IMOUSE

Technical Seminar Report

On

“IMOUSE”

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of

degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING

submitted by

R.MRUDULA 17M61A0441

Under the Guidance of

Dr. AMIT BINDAJ KARPURAPU M.Tech,Ph.D,MIEEE

Professor& HOD

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SWARNA BHARATHI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY,KHAMMAM
(Approved by AICTE, Govt. of TS& Affiliated to JNTUH, Hyderabad)
(2019-20)

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SWARNA BHARATHI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

(Approved by AICTE, Govt. of TS& Affiliated to JNTUH, Hyderabad)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
(2019-20)

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Technical Seminar report entitled “ IMOUSE” is a
bonafide record of work carried outby R.MRUDULA(17M61A0441).

We hereby accord our approval of it as a Technical Seminar Report carried out

and presented in a manner required for its acceptance in partial fulfillment for
the award of degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in ELECTRONICS
AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING of Jawaharlal Nehru
Technological University Hyderabad, Hyderabad during the academic
year2019-2020.

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Dr. K.AMIT BINDAJ M.Tech,,Ph.D,MIEEE Dr. K.AMIT BINDAJM.Tech,,Ph.D,MIEEE
PROFESSOR& HOD PROFESSOR & HOD

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take the opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude to my guide,

DR.AMIT BINDAJ KARPURAPU Professor, Department of ECE, Swarna
Bharathi Institute of Science & Technology, Khammam, for his excellent
guidance, technical information and support which helped me in successfully
completing this report.

I take the opportunity to express my heartfelt thanks to the Head of the

Department DR.AMIT BINDAJ KARPURAPU Professor, Department of
Electronics & Communication Engineering, Swarna Bharathi Institute of Science
& Technology, Khammam, for his excellent guidance, technical information and
support which helped me in successfully completing this report.

I wish to express my profound thanks to Prof. G. RAJA KUMAR,

Principal, Swarna Bharathi Institute of Science & Technology, Khammam, for
providing necessary facilities to make this technical seminar report a success.

I thank all the members of Teaching and Non-Teaching Staff, Department

of ECE, and all those who have helped me directly or indirectly in completing my
seminar successfully.

R.MRUDULA 17M61A0441

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INDEX
DESCRIPTION PAGENO
CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION 1

CHAPTER-2 LITERATURE SURVEY 3

CHAPTER-3 DESIGN OF IMOUSE SYSTEM 5

3.1 : SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE 5

3.2 : A FIRE EMERGENCY SCENARIO 5

3.3 : IMPLEMENTATION DETAILS 6

3.3.1 : HARDWARE SPECIFICATIONS 6

3.3.2 : PROTOCOL SPECIFICATIONS 7

3.3.3 : USER INTERFACES 8

CHAPTER-4 ANALYSIS OF DETECTION DELAY 10

CHAPTER-5 CONCLUSIONS 13
CHAPTER-6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 14

CHAPTER-7 REFERENCES 15

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ABSTRACT
Wireless sensor networks (WSN) provide an inexpensive and convenient way to monitor physical
environments. Integrating the context-aware capability of WSN into surveillance systems is an
attractive direction. We thus propose an integrated mobile surveillance and wireless sensor (iMouse)
system, which consists of a large number of inexpensive static sensors and a small number of more
expensive mobile sensors. The former is to monitor the environment, while the latter can move to
certain locations and takes more advanced actions. The iMouse system is a mobile, context aware
surveillance system. We demonstrate our current prototyping for home security applications. Besides,
we analyze its event detection delay under an any-sensor-detection model.
Categories and Subject Descriptors: C.2 [Computer Communication Networks]: Data
communications; C.2.1 [Network Architecture and Design]: Wireless communication
General Terms: Design
Keywords: pervasive computing, robotics, surveillance system, wireless communication, wireless
sensor network.

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CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

Recent advances in wireless communications and MEMS technologies have made WSN possible. A
WSN consists of many tiny, low-power devices equipped with sensors, transceivers, and actuators [1].
It provides an inexpensive and convenient way to monitor physical environments. With its context
awareness, WSN may enrich human life in many ways. Applications of WSN include surveillance,
biological detection, and habitat, agriculture, and health monitoring [1, 2, 9, 12]. Integrating the
context-aware capability of WSN into surveillance systems is an attractive direction that deserves
investigation. Surveillance systems typically collect a large volume of audio/video information, which
requires intensive computation/manpower to analyze. Including the intelligence Permission to make
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WSN can help reduce such overheads and even provide more advanced, context-rich services. For
example, in security applications, when something abnormal is detected, in-depth analyses may be
conducted to find out the possible sources.

In this work, we propose an integrated mobile surveillance and wireless sensor (iMouse) system. The
iMouse system consists of a large number of inexpensive static wireless sensors and a small number of
more expensive mobile sensors. The former is to monitor the environment, while the latter can move
to certain locations (such as potential emergency sites) and takes more advanced actions (such as
taking pictures of the emergency scenes and conducting in-depth analyses). The iMouse system is a
mobile, context-aware surveillance system. We demonstrate our current prototyping for home security
applications. In particular, each mobile sensor has a mini-computer, which is connected to a data
collector, a WebCam, and an 802.11 WLAN card, and is mobilized by a Lego car. At normal times, a
mobile sensor can collect sensory data and report to an external server. When special events are
detected, it can move to the event locations, take snapshots of the scenes, and send pictures to the
server through its 802.11 interface. We demonstrate applications of iMouse through a fire emergency
example. In iMouse, when an event occurs, the event detection delay is an important factor that affects
the responsiveness of the system. This depends on the network deployment and the location where the
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event appears. We adopt a probabilistic approach to model this problem and analyze the delay under
an any-sensor-detection model. The rest of this work is organized as follows. Section 2 reviews some
related work. Section 3 discusses detailed design and implementation of our iMouse system. Section 4
presents our analyses on event detection

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CHAPTER – 2
LITERATURE SURVEY

Our objective is to study the feasibility of combining surveillance systems with WSN. Most visual
surveillance systems deal with the real-time monitoring of persistent and transient objects. The
primary goals of these systems are to provide an automatic interpretation of scenes and to
understand/predict actions of the observed objects from the information acquired from cameras or
CCTV (closed circuit television) [14]. The surveillance issue has also been discussed in the field of
robotics [7, 10]. The system is assumed to have a robot with many static cameras installed on locations
such as walls. These cameras are used to find obstacles or humans in the field, so that the robot can
detour around these obstacles. On the side of WSN, the event/object tracking issue has been
intensively studied [6, 8, 11, 15]. Most works assume that the intrusion objects can emit some signals
(such as noise or light), or the objects themselves are phenomenal (such as diffused gas or chemical
liquid [8]). However, results reported from a WSN are typically very brief and lack of more in-depth
information. This motivates us to study the feasibility of integrating WSN with surveillance systems to
support intelligent context-aware surveillance services.

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Figure 1: The Mobile Sensor Figure 2: System architecture of imouse system

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CHAPTER-3
DESIGN OF THE IMOUSE SYSTEM

3.1 System Architecture:

Fig. 1 shows the system architecture of the iMouse system. It consists of a static WSN and few mobile
sensors. At normal time, the WSN collects and reports environment information to the mobile sensors.
When necessary, the mobile sensors are able to move to the event locations, conduct more advanced
analyses of the event scenes, and report the analysis results to the remote sink. Each sensor of the
WSN consists of a data collector and a sensing board. The data collector is used to communicate with
other sensors. The sensing board is used to collect environment data. In our current prototype, three
types of data can be collected: voice, temperature, and light. Reporting of events is reactive, and an
event is defined when the sensory input is higher than a threshold. Different inputs can be combined to
define an event. For example, for fire emergency, a combination of light and temperature thresholds
can be used. Mobile sensors have five major functionalities: issuing commands to the WSN, gathering
data from the WSN, moving to some target areas, taking snapshots, and reporting analyses to the
remote sink. Each mobile sensor is empowered by a microprocessor called Star gate [5], which is
connected to a data collector, a Lego car, a Webcam, and an IEEE 802.11 WLAN card, as shown in
Fig. 2. The data collector can communicate with static sensors to issue commands or gather data. The
Lego car [13], produced by Mind Storms, supports mobility. The Webcam is to take photos of the
emergency scenes. To eliminate the wiring problem, the 802.11 WLAN card is used to talk to the
home gateway. The Star gate is the brain of a mobile sensor. For example, it decides the visiting
sequence of potential emergency sites.

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3.2 A Fire Emergency Scenario:

Below, we give a fire emergency scenario to demonstrate how the iMouse system works (refer to Fig.
1). On receiving the remote sink’s command, the WSN will form a spanning tree to collect
environment data. Suppose that sensors D and H reply high temperatures and are thus suspected of fire
emergency in their neighborhood. On receiving such notifications, the mobile sensors will coordinate
and decide who will be delegated to which sensors via which shortest path. On visiting D and H, the
mobile sensor(s) will take snapshots of these sites from different angles. After returning to the home
gateway, the mobile sensor(s) will send these snapshots back to the remote sink for further actions.

3.3 Implementation Details

3.3.1: Hardware Specifications We use the MICAz by CrossBow [4] as sensor nodes, which are 2.4
GHz, IEEE 802.15.4-compliant Mote modules offering a data rate of 250 kbps with a DSSS radio. The
Stargate, also manufactured by Crossbow, consists of a 32-bits, 400-MHz Intel XScale RISC
processor with 64 MB main memory. It drives a WebCam through the USB port, and an 802.11
WLAN card through the PCMCIA slot. The Stargate controls the Lego car via a Lego tower (9713 IR-
TRANSMITTER). The Lego car has an infrared ray receiver in the front and two motors on the
bottom. It also has a light sensor, which we use for navigation purpose. This is realized by different
colors of the tapes that we stick on the ground. With this mechanism, the Lego car can localize itself in
the sensing field. An experimental 2 × 2 grid-like sensing field (Fig. 3) is demonstrated. On the
ground, golden tapes represent intersections and black tapes represent roads. The origin (0, 0) is at the
lower left corner. Four sensors are placed at (1, 1), (0, 2), (2, 0), and (2, 2), respectively. The
transmission range is manually set to two units to fit into the relatively small sensing field. A light
reading below 800 is to simulate a potential fire emergency.
3.3.2: Each static sensor runs the algorithm in Fig. 4(a). Initially, it waits for commands from mobile
sensors. A treeconstruct command will trigger the static sensor to check

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Figure3:Grid like fieldinourexperiment

if its tree parent is null or has expired. If so, it sets the sender as its parent. Then it will re-broadcast
the command. To distinguish new from old commands, each treeconstruct command is assigned an
unique sequence number. The goal is to form a spanning tree of the network. Then the sensor turns on
its sensing devices. On detecting potential emergencies, sensors will transmit a status-report to mobile
sensors along the spanning tree. Each mobile sensor runs the algorithm in Fig. 4(b). If a tree-construct
command is received from the remote sink, it will broadcast it to the WSN. It then waits for status-
report from static sensors and forwards the report to the sink. On receiving the sink’s patrol command,
the mobile sensors have to take further actions. The traveling-salesman algorithm APPROX-TSP-
TOUR [3] is used to compute their patrolling paths. A spanning tree of all potential emergency sites is
formed, and then a heuristic is used to partition the tree into a number of regions, each to be visited by
a mobile sensor. For each region, the patrolling path is the preorder tree walk. Photos are saved in the
Stargate’s memory, and will be forwarded to the sink when the mobile sensor returns to the origin.
Two types of packets, command and data, are defined. The former is initiated by mobile sensors and
the latter is initiated by static sensors. The formats are shown in Fig. 5. The Original ID, Source ID,
and Dest ID fields are the initiator, transmitter, and receiver of the packet. The Seq Num field,
together with the Original ID field, guarantees the uniqueness of a message. The Hop Count field of .

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A spanning tree of all potential emergency sites is formed, and then a heuristic is used to partition the
tree into a number of regions, each to be visited by a mobile sensor. For each region, the patrolling
path is the preorder tree walk. Photos are saved in the Stargate’s memory, and will be forwarded to the
sink when the mobile sensor returns to the origin. Two types of packets, command and data, are
defined. The former is initiated by mobile sensors and the latter is initiated by static sensors. The
formats are shown in Fig. 5. The Original ID, Source ID, and Dest ID fields are the initiator,
transmitter, and receiver of the packet. The Seq Num field, together with the Original ID field,
guarantees the uniqueness of a message. The Hop Count field of the command packet helps establish
the spanning tree, and the Data field contains the sensing value and status of the originating sensor

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3.3.3 User Interfaces We provide an interface to monitor the WSN’s status and to control mobile
sensors at the remote sink, as shown in Fig. 6. It includes six major components: Config, Command,
Status, Control, Monitoring and Log areas. The Config area is to input configuration information, such
as mobile sensors’ IP addresses, ports, sensors’ positions, etc. The Command area is to load the
configuration file (such as sensors’ positions) to sensors, establish connection from the sink to mobile
sensors, issue tree-construct commands, change the parent of a static sensor, calculate the patrolling
paths of mobile sensors, disconnect all mobile sensors (to reset allenvironment parameters), add a new
sensor in the WSN, set a sensor’s position, remove a sensor from the network, and check the status of
a static sensor. The Status area shows the status of a static sensor. The Control area is to control the
action of a mobile sensor (motion and photoing). The Monitoring area shows the WSN’s topology and
the patrolling paths of mobile sensors. When a sensor detects an event, a fire icon is shown in the
corresponding site. A camera icon is shown when a snapshot has been taken for the site. Finally, the
Log area shows some status messages.

Figure 4: Static Sensors

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CHAPTER-4

ANALYSIS OF DETECTION DELAY

In this section, we propose a model to analyze the event detection delay of the iMouse system. We are
given a sensing field A, on which there are n homogeneous sensors. Each sensor has a sensing
distance r. We assume that these n sensors form a connected network. Besides, we assume that the
time axis is divided into fixed-length slots and the working schedule of each sensor is modeled by
cycles, where each cycle consists of T slots. Each cycle is divided into an active phase and an idle
phase. The former consists of the first D slots, and the latter the rest of the T −D slots. Sensors only
conduct detection jobs in their active phases. However, sensors do not synchronize their clocks, so
their cycles are not necessarily aligned. Our goal is to evaluate the detection delay when an event
appears. To take errors into account, we assume that in an active slot, a sensor has a probability of p to
successfully detect the event if the event is within its sensing range. We consider an any-sensor-
detection model in this work. Specifically, to capture the event, the network needs at least one sensor
to successfully detect the event. Suppose that at time slot 0, an event appears at location (x, y). Let
M(x, y) be the number of sensors whose sensing ranges cover (x, y). We classify these M(x, y) sensors
into T groups so that each group i consists of mi sensors whose first active slot is at the ith slot, i =
1..T. Clearly, PT i=1 mi = M(x, y).

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Taking all combinations of mi’s into consideration, the detection delay can be written as Delay(x, y) =
MX (x,y) m1=0 M(x,yX )−m1 m2=0 · · · M(x,y)−(mX1+···+mT−2) mT−1=0 µ M(x, y)! m1! · · · mT
! × ( 1 T ) M(x,y) ¶ × δ(m1, ..., mT ), where the first term is the probability to observe a particular
combination (m1, ..., mT ), and the second term δ(m1, ..., mT ) is the expected delay for this particular
combination. As the event may appear in any location inside A, the average delay is
Σ∀(x,y)Delay(x,y) Σ∀(x,y)1 . To compute δ(m1, ..., mT ), let xi be the number of active sensors at the
ith slot, i = 1..T. These xi sensors can be classified into three types: (1) sensors that turn into active at
the ith slot, (2) sensors that turn into active between the first and the (i − 1)th slots, and (3) sensors that
turn into active at or before the 0-th slot. This leads to xi = mi + Pi−1 j=1 mi−j + PD−i−1 j=0 mT −j .
We also define xaT +b as the number of active sensors at the (aT +b)th slot for any a ≥ 1. Since cycles
repeat every T slots, we have xaT +b = xb. The probability that there is at least one sensor successfully
detecting the event in the first slot is (1 − (1 − p) x1 ). For i ≥ 2, the probability that the event is not
detected in the first (i − 1) slots but is successfully detected in the ith slot is (1 − (1 − p) xi )(1 − p)
x1+...+xi−1 . Hence, the expected detection delay under the any-sensor-detection model is δ(m1, ...,
mT ) = P∞ a=0 PT b=1(aT + b)(1 − (1 − p) xb ) · (1 − p) a×(x1+···+xT )+x1+···+xb−1 .

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CHAPTER-5
CONCLUSIONS

The proposed iMouse system combines two areas, WSN and surveillance technology, to support
intelligent mobile surveillance services. On one hand, the mobile sensors can help improve the
weakness of traditional WSN that they only provide vague environmental information by including
some mobile cameras to conduct in-depth analysis of the sensing field. On the other hand, the WSN
provides context awareness and intelligence to the surveillance system. Therefore, the weakness of
traditional dumb surveillance system is greatly improved because the real critical images/video
sections can be retrieved and sent to users.

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CHAPTER-6
ACKNOLEDGEMENTS

Y. C. Tseng’s research is co-sponsored by the NSC Program for Promoting Academic Excellence of
Universities under grant number 93-2752-E-007-001-PAE, by Computer and Communications
Research Labs., ITRI, Taiwan, by the Communications Software Technology Project of III, Taiwan,
and by Intel Inc.

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CHAPTER -7
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