l'I'S, MEASURES AND CONVERSION FACTORS
Weighla and Specific Gravities........................ 6-12 - 6-13
Weights of Building Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-14
Weight. and Measures ............................... 6-15
Engineering Converaion Factors....................... 6-16 - 6-17
GEOMETRIC AND TRIGONOMETRIC DATA
Bracing Formulas ................................. . 6-'8
Propcrti08 of the Parabola and Ellipse ............... . 6-.9
Properties of the Circle .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .......•..... 6-2IJ
Length of Circular Arcs for Unit. Radius . . ........... . 6-2.
Properties of Geometric Sections . . . . . . .. . ........... . 6-22 - 6-28
T'rigonometric Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .......... . 6-29
Natural Sines and Cosines ............ " • .......... 6-30 - 6-31
Natural Tangents and Cotangents .................... . 6-32 - 6-33
Natural Secants and Cosecants ...................•.... 6-34 - 6-35
FUNCTIONS OF NUM·BERS ......................... 6-36 - 6-57
DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS
Decimals of a Foot. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6·58 - 6-59
Decimalsof a n Inch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •. • . •. . . . . .. . • • . . . . 6-60

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 6· 3

WIRE AND SHEET METAL GAGES

In decimals of an inch
", American

.... N,. Brilish

Name
'Unlted States
United
States
M
Stowo & BI'mln~h.m OfImlerl,,'
n8111h
Birmingham
Of Sll.Ibs
Name
0' Standard Gllge Sleel
w., Sharpe
Wlr.
Sten ... <;1
Sh ••, & legal
Standard
I.on Wire
allell
0'
GII.e
Gage Hoop Gage Wire aliI._
---
f'l"lncipal UnCOilled
Gllg"
St ••, Wire Non.Ferrous Iron and Strips, Bandl, Prlnclpa
U.. $1.", Sh".1S and •• c;ept Sheets lind jS' •• ' Sh•• t. Wir" Hoops end
Llallt Plate. Music WI,. Wi,. lind Hoops W"' U..

.
Wellht Aeprox.

......"" .,...
Gill" Oz.~... Ttl ckness Thl(:kneu. Inch". Gil""
No. Sq. I . Inches No.

..."" ....
-7/0',
--
."'" .50> 1W_

.
6/0', . 4615 6/0's
5/0', .5165 •432 .50> 5/0'•
./0'. .3938 .4600 .5416 .•00 ,(54 4/0' •
l/O'.
2/0'.
....,
,]625
.3310 .""
• 1648
.500
.4451
.312
.'"
.425
.~
3/0's
2/0's
1/' , .3249 .3964
.35]2 .,.,
.32C .340 1/' ,
,
2
.28~
.2625
.2893
.2516 .1l41 .216
.'00
.2U 2,
...'"
• ".
,,•• ... ,~
.2391
.2242
.2092
.1943
.2431
.2253
.2070
.229'
.2043
.1819
.2104
.2"
.U25
.252
.232
.212
.259
.2~
.220 •
,••
.
.1920 .1620 .1931 .192 .203

• .
020
.1793
.1644
.1170
.1620
.1443
.1285
.06'
.1570
.176
.'"
.180
.,
.165
••
.....
'00 .1495 .1483 .1144 .1198 .1"
".. " • 1].45
...'"
.13~ .1019
..... .''''' .'n
., .'"
.'" .."
." "" .......,
02 .1196 .0907 .UU .U6

.
02
02
.. . 1046
.0891
.1055
.0915 .0721)
.0991
.0882

..."
.092
..072
.'"
............ """
...........
50 .0]47 ...00 .0641 . 0785
.0613
..."
.0120
.....
.OSl1
.....
.072

..."'''" ...., ..."

"" " .."'~ .",..
.0415
•0453
.....
."'''
..... ..., "
"" "" 18 .0418
..,..
.0OUO .0359
......." ""
.-..... ....."
20 .0359 .0320 .OU2 .035 20
22" " 22 .0329
. 0299
.0317
.m. .0,,"
.DZ5J
.0349
.OJIJ
."
..032 "
22

"" .."" .0269 .0ZS8 .0226 .0278 .OZ'

""
""n ..
.•m .OZOI .0248 .OZ2 .'22
25 •• 209 .0119 •• 220 .020 .020 25
.0119 .0181 .0159 .0196 .018 .018 26
.0164 .0113 .0142 .0115 .016' .016
02
.0149 .0162 .0126 .0156 .01 48 .014 "n
"n "•,•
.•
.0135 .01SO .0113 .OU9 .OB6 .013

""n
..., ...............,,
~ .0120 .0140 .0100 .0123 .0124 .012

,."" ••••
.01OS
",
.0090
.0132
.0128
.0118
.008'
.008'
.0071
.0110 .0116
.0108
.0100
....
.010

,.""
............, ...,
.008
••• .0082 .0104 .oon ....2 .00'
"" 5'.S .0075 .0095 .0056
....
.005
""
........, .....
•0090
....
.....,
.005'
.008'
.0076

..""" • .
4.25 .008'
.0015 .0035
.005'
. """
..0052 ~
"
.0070 .001l .0039 .0048
• U. S~~~a.~~d~r~.?"",-:'l~ 011 c ally a we ~ht ~a!!~:}~ O.l . per Iq. It ... a u Ite . lie flprox . lie·
"
ne .. Illown II tile 'Manulactur.rs' 5 an ard" 01 tile Amerk:an I. on and Steellnl Itu t e, baled
on I teel .. welfllln!! 501.81 lb. ~er cu, It. (489.6 I.ue welllhi plul 2.5 per cent lor average oYer·ru n
In .. ea and tllic n"I ). The AI iltandard nomendature lor 11at .olled carbon Itaell. a. loll ow.:
Wldlll (Inellel)

I ..
Tlllcknen
(InChe') To Over3\-!! I Ov .... 6 Over8 Ovlf" 12 ""w
0.2300 & Ih k:ker
3Y.1 inct.
,,,
,,,
To'
,,,
,,,
To'
,,, To 12
Plale
To"
I
Pil te Plate
0.2199 10 O,lOli
0.2030 to 0,1800
0.1199 to 0.0449
0.0448 to 0.034'
~~rIP
StrIp
S tllp I
~~rIP
Sirlp
Slrlp
I
~~' p
Strip
Strip I
~~. p
Strip
Strip
~~eet

I
Sh,el
Sheet
Hot rolled .heet and Ilrlp not ~enerel1Y
Plale
I
Plate
,..
0.0341 to 0.0255 SI.lp
produced In til e.., wldlh • • nd Ih kne"e.
0.0ZS4 & thInner

A MERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION

' -4
CORRUGATED STEEL CONSTRUCTION
Corrugated steel continues to be an economical and practical covering for
buildinga. Its structural usefulness has been extended by increased knowledge of
its sectional properties, and its att.ractiveness has been enhanced by t.be develop..
ment of colored coatings. In addition to its extensive use 8.8 roofing and siding in
both single sheet. and insulatad sandwich construction, it has found important. ap-
plicat.ion 88 a permanent structural form for poured slabs.
Corrugated sheets are procurable in a number of standard patterns. Data
for two, commonly used. is shown below. Note that widths and lengths obtainable
are not restricted to thoee tabulated. Consult manufacturers' catalogs fo r wider
and longer sheets and finishes available.

Corrugated sheet data

Steels of regular analysis or rust resistant alloys, usually copper

Material
bearing steel.
alack, painted, galvanized, vinyl painted, ceramic coated and
FInish
asbestos protected.
Gages 12, \4, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, lfi, 28, 29.
lengths 5 to 12 ft., In 1 ft. Increments.

Dlmenllonl
"'d.
Sldlnl Roofing SidIng Roofing

Width ( W ), In.
Pitch ( P ). In.
26
.'1; ,
26 27\;
.'1\I; ,
27\; 3I IA
.'1; ,
32 32%
"2%
331h
3
Depth ( D ). In.
SIde laps, In. , Y,
,'A ,\I '\I
\I Y,
21,4 ,\I \I
3% 3lh
\I

Cover (C). In.

Corr. In cover
24
9
24
8
24
, 24
8
29
11
30
10
29
11
30
10
• Noml,.,al pitch 2'!ot.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 • ·5

CORRUGATED STEEL CONSTRUCTION

Dimensions and properties of sheets

UNCOATEO (BLACK) CORRUGATEO STEEl SHEETS

-Welehl Propertl ••
lb. per squlr. '001 (per fOOl of eorrual'ed width)
u.s. Thkk.
Mfr" n... Cor,ulllted 2;\ X \I • x l4
a,•• Inch,. Ftet
2;\ X \I • X l4

.-
A In,' lIn.' Sin.' A In .' lin.' Sin.'
12 .10<6 U. '.n 5.OS 1.356 .G410 . 136 1.444 .104 .243
14
16
.0747
.OS98
3.13
2.50
3.41
2.73
3.61
2."
.'"
.775
.•288
.•m
.100
.0818
1.011
.825
.0736 . 119
.145
18 .0478 2.00 2.18 2.31 .620 .0182 .0065 .660 .0469 .118
20 .0359 1.50 1.64 1.73 .465 .0136 ••509 .'95 .0352 .0895
22 .0299 1.25 1.36 1.44 .388 .0113 .0418 .413 .0293 ,om
24 .0239 1.00 1.09 1.15 .310 .OOOl6 .0].16 .'lO ,0234 .0605
26 .0179 .75 .82 .87 .232 .00678 •• 262 .247 .0175 .0456
28 .0149 .63 .68 .72 .193 .00564 .0219 .206 .0146 .0381
.56 .60 .65 .175 .00511 .0199 . 186 .013l .0l46
" .01l5

GALVAN IZEO CORRUGATEO STEEL SHEETS

12 . 1'" '.53 .... 5.23 1.319 .0411 .138 I. ... .1058 ,247
14
16
18
•• 785
.0635
.0516
'.28
2.66
2.16
'.58
2.90
2.35
3.19
3.07
2.49
."1
.797
.64'
.0295
.02l6
.0189
.102
.0839
.0688
..., ....,
1.056

.684
.0755
.0605
. 183
.149
.122
20 .•396 1.66 1.81 1.91 .48' .0143 .OS32 .519 .0369 .0936
22
24 .,,.
..'336
1.41
1.16
1.53
Uti
1.62
U.
.410
.332
.0120
.00971
.0451
.0369
•• 36
.35'
.0310
.0251 .....
.0792

26 .0217 .91
." 1.05 .255 .00746 .0287 .272 .0193 .0501
28

"
.0187
. 0172
.n
.72
.85
.n
.90
.83
.21'
.197
.00632
.00575
.0245
.0223
.230
.210
.0163
.0149 .....
.042ti

• No .llow.nce for sid. or end laps.

AlIow.ble worhlna slre..es lor c:orru"led ,heelS m.y be I.hen .. Ft _ .60 Fr. Laps.1 sides .nd
."d. 0 1 .h •• I' .r. ordln.rily lanor.d In .tr.ni\h CIIlclIl.llo"s. For wInd load •. d.. lan"f...
m.y b.lner . ...d by Va.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 CORRUGATED STEEL CONSTRUCTION
Estimating data
ROOFlNG PATTERN
Side laps: I H corrugations; fasteners spaced 12 in. m8.Jr:.
End lap8 (min .): 6 in. for roof pitch 4 in 12 or over; 8 in . (or roof pitch
under 'I in 12; Laps at purlins; fasteners approximately e very third
corruga t.ion at each purlin.
SIDING PA'ITERN
Side lap.: 1 corrugation; fasteners spaced 18 in. IDaJ:.
End lap. (min .): 4 in. Jape at girt.e; fasteners approximately every third
corrugation at each girt.
AREAS AND WEIGHTS OF SHEETS IN PLACE
Square feet per sqU(Jre:
The number of square feet of corrugated sheets required to cover one
square (100 SQuare feet) for a ny length and lap oondition is given by t.he
formula :
N _ 100 WL
IVL - (SL + EC)
where
N - number of square feet of corrugated sheet
W - width of the corrugated sheet (inches)
L - length of the corrugated sheet (inches)
S - width of side lap (inchee)
E - length of end lap (incbes)
C - covering, width of sheet (inches)
Sheets per 8qlUJTe :
The formula adapted to give the number of sheets of any length and lap
condition required to cover one square (100 square feet), is 68 follows :
14400
Number of sheets - "W"L~::'("S:L;-:-+-;-;E;;;C~')
Weight per square :
The weight of corrugated sheets in pounds per square (100 square feet )
in place, including side and end laps, is equal to the weight, with no a Uowance
for side and end lape. multiplied by:
100WL
WL (SL +
EC)

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CoN STRUCTION

 ,.,
CORRUGATED STEEL CONSTRUCTION
Appurtena nt materials
I n addition to flat flashing for general closing and sealing purpoeee, oorru·
gated flashiogs for end and side walls 68 weU 88 corrugated and plain ridge
rolls are available. ArchH.ecwral and structural details 8uch lUI eave, gable
and expansion joint closures are also available.
SEALEnS AN'O lNSULATION
Where exceptional resistance to weather or sound is required, mastic
sealen and insulating materials such 88 fiberglass. can be applied between
corrugated ehoots. Formed rubber seal8 may be used 88 end cloeurefl between
corrugated sheeta and flat flashing.
TRANSLUCENT PANELS
}~or lighting, ill addition to tbe uauru windows and 8kylights, structural
grado Lrnnslucent corrugated panels are available in variou8 colora and 8urfaces.

Note: See manufacturers' catalogs for d08Criptive a nd engineering data for these
lind other materials related to corrugated aheet metal construction.

Fasteners
SELF TAPPING SHEET METAL SCREWS (pOINTED)
No. 14 hex head of hardened or atainiesa steel. cadmium plated. N-
sembly usually used to join sheet metal to sheet metal and includes cupped,
galvanized or stainJess steel washers with bonded neoprene w8IIhers.
SELF TAPPING CAP SCREWS
No. 14 hex head of hardened o r 8tainllBB steel, cndmium plated. Assem-
bly UBUally used to connect sheet metal to structural members, and includes
cupped, galvanized or 8tain1ess steel washers with bonded neoprene wMhers.
BOLTS
'" in. diameter, round head stove bolts. galvanized or cadmium plated.
for mi8cellaneous applications.
CLOSINC RIVETS
~6 in. diameter. galvanized or black driven cold. Used to connect side
or end lap8.
OTHER FASTENING DEVICES
TIlese include a rc welding 8tuds. drive screws and naila, special fMtenertl
for attaching insulation and screws with neoprene sleeves (or trBll8lucent
panela.

Note: For available siz.ea. method or installation or the .bove and othu ras-
tener. not dtwer:ibed , see manuracturers' Clltalop.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CoNSTRUCTION

'·8

EFFECT OF HEAT ON STRUCTURAL STEEL

Short time elevated temperature tensile testa on the structural carbon

steels and low·alloy high strength steels permitted by the AlSC Specificationa,
show that the atrengtb of these steels actually increases as the temperature
is raised from room temperature to approximately 550° P. With furtber
increase of temperature. the strength of the material decreases.
The ultimate atrength of structural carbon steel at approximately 550 ° F
is about 25 percent greater than its strengtb at nonnal room temperature, and
at 800° F its strength is approximately the same as at !lonnal temperature.
At 8 temperature of 1000° F the yield point strength of structura1sleei may be,
depending upon the proportions of the member, lowered almost 1;0 the basic
allowable working stress.

FIRE-RESISTANT CONSTRUCTION
Steel buildings whose condition of exterior exposure, and whose com-
bustible contents under fire hazards will not produce a temperature greater
than 1000° F in the steel. may therefore be considered fire·resistive without
the provision of insulating protection for the steel.
A fire exposure of severity and duration sufficient to raise the temperature
of Lhe steel much above an average of 1000° F wiU seriously impair its ability
to sustain loads at the unit stresses permitted by the AlSC Specification . In
such caaee, Ule members upon wbich the stability of the structure depends
should be insulated by fire-resistive materials or constructions capable of
holding the average temperature of the steel to not more than 1000 0 F for
the probable duration of the exposure.
The ASTM specification E1l9-61, Methods of Fire Testa of Building
Construction and Materials, outlines the procedures of fire test ing. It
requires, as one criterion of rating, that the average temperature of structural
steel members must not rise above 1000° F, and that the maximum temper·
sture at anyone point must not exceed 1200° F.
Under this specification, each tC9ted assembly is subjected to a standard
fire of controlled extent and severity. The fire resistnnce rating is exprceaed
as the time, in hoUJ'8, that the assembly is able to withstand the fire exp08U1e
before the first critical point in its behavior is reached. These tests indlcate
the period of time during which structural members, such 8S columna and
beams, are capable of maintaining their strength and rigidity when subjected
to the standard fire. They also establish the period of time during which
Boors, roofs, walls or partitions wiU prevent fire spread by protecting agaillBt
tbe passage of flame, hot gases, and excessive beat.
Tables of Fire Resistance Ratings for various insulating materials and
collBLructions applied to structural columns, beams, girders nnd trusses, 88
weU as floor and roof systems are published in tbe AISC bookJet Fire-Resistant
Constructwn in MOtkm Steel-Framed Bu.ildings. Ratings may also be fOWld
in publications or the Underwriters' Laboratories Inc., the National Bureau of
Standards, U. S. Department of Commerce and in many building codes.
To judge the effect of a fire on structural steel, it is neceasary to consider
what happens in such an C%posure. Peculiarities of this expoeure are:
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
 ,.,
(I J Teml)Crtlture attained by the steel can only be estimated. (2) Time of
exposure at any given temperat.ure is unknown. (3 ) Healing is uneven.
(4 ) Cooling niles vary and can on ly be estimated. (6 ) The steel is usually
under load. and is sometimes restrained from normal expansion.
Steel that has no evidence of gross damage from exposure to very high
temperatures, or (rom sudden cooling from high temperatures, can usually be
straightened as nece3S8.ry and be re-used without reduction of wor king alTC!l8.
Steel that. has been exposed to very higb temperatures ca n be identified by
very heavy scale, pitling, and surface erosion which may result in a loss of
cross section and sometimes internal damage. The scale in such exposure
vanes in color from dark gray to black; however, color of scale may be in-
fluenced by other materials a nd is not. especially significant. Normally these
conditions will be accompanied by such severe deformation that the cost and
difliculty of straightening such members. as compared to replacement. dictates
t hat they be discarded.
Steel members that have suffered rapid cooling wi ll usually be so severely
distorted that straightening for reuse will seldom be considered practicable.
In some cases, t here may be considerable deformation in members whose
normal thermal expansion is inhibited, or prevented by t he nature of the
construction. Such members may usually be strai~htened and re·used.
ConncctiOIlS require special attention to make sure that the stresses
induced by a fire. a nd by sub3equent cool ing after the fire have not sheared or
loosened bolts or rivets, or cracked welds.

COEFFICIENT OF EXPANSION

The average coefficient of expansion for structural steel between room

temperature and 200° F is 0.(}(X)()()65 for each degree. For tempe rntures of
200° F to 1100° F the coefficient is given by the formula '
f = 0.0000061 + 0.0000000022t
in which f is the coefficient of expansion for each degree Fahrenheit. and t is
the temperature in degrees Fahrenheit.
The modulus of elasticity of structural steel is quitp close to 30,000,000 psi
at room tempera ture. - It decreases linearly to about 25,000.000 psi at 900° F.
and then begins to drop at an increasing rate at higher temperatures.

EFFECT OF KEAT DUE TO WELDING

Application of heat by welding tends to produce some residual stresses,

which are gencrully accompanied by distortion of various amounts. Both
the st.resses and distortions a re minimi:t.ed by con trolled welding procedures
lind fubrication methods. In normal structural practice. it has not been
found nece8S81"y or desirable to use heat treatment (stress-relieving) as a means
of reducing such fC3iduaJ stresses. Procedures normally followed include:
(I) Proper positioning of the components of joints before welding. (2)
Selection of welding sequences detennined byexperiem:e . (3) Deposition of a
minimum volume of weld metal with a minimum number of I>aSSCS fo r the
design cond ition. (4) Preheating as determined byexperien<.'e.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE" OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
6 ·10
USE OF HEAT IN STRAIGHTENING AND CA MBERING
In modern fabricat.ing t.echniques, (:o nt.rolled appliclltion of heal to
structural members is frequently utilized 8S a method of straightening mem-
bers, and placing <:amber in rolled beams. By applying controlJed heat in
proper alnounts at selected locations, even severe kinks and bends can be
removed without impairing the metaUurgy or serviceabiljty of lbe structural
member. In t.his process, the heated areas of t.he sleel tend to expand. and
since they are rest.rained by adjacent cooler areas an "upset" O(.:CUTS. UI>OIl
cooling. the " upset" does not reduce it..se1f and a change of shape is developed
in thc nlcmber.
A similar pl"O(.-edure is used in "heat cambering" of rolled beams where
camber is required. This method is freque ntly employed in fabril.:at.ion
operations in lieu of "c.'Old -cambering," which may be ordered at the time
s t ructura l steel me mbers a rc purchased from the rolling mills.
" Heat cambering" has the advantageofpermitt.ing closer co ntrol, and of
making possible reverse cambers where they are specified und er unusual
conditions.
Heut. s traightening and heat. cambering bot.h ca use residual st.resses in
s t.ructursl me mbers 8S a result. of plastic deformat.ions. The stresses ate
similar to the stresses that. always occur in rolled structural shapes during the
pro(.'e ssof cooli ng fro m the rolling temperature to the ambient temperature of
the air. The rolli ng s tresses result fro m the fa ct that some parts of the shape
cool fasLer than others and cause inelastic deformation in t he slo wer c.'OOli ng
pa rts.
Experienc."e and tests have shown that none of the resid ual stresses
created during the rolling process, or by heat straightening and ca mbering, or
by cold straighteni ng a nd cambering, have a deleterious effect on the
strength of the structuml member.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 6 ·11

COEFFICIENTS OF EXPANSION
The coefficient. of linear expansion (t) is the change in length, per unit of
length, for a change of one degree of temperature. The coefficient of surface expan·
sion is approximateJy two Limes the linear coefficient, a nd the coefficient of volume
expansion, for 9Olids, is approximately three times the linear coefficient.
A bar, froe to move, will increase in length with an increase in te mperature and
will decrease in length with a decrease in tempersture. The change in le ngth wiU
be Etl. where (is the coefficient of Linear expansion, lthe change in temperature, and
l the length. If the e nds of a bar are fixed, a ch.ange in temperature (t) will caU8e a
change in the unit stress of Eft, and in the total stres80f AEE1, where A is the cross
sectional area. of the bar and E the modulus of ewticity.
The (oUowing table gives the coefficient of linear expansion for 100°, or 100
times the value indicated above.
Example: A piece of medium steel is exactly 40 feet long at SO- F. Find the
length at 90° F. assuming t he ends free to move .
.00065 X 30 X 40
Cha nge of length - Etl - 100 - .0078 ft.

Tho length at 90° F . is 40.0078 feet.

Example: A piece of medium steel is exactly 40 feet long a nd the c uds are
fixed. I f the teml>etature increases 30° F., what is the resulli ng change in t he unit
""""'1
Cbs . . E 29,000,000 X .00065 X 30 - 5655 Ibs. per in.
ngo In unIt stress - (t - 100 SQ.

COEffiC IENTS Of EX PANSION fOR 100 DEGREES

Un.... uPllnslon
- 100.
U.....r uPllnsion
M.I.I.ls cent!. F.lVon. M.I.lIols tenll. F.twon
iTad•
"" - """ -""-

.- ..
METALS AND AllOYS STONE AND MASONRY
Aluminum. wrouiht .(J(!231 .00128 Ashlar masonry .0006' .000l5
Brass .00188 .00104 Brick masonry .00061 .00034
Bronze .00181 .00101 Cement. portland .00126 •..,70
Copper
Iron, cast. l"ly
.00168
.00106 ."""
.0005'
Concrete
Granite
.""'"
...,,.
.0005'
.0004'
Iron. wrought .00120 .00067 limestone .00042
Iron. wire
Lead
.00124
.00286
.0006'
.00159
Marble
Plaster
.1XIl81
.00166 ."""
.00092

" ""
Magnesium. various alloys .0029 .0016 Rubble masonry .0006'
Nickel
Steel. mild
.00126
.oom
.00070
.0006'
Sandstone
Slate ...,.,
.""' 00054
.00044
Steel. stainless, lS·S .00178 .00099
Zinc. roiled .00311 .oom
TIMBER

e,
0., !
Maple parallcl to fiber
PIo.
.{)(Jcm
.00064
.""'"
.00054
.00021
.00036
.00027
.00030
FI'
Oak
Pine
!
TIMBER

Maple perpendicular to
fiber
.0058
.0048
.1lO54
.0034
.0032
.0021
.0030
.0019
EXPANSION Of WATER
M.ximum Oons.lty - 1
e-
0
•
-
Volumo
- 1.000126
1.000000
e-
10
20
Volum.
1.000251
1.001132
e-
..
30
Volume
1.001234
1.007627
C" • Volum.

..
-
50 1.0HSn
1.016954
e-
.,
10
-
Volumo
1.022384
1.029001
.
e-
100
-
Volum.
1.035829
1.041116
AMER ICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CoNSTRUCTION
6 .12

WEIGHTS AND SPECIFIC GRAVITIES

.....-
METALS. AllOVS. ORES
W.,glll
Lb. _
c..."
'-"
Or.';1y
. -
TIMBER, u. S. SEASON EO
W,oght
Lb. _
Cu. FL
'-,.
o.l"d~

....'"'",
Aluminum, ca". Mol.tu .. Cont.nt by
Wtight:

.."
h.mmt-.d 2.55·2.75
Br.... ca.t. rollMi 8.t·a.7 Se,asoned timber 15 to 20~
Bn:IIUt, 7.9 to 14% Sn
Bronze. aluminum
Copper, calt, roll.ct _ _ _
,.,
7.4·8.9 Green timber up 10 50",
Alh, whit ••• MI
Ced"'.
0.62·0.65
.~ 8.8·9.0
4.1·4.3 Chatnut
whitt, ..d ... _
·· 0.32. 0.38
0."
Copper 0", py.lt..
'"
GOld, cut. hammt.-.d __
'ron, calt, plg ____
1.0", wroughL-._
Iron,lplegel.llHn ... _
......'"
"" ,.,
19.25·19.3

,..
1.6·7.9
CyP ....
Fir, Dougln .pruce..
Fir, tut",,_
Elm, whlt.___ ·
....""""
0."
0.51
0.40
0.72
Iron,ltrro·.llleon
Iron ore, hematite. -
Iron 0 ... hemal Itt 11, bank-.
'"
".
160·180
...,-
6.7.7.3

--
Hlmlock _ _
Hickory __ ._•
Locl.. t _ _ ." O.U·O.S2
0.74.0.114
0.73

..."."
Iron 0", hematite 100II 130·160 Maple, hard 0."
Iron ore, IImo"lt • .. 3.8·4.0 Mapll, whlt. .. _. 0."
Iron or •. mlg"eUt • . '"
'" 4.9·5.2 Oak. ch ..tnut. ... 0 .B8
Iron ,llg _ _
l",d
luId 0 .... g.t,,,a. --- '"
"0 ... 2.5-3.0
11 .37
7.3-7.6
1.74_1.83
O.. k.llvi
Oak. red. bllck. . _ _
Oak. whlll_ ... _
Pine. Oregon _ _
0.85
0.65
0.7 •

.."""
Mag"..lum. alton - - 0.51
M.ngan .... '"
", 7.2·8.0 Pine • .-.d ___ 0.48

'"'5O,
Ma",an_ 0 ... pyrolu.lta_ 3.7_4.' Pine, white 0.41

...''''.........
Mtreu/')' ... 13.6 Pine, yellow, lo"g-Iul · 0.70
Mo".1 M,tl' 8.8-'.0 Pine. yeltow •• hort·luf_ . 0.61
Nlck,I __ .. Popl ••_ _
0."
"""
"'_9.2
Pilll"um. calt. h.mm,1"IICI 21.1·21.5 Redwood, Callfor"la 0.42
Silver, "ft, hlmmered __ . 10.4·10.e Sprue" White, br,c k . . - G.40-o.46

......'"
Stetl. roIlMl _ _ _ 7.85 Wal"ut. black 0.61
·
Ti", ca.t, h.mm ..... _ _
TI" 0", ca ..lt.rit,
7.2-7.5
8.4_7.0
Walnut. whlta
"" 0.41
ZI"c, call. rolltd _ _ -_. 6.9·7.2
ZI"c 0 .... bl,nd. - 3.t-4.2 VARIOUS LIQUIDS
Alcohol, 100%.-. ___ ...." 0."
..,0
,...."
Acid •. muriatic
Acida, "itric " "--
VAR IOUS SOLIDS " "--
Ce.... I•• OI ..
Ce.... I., barley
C..... I., corn, 1')" _ _
bulk
bulk
bUl k
...""" --
--
--
Ao:id., sulphuric 81~.
Ly •• aoda
OUa, vegeUble_
" %-
Oil., mine,,"', lubricants
'".." . "
,,.
0.81-0.,",
Ce .... I•• whllL _ bulk -- W.tt •• 4"C. m ••• den.lty
........
12.428
0.90-0.»
..0
.. --
Hay Ind Straw __ b.l. Water, l00"C. _ _ 0. ,5&4
-
..•
Cotton. Fill, H.mp l.47·1.5O W.tar.ica .... _.~_
FaIt
Flour, 100M
" UO-0.81
0.40·0.50
Water, ."ow, f .... h f.II,n
W.ter, ... water
O.U-a.i2
.125

"'""
1.02· 1.03
Flou •• p ..lald_.
-_ 0.70-0.80
GI ..., com m o" _ _
GI .... crylt.r. ___ . ____ ..
Luth,.
..
GI .... pl.te or o:rown .. ____
,'"..
"
2.40-2.60
2.45·2.72
UO-3.00
0.86·1.02
GASES
Ai •• O"C. 760 mm._ ,08071 '.0
0._
P.pe.
PoUtOM, pll,d
0.70-1.15
--
Ammo"Ia. ____
C.. rbon dl ooldl .. _ _ _ _ .,,,.
.0'"
"" 1.5281
Rubber, c.outo:houc. _ _
Rubber good.
..." 0.1I2·0.Q6 Carbon m o n oalde .onl 0.11673

.-
0< 1.0-2.0 G ••• iIIumln.tl"g .028-.036 0.31-0.45
S.lt. granulated, plltd _ _ .
Saltpeter _ _ _
-- --
_. G .... natural
"". ..", 0.47-0.41
SUn:h._
Sulphu.
--
--
..
. .."
1.93·2.07
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
0,)'1'"' ___ ..
.00559
.0'""
0.0693
0.'714
W~,
'"" ." 1.1056

Th. a_lfIe ••• ,,111. of ..,Ud, .nd liquid. . .fer to waler at 4"C .. thOM of \la_ to air at
O"C •• nd 760 mm. P .... u ... Th , wei, hts per cubic foot .... de.iv.d from .... rag •• peclll<l ,novl-
ti., uc.pt wh ....tlled that w.l,hla a .. for bulk. h .. ped or 1 _ met..i.l. Itc.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 6 ·13

WEIGHTS AND SPECIFIC GRAVITIES

....... w_
"'.w ......
"'~""
......... w.....
e>.w
Cu. FL
......
a.m•
'""
ASHLAR MASONR Y
Or.. " lt., <1y."lt.,,,".1_ ,
L.lm ..ton •• marbl. _ _ _
Sa"d,u.ne, blu ..ton t -
'"
,,. . 2.3_3.0
2.3-2.8
2.1-2.4
MINERALS
A"""~
8.ryt_
8",.. 1L - -
'"
'"", .. "
2.1·2.1

2.7-3.2
MORTAR RUB8L.E
MASONRY
8 .. u.lte
8 .......
Ch .. lk....
".'"~
. 2.55
1.7-1.1

'" ,..
1.1-2.1
O ... "lte, Iyenltl, on.I .... _ 2.2-2.1 CI.y, m.rl
'"'SO '" 1.1·2.1
L.lm..tO"I, m..rbl _ _
Sa"d,to"l. blu ..ton .. _ _
".
2.2-2.8
2.0-2.2
Dolomlt...
Feldlp..r.orthocl ..... _ _
G"II ... " ,pentl" .. _ _ _ . ,'"n.
'"~ . 2.5_2.1
2.4-2.1
DRV RU881.E MASONRY
G •• "ltl. Iy,nltl, ,,",1..._
I.lmeltonl, m •• bl. _ _ _
Sandltone. bluettone ___
".
'"
'"
1.9·2.3
1.9-2.1
1.8-1.9
Gt.nltl.IYI"lte.
Gr.e",to"', t ... P
Gypsum •• Iabu"r
Hornblend ....
-.__ ,'"
.
'"
. ... 2.'-3.1
2.1-3.2
2.3-2.1

-._. ".
I.Im ..tonl. m arble_ _ _ . 2.5-2.8
8R ICK MASONRV M.gn ..lt ...._ ... s.•

"...
PrHMd brlck ... _ _ _ _ _
Common brlck. _ _ _ _ '"
".
2.2-2.3
1.8-2.0
Ph ... ph.te rock. <1patlt ...
Po.phyry _
'"
"" 3.'
Soft brlc k -_ _ _
'" 1.5-1.1 Pumice. " atu ... 1
QUIrU. fl1n L - '" 2.6·2.9
0.31-O.QO

..
2.i-2.1

.
CONCRETE MASONRY Sa"d,tone. bluetto"e _ _
Cem.nl. Itone. ta"d _ _ ", 2.2·2.4 Sh .. ll.llat..
,'"n.
2.2·2.5
Clm,"t. ,I.g. etc. _ _ _
Cem.nt. clnde •• Ito - - ,'" 1.9·2.:1
1.5-1.7
So.pstone. tal ...
2.7-2.9
2.1·2.1

VARIOUS 8UII.DING
MATERIALS
Aah... cl"d ...
Cement. portl.nd, , _
....., --
" --
STONE. QUARRIEO. PII.ED
Ibult. gr."lt., 0".1 _
UmeltO"'. m..rble. qu.rtt
... --
--
c.mtnt. portland. M L -
I.Imt.'YII&um,loote_ _ '"
"... --
2.7-3.2 Sand,tone
Sh.l, " --
--
. '"" --
Moru .... t..... 1.4-UI
51." .. bank <11 .. ,
51."", bank KI"II"I"p-
'"
81·72
91-111 --
--
O ... n,tone. hornbl."d ..

5118', m<1ch l"e 11"11---

-- BITUMINOUS SUBSTANCES
SI,,,,,, ,,." ,,"d "-55 --
.."""
Aaph .. ttum 1.1-1.5
EARTH. ETC .• EJICAVATEO CN,I. anth.acUe 1.4_1.7
CI.y, dry
Ct.y, d.mp. pl ..UC-.......-
n'" --
--
Co<1'. bit"ml"ou'
Co<1I. lIonlte
1.2-1.5
1.1-1.4
Cr"y ""d "raval. dt)"_ _ _ '00 -- CN,I. p... t. t"ri. dry

"""
0.85-0.$5
Earth. dry. 100M '0 -- CN,I. charco.l. pl",-_ _

..""
0.28-0.44
Earth, dry. paCkH
Earth, mol.t. 1_.. _ _ _ -- eo.l. charcoal. oa k . . - - 0.47·0.51

'""..
Earth. moltt. paCkH _ _ -- Co<1I. coke
G •• phlt ___ 1.0-1.4
Earth. mud, 110..1"1. _ _ . -- 1.0.2.3
'OS -- Paraffine

..
Ea.th. mud, plcked _ _ _ 0.81-0.91
-- Petrol'um
AlprIP.llm..ton. _ _ _
Alprlp, undlton ..... _ _ '"
80-8$
--
--
Petroleum. nl'InH .~.
Petrol ,u m. benzlnl _ _ _
M

"
0.87
0.7$-0.82

"."
Alpr.p, 'h.II .• _ _ _ _ _ 0.73-0.75
-- Petroleum. "atoll"I _ _ _
Sa"d, "rlv.I, dr)". ,oote ......
S.nd".~ve l , dry, packed_
90-105
100-120 --
--
Pltch. __ .
T a •• bituminoul " 0.611-0.89

."
1.07.1.15
SI"d, "rlvel. w.l.........-._
EJICAVAT IONS IN WATER
118-120 -- "
Sa"d or "r.vll _ _ _ _ _
Sand
Cl.y_Or_" _
Rlvlf' mud
..VII
__ .nd
__clly_
__
.."
""
--
--
--
--
COAL. AND COKE, P II.ED
Co. l. a" thraclt .. __ • _ _
CN,'. blt"mlnou •• 1I,,"lte.
eo.l, PI .. l, t"rI.
47·58
"·M
".,.
--
--
--
SoIL
-- Co<1I, charcoal --
""
10·"
Stone rl.,....p
-- eo.l. cokl
n·" --
Th •• _'Ik or.vltl.. of ..,lId, "nd IIquldl ..f,. to w.tlr.t 4· C.. th_ 01 _ to .Ir.t
O"C... nd 160 mm. P.... ".... The wllohts per cubic 1001 .... darlYld from ."...oe ._llk: 1I'.vr·
tr ... e_pt wh .... ltated thlt _llIhb .... for bllik. heaped Or 1 _ mltan.I, etc.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

Ii ·14

WEIGHTS OF BUILDING MATERIALS

"'_1••', Welaht
Lb. I*' Sq. Fl. "'_I • • ls
WeI, hl
Lb. per Sq. Fl.

CEILINGS PARTITIONS
Chlnnel sus pended Claynle
system 1 3 in. 17

.."
lathing and plastering See Partitions 4 in.
AcoustlcalUbe, tile 1 Ii In. 28
8in. 34

fLOORS
Steel Deck ...Manufacturer
10 in.
Gypsum Block
~ In.
3 in .
' Yo
""
Coocrete-Relnforced lin.
Stone
""
4 in.
Sin. ""
14
SlaS
lightweight
""
610 10
6 in.
Wood Studs ~ X -4
1~-16 In. o.c.
""
,
Concrele·Plain lin. Steel partitions •
Stone
Slag
lightweight
""
310 9
Plaster I inch
Cement
Gypsum "5
fills linch
Gypsum ,a
lathing
Metal
Gypsum Board Y.t In.
,"
Sond
•
..
Cinders
WAllS
finishes Brick
Terrazzo lin. ·13 -4 in.
Ceramic Of Quarry nle % 8 in. 80
I~ in. 120
In.
Unoleum '14 In.
Mastic: JA In.
"•
1 Hollow Conc,ete Bloc k
(H88vy Aurlgate) .,
Hardwood fi ln .
Softwood ~ In. • 4 in.
6 in. U

ROOFS
'" 8 in.
12Y.z in.
Hollow Concrete Block
SS
80

Copper Of tin
Corrugated steel
loply feady roofing
1
See page 1i ·5
1
(Ught Aggregate)
4 in.
6 in.
.,
21

3-ply felt and gravel

5-ply fell and gravel ,' Yo 8 in .
I~ in.
l8
55

,,
Clay tile
Shlnsles (load Bearlna)
Wood -4 in . 2S
Asphalt 6 in. 3Il
Clay tile 9 to 14 81n. 33
Sia le ',4
", 1~ in.
Stone 4 In. "55
"a
...
Shea lhln,! Glass Block 4 In.
Wood In, Windows, Glass, Frame
Gypsum I In,
• & Sash
Curtain Walls
Manufactur e r
...."
Insulation lin .
Poured In place
RIgid
," Structural Glass I In .
Corrugated Cemenl As·
bes tos ',4 In.
15
,
'"
For wel..,I' of mil« m_IerMol, uNd In bulldl na construction, see ~,., ' ·12 _nd ' U.

A".ERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 , - 15

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

United States System
Inch ..
'"'
L.INEAR MEASURE
Yanh ..... Furlong. Mil ..
1.0 - .08333 - . 02718 _
""""""-
.0001262G -
..0606061 _ .00151515 .00001578
12.0 _
36.0 -
1.0
3.0
198.0 - 16.5
7920.0 - 660.0
.33333 -
1.0
220.0 •••
1.0
.... 0
-
.1818182 - .00454545 -
.025
- 1.0
_ .00018939
.00056818
.000125
.125
63360.0 - 5280.0 - 1760.0 - 320.0 _ 8.0 - 1.0
SQUARE AND L.AND MEASURE
Sq. In ch.. Squa ... Fsst Squ~rs Yard, Sq. Ro.h Sq. Mil ..
1.0 - .006944 - .000772
144.0 _ '.0 .11'11'
1296.0 - 9.0 1.0 .03306 _ .000207
39204.0 - 272.25 .. 30.25 1.0 .00625 _ .0000098
~3560.0 4840.0 160.0 1.0 .0015625
3097600.0 - 102400.0 - 640.0 _ 1.0

.-
AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHTS
Grain. Drams Ounc.. Pound • Ton.
1.0 . 03657 _ •002286- .000'43 • .OOOOOOO7'~
27 .34375 - 1.0 .0625 .003906 - .00000'95
.5
~37 16.0 1.0 .0625
7000.0
'4000000.0
256.0
- 5'2000.0
16.0
- 32000.0 - 2000.0
1.0 _
- 1.0
.0001)3'25

DRY MEASURE
Pint. Quarts
'K'"
Cubic F .. t

-- Su,h,l •
1.0
2.0
16.0 - ••
1.0
8.0 - . 0625
.125
1.0
.01945
.03891
.3',12 - .01563
.03125
.2'
51 . ~2627
".0
25.713\4
32.0
UOUID MEASURE
3.2'414
4.0
1.0
1.2445
- .80354
1.0

Gill, Pints Quarts U. S. G.llon, Cubic FHt

1.0 .25 .125 .03125 .00418
4.0 1.0 .5 .125 .01671
'.0
32.0
2.0
8.0
1.0
~.O 1.0
.250 .03342
.1337
7.48052 1.0

Metric System
UNITS
Llngth- Meter Ma..- Gram Clp'clty_ LIt,.
for pure water at 4OC. (39.2"F.)
1 cubic decimeter or I liter - 1 kilogram
""leTS (mm)} {mttt's (on)} {mtiUS (dm)} {meter
1000 Milli gTOIH$ (mg) _ 100 Centi grams (cg) - 10 Dcci ~rams (dg) _ I jUam
{ WITS (ml ) fitm (el) lilers (dl) liter

{m"",}
1000 grams - 100 Deka {""''''~dkm)} hi) _ 1 Kilo {"'ITom
grams dkg) - 10 I'keto{m<l'" Ihm)} <I" (kg)
(km)
~Tams
liters film ( kl) fitm (hI) ite, (kl)
1 Metric Ton 1000 Kilograms
100 Square Meters 1 Are
'00 Ares 1 Hectare
100 Hectares .. 1 Square Kilometer

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONS1RUCTION

6 · 16

ENGINEERING CONVERSION FACTORS

Multiply by to obul n

"n.
_. __ _404687
4.()'687 X IO-s
h<ctareo
- square kilometers
""--- ---- 1076.39 square {eet
. .. -
board leeL
------
144~. X 1 in. cubic inches
cubic leet
centimeun - - 3=X IO-~ r.,t
_--------_._-_._- _3937
.
..
cubic centimetera
--"_ ... _..
cubic leet. .....__ •__ •________
_-_
_______ .___ .___ ._.
. .._,,...
__ __
3.53145 X 1 0~
6.102 X 10-'
2.8317 X 10'
inches
cubic leet
cubic inches
cubic centimeters
"
... .... ---_._-------_
--_._-_. .... ._--_.
.._.._"_.,,
2.8317 X 10-' cubic meten

.. ... ...__._._.. ....___.........

6_22905 ~lIons. British Imperial
......_---_.....-.--- 28.3170 ,I'"
_ _- ..------_.._... 2.38095 X 10-&
_025
tons. British Shipping
tons. U. S. Shipping
cubic incliea:=-~:~:=::_.::.=:::=__= 16.38716 cubic centimeters
. .. ....__ .. _.. ..._._-_.- _-_
cubic metera............... _._. ___ .. _._. __ . 35.3145 cubic feet

==
1.30794 cubic yards
cubic yards. _____ •. __ ._. __ ... __ ._.. _.. _.... .764559 cubic meters

~~hC'ft(leSS·32·F:f.=:.=
.0174533 radians
.5556 degrees, Cenligrade
.. Centigrade. __ .. _______
loot poundL.. _____________ I."
_13826
degrees. Fahrenheit (less32 F.)
kil0fP"3m metCl'$
... --------_._. __._-----
leeL.. _ . ____ ._._. _ _ _ _ ._ 30.4801
-"'1801
centuneters
""ten
. ----
-_.._--------------
3O·UlH
1.6«68 X 10~
millimeters
miles. nautical
gal~ns, Bri~ Imeenal - .160538 cubic feet
.. .. . _..-_- .- 1.20091
._54596 fif,lo",- U.S_
galJens. U:.5. -..-------
... ... -_._--_._-----
_832702
_13368
ton
gallons. British Imperial
cubic feet
---- ----
--_._---------
231.
3.78543
cubic inches
liters
grams. metric...... _... __ .______ . 2.2()162 X 1O- a poundl. avoirdupois
hcctare3... __ .. _. ____ .• __________ 2.471Q.i
. .. --"'-
__ ._._-_ _._
.. _.. .. .. __ _._._._.- 1.076387 X 10'
3.86101 X 10-'
"'"
square {eet
square miles
horse-power. mctric...._ .... ______ ..... _9S632 horse-power. U. S.
horse-power, U.5. __............_.. _ ..... _._ .. 1.01387 hone-powcr. metric
inches...... __ .. _.. _ ..... __________ ..
. -.... _
_
........ ..._..__... __.... _--_._ .._.. _...
_ _......_..
......"._............... ..........
2.54001
2.54001 X 1O- a
25.4001
cent imeters
meters
millimetcn
ki~ram5. .. _.. _.. _...... _._ .. _.. _...... _.. _._
......._._._._----_ ..__..
2.2()162
~"d'
.. 9.84206 X 1O~
1.10231 X 10-'
ong tons
short tons
kiloarnm meteTL~:=::=:=_.::==~.: 7233 foot pounds
kilograms per meter .. __ ... _._. ____ .. .671972 pounds per foot
kilograms per square centimeter _..... __ . 14.2234 pounds per square inch
kil~ms ~ lIQu,~ ~!er _ _ ... .204817 I:unds per square foot
9. 14362 X 10-" ng ton! per square foot
kiJogr,ams ~ sq~re milJj~eier-===: 1422.34 ~ds per square inch
.634973 ng tons per ~uare inch
kOOgraml per cubic meter..- = = : 624283 X JO-a pounds per cubiC foot
k~ters ..-_ .. --..----.. .62137 miles, statute
-------------_
...- .53959 miles, nautical

AM ERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CoNSTRUCTIO N

 6 ·17

ENGINEERING CONVERSION FACTORS

Mul tiply by t o ob t ai n

.
liu!f'S._ •• _. ____ •. __ ._.• _ _ _ _ _ _ • .219975
.26411
gallons, British Imperial
gallons. U. S .
---------1 3.53145 X 10- " cubic feet
r,,,
.
metel'1 _. _ _ _ 3.28083
39.37 inches
1.09361
1.60935 krt!eters
116&, miles, nautical
60802<>1 r,,,
1.85325 kilometers
1.1516 miles, statute
3.28083 X 10-)
3.931 X 10- "
r",
inches
pou~ds. avoir~,upois - .... --.. -.-....--......-. 453.592 grams, metric
.453592 kilograms
4.464 X 10-· tons. long
4.53592 X 10- 4 tons. metric
pounds per foot.. _~ ..::..~:::=~::::=:::::~~::: 1.48816 k il~r!lms per meter
pounds per square fooL ............ _.... _.. _ 4.88241 kilograms per square meter
lXlU[,lds ]'~: sq~re in,~IL_ .. ____ __ 7.031 X 10- " kilograms per square centimeter
1.031 X 10- 4 kilograms per square millimeter
pounds per cubic (OOL.'=-':::==:::: 16.0184 kilograms per cubic meter
radiall&. ____ •. ___ ._._____ ._._. 51.29518 degrees, angular
square ceDtirnetln-_ _ _ _ _ _-i .1550 square inches
sq~re (~t. _---.-.------. 929034 X to-o
9.29034 X 10--
.0929034
""
"""'''''
square meters
6.45163 square centimeten
645. 163 square millimeters
247.1Q.l
sq~re me.~ ... ____.__
.3861
10.7639
"""
tquare miles
square feel

&Q~re m.i.Jes. .=-· _-=---==== 1.19599

259.0
2.590
square yams
h<eta""
square kilometers
square mil1iriietCn~=:~==--= 1.550 X 10-" square inches
squale yardL .. _._ .... __________ _ .836 13 square mel(!r8
t~. ~!Ig--- ..--_._.-....-.---.--- 1016.05 kilograms
2240. pound,
1.01605 tons. metric
1.120 lons, short
_
tons. Iong:' ller sq~are ·iool~::~ _::._: .·:::::::::=:
tons, long, per square inch _._ ........ _.. _.....
1.09366 X W
1.51464
kilogrRm~ per square meter
kilogmms per square millime te~
to~s, me!:ic.._.. _.. _.............._ _ .__ ........... 2204.62 pounds
.98421 tons, long
1.10231 tons, ahort
tons. shorL.=_.. ·-:.:::::::-::-:.~::::::::-:=:: 907.185 kilograms
.89?..857 tons. long
.907 185 tons, metric
.. . . =_-:::·--·--·--
tons, BriliSh-Shipp.f~i ·~ . 42.00 cubic feet

to~, U. ?" Ship~~ ..

____________1
=::=-== .952381
40.00
1.050
tons. U. S. Shipping
cubic feet
tons, British Shipping
.914402
yam~'

""""
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
6 ·18

BRACING FORMULAS
b b
I' e
•
d 'I ---l
p
,
I
I' e d 'I
--,,
p

I
wi
I IW
,I 1
I !

Given T. FOfmul. Given T. FOfmul.

Find Ro'
bpw v'(b + p)l + w2 bpw t v'(b + p)l + w2
bw m v'b~ + w2 bow m v'(b n)1 + w2
bp d b2 + (2b+ p) bop d b(b-n)+(2b+p-n)
bp 0 b(b+p)+(2b+p) bop 0 b(b + p) + (2b + p - n)
bfp
bmp
•0 bf + (2b+ p)
bm + (2b+ p)
btnp
bmnp
•
0
bl+(2b+p-n)
bm +(2b+p-n)
bpw h bw +(Zb+p) bnpw h bw +(2b+ p-n)
.fw h aw + 1 .fw h aw + 1
omw h cw + m omw h cw + m

PARALLEL BRACING

r--I'k , b
d I'
T k =(log B-logn + no.
of panels, Constant II
, plus the logarithm 01
any line equals the log
,I, • of the corresponding
line in the next panel
,I below.

H • P
h a=TH+(T+e+p)
b=Th+(T+e+p)
c = V(\ofT +'he)2+ a 2
d=ce + (T+e)
10ge=k+logT
T.
lOB f - k+108 a
Given Find Fo/mulll logg_k+'ogb
logm=k+log c
bpw
bk,
V(b + p)2 + w2 I, B ,I log n =k+logd
logp=k+loge
m v'(b + k)2 + v2
bkpvw d bw(b + k) + [v(b+ p) +
web + k)]
bkpvw
• bv(b + p) + [v(b + p)+
web + k)l The above method can be used for any
number of panels.
blkpvw • tbv + [v(b+p)+
web + k)]
In the formulas for "a" and "b" the
sum in parenthesis, which in the case
bkmpvw 0 bmw + ~V(b+ 1'+ shown IS (T + e + pl. Is always com-
w b+ k) posed of all the horizontal distances
bkpvw h bvw+[v(b+p)+ except the base.
web + k)l
.fw h aw + t
om, h cv + m
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
 , -19

PROPERTIES OF PARABOLA AND ELLIPSE

PARABOLA ElLIPSE
When H+B-O.l or less, approlUlNlie (Nw)+(Y'..-B:!J-l x- (H+8),'B"=Y'
Vt perimeter- iB2+4/3HJ y-(B+Hhw=if
. .,...".-.....
r-_ or use formulas for z
.., circular arcs Approximate V.
·1..,.
'", penmetet'-

~I p!'di~t.!:~_ \
.~
In(H2+B~

,
'" L--+-_+
*
Ordlnate - y
----:%
~. i ,
~
, K
cof~
c.otg. ~
) t ~• .4248 '""'
N

375B "'
!. Minor semi."Kis-B .1

~ Area-.7854 Dd
Parameter P_Bl+H Area -% HB
x-Y'+P
y-fiP'
•

H
H

Construction
•
•
AREA BETWEEN PARABOLIC CURVE AND SECANT

Center of gravity
(shaded area) -
\ '\ """
h-Hb (2~-;b)

m
.oml
~\ Hb'
m - 4B~
~H

..
Shaded area _til bm
Hb'
t01 b/2 b/2
\ '
b I
•
length b may vary from 0 to 28
•
AMERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION
,.,.
.
PROPERTIES OF THE CIRCLE

Circumfal"llnce .. 1.21311 r .. 3.14159 d

Olamete. .. 0.31831 cIrc um' .... ""

r1'\
- .~ A~ .. 3.14159 r'

II
/f A~
•
..
rrA.·
-l'i1r ..
Angl, AO 0& 18O"a .. 57.2957a!
O.OU.§! r""

,
'" ~ Y.,/
Radlu • •

,
- 4b" + c'

"
Chord _ 2V2br _ b l _ 2 •• ln :

• Rise • - r - Ya V-4,O _ c" . "2

0 /It.
tl".
A
.. 2. ,In" T" r + y - v."
---
- I"
, _ b _ r +V rl _ x·

DI.me ter of circle 01 ."ual periphery ill square ..

• .. V r' (, +y_ b)'
1.11324 ,Id, of aqua ••
SIo;Ie of squlr. o f Iq ua1 perlph.::;r'" circle .. O.78S40 diameter of circle
DI,mlt,r of circle circumscr; .bout .qu ...... '.41421 lid, 01 squI.e
Sid, 01 squ .... InK.lbed In 011'0;11 .. 0.707 11 dl,mete. of circ le

C IRCULAR SECTOR r .. radii.. 01 clrcl. '1 .. 1"111, nell In dig"'"

An. of Sector n cpo .. "' (I,"gth of Ire nop X . ,

@ .. Aru 01 Clrc'. X

.. O.OOIn6e X " X 'I

Jo

C IRCULAR SEGMENT
/" .. radlul of circl e x .. Ilhord b .. . 1"

"s'
Area 01 8e!Iment nop .. A.... of Se<:tor ncpo _ Ar.. of trl.ngl, n,p

- (Length of.1'O nop X r}

,
"'ru 01 Segment ni P _ ....... 01 CIrcle _ ... rea 01 hgml nt nop
• !. b)

VA LUES FOR FUNCTIONS OF ~

,.. _ l.141H26S359. log _ 0 .•1171.99

,, - 1I.8eM044. 100 - 0 .994211U y' -
- 0.31&3099. log - 1.5028501 4+, -
Y _ 0 .5641896. log _1.7514251

,.., - 31.00II2767. log _ 1.4111"116 '

;;:i" 0.1 013212. log .. -1.0057003 ,. - 0.0174533. log _ 2.2411n4

.,-,.. ... 1.7724m. loti ... 0.24857'" '

,.. ~ -
.. 0.0322515. log _ 2.!iOIS!iOO , ... . 129~17lI5.
:!!? log _ 1.1§8 1 ~

Note: loel 01 " 'Clj:~ luch as i :5Olt501 end 2.5085500 m.y .lso be w,ltten 9.5021501 .. 10 .nd
1.508S500 .. 10 ' "P<l'CI' ...., •
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCT ION
 ' ·21

LENGTH OF CIRCULAR ARCS FOR UNIT RADIUS

8y Ihe un 01 thl.labla, Iha 'anIP-h o'any arc may ba found If Iha lanIP-h ollhe radlu. and
Ihe anl'e olthe.allmenl ala known.
Eumpla: Required the lanllh of ale 01 "llmenllZ" 15' 21" wilh radlu. 01 24 IMI) Ineha •.
From tabla: lanllh 01 ere (Radius I) lor lZ" ..
15' ..

'"

- ....
.5629996 X 24.25 (length 01 radlu.) .. U .M'MI

MINUTES 8£00«0.
........
OEGREES

,,, ....
.017 4!133
"" 1.014lI50II
'"
m
1.012 1041
1. 11114&4
1.121 3017 ,, , ......
.. ""
.oooaell
",
,,, .000 0011
.00001U
•
.002 " "
.06t 1I:rl " 1.1170107'"
l.on!l!i74
". 1.1467*
2.1114 20Il
•
,
.001 1&.11
,•
.00001114

•,• ...
.DOl 45404 .000 0142
.01126&5
.,"
1.1344&40
'" 1.11111116
•, •,
......"" •• ....
.001 74~ .0000:/91
.104 71t1
.122 1130
••
LUI 'In
'"
'"
I.I1iI937Ot;
2.1" 1149
1.116 6G87
2."234 0214
••
.002 QJ82
.... """"
.I:JIIS2IJ
.1S101tll
1.'.8239
2m
1.204 '"
'" 2.251 4747 .002 ellO .000 0438
.
."""" ..... ""om ."""" m~
2.'261 t280 ."
.174&m 1221 13M
'"
."""" "" """"" ,....... '"'"'"
.ID10162 1.239 1838 '.2I8lBI3 .003 I",

..
.209 439~ 1.256 6371 2.303 8346 .003 4107
1.2740904 2.321 21!11I .003 181&

. .".
.2443+61 1.201 &438 ,~ 2.3J8 741'

.......
.0000727

"" ... "" """

.21117H4
".m'" 2..-11145
"" "" .......'m
."" "" """ .......""""""
.D04 6~2

..._...
.279~7 1.3264502 2..17111471
U43~

,.'"
1..3!i111011
...".,
.D04 M51

..
.3141693 U61l5111
""
.331 61211 "" 1.3711101 1.4211 0077

""" """"
._5111 "'. "" . ''''' "" '"'"
1.4137167 2.460 1142 "" ....... ""
2...... 34610 OOUI1I
.ODI1017
.0000110
.000 lOll

... "
1.4311700
'" 2.418 3815
"" "" .000 1061

.... ... . _
1......16233 1.4"~ .000 111 e
"" .otOI 4257
" '"
.
.0001\114
.'111790 1.460 01li6 ,~

.....
2-'132741
" -= -OO6MI3
"
"""
... ..
. ... .
•4$.17156..
•411 231:9
""
"" "
,
, "" '" .o.. "" ""
1.4Il52M

,'" """n
1~1I4l&4
,...,,..,
.,
.....
'"",

... .. .... ..
"" -,..,
....
.007 MlI """
.000
.000
.000
1112
1211
':JOII

.
.000 1.»7

.. '" "
1.53$_7
"" .w ... .000 1401

."" ..."", ..""

•!i06 1455

. ...... " ,.... "" '"'"'"'". , 1.510 1163 2.617"_

.......
.... .0010115
.OOOIU4
.000 1503

.
' 541 052t 1.635 .....12

~
"" ..515Wl
.6934119 "" 1.6051029
,
1.1231562
1.640~

...
U52t005

" ....... "

2.610 35311
2.1171010 ~

. ~
.0001Ml
.0001600
.000 1648

... " '''' .... ....,

.010 \111 .000 1697
"" .61011162 1.651 062fI 2.705 2103
""
... .......
.000 1745
•62131115 1.8755161 2.7227138 .01 0 472(1
""
"" .5106784 "
"
•"" 7711
."32251

,.,
.. ,'"
1.7104227
1.n71160
,
1' .70t0 1i509
1.1576202
2.n507)$
"
, ."
"" .010762t
.0110631
.all344e
" " .0001.'
.000 1114
.0001"'2

...
.000 19lt
"" •8M 1317 1.14532113 2.792 5261 .011 M55
.01 I 0264 " ... ""
" .."

... .."
...
•715M$)
'" '"
1.762 7II2S

,'"..
", 2.117 4334
"". .01 2 2173
" .... ""
"" ,'"'"
•133 038J 1.7IOWI
,012 MII2

. .....
.7e.IJ4916 I ,Nl6«l1 2 ....... 8867
.1511449 1.8151424 U62l4OO .012,"1 .000 2133
,
.
.013 C*IO .000 2182

. ....... .
1.132 M~1
.785 3982
'" U1I7913

" ....... ""

.000 221O

.. ...
.Ol336OD

".'"'" ''''' .... ,'"'"'"

2.1197 24M

"
.1021515
.120 3047 '" 1.150 0490
1.1157 SO'23 2.11411999
" .0138111

. ..
.000 2327
.8311510 1.II4.W 2.9l1 1631 .01 3 162$
""
".. •.aeon ....
.1552113

'" ...
1311 162"1 2.t67097
.014 2to35
.01' 5444
.. .... ,,,. ,,~

..., .01'13$.) .0002413

. ""
1111
.t075712 '"
...
'"
'-'373155
1.M41Y1 '"
m "'" .
2.\114 5130
"
""
,0151 262
". ""
...
..",
.925 0245 1.912 2221
'" ''''I1!.l '" 3..019.," -015 4171
"
.... ...
.015 7WO .0002111 •

...'"'"'" "" "

.9024771 3..0361121

.. " .•!it", ".

I
.177 3144 '" 2.007 I _
2.024 ~19 3.071 779 ~
.015""
.016 :!8:t7 ....""
.... ... .000 2715

.. ..
.000 2763
.016 &108
"
..
3._ 2l2t
" .tto 1377
'" 2 .042~
"
....
.0002112
3.10868111 .016'715
..,""
"" ,'"
1.01 2 2010 :!oCM 41115
l.o:zt ' ...... 3'"
'" 2.m 1411
'" 3..124 I'"
3..1415927
.017 1624
.o174!133 "..
IJ)471976
'"
A MERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
 • - 22

PROPERTIES OF GEOMETRIC SECTIONS

SQUARE
A"I, 01 momenta thro"Oh COInt.,
A
- ,.
,
• - -.-
! , - ,.-,."
- - - -- J.
1 • - --.--,
• - .,.
,.
- .tIM71 II

~ .- , - -.--
SQ U ARE

"~I, Of mom.nh on bU, • - ,,.

• -
! , --,--,-
-
,.
- _1 • -T
,
~.-
• - fi - .I77I!IO II

SQUARE
A
- ,.,
AlI I. of momen ts on dlt,one' • - - . 701107 d

!
""
, - ,.-
,.
._---- - 1 • - ." - .117151 d'
,
, - .,.
• • - ,ztI070d

, - -,---
", - "
3 </"2 - .23I7OU'

RECTANGLE • - ,...
Axl' of mom.nt. IIlroulh u ,,, .. • - -.-
, ....
r - ,,-
....
• - -.-
)
1-- f---- .1.
,
• - .,. - .....,
...- ..
~.- Z
- -.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CONSTRUCTION
 , - 23

PROPERTIES OF GEOMETRIC SECTIONS

RECTA N GLE

A.l. of mom ... u on baH A

• '"
d

"".
-,-
• •
"'.
-,-
1 .1 •
, • - .$7735011
• '"
R ECTA N G LE
A bd
Ad, 01 moment. On dl"lIIonll

• ""
V bl -td l
bad"
tfbl+d i )
bid"
• 'Yb"+d l
• , ""
"' -(b' + dl ,

REC T A NGLE
A,I. of mom'"UI"Y lin. bd
through elnte. ollrlvlly
,
bot (b' sin" + dl eM't )
"+ _'a,
• btl ( bill"', dl
6 I b.i"l + d ...... 1 1

bd _ b,d,
HOLL.OW RECTA N G LE

• T•

. .- •
•
,
,
AM ERI CAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONS TRU CTION
 6 ·24

PROPERTIES OF GEOMETRIC SECTIONS

EQUAL RECTANGLES A .. b Cd - d , }

Ad. of momlnb t hrou\lh

tinter 01 \lrl why
, - T•

1• f I I f• , - b (d ' _ d,' 1

~ ___J.
·- ."
b (d" - d,l)

LB UNEQUAl.. R ECT A NGLES A

..

..
-'dl - d,1
I n (d

bt + b,t,
d, )

A~II of mom.nu thrOU \lh

etnt,r 0 1 \lrlwl l y , ~bt' + b,h (d »til

, , ,
, " - "
-if
, _ ~ [. _ (' ~ U)]

TRIANGLE
.... 1.01 mo .... nu through
Clnt.. 0 ' Irawlty
A .. T
.
, - .-"...
! j\ ! - -,.-
i i----1 • -" ...
•
.. .f18 .. .235702 d

TRIANGLE
.
- ....
A,I. 01 mo .... nll o n ba.. A .. T
,
! /\ ! e

...
1'2""

) J .1 •
, - ..
.. 1'2""
• ..

AMERICAN INSTI TUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

.401241 d
 ,-"
PROPERTIES OF GEOMETRIC SECTIONS

TRAPEZOID
Ad. 01 moment. throullh
cen t e r of g.avlty A
- ,
d ( b + 11, )

r-'~ , - d (2b
Si b
+ II. )
+ II .)
! , - dl (bl +
4 bb ,
" (11 + 11 0)
b," ) ±

J
_.- ..1
,
s - d' ( b"
12 (l b
+
4 bb .
+
b a)
b,l) +
, - , .
6(11 +6. ) "2 (b" + 'bb, + b, ')
r---'~

C I RC L E A
.,- . R-
- -,-- ...785393 dl .. 3.141593 R'

, _R
A.I . of moments
th rough unl••
, -
, -
....
rd- _ _
rR4

Ij ~/'___
..... , _ .. ,1)49087 d 4

_~ !
..
.185198 R4

+1 s -, r d' .. -.ft"
Sf"" , - .. ,098175 dO .. .78r.l911 RI

,
- ,- -....•
T
z - .....
HOLL.OW CIRC L E A
-, :r (d"
, di"l ...1Im. (dl - d,l)

.11,'.01 moments
throuah cen ter , - ....
, - .. .. (d" d , 4) ...04Il0l7 (d" _ d,4)

1HE--j,_i S

,
- '" .. (d" - d' "l

- .....,- ,-,,,-
.Jd'+d, "
...098175 d" ~ d, "

, -
HA L F C I RC L E
•
. R_
- -,- -
..
1.570196 RI
A.I. of moment. thro"lIh

, - ( , --
(;l ot •• of gravity
') -
--§I , -
R

. - .
R'('!'_'!")

• - " ,o.
~ <t r
- l - 1I4 1
. 575587 R

.108751 R"

..
.ltoea7 R"
OJ
, - vh'R - .. .264m R

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CON STRiJCTION

' ·26

PROPERTIES OF GEOMETRIC SECTIONS

PARABOLA
, A • T ab

m -ta
- -rn• a
11 Ib

-
I.
·T '
-'---i--+. l • I,
- abt

-" .
Tf
,10-. I, 105 ·

HALF PARABOLA

,..----+-;>~ A p.~
,
r'
. A

--- •- ,,l ab

T'
, 1..
, .. - 1~5 alb

1 1

• _+-_++.1.
,
- f'
I,
... '
- ...!!- b"

I,
-, Hi
105 -
Ib

• • I.
- TS· bl

COMPLEMENT OF HALF
PARABOLA
, A
I
Tab
!-- 1
,..-r-+---;>~ AP.K m 10-
, 1..
• •
I. - ...!!....
~OO '
Ib

•
I. - iO
I
abl

PARASOLlC FILLET IN
, ,
,
RIGHT ANGLE
2"f
,
'. r-- • - V,
A
- •,..!.. t'

-- .. -- " .
I.
T• '
T1iii) t

AMERI CAN IN STITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 ' ·27

PROPERTIES OF GEOMETRIC SECTIONS

• HALF ELLI PSE

1 •m -•
_
"211"ilb

••

J--{~-~: . ..
-,-;

"-•
.·b (.!._..!..)
'- - B ... b·
_,--J, .. - -} ... ·b

•m - 4• ... b

.....
• QUARTER ELLIPSE
, • _

r"'
Ii
--,;
! "
- .·b (,~ - :..)
'--f---+-
.L ,
[-4,-1

, ----'-,
m
"
•• - .,- (-'-
.. -
'S
- --'...-- )
-,~ ,'e ".·b
• _ ,~ ... b·
"

• ELLIPTIC COMPLEMENT

,[-n_ •- •• (. - f)
m _
•

I.-Ir rTI ,
"

"
.( . -: )
•
- ,(.-{)
- (' .
.·b T-Tl- 3e
. )
(,_:)

-.~
.. - (' ..b" T- -n- 3S
. )
('_f)

• To obtain prolMl"tl.. of ha" clrcll. quarter circle and circular compl,mlnt lub'ltitut, a _ b .. R.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

6·28

PROPERTIES OF GEOMETRIC SECTIONS

AND STRUCTURAL SHAPES

,...
n Number of.ld..
REGULAR POL.YGON
A.I, of momtnU
throulh center
• •

R.
~
•
A
,
~ n ""
,
cot . -"'2 nR1 Iln:z. _ nR,1 tan .

AjeR" _

"
,0 )
..
A(12R,' + ,I)

, / eR I _ ,1
"
ANGLE lin 211
,.
Iy - I"
Axlt of momanu throullh
untar olllrayllY bl +ct dl + at
A t {b + c ) ... 21ii'+ of

.
y o. 2{b + c f
•
'
\ H---t-..-.
• • .....
Product of Intrtl, about X·X &. y.y

+ 4{b + c )

, '. -} ( ted - y )1 + by' - , (y - t)1 )

x
I
. " . •.
,~
• '. 1- (tl b - 1)1 + d. l

,+ Iy co."+ Ktln21
_ C( I - tll)

'. 1",i n O

, K II nOOIlI..- wilen 11,,1 of 'nlre, wltll .... peel

to c. II .. i, In "t or 3rd quadrant, _rtln
wilen In 2nd or 4111 quadr,nt.
Z·Z 11 ,.1. of minimum I

BEAMS AND CHAN N E L.S

Tr.n.ye .... fore. oblique
tllrOUllh canttr of IIraylty

,.
f ,.
.-.
~
fb - M ( I~ Iln.+T;co,,)

wllere M I, bendlnl momant due to fo~ F•

• •
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
 ' ·29

TRIGONOMETRIC FORMULAS

TRIGONOMETR IC
FUNCTIONS
R.d lu. AI' -.
.. ,I". A + Cotl A _ ,In A _
_~A'..: A "Un Ac:otA
A

H 0 _ _ A _ __' _ _ COlAt."A _ vt~ _ BC

Sine A

~ /{
cotA c_A

COline A ... al
UnAnA -MeA
1 - ,In A c ot A - " ' -.' n 'A_ AC

_~ _ _ '_ _,a
'/1\, T.n,,"'A ... 'l nA _A
COl A cotA
~A •
Cotan,ent A .. ,I" 11.- tan A - COl A c _ A _ HG

Secant A ,,"A •
.. ~ .. COi"A _ A•

COIIC.nt A
cot A
•
-cOl"-llnA
_ AG

R IG H T A N GLE D
TR IANGLES
."_c" _ b"

~ _...
bl _c l _ a l
C" .. . "+b"

....
"-
., . A

t.nA -1i •
•
t.n B

.," A _ .!.• ~ B oo.!•

B

_.!!.
• • 0

·ral + b"
oO
T
0:' - __
',0 .J~ • v
,
A, • "' - A • cot A •
iIOA --,-
. " cot A

A, • "' _ A bU" A • --,-

bl t.n A

A, • ... A c lin A .~A

.~A
c' .I n 2A
•
OBLIQUE A N GLED
TRIANGLES
.- ,
a + b + c
" " b' + c" - ZkCotA

~ , .
b· .. . · + c· _ 2.c~ B

K _ (]I - a f!. bl !I - c l c· ... · +b" - 2. b c... C

,-" ReQuired

• •
-
" b, c
, A

tlnT A .. •
B

Un "2 8 ..
C

•
ta" T C -
A...

V. (. - . ) (. - b ) (_ )

. , A, 8
.-. K K
I- b ·
K
i"=-
11O"_(A + 8 )
•• In 8 ..lnC
.,....-
-.rnA
al" a .. ~
b,I"C
" b, A ""iIiiii""
., b. C tlnA- • ,I " C
b .CMC
"a" + b L-2abcoeC --,-
ab aln C

AMERICAN I NSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

,.,.
NATURAL SINES
,~.
0' 10' 20' "'. 40' 50' 60'

o·
1
0.00000
0.01745
0.00291
0.02036
0.00582
0,02327
0.00873
0.02618
0.01164
0.02908
0.01454
0.03199
0.01745
0.03490 ".
88
2 O,(),3490 0.03781 0.04071 0.04362 0.04653 0,04943 0.05234 87
3 0.05234 0.05524 0.05814 0.06105 0.06395 0.06685 0.06976 66

-• 0.06976 0.07266 0.07556 0.07846 0.08136 0.08426 0.08716 85

.
5 0.08716 0."'" 0.09295 0.09585 0.09874 0.10164 ().10453 84
6 0.10453 0.10742 0.11031 0.11320 0.11609 0.11898 0.12187 83
7 0.12187 0.12476 0.12764 0.13053 0.13341 0.13629 D.13917 8'2
8 0 . 13917 0.14205 0.14493 0.14781 0.15069 0.15356 0.15643 81
• 0 . 15643 0.15931
.
0 . 16218
.
0.16505 0.16792 0 . 17078

0.18795
0.17365

0.19081
SO
--
10 0.17365 0.17651 0.17937 0.18224 0.18509 79
11 0.19081 0.19366 0.19652 0.19937 0.20'222 0.20507 0.20791 78
0.21076 0.21360 0.21644 0.21928 0.22212 0.22495 T7
"
13
14
0.20791
0.22495
0.24192
a.22na
0.24474
0.23062
0.24756
0.23345
0.25038
0.23627
0 .25320
0.23910
0.25601
0.24192
0.25882
76
75
--
15
16
17
0.25882
0.27564
0.29237
0.26163
0.27843
0.29515
0.26443
0.28123
0.29793
0.26724
0.28402
0.30071
0.27004
0.2B680
0.30348
0.27284
0.28959
0.30625
0.27564
0.29237
0.30902
"
73
72
18 0.30902 0.31178 0.3,.54 0.31730 0.32006 0.32282 0.32557 71
19 0.32557 0.32832 O. 33H)6 0.33381 0.33655 0.33929 0.3420'2: 70

20
.,
21

23
0.3420'2:
0.35837
0.37461
0.39073
0 .34475
0.36108
0.3n3O
0.39341
0.34748
0 .36379
0.37999
0.39608
.
0.35021
0.36650
0.38268
0.39875
0.35293
0.36921
0.38537
0.40141
0.35565
0.37191
0.38805
0 .......
0.35837
0.37461
0.39073
0.40674
.••
67
66
0.40674 0.40939 0.41204 0.41469 0.41734 0.41998 0.42262 65
"
25 0. 42262 0.42525 0.42788 0.43051 0.43313 0.43575 0.43837 54
25 0. 43837 0.44098 0.44359 0.44620 0.44880 0.45140 0.45399 63
27 0.45399 0.45658 0.45917 0.46175 0.46433 0.46690 0.46947 .2
28 0.46947 0 .47204 0.47460 0.47716 0.47971 0.48226 0.48481 61
29

30
31
0.48481

0.50000
0.51504
0.48735

0.50252
0.51753
0.48989

0.50503
0.52002
0.49242

0.50754
0.52250
0.49495

0.51004
0.52498
0.49748

0.51254
0.52745
0.50000

0.51504
0.52992
.
60

58
32
,.
33

35
0.52992
0.54464
0.55919

0.57358
0.53238
0 .54708
0.56160

0.57596
0 .53484
0.54951
0 .5640\

0.57833
0.53730
0.55194
0.56641

0.58070
0.53975
0.55436
0."'"
0.58307
0.54220
0.55678
0.57119

0.58543
0 ......
0.55919
0.57358

0.58n9
.....
57
56

36 0.58779 0.59014 0.59248 0.59482 0.59716 0.59949 0.60182 53

37 0.60182 0.60414 0.60645 0.60876 0.61107 0.61337 0.61566 52
0.61795 0.62251 0.62479 0.62706 0.62932
0.61566 0.62024
"
..,
38
39 0.62932 0.63158 0.63383 0.53608 0.63832 0.64056 0.64279

..
50

....
0.64279 0.64501 0.64723 0.64945 0.65166 0.65366 0 ......
0."'" 0 .65825 0 ...... 0.66262 0.66480 0.66697 0.66913 48

...
"
43
0.6691 3
0.68200
0 ......
0.67129
0.68412
0.69675
0.67344
0.68624
0.89883
0.67559
0.68835
0.70091
0.67773
0.69046
0.70'298
0.67987
0.69256
0.70505
0.68200
0.69466
0 .70711
47

60' 50' 40' 30' 20' 10' 0' "",.

NATURAL COSINES
AMERICAN INSTI TUTE OF STEEL CONSTRU CTI ON
 1i ·31

NATURAL SINES
Angl, 0' '0' 20' 30' '0' 50' 60'

".
... 0 .10916 0.71121 0.71325 0.71529 0.71732 0.71934 ....,
.
0.70711
47

49
0.71934
0.73135
0.74314
0.75471
0.72136
0.73333
0.74509
0.75661
0.72337
0.73531
0.74703
0.75851
0.72537
0.73728
0.74896
0.76041
0.72737
0.73924
0.75088
0.76229
0.72937
0.74120
0.75280
0.76417
0.73135
0.74314
0.75471
0.76604
.
42

40

50 0.76604 0.76791 0.769n 0.n162 0.n347 O.n53! 0.m!5 39

51 0.m15 0.n897 0.78079 0.78261 0.78442 0.78622 0.78801 38
52 0.78801 0.78980 0.79108 0.79335 0.79512 0.79688 0 . 79864 37
53 0.79864 0 .80038 0.80212 0.80386 0 ...... 0.80730 0.80902 36
54 0.80902 0.81072 0.81242 0.81412 0.81580 0.81748 0.81915 35

55 0 .81915 0.82082 0.82248 0.82413 0.825n 0.82741 0.82904 34

56 0.82904 0.83066 0.83228 0.83389 0.835049 0.83708 0.83867 33
57 0.83867 0.84025 0.84182 0.84339 0 .84495 0.84650 0.84805 32
58 0.84805 0.84969 0.85112 0 .85264 0.85416 0.85567 0.85717 31
59 0.85717 0.85866 0.86015 0.86163 0 .86310 0.86457 0."'" 30

60 0.86603 0.86748 0.86892 0.87036 0.87178 0.87321 0.87462 29

0.8n43 0.87882 0.88020 0.88108 0.88295 28
"
62
63
0.87462
0.88295
0.89101
0 .87603
0.88431
0.89232
0.88566
0.89363
0.88701
0.89493
0.88835
0.89623
0.88968
0.89752
0.89101
0.89879 ,.
27

54 0.89879 0.90007 0.90133 0.90259 0.90383 0.90507 0.90631 25

65 0.90631 0.90753 0.90875 0 . 90996 0.91116 0.91236 0 .91355 24

0.91472 0.91822 0.91936 0.92050 23
"
67
68
0.91355
0.92060
0.92718
0.92164
0 . 92827
0.91590
0.92276
0.92935
0.91706
0.92388
0.93042
0.92499
0.93148
0.92609
0.932~
0.92718
0.93358
22
2.
69 0.93358 0 .93462 0.93565 0.93667 0.93769 0.93869 0.93969 20

70
71
0.93969
0.94552
0 .94068
0.94646
0.94167
0.94740
0.94264
0.94832
0.94361
0.94924
0.94457
0.95015
0.94552
0.95106 ""
72
73
74

75
0.95106
0.95630
0.96126

0.96593
0.95195
0 .95715
0.96206

0 .96667
0.95284
0.95799
0.96285

0.96742
0.9~72
0.95882
0.96363

0.96815
0.95459
0.95964
0.96440

0.96887
0.95545
0.96046
0.96517

0.96959
0.95630
0.96126
0.96593

0.97030
..
17

"
14
76 0.97030 0.97100 0.97169 0.97237 0.97304 0.97371 0.97437 13
n 0.97437 0 .97502 0.97566 0.97630 0.97692 0.9n54 0.97815 .2
0.98163
78
79
0.97815
0.98163
0 .97875
0.98218
0.97934
0.98272
0.97992
0.98325
0.98050
0.98378
0.98107
0.98430 0.98481 "
.0

80 0.98481 0.98531 0.98580 0.98629 0.98676 0.98723 0.98769 9

0.98769 0.98814 0.98858 0.98902 0.98944 0.98986 0.99027 8
"
..
82
83
0 .99027
0.99255
0.99452
0.99067
0.98290
0.99482
0.99106
0.99324
0.99511
0.99144
0.99357
0.99540
0.99182
0.99390
0.99567
0.99219
0.99421
0.99594
0.99255
0.99452
0.99619
7
6
5

85
86
0.99619
0.99756
0 ......
0.99n6
0.99668
0.99795
0.99692
0.99813
0.99714
0.99831
0.99736
0.99847
0.99756
0.99863 •
3

...
87
88
0.99863
0.99939
0.99985
0.99878
0.99949
0.99989
0.99892
0.99958
0.99993
0 . 99905
0.99966
0.99996
0.99917
0.99973
0.99998
0.99929
0.99979
1.00000
0.99939
0.99985
1.00000
2
•
0'

60' 50' 40' 30' 20' '0' 0' "".

NATURAL COSINES
AMER ICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
, ·32

NATURAL TANGENTS
Angl. 0' 10' 20' 30' ... 50' 50'
- 89'
.-
1
0.00000
0.01746
0.00291
0.02036
0.0058'Z
0.02328
0.00873
0.02619
0.01164
0.02910
0.01455
0.03201
0.01746
0.03492 88
2 0.03492 0.03783 0.04075 0.04366 0.04658 0.04949 0.05241 .7
3 0.05241 0.05533 0.05824 0.06116 0.06408 0.06700 0.06993 88
4 0.06993 0.07285 0.07578 0.07870 0.08163 0.08456 0.08749 85
-
5 0.08749 0.09042 0.09335 0.09629 0.09923 0.10216 0.10510 84
6
7
•
9
0.10510
0.12278
0.14054
0.15838
0.10805
0.12574
0.14351
0.16137
0.11099
0.12869
0.14648
0.16435
0.11394
0.13165
0.14945
0.16734
0.11688
0.13461
0.15243
0.17033
0.11933
0.13758
0.15540
0.17333
0.12'278
0.14054
0.15838
0.17633
.,
83
82
80

10 0.17633 0.17933 0.18233 0.18534 0.18835 0.19136 0.19438 79

11 0.19438 0.19740 0.20042 0.20345 0.20648 0.20952 0 .21256 7.
12 0.21256 0.21560 0.21864 0.22169 0.22475 0.22781 0.23087 n
13 0.23087 0.23393 0.23700 0.24008 0.24316 0.24624 0.24933 76
14 0.24933 0.25242 0.25552 0.25862 O.261n 0 .26463 0 .26795 75

15 0.26795 0.27107 0.27419 0.2n32 0.28046 0.28360 0.28675 74

16 0.28675 0.28990 0.29305 0.29621 0.29938 0.30255 0.30573 73
17 0.3057;3 0.3~?1 0.31210 0.31530 0.31850 0.32171 0.32492 72
1. 0.32492 0.32814 0.33136 0.33460 0.33783 0.34108 0.34433 71
19 0.34433 0.34758 0.35085 0.35412 0.35740 0.36068 0.36397 70

20 0.36397 0.36n7 0.37057 0.37388 0.37720 0.38053 0.38388 69

21 0.38388 O.38nl 0.39055 0.39391 0.39n7 0 .40085 0"{)403 68
22 0.40403 0.40741 0.41081 0.41421 0.41763 0.42105 0.42447 67
23 0.42447 0.42791 0.43136 0.43481 0.43828 0.44175 0.44523 86
24 0.44523 0.44872 0.45222 0.45573 0.45924 0.46277 0.46631 65

25 0.46631 0.46985 0.47341 0.47698 0.48055 0. 48414 0.48n3 64

26 0.48773 0.49134 0.49495 0.49858 0.50222 0.50587 0.50953 63
27 0.60953 0.51320 0.51688 0.52057 0.52427 0.52798 0.53171 62
28 0.53171 0.53545 0.53920 0.54296 0.54673 0.55051 0.55431 61
29 0.55431 0.55812 0.56194 O.565n 0.56962 0.57348 0.57735 60

.
30 0.57735 0.58124 0.58513 0.58905 0.59297 0.59691 0.60088 59
31 0.60088 0.60483 0.60881 0.61280 0.61681 0.62083 0.62487 58
32 0.62487 0.62892 0.63299 0.63707 0.64117 0.64528 0.64941 57
33 0 .6494 1 0.65355 0.65771 0.66189 0.86608 0.67028 0.67451
34 0.67451 0.67875 0.68301 0 .68728 0.69157 0.69588 0.70021 55

35 0.70021 0.70455 0.70891 0.71329 0.71769 0.72211 0.72654 54

36 0 .72654 0.73100 0.73547 0.73996 0.74447 0.74900 0.75355 53
37 0.75355 0.75812 0.76272 0.76733 0.77196 0.77661 0.78129 52
38 0.78129 0.78598 0.79070 0.79544 0.80020 0.80498 0.80978 51
39 0.80978 0.81461 0.81946 0.82434 0.82923 0.83415 0.83910 50
40 0.83910 0.84407 0.84906 0.a5408 0.85912 0.86419 0.86929 49
41 0.86929 0.87441 0.87955 0.88473 0.88992 0.89515 0.90040 48
42 0.90040 0.90569 0.91099 0.91633 0.92170 0.92709 0.93252 47

,,'
43 0.93252
0.96569
0.93797
0.97133
0.94345
0.97700
0.94896
0.98270
0.95451
o 98843
0.96008
0.99420
0.96569
'-00000
46
45'

50' 50' 40' 30' 20' 10' 0' AnglB

NATURAL COTANGENTS
AMER ICAN I NSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
 . - 33

NATURAL TANGENTS

..
""'.
-- '
0' 10'

'_00583
20' 30' <0' 50' 60'

.. '

.--
1.00000 1.01170 1.01761 1.02J55 1.02952 1.03553
., 1.03553
, .07231
1.11061
1.04158
t .07864
1.11713
1.04766
1.08496
1 . 12369
1.05378
1.09131
1.13029
1.05994
1.09no
1.13694
1.06613
1. 1041<4
1.14363
l.an37
1.1 H161
1.15037
43
42
41
49 1.15037 1.15715 1.16398 1.17085 1.1TTT7 1.18474 1.19115 40

50 1.19175 1.19882 1.20593 1.21310 1.2203\ 1.22758 1.23490 39

51 1.25717

..
1.23490 1 .24227 1.24969 1.26471 1.27230 1.27994 38
5. 1.27994 1.28764 1.29541 1.30323 1.31110 1.31904 1.32704 37
53 1.32704 1.33511 1.34323 1.35142 1_35968 1.36800 1.37638 36
1.37638 1.38484 1.39336 1.40195 1.41061 1.41934 1.42815 J5
--
1.4550\ , .46411

.
55 1.42815 1.43703 1.44598 1.47330 1.48256 34
56 1.48256 1.49190 1.50133 1.51084 1.52043 1.53010 1.53987 33
57 1.53987 1.54972 1 _55966 1.56969 1.57981 1.59002 1.60033 3.
1.60033 1.61074 1.62125 1.63185 1.64256 1.65337 1.66428 31
59 1.66428 1.67530 1.68643 1.69766 1.70901 1.72047 1.73205 30
-- 1.17955 , .80405
1.73205 1.76749
'"
61 1.80405
1.74375
1.81649
1 .75556
1 _82906 1.84177 1.85%2
1.79174
1.86760 1.88073
29
28
6.
63
1.88073 1.89400
._05030 ._06553 ._08094
1.96261 1.97581
1.9074 1
1.99116
1.92098
2.00569
1.93470
2.02039
1.94858
2.03526 ._05030
1.96261 27
26
64 •. 09654 2.11233 2.12832 2.14451 .5
-- 2.ln49
-
65
66 ._2<604
2.14451 2.16090
2.26374 2.28167 ._29984
2.19430 2.21132
2.31826
2.22857
2.33693
2.24604
2,35585
24
.3

"
58
2.35585
._60509
2.47509
2.37504
2.49597
2.39449
2.51715 ._53865
2.41421
._500<6
._69853
2.43422
._60509
2 . 45451
2.47509
2.58261
22
21
69 2.62791 2.65109 2.67462 2.72281
2.74748 20
--
._79!102 2.82391 ._85023 . _87700 2.90421
70 2.74748 2.n254
._96004 19
71
72
2.90421
3.0n58
2.93189
3.10842 3.13972
2.98869 3 . 01783
3.17159
3.04749
3_20406
3.01768
3.23714 3.27085 "
17
73
74
--
3.27085
3.48741
3.30521
3.52609
3.34023
3.56557
3.37594
3_ .....
3.41236
3.64705
3.44951
3_68909
3.48741
3.73205 "
15

75 3.73205 3.n595 3_82083 3.86671 3.913&4 3.96165 4.01078 14

76 4.01078 4.06107 4.11256 4.16530 4.21933 4.27471 4.33148 13
n 4.33148 4.38969 4.44942 4.51071 4.57363 4,63825 4.70463 12
78
79
4.70463
5.14455
'5,22566
_77286 4 .84300
5_30928
4.91516
5.39552
'5.43451
_98940 5_06584
5.57638
5.14455
5.67128
11
10
-80 5.67128 5.76937 5.87080 5.97576 6_08#1 6.31375 9
81 6.31375 6.43484 6.56055 6.69116 6,82694 7.11537 8
8.
83
64
7.11537
8.14435
9.51436
7.26873
8.34496
9.78817
7.42871
8.55555
10.07803
7.59575
8.n689
10.38540
7.n035
9_00983
10.71191 f:im 8.14435
9.51436
11.43005
7
6
5

85
66
11.43005
14.30067
11.82617
14.92442
12.25051
15.60478
13 .19688 13.72674
12.70621
17.16934 18.07498
16.34986
14.30067
19.08114 •
3
87
88
19.08114
28.63625
20.20555
31.24158
21.47040 22.903n 24.54176 26.43160
34.un7 38.18846 42.96408 49.10388
28.63625
57.28996
Infinite.
•
1
0'
89' 57.28996 58.75009 85.93979 114.58865 171.88540 343.n371

60' 50' '0' 30' 20' 10' 0'

""'''
NATURAL COTANGENTS
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
' ·34

NATURAL SECANTS
Al\ill' 0' 10' 20' 30' 40' 50' 60'
--
0 1.OO1lOO 1.00001 1.00002 1.00004 1.00007 1.00011 , .00015 89·
1 , .00061

..
1.00015 t .00021 1.00027 1.000J4 1.00042 1.00051 88
2 1.00051 1.00072 1.00083 1.00095 1.00108 1.00122 1.00137 87
3 1.00137 1.00153 1.00169 1.00187 1.1lO205 1.00224 , .00244 88
4 1.00'244 1.('02.' 1.00287 1.00309 1.00333 1.00357 1.tlO382
- -
•
6
7
1.tlO382
1.00551
1.00751
1.00408
1.00582
1.00787
1.00435
1 . 00614
1.00625
1.00463
1.00647
1.00663
1.00491
1.00681
1.00902
1.00521
1.00715
1.00942
1.00551
1.00751
1.00983
83
82
8 1.00983 1.01024 1.01067 1.01111 1.01155 1.01200 1.01241 81
9 1.01247 1.01294 1.01342 1.01391 1 .01440 1.01491 , .01543 80
-- .
JO 1.01543 1.01595 1. 01649 1.01703 1 .01758 1.01815 1.01872 79
11 1.01872 \.01930 1.01989 1.0'2049 1.02110 \.02171 1.02'234 78
J2 1.02234 1.02298 1.02362 1.02428 1.02494 1.02562 1.02630 77
13 1.02630 1.02700 1.02770 1 .02842 1 .02914 1.02987 , .03061 76
14 1.03061 1.03137 1.03213 1.03290 1. 03368 1 .03447 1.03528 75
--
J5 1.03528 1.03609 1.03691 1.03n4 1.1J3858 1.03944 1.04030 74
16 1.04030 1.04117 1 . 04206 1.04295 1.04385 1.044n 1.04569 73
17 1.04569 1.04663 1.04757 1.04853 1.04950 1.05047 , .05146 72
J8 1.05146 1.05246 1.05347 1.05449 1.05552 1.05657 1.05762 71
'9 t .05762 1.05869 1 . 05976 1.06085 1 .06195 1.06306 1.06418 70

20 1.06418 1.06531 1 .06&45 1 .06761 1.06878 1.06995 , .07115 69

2J 1.07115 1.07235 1.07356 1.07479 1.07602 >.07727 1.07853 68
22 1.07853 1.07981 1.08109 1.08239 1.08370 >'06503 1.08836 67
23 >.08836 1.08nl 1.08907 1.09044 1.09183 >.09323 1.09484 66
24 >.094&1 1.09606 1.09750 1.09895 1.10041 1.10189 1.10338 65

25 1.10338 1.10488 1.10640 1.10793 1 .10947 1.11 103 1.11260 64

26 1.11260 1.11419 1.11579 1 . 11740 1 . 11 903 1 .12067 1.12233 63
'l7 1.12233 1.1'2400 1 .12568 1.12738 1 .12910 1 .13083 1.13257 62
28 1.13257 1.13433 1.13610 1.13789 1.13970 1.14152 1.14335 61
29 1.14335 1.14521 1.14707 1.14896 1.15085 I. 152n 1.15470

..
80

.
3D 1.15470 1.15665 1.15861 1.16059 1.16259 1.16460 1.16663
31 1. 16663 1.16868 1.17075 1.17283 1.17493 l.lnD4 1.17918 58
32 1.17918 1.18133 1.18350 1.18569 1.18790 1.19012 1.19236 57
33 1.19236 1.19463 1.19691 1.19920 1.20152 1.20388 1.20622
34 1.20622 1.20859 1.21099 1.21341 1.21584 1.21830 1.22Dn 55
.
35 1.22Dn 1.22327 1.22579 , .22833 1.23089 1.23347 1.'23607 54
36 1 .'23607 1.23869 1.24134 1.'24400 1.24669 1 .24940 1 .2521 4 53
37 1.25214 1.25489 1 .25767 1.26047 1.26330 1.'26615 1.26902 52
38 1.26902 1.'27191 1.27483 1.2n78 1.28075 1.28374 , .28676 51
39 1.28676 1.28980 1.'29287 1.29597 1.29909 1.30223 , .30541 50

40 1 .30541 1.30861 1.31183 1.31509 1.31837 1.32168 , .32501

..."
49

..."""
1.32501 1.32838 1.33l n 1.33519 1.33864 1.34212 , .34563
1.34563
1.36733
1.39016
1.34917
1.371OS
1.39400
1.35274
1.37481
>'39804
1.35634
1.37860
1.40203
1.35997
1.38242
1.40808
1.36363
1.38628
1 . 41012
1.36733
, .39016
1.41421 ...
I 60' 50' 40' 30' 20' 10' 0'
"""
NATURAL COSECANTS
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
 ' ·35

NATURAL SECANTS
AnK!_

...".
0-

1 .41-421
1.43956
lO-
1.41835
1.44391
W'

1.42251
1.44831
30'

1 .42672
1.45274
40'

1.43096
1.45721
50'

1 .43524
1.46173
60'

1.43956
1 .46628
...
43
47 1.46628 1.47087 1.47551 1.48019 1.48491 1.<8967 1 .49448 42
1.49448 1.49933 1.50422 1.50916 1.51415 1.51918 1.52425 41
1.52938 1.55036 1.555n
49

50
1.52425

1.555n 1.56114
1.53455

1.56661
1.53977

1.57213
1.54504

1.57771 1.58333 1.58'lO2

'"
39
1.61229 1.61825
,.'"
51 1.58'lO2 1.59475 1.60054 1.60639 1.62427
'2 1.62427 1.63035 1.63648 1.64268 1.64894 1.65526 1.66164 37
53 1.66164 1.66809 1.67460 1.68117 1.68782 1.69452 1.70130
54 1.10130 1.70815 1.71506 1.72205 1.72911 1.73624 1.74345 35

50
56
57
1.74345
1.78829
1.83608
1.75073
1.79604
1.84435
1.75808
1.80388
1.85271
1.76552
1.81180
1.86116
1.77303
1 .81981
1.86970
1.78062
, .82790
1.87834
1.78829
1.83608
1.88708
'"
33
32
58 1.88708 1.89591 1.90485 1.91388 1.92302 1.93226 1.94160 31
59 1.94160 1.95106 1 .96062 1 .97029 1.98008 1.98998 2.00000 30

60 2.00000 2.01014 2.02039 2.03077 2.04128 2.0519' 2.06267 29

2,06267 2.07356 2.13006
"
62
63
2. 13005
2.20269
2.14178
2.21535
2.08458
2.15366
2.22817
2.09574
2.16568
2.24116
2.10704
2.1n86
2.25432
2.11847
2.19019
2.26766
2.20269
2.281 17
28
'Z1
26
64 2.28117 2.29487 2.30875 2.32282 2 . 33708 2.35154 2.36620 25

65 2.36620 2.38107 2.39614 2.41142 2.012692 2.44264 2.45859 24

,......
66 2.45859 2.474n 2.49119 2.50784 2.52474 2.54 190 2.55930 23
67 2.55930 2.57698 2.59491 2.61313 2.63162 2.65040 2.66947 22
68 2.66947 2.70851 2.72850 2.74881 2.76945 2.79043 21
69 2.79043 2.81T75 2.83342 2 ...... 2.87785 2.90063 2.92380 20

'3.07155
.92380
70

"
72 3.23607
2.94737
3.09n4
3.26531
2.97135
3.12440
3.29512
2.99574
3.15155
3.32551
3.020ti7
3.17920
3.35649
3.04584
3.20737
3.38808
3.07155
3.23607
3.42030
"
I.
17
73 3. 42030 3.45317 3.48671 3.52094 3.55587 3.59154 3.62796 16
74 3.62796 3.66515 3.70015 3.74198 3.78166 3.82223 3.86370 15
--
75 3.86370 3 . 90613 3.94952 3.99393 4.03938 4.08591
.
4.13357
76
n
4 .13357
4.44541
4.18238
4.50216
4.23239
4.56041
4 .28366
4.620'23
4.33622
4 .68167
4 .39012
4.74482
4.44541
4.80973
"
13
12
78 4.80973 4.87649 4.94517 5.01585 5.0.863 5.16359 '.24084
7' 5.24084 5.32049 5.40263 5.48740 5.57493 5,66533 5.75877 "
I.

.,
80
82
5.75877
6.39245
7 . 18530
5.85539
6.51208
7.33719
5.95536
6,63633
7.49571
6.05886
6.76547
7.66130
6.16607
6.89979
7.83443
6.2n19
7.00962
8,01565
6.39245
7.18530
8.20551
9
•
7
83 8.20551 8.40466 8.61379 8.83367 9.06515 9.30917 9.56677 6
84 9.56677 9.83912 10.12752 10.43343 10.75849 11 . 10455 It .47371 5
---
85
66
11.47371
14.33559
11.86837
14.95788
12.29125 12.74550 13.23472 13.76312
15.63679 16.38041 17 . 19843 18.10262
14.33559
19.10732 •
3
.7 19.10732 20.23028 21.49368 22.92559 24.56212 26.45051 28.65371 2
:. 28.65371
57.29869
31.25758
68.75736
34.38232 38.20155 42.97571 49.11406
85.94561 114 .59301 171.88831 343.n516
57.29869
Infinite.
I
••
60' 50' ..- 30' 20' 10' 0- ....,.
NATURAL COSECANTS
AMERICAN INSTITUTE Of STEEL CoNSTRUCTION
,."
.01
FUNCTIONS OF NUMBERS
.49

... .-
No.

.0'
-
.....
.00000'
I '&~ ...., C",be
Logar,thm

'2.30103
.00000
""X
~ PtOf:lj ,,-
N. _ "'.~'"

NU

'~
.000' 0.1000 0.2154 .03142 .000079
.000008 0.1414 0.2714 .06283 .000314
.03 .0009 .000027 0.1732 0.3107 VIn12 .09425 .000707
.04 .0016 .000064 0.2000 0.3420 '.60206 .12566 .001257
.05
.06
.07
.0025
.0036
......
.004'
.000125
.OOC1216
.0003-43
0.2236
0.2449
0.26<6
0.""
0. 3915
0.4121
2.69897
2.77815
2.84510
16666.667
14285.714
....
.15708
.,
.21991
.001964

.002827
.00084'
•08 .000512 O.28?ij 0.4309 '.90309 12500 . ()()() .25133 .005027
.09 .008' .000129 0 . 3000 0.4481 2.95424 11111.11\ .282'74 .006362
.'0 .0100 .001(100 0 . 3162 0.4642 1.00000 10000.000 .31416 .007854
.11 .0121 .001331 0.3317 0.4791 1.04139 9090.909 .34558 .009503
.12 .0144 .001728 0.3464 0.4932 1.07918 8333.333 . 37699 .01,3'0
.13 .0169 .002197 0 .3606 0.5066 1.11394 7692.308 .40841 .013273
.14 . 0196 .002744 0.3742 0.5192 1.14613 7142.857 .43982 .015394
.15 .0225 .003375 0.3873 0.5313 1.17609 6666.667 .47124 .017672
.16 ...56 .004096 0.4000 0.5429 1.20412 6250.000 .50265
.17 .028' .004913 0.4123 0.5540 f .23045 5692.353 .53407
.18
.19 ..,.,
.0324 . 005832
.006859
0.4243
0.4359
0 ......
0.5749
1.25527
f .27875
5555.556
5263.158
.5654'
.59600

." .......
..,
.20 .0400 .008000 0.4472 0."'" T.30103 5000.000 .6_
.00926' 0.4583
0._
0."" 1.32222 4761.905 .65973 .",.,.,.
•22 .010648 0.6037 , .34242 4545.455 .69115 .038013
.23 .0529 .012167 0.4796 0.6127 , .36173 4347.826 .72257 .041548
.24
.25
.0576
.0625
.013824
.015625
0.4899
0.5000
0.6214
0.6300
t .38021
f .39794
4166.667
..... 000 .......
.75398 .045239
.049087
.26 .0676 .017576 0.5099 0.6383 f .41497 3846.154 .81681 .053093

...,
.27 .0729 .019683 0.5196 0.6463 f .43136 3703 . 704 .84823 .057256
.28
.29
.30
.07lI4

.0900
.,.,..
.021952
.
.027000
0.5292
0.5385
O.54n
0.6542
0.6619
0.6694
1.44716
1.46240
, .4n12
3571.429
,....276
3333.333
.87965
.91106
.94248
.061575
.066052
.070686
.31 .096' .029791 0.5568 0.6768 f . 49136 3225.807 .97389 .0754n
.32
.33
,J<
.'''''
.'089
.1156
.032768
.035937
.039304
0.5657
0.5745
0.5831
0.""
0.6910
0.6980
1.50515
, .51851
f.f)3148
3125.000
3030.303
1.00531
1.03673
.080425
.085530
2941.177 1.06814 .090792
.35 . 1225 .042875 0.59 16 0.7047 1.54407 2857.143 1.09956 .096211
.36
.37
.,,,.
,,.,
·.,..,.
.045656
.050653
0.6000
0.6083
0.7114
0.7179
1.55630
1.56820
2n7.n8
2702.703
1.13097
1.1 6239
.101788
.107521
.38
.39
.•0
.41
·,...
.1521

.1681
.054872
.059319
.064000
.068921
0.6164
0.6245
0.6325
0.6463
0.7243
0.7306
0.7368
0.7429
1.57978
T.59106
1.60206
L61V8
2631.579
2564.103
2500.000
2439.024
1.19381
1.22522
1.2566
1.2881
.113411
.119459
.125664
.1320'25
.<2 .1764 . 074088 0.6481 0.7489 f .62325 2380.952 1.3195
''''''''
....... ·,,,. f .63347 '.3509 .
'<3 .1849 .079507 0.6557 0.7548 2325.581 .145220
.085184 0.6633 0.7606 f .64345 2272.727 1.3823 .152053

...... .2025
.2116
.091125
.097336
0.6708
0.6782
0.7663
0.n19
f .65321
f . 66276
2222.222
2173.913
\.4137
1.4451
.159043
.166190

.., ....,
.47 .2209 .103823 0."" 0.7775 1.67210 2127 .660 1.4765 .173494
.2304 .110592
.117649
0.6928
0.7000
0.7830
0.7884
1.68124
, .69020
2083.333
2040.816
'.5080
1.5394-
.180956
.188574

AMERICAN IN STITUTE OF STEEl. CONSTRUCTION

 6·37

.50
FUNCTIONS OF NUMBERS

N.
_. - ':t::.~ .....
C"'" I.oguilt!m
..
,X
Reciprot'l' ~~~
.99
No. _ DI .....I..

A",

.50 .2500 • '25000 0.7071 0.7937 , .69897 2000.000 I.S708 .• 9635

.51 .260' .132651 0.7141 0.7990 1.70757 1960.784 1.6022 .20428
.52 .2104 .• 40608 0.7211 0.8041 , .71600 1923.0n 1.6336 .'21237
.53 .2809 .• 48877 0.7280 0.8093 1.72428 1886.793 1.6650 .22<62
.54 .2916 .157464 0.7348 0.8143 , .73239 1851.852 1.6965 .22902
.55 . 3025 ,166375 0.7416 0.8193 , .74036 1818.182 1. 7219 .23758
.56 .3136 .175616 0.7483 0.8243 l.74819 1785.714 1.7593 .24630

.-
.57 .3249 .185193 0.7550 0.829\ 1.75587 1754.386 1.7907 .25518
.58 .3364 .195112 0.7616 0 .8340 1.76343 1724.138 1.8221 .26421
.59 .3481 .205379 0.7681 0.8387 1.n085 1694.915 '.8535 .27340
.60 .216000 O.n46 0.8434 T.nSIS 1666.667 1.8850 .28274
.61 .3721 .22698\ 0.7810 0.8481 1.78533 1639.344 1.9164 .29225
.62 .3844 .238328 0.7874 0.8527 1.79239 1612.903 1.9478 .30191
.63 . 3969 .250041 0.7937 0.8573 t .79934 1587.302 1.9792 .31173
.64 .4096 .262144 0.8000 0.8618 1.80618 1562.500 2.0106 .32170
.65
.....
.4225 .274625 0.8062 0.8662 1.81291 1538.462 2.0420 .33163
.66 .4356 .287496 0.8124 0.8707 1.81954 1515.152 2.0735 .34212
. 67
...."
.300763 0.8185 0.8750 1.82607 1492.537 2.1049 .35257
.58 .314432 0.8246 0.8794 1.63251 1470.588 2.1363 .36317
.69 .4761 .328509 0.8307 0.8837 1.83885 1449.275 2. IGn .37393
.70
.71
.72
.4901)
.504'
.5184
.3<3000
.357911
.373248
0.8367
0.8426
0._
0.8879
0.8921
0.8963
1.84510
, .85126
1.85733
1428.571
l4OB.451
1388 .889
2.1991
2.2305
2.2620
.""'"
.39592
.40715
.73 .5329 .389017 0._ 0.9004 I.""", 1369.863 2.29>1 .41854
.74 . 5476 .405224 0.8602 0.9045 1.86923 1351.351 2.3248 .43008
.75 .5625 .421875 0.8660 0.9086 1.87506 1333.333 2.3562 .44179
.76
.77
.78
.5ns
.5929
.608<
.438976
.456533
.474552
0.8718
0.8775
0.8832
0.9126
0.9166
0.9205
1.88081
f .88649
1.89209
1315.790
1298.701
1282.051
2.3876
2.4190
2.4504
...,..
..45365
.4n84
.79 . 6241 .493039 0.8888 0.9244 1.89763 1265.823 2.4819 .49017
.80 . 6400 .512000 0._ 0.9283 1.90309 1250.000 2.5133 .50266
.81 .656' .531441 0.9000 0.9322 , .90849 1234.568 2.5447 . 51530
.82 .6724 .551368 0.9055 0.9360 1.91381 1219.512 2.5761 .52810
.83 .6889 .571787 0.9110 0.9398 1.91908 1204.819 2.6075 .54106
.84 .7056 .592704 0.9165 0.9435 1.92428 1190.476 2.6389 .55418
.85 .7225 .614125 0.9220 0.9473 1.92942 1176.471 2.6704 .56745
.86 .7396 .636056 0.9274 0.9510 1.93450 1162.791 2.7018 .58088
.87 .7569 .658503 0.9327 0.9546 1.93952 1149.425 '2.7332 .59447
.88 .7744 .6814n 0.9381 0.9583 1.94448 1136.364 2.7646 .60821
.89 .7921 .704969 0.9434 0.9619 f .94939 11'23.596 '2.7960 .62211
.90 .8100 .729000 0.9487 0.9655 f .95424 1111.111 '2.8274 . 63617
.91 .828' .7!)3571 0.9539 0.9691 1.95904 1098.901 2.8589 .65039
.92 .8464 .778688 0.9592 0.9726 1 . 96379 1086.957 2._ .66476
.93 .8649 .804357 0._ 0.9761 1.96848 1075.269 2.9217 .67929

.-
.94 .8836 .830584 0.9695 0.9796 1.97313 1063.830 2.9531 .69398
.95 .9025 .857375 0.9747 0.9830 1 . 97772 1052 .632 2.9845 .70882
.96 .9216 .884736 0.9798 0.9865 1.98227 1041 .667 3.0159 .72382
.97 .912613 0.9849 0.9899 1.98677 1030.9'28 3.0473 .73898
.98 .9604 .941192 0.9899 0 .9933 1.99123 1020.408 3,0788 .75430
.99 .980' .970299 0.9950 0.9967 1.99564 1010.101 3.1102 . 769n

AMERICAN INSTI TUTE OF STEEL CoNSTRUCTION

.."
1
FUNCTIONS OF NUMBERS
49
..... ,..
-
No. - 0 . -
No.
""" 'C' """
RoO
,-,,,,,"
~ ......... ....
-I
, , 1 1.0000 1.0000 •. 00000 3.142
..3.''''6
" ,...
1000.000
•9
.
2 8 1.<41-42 1.2509 0.30103 500.000 •. 283
3 27 1.7321 1.4422 0.47712 333.333 9.425 7.""
•5 2.0000 1.~74 •• 60206 250.000 12.566 12.5664

• ...
2 .236\ 1.7100 0.69897 200.000 15.708 19.6350
36 21 • 2.4495 1.817\ 0.77815 166.667 \B.85O 28.2743

,. "
7 3<3 2.6458 1.9129 0.84510 142.857 21.991 38.4845
8 512 2 ..... 2.0000 •. 90309 125.000 25.133 50.""
9 729 3.0000 2.0601 0.95424 111.111 28.214 63.6173
'00 '000 3. 1623 2.1544 1.00000 100.000 31.4 16 78.5398
11 '21 '33' 3.3166 2.2240 1.04139 90.9091 34.558 95.0332
12 '44 3. 4641 2.2894 1. 07918 83.3333 37.699 113.097
,. ..".,
13
' 96
'728
2197
.,""
3.""
3.7417
2.3513
2.4101
1.11394
1.14613
76.9231
71 .4286
40.841
43.982
132.732
153.938
"
"
17
... .... 289
3375

4913
3.8730
4.0000
4.1231
V 4662
2.5198
2.5713
1.17609

1.20412
1.23045
66.6667

.......
62.5000
".8235
47 . 124

50.265
53.-407
176.715
201.062
226.'"
'8
19
... ...... 32<
' .3589
361
5832
6859
'" .2<426 2.6207
2 .....
1 .25527
1.21875 52.6316
56.549
59.690
254.469
283.529

. ."... ,.... ......

20 8000 4.4nl 2.7144 1.30103 50.0000 62.832 314.159
21 9261 2.7589 1.32222 47.6190 65.973 346.361
2.8020 45.4545 69.115 380.133

. ... ,.....
1.34242
2J .29 12167 '.7958 2.8<39 1.36173 "3.1783 72.257 "'5."76
2< 516 1382<
15625
' .8990 2.8845 1.38021
1.39794
41 .6667 75.398 452,389
490,874
'.0000 2 ..... ".0000 78 ....
26
.",.. 17576 2 ..... 1.41497 38.4615
., ....
81,681 630.929

,. ..... ......
27 729 19683 5.1962 3.0000 1,43136 37 .0370 8<.8.3 572.555
28 21952 5.2915 3.0366 1. 44716 35.7143 615.752
29 8<1 2<389 '.3852 3.0723 1.46240 91.106 660.520
30 900 27000 5 .4772 3.1072 1.4n12 33.3333 706 .858
31 961 29791 5.5678 3.1414 1.49136 32.2581 97.389 754.768
32 ,02< 32768 6 .6569 3.1748 1.50515 31.2500 100.531 804.248
33
34
1069
1156
35937
39304
5.7446
5.8310
3.2075
3.2396
1.51851
1.53148
30.3030
29.4118
103.673
106.814
"'.299
907.920
35 1225 4'2875 5.9161 3.2711 1.54407 28.5714 109.956 962.113
36 1296 '6656 • . 0000 3.3019 1.55630 27.ms 11 3.097 1017.88
37 136' 50653 6.0828 3.3322 1.56820 27.0270 116 .23!) 1075 .21
38
39
40

41
"""
1521
1600

168'
.....
548n
59319

6892'
6. 1644
6.2450
6.3246
6.4031
3.3620
3.3912
3. 4200
3. 4482
1.57978
1.59106
1.60206
1.61278
26.3158
25 .6410
25.0000
24 .3902
119.381
122.522
125.66
128.S1
11 34.1 1
11 94.5!)
1256.64
1320.25
42 17&1 7.... 6.4807 3.4760 1.62325 131 .95 1385.44

....""
23.8095
<3 1849 79507 6.5574 3. "'" 1.63347 23.2558 135.09 1452.20
1936 85184 •. 6332 3.5303 1.64345 22.7273 138.23 1520.53
...5 91125 6.7082 3.5559 1.65321 ".2222 141.37 '590,43

.,. ......
..
2116 97336 •• 7823 3.5830 1.66276 2' .7391 144.51 1661.90
2209 103823 6.8557 3.6088 1.67210 21.2766 147.65 1734.94
230< 110692 3.6342 1.68124 20.8333 150.80 1809.56
2<0' "7649 7.0000 3.6593 1.690'20 20 ...... 153.94 1885.74

AMERICAN INSTITUTt: Of STEEL CoNSTRUCTION

 6 · 39

50
FUNCTIONS OF NUMBERS
99
N. s.". "'.. .....
Roo< ""'"
Roo< Log..r;\hm
..""'-
,X
No • - Di_lMIer

Circum. NN

.
.,
50

53
54
2500
2601
2704
21109
2916
125000
132651
1.....
148877
157464
7.0711
7.1414
7.2111
7.2801
7 . 3485
3 . 6840
3.7064
3.7325
3.7563
3.n98
1.69897
1.70757
1.71600
l.n428
1.73239
20.0000
19 .6078
19.2308
18.8679
18.5185
157.08
160.22
163.36
166.50
169.65
1963.50
2042.82
2123.n
2206.18
2290.22
55 30'25 166375 7.4162 3.8030 1.74036 18.1818 tn.79 2375.83
06 3136 175616 7.4833 3.8259 1.71819 17.8571 175.93 2463.01
57 3249 185193 7.5498 3.8485 1.75587 17.5439 179.07 2551.76
.,
58 3364
3481
195112
205379
7.6158
7.6811
3.8709
3.8930
1.76343
l.nOSS
17.2414
16.9492
182 . 21
185.35
2642.06
2733.97
60 3500 21_ 7.7460 3.9149 l.n815 16.6667 188.50 2827 .43
61 3721 226981 7.8102 3.9365 1.78533 16 .3934 191.64 2922.47
62 3844 238328 7.8740 3.95'19 1.79239 16.1290 194.78 3019.07
63 396. 2.... 7 7.9373 3.9791 1.79934 15.8730 197.92 3117.25
64 '096 262144 8.0000 '.0000 1.80618 15.6250 201.06 3216.99
65 4225 274625 8.0623 '.0207 1.81291 15.3846 204.20 3318.31
66 '356 287496 8.1240 4.0412 1.81~54 15.1515 207 .35 3421.19
67 4489 300763 8.1854 4.0615 1.82607 14.9254 210.49 3525.65
68 462' 314432 8.2462 4.0617 1.83251 14.7059 213.63 3631.68
69 4761 329509 8.3066 4.1016 1.83885 14.4928 216.n 3739 . 28
70 4900 34_ 8.3666 4.1213 1.84510 14.2857 219.91 3848.45
71 5041 357911 8.4261 4.1408 1.85126 14.0845 223.05 3959.19
72 5184 37_ 8.4853 4.1602 1.85733 13.8889 2'26.19 4071.50
73 5329 389017 8.5440 4.1793 1.86332 13.6986 229.34 4185 . 39
74 5476 40522. 8.6023 4.1983 1.86923 13.5135 >32.48 4300.84
75 5625 421875 8.6603 4.2172 1.87506 13.3333 235.62 4417.86
76 5776 438976 8.7178 4.2356 1.880111 13.1579 238.76 4536.46
77 5929 456533 8.n50 4.2543 1.88649 12.9870 241.90 4656.63
78 6084 474552 8.8318 '.2727 1.89209 12.8205 245.04 4nB.36
79 6241 4930."19 8.8882 4.2900 1.89763 12.6582 248.19 <4901.67
80 6400 512000 8.9443 4.3089 1.90309 12.5000 251.33 5026.55
81 6561 531441 ' .0000 4.3267 1.90649 12.3457 25<4.47 5153.00
82 6724 551368 '.0554 4.3445 1.91381 12.1951 257.61 5281.02
83 688' 571787 9.1104 4 . 3621 1.91908 12.0482 260.75 5410.61
84 7056 592704 9.1652 4.3795 1.92428 11.9048 263.89 5541.n
85 7225 614125 9.2195 4.3968 1.92942 11.7647 267.04 5674 .50
86 7396 636056 9.2736 4.4140 1.93450 11.6279 270.18 5808.&1
87 756. 658503 9.3274 4.4310 1.93952 11 .4943 273.32 6944.68
,.,
88 7744
7921
681472
704969
'.3808
9 .4340
4.4480
4.4647
1.94448
1.94939
11.3636
11.2360
276.46
279.60
6082.12
6221.14
90
91
92
93
....
8100
8281

8649
729000
753571
778688
804357
9.4868
9.5394
9.5917
9.6437
4.4814
4.4979
4.5144
4.5307
1.95424
1.95904
1.96379
1.96848
11.1111
10.9890
10.8696
10.7527
282.74
285.88
289.03
292 . 17
6361.73
6503.88
6647.61
6792.91

-
94 8836 830584 9.6954 '.5468 1.97313 10.6383 295.31 6939.78

....
95 9025 857375 9.7468 4.5629 1.97772 10.5263 298.45 7088.22
96 9216 884736 '.7980 4.5789 1.98227 10.4167 301.59 7238.23
97 9409 912673 4.5947 1.986n 10. 3093 304.73 7389.81
98 9604 941192 4.6104 1.99123 10.2041 307.88 7542.96
99 9801 970299 9 . 9499 4.6261 1.99564 10.1010 311.02 7697 .69

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CoNSTRUCTION

,."
100
FUNCTIONS OF NUMBERS
149
No.
-.,_ """ '11:::;' """
"'" ",,""'" X
,
-~,
.. No. - OI.trIM..

Ci,cum.. ,,-
100 10000 1000000 10.0000 4.6416 2.00000 '0.0000 314.16 7853."
101 10201 1030301 10.0499 4.6570 2.00432 '.90099 317.30 8011.85
102 1061208 10.0995 4.6723 2.00860 '.B0392 320.44 8171.28
">3
.. 10609
10816
1092727
1124864
10.1489
10.1980
4.6875
4.7027
2.01284
2.01703
9.70874
9.61538
323."
326.73
8332.29
") 8494.87
105 11025 1157625 10.2470 ".lln 2.02119 9.52381 329.87 8659.01
106 11236 1191016 10.2956 4.7326 2.02531 9.43396 333.01 8824.73
107 \1449 1225043 10.3441 4.7475 2.02938 9.34579 336. 15 8992.02
108 11664 1259712 10.3923 4.7622 2.03342 9.25926 339.29 9160.88
109 1188' 1295029 10.4403 4.n69 2.03743 9.17431 342.43 9331.32
110 12100 1331000 10.4881 4.7914 2.04139 9.09091 345.58 9503.32
111 12321 1367631 10.5357 ".B059 2.04532 9.00901 348,72 9676.89
112 12544 1404928 10.5830 ".8203 2.04922 8.92857 351.86 9852.03
",
".
12769
12996
1442897
1481544
10.6301
10.6771 ........
".8346 2.05308
2.05690
8 . 84956
8.77193
355.00
358.14
10028.7
10207.0
115 13225 1520875 10.7238 ... 8629 2.06070 8.69565 361.28 10386.9
1560896

,_,....
116 13456 10.1703 4.8770 2 ...... 8.62069 364.42 10568.3
117 1368' 1601613 10.8167 4.8910 2.06819 8.54701 367.57 10751 .3
118 1392. 1643032 10.0028 4.9049 2.07188 8.47458 370.71 10935.9
119 14161 1685159 10.9087 4.9187 2.07555 •• 40336 373.85 11122.0
120
121
122
14641
1728000
lnl561
1815848
10.9545
11.0000
11.0454
4.9324
4.9461
4.9597
2.07918
2.08279
2.08636
.........
•• 33333
8.19672
376.99
380.13
383.27
11309.7
11499.0
11689.9
123 15129 1860861 11.0905 4.9732 2.08991 8.13008 380 . 42 11882.3
124 1!1l76 1906624 11.1355 ".9866 2.09342 8.06452 389.56 12076.3
125
126
127
15625
15876
16129
1953125
2000376
2048383
11.1803
11.2250
11.2694
5.0000
5.0133
5.0265
2.09691
2.10037
2.10380
•. 00000
7.93651
7.87402
,.....
392.70
398.98
12271.8
12469.0
12667.7
128 16384 2097152 11.3137 5.0397 2.10721 7.81250 40'2.12 12868.0
129 16641 2146689 11.3578 5.0528 2.11059 7.75194 405.27 13069.8
130 16900 2197000 11.4018 5.0658 2.11394 7.69231 408.41 13273.2
131 17161 2248091 11.4455 5.0788 2.11727 7.63359 411.55 13478.2
132 17424 2299968 11.4891 5.0916 2.12057 7.57576 414.69 13684.8
133 17689 2352637 11.5326 5.1045 2.12385 7.51880 417.83 13892.9
134 17956 2406104 11.5758 5.1172 2.12710 7.46269 420.97 14102.6
135 18225 2460375 11.6190 5. 1299 2.13033 7.40741 424.12 14313.9

,....
136 ' ..96 2515456 11.6619 5. 1426 2.13354 7.35294 427 .26 14526.7
137 18769 2571353 11.7047 5.1551 2. 13672 7.29927 430.40 14741. I
138 2629072 11.7473 5.1676 2.13988 7.24638 433.54 14957.1
139 19321 2685619 11.7898 5. 1801 2.14301 7.19424 436.68 15174.7
140 19600 2744000 11.8322 5. 1925 2.14613 7.14286 439.82 15393.8
141 19981 200J221 11.8743 5.2048 2.14922 7.09220 442.96 15614.5
142 20164 2863288 11.9164 5.2171 2. 15229 7.04225 446.11 15836.8
14'
1....
2044'
20736
292<207
2985984
11.9583
12.0000
5.2293
5.24'5
2.15534
2.15836
6.99301
6.94444
449.25
452.39
16060.6
16286.0
145 21026 3040025 12.0416 5.2536 2.16137 ..89655 45...' 16513.0
146 21316 3112136 12.0830 5.2656 2.16435 6.84932 458.67 15741.5
147 21609 3176523 12.1244 5.2776 2.16732 6.8O'l72 461.81 16971.7
148 21904 3241792 12.1655 5.2896 2.17026 6.75676 ..... 96 17203 .4
14' 22201 330794' 12.2066 5 .3015 2.17319 6.71141 468.10 17436 . 6

AMERICAN IN STITU TE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 ' .41

150
FUNCTIONS OF NUMBERS

N.

150
s.-,
moo
22801
"'"
3375000
'e'
12.~74
"'"
5.3133
..
I --
.... '-""'" ..
2.17609
--
....,
x

6.66667
""""'-
471.24
199

17671.5

'"
152
153
23104
23409
"'''''
3511808
3581577
12.2882
12.3288
12.3693
5.3251
5.3368
5.3465
2 . 17898
2.18184
2.18469
6.62252
6.57895
6.53595
474 . 38
4n.52
... . 66
17907 .9
18145.8
18385.4
15. 23716 365226<1 12.4097 5.3601 2.18752 6 .49351 483.81 18626.5
155
156
157
158
159
....,
2<025
24336
24964
25281
3723875
3796416
3869893
3944312
4019679
12.4499
12. 4900
12.5300
12.5698
12.6095
5.3717
5.383'l
5.3947
5.4061
5.41 75
2.19033
2. 19312
2. 19590
2. 19866
2.20140
6. 45161
6.4 10'26
6.36943
6.3291 1
6.28931
.... 95
490.09
493.23
496.37
499 . 51
160 25600 ' 096000 12. 649 1 5.4288 2.20412 6.25000 502.65 20106 .2
161 25921 417328 1 12.6886 5. 4401 2.20683 6.2111 8 505.80 20358.3
162
163
26244 4251528
4330747
12.7279
12.767 1
5. 4514
5. 4626
2.20952
2.21219
6.17284
6. 13497
508."
512.08
20612 .0
2656' 20867.2
' 6< 26896 441 0944 12.8062 5. 4737 2.21 484 6.09756 515,22 211 24 . 1
165 27225 4492125 12.8452 5.4&48 2.21748 6.06061 518.36 21382.5
166 27556 4574296 12.884 1 5 .4959 2.22011 6.02410 521.50 21642. 4
167 27889 4657463 12.9228 5.5069 2.22272 5.98802 524.65 21904.0
168 28224 4741632 12.9615 5.5178 2 . 22531 5 . 95238 527 .79 22167.1
169 28561 <826809 13.0000 5.5288 2.22789 5.91716 530,93 22431 . 8
170
171
,.... ,.,.....
2Il9OO
29241
4913000
5000211
13.0384
13.0767
5.5397
5._
5 .88235
5.84795
53"'7
537.21
22698,0
22965 ••
In
173
174
175
29929
30276
30625
5177717
526802'
5359375
13.11 49
13.1529
13.1909
13.2288
5,5613
5.572'
5.5828
5._ 2.2<304
5.81395
5 . 78035
5.74713
5.71429
...... .......
.... 35
543.50

549.78
176 30976 5451n6 13.2665 5,6041 2 . 24551 5.68182 562.92 24328.5
In 31329 5645233 13.3041 5.6147 2.24797 5,64972 556.06 ....... 7
178 31684 5639752 13.3417 5.6252 2.25042 5.61798 559.2<1 24884.6
179 32041 5735339 13 . 3791 5.6357 2.25285 5.58659 562.35 25164.9

,.,
180 32400 5832000 13.4164 5,6462 2.25527 5.55556 565.49 25+46.'
182
183
'"
32761
33124
3348'
33856
5929741
6028568
6128487
622950<
13. 4536
13. 4901
13.5m
13.5647
5.6567
5.6671
5.6n4
5,68n
2.25768
2.26007
2.26245
2.26482
.......
5,52486
5. 49451

5 .43478
568.63
57 1.n
574 .91
578.05
25730.4
26015.5
26302 ••
26590.'
185 3422. 6331625 13 . 6015 5.6980 2.26717 5.40541 581. 19 26880.3
186 34596 6<34856 13.6382 5.7083 2.26951 5,37634 .... 34 27171 .6
,. 7 3496' 6539203 13.6748 5 .7 185 2.27 184 5,34759 587. 48 27464. 6
_on
I.,
188 3534'
35721 6751269
13 . 711 3
13.7477
5,7287
5.7388
2. 2741 6
2 ,27646
5.31915
5.29101
590.62
593.76
2n59. 1
2B055.2
190 36100 6859000 13.7840 5.7489 2,27875 5.26316 596.90
191 36481 6967871 13.8203 5.7590 5.23500 GOO.04
192
193
3686< 70n888
7189057
13,8564
13,8924
5.7690
5.7790
'.2<1833
5.18135
603 . 19
606.33
3724'
194 37636 7301384 13.9284 5.7890 5, 15464 609. 47
195 38025 7414875 13.9642 5.7989 2.:19003 5,12821 612 . 61 29864 .•
196 38416 7529536 14.0000 '.8088 2.29226 5.10204 615 . 75 30171.9
197
198
38809 7645373 14.0357 5.8186 2.29447 5.01614 618.89 30480.'
:mo4 7762392 14.0712 5.8285 2.29667 5,05051 622.04 30790.7
199 39601 7880699 14.1067 5.8383 2.29885 5.02513 625.18 31102.6

AM ERICAN I NSTITUTE OF STEEL CON STRUCTION

6 -42

200
FUNCTIONS OF NUMBERS
249

--
N. ...,. "'. ~t' "'......, I.ogarith""
, ..
..........
X
NOl. - 0 , . _

Cltcu ....
""
200 <0000 800000O 14.1421 5 . ...., 2.30103 5.00000 628.32 31415.9
201 40401 8120601 14.1n4 5 .8578 2.30320 4.97512 631.46 31730.9
202
203
204
""'"
<1209
41616 .......
82<24<18
8365427
14.2127
14.2478
14.2829
5.8675
5.8nl
5.""
2.30535
2.30750
2.30963
4.95000
4.9'2611
4.90196
634 . 60
637.74
640."
32047.4
32365.5
32635.1
205
206
42025
42436
8615125
8741816
14.3178
14.3527
5."'"
5.9059
2.31175
2.31387
4.87805
4.85437
644 .03
647.17
33006.'
33329.2
207 42849 8869743 14.3875 5.9155 2.31597 4.83092 650 .31 33653.5
208 43264 8998912 14.4222 5.9250 2.31806 4.80769 653 .45 33979.5
209 ' 3681 9129329 14.4568 5.9345 2.32015 4.78469 656.59 34307.0
21. 44100 9261000 14.4914 5.9439 2.32222 4.76190 659.73 34636. 1

-
211 44521 9393931 14.5258 5.9533 2.32428 4.73934 662 .88 34966.7
212 44... 9528128 14.5602 5.9627 2.32634 4.71698 666.02 35298.9
213 45369 9663597 14. 5945 5.!'21 2.32838 4. ""'" 669. 16 35632.7
214 45796 14.6287 5. 814 2.33041 4.67290 672.30 35968. 1
215
21.
217
218
.....
'16225
47069
47524
9938375
l00n696
10218313
10360232
14 .6629
14.6969
14.7309
14.7648
5.9907
..0000
•• 0092
6.0185
2.33244
2.33445
2.33646
2.33646
4.65116
4.62963
4. 60629
4.58716
675 .44
678.58
681.73
36J05 .•
36643.5
36983.6
684 .87 37325.3

.....
.-
219 '7961 10503459 14.7986 •. 0277 2.34044 4.56621 688.01 37668.5
220 10648000 14.8324 •. 0368 2.34242 4.54545 691.15 38013.3
221 48841 10793861 14.8661 6.0459 2.34439 4.52489 694 .29 38359.6
222 10941048 14.8997 •. 0550 2.3<635 4 .50450 697 . 43 38707 .6
223
224
49729
50176
11089567
11239424
14.9332
14.9666
6.0641
•• 0732
2.34830
2.35025
4 .48430
4.46429
700."
703 .72
39057.1
39408.1
225 50625 11390625 15.0000 •• 0822 2.35218 4.- 706 .86 39760.8
226 51076 11543176 15.0333 6.0912 2.35411 4.42478 710 .00 40115.0
227 51529 11697083 15.0665 6. 1002 2.35603 4.40529 713.14 40470 .8
228 51984 11852352 15 .0997 6.1091 2.35793 4.38596 716.28 40828.1
229 5244 1 12006989 15.1327 6.1180 2.35984 4 .36681 719 . 42 41187. I
230 52900 12167000 15.1658 6.1200 2.36173 4.34783 722.57 41547.6
231 53361 12326391 15.1987 6. 1358 2.3636' 4 .32900 725.71 41 909.6
232 53824 12487168 15.2315 6.1446 2.36549 4.31034 7211.85 42273 .3
233 5426'J 12649337 15.2643 6.1534 2.36736 4.29185 731.99 42638.5
23< 54756 12812904 15.2971 6.lq22 2.36922 4.27350 735.13 43005.3
235 55225 129n875 15.3297 6. 1710 2.37107 4.25532 738.'0 43373.6
236 55696 13144256 15.3623 6.1797 2.37291 4.23729 741 . 42 43743.5
237 56169 13312053 15.3948 6.1885 2.37475 4.21941 744 .56 44115.0
238 66644 13481272 15.4272 6.1972 2 .37658 4.20168 747.70 ...... 1
239 57121 13651919 15.4596 •. 2058 2.37840 4.18410 750.84 44862.7
24. 57600 13824000 15.4919 6.21 45 2.38021 4.16667 753.98 45238 .9
241 58081 13997521 15.5242 6.2231 2.38202 4.14938 757.12 45616.7
242 58564 14172488 15.5563 6.2317 2.38382 4.13223 760.27 45996.1
243
244
5904'
59536
14348907
14526784
15.5885
15.6205
6.2403
6.2488
2.38561
2.38739
4.11523
4.09836
763 .41
766 . 55
46377 .0
46759.5
245 60025 14706125 15.6525 6.?573 2.38917 4.08163 769 .69 47143.5
246 6051. 14886936 15.6844 •. 2658 2.39094 4 .06504 772 . 83 47529.2
247 .,009 15069223 15 .7162 6.2743 2.39270 4.04858 n5.97 47916.4
248
249
..2001
'504 15252992
15438249
15.7480
15.n97
•• 2926
6.2912
2.39445
2.39620
4.03226
4.01606
m.12
782.26
48305 . 1
48695 .5

AM ERICAN INSTITUTE OF StEEL CONSTRUCTION

 Ii ·43

250
FUNCTIONS OF NUMBERS
299

". Squire
""~ ~~e ....
'"~, Loglrahm
,..
X
Raocl",oc.o l
N~.

Circum.
.. OIlmet.,

N"

250
251
62500
63001
15625000
15813251
15.8114
15.8430
6.2996
6._
2.39794
2 .39967
'.00000 785.40 49087.4
49480.9
3.984<>6 788.54
252 63504 16003006 15.8745 6.3164 2.40140 3.96825 791.68 49875.9
253 6<009 16194217 15.9060 6.3247 2 . 40312 3.95257 794.82 50272.6
2.. 64516 1638706< 15 . 9374 6.3330 2.-40483 3.93701 797.96 50670.7
255 65025 16581375 15.9687 6.30413 2.«165< 3.92157 801.11 51070.5
256 65536 lfi771216 16.0000 6.3496 2.«>824 3.90625 804.25 51471.9
257 68049 16974593 16.0312 6 .3579 2.40993 3,89105 807 .39 51874.8
258 66564 17173512 \6.0624 6.3661 2."1162 3.87597 810.53 52279.2
259 67081 17373979 16.0935 6.3743 2.41330 3.86100 813.67 52685.3
260 67600 17576000 16.1245 6.3825 2.41497 3.84615 816.81 53092.9
261 68121 lm9581 16.1555 6.3907 2.41664 3.83142 819.96 53502.1
262 68644 17984728 16.1864 6.3988 20'11830 3.81679 823.10 53912.9
263 69169 18191447 16.2173 6.4070 2 ."1996 3.B0228 826.24 54325.2
264 69696 18399744 16.2481 6.4151 2.42160 3.78788 829.38 54739.1
265 70225 18609625 16.2788 6.4232 2.42325 3.n358 832.52 55154.6
266 70756 18821096 16.3095 6.4312 2,42488 3.75940 835.66 55571.6
267 71289 19034 163 16 . 3401 6.4393 2.42651 3.74532 838.81 55990.2
268 7182< 192<8832 16.3707 6.4473 2."2813 3.73134 841.95 56410.4
269 72361 194Ml 09 16.4012 6.4553 2.42975 3.71747 845.09 56832.2
270 72900 19683000 16.4317 6.4633 2.43136 3.70370 .... 23 57255.5
271 73441 19902511 16.-4621 6.-4713 2.43297 3.69004 85\.37 57680."
272
273
"984
74529
20123648
2034£417
16.4924
16.5227
6.-4792
6.4872
2.43457
2.43616
3.67647
3.66300
854.51
857.65
58106.9
58534.9
274 75076 20570824 16.5529 6.-4951 2.43n5 3.64964 860.80 ""'.6
275
276
m
278
75625
76176
76729
77294
20796870
21024576
21253933
21434952
16 .5831
16.6132
16.6433
16.6733
6.5030
6.5108
6.5187
6.5265
2.43933
2.4409\
2.44248
2 . ....,.
3.63636
3.62319
3.61011
3.59712
863."
867.08
870.22
873.36
69395.7
".,.
60262.'
60698.7
..
279 n841 21717639 16.7033 6.5343 2.44560 3.58423 876.50 61136.2
280 78400 21952000 16 .7332 6.5421 2.44716 3.57143 879.65 61575.2
281 78961 221811041 16.7631 6.5499 2.44871 3.558n 682.79 62015.8
282
283
79524
80089
22425768
22665187
16.7929
16.8226
6.ssn
6 .....
2 . 45025
2.45179
3,54610
3.53357
"'.93
889.07
62458.0
62901.8
284 80656 22906304 16.8523 6.5731 2.45332 3 .52113 89'2.21 63347.1
285 81225 23149125 16.8819 6.5808 2.45484 3 .508n 895.35 63794 .0
286 81796 23393656 16.9115 6.5885 2.-45637 3.49650 898.50 54242.4
287 82369 23639903 16.9411 6.5962 2.45788 3.48432 901 .64 64692.5
288 82944 23887872 16.9706 6.6039 2.45939 3.47222 904.78 65144.1
289 83521 2<$137569 17.0000 6.6115 2.46090 3.46021 907.92 65597.2
290 84100 24J89000 17.0294 6.6191 2.46240 3.44828 911.06 66052.0
291 84681 24642171 17.0587 6.6267 2.46389 3.43643 914.20 88508.3
282 85264 2<897088 17.0880 6.6343 2.46538 3.42466 917.35 66966.2
283 85849 25153757 17.lIn 6.6419 2.46687 3.41297 920.49 67425 .6
294 86436 25412184 17.1464 6.6494 2 . 46835 3.40136 923.63 67886 .7
295 87025 25672375 17.1756 6.6669 2.46982 3.38983 926.77 68349 .3
296 87616 25934336 17.2047 6."" 2.47129 3.37838 929.91 6881 3 .4
297
288
88209
88804
26198073
2&163592
17.2337
17.2627
6.6719
6.6784
2.47276
2. 47422
3.36700
3.35570
933."
936.19
69279.2
697"6.5
299 89401 26730899 17.2916 6.6869 2.47567 3.34448 939.34 70215.4

AMER ICAN IN STI TUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 300
FUNCTIONS OF NUMBERS
349
N. Sq", .. c..~ '11:::' ....
"'" lopr,ti>m
..--,
,X
~-
No. _ Oi..".....

....
300 90000 27000000 17.3205 6.6943 2.47712 3.33333 942.48 70685.8
301 91l601 27270901 17 .3494 6.7018 2.47857 3.32226 945.62 71157.9
302 91204 27543608 17.3781 6.7092 2.48001 3.31126 948.76 71631.5
303
304
91809
92<" .........
27818127 17.4069
17.4356
6.7166
6.7240