GRAMMAR CHEET SHEET

TABLE OF CONTENTS

About the author 1

Adjectives and Adverbs 3
Used to, get used to, to be used to 6
and would
Relative clause 7
Question tags and short answers 8
Verb tenses 9
Conditional clauses 14
Reported speech 15
So vs Such and Like 19
The Passive voice 20
Gerund and Infinitive 22
Causative verbs 23
If wish/If only 25
Speculation and Deduction 26
Prefer vs Rather vs Had better 27
Adverbial clauses 28

Practice 31-46

SABINA ALIYEVA 2022

 Adjectives Adverbs

1. Adjectives are used to describe nouns 1. Adverbs are used to describe verbs and
2. There are 3 degrees of adjectives: adjectives
Positive, Comparative and Superlative. 2. There are 3 degrees of adverbs: Positive,
3. Positive adjectives: beautiful, ugly, big, Comparative and Superlative.
tall, etc. 3. Positive adverbs: little, far, slowly, badly,
We use ‘as + adjective + as’ structure to etc.
compare things which are equal in some We use ‘as + adverb + as’ structure to
way. compare actions which are equal in some
For example: My cooking is as good as way.
yours. For example: They finished as quickly as
4. Comparative degree: at least 2 nouns they could.
are required. 4. Comparative degree: at least 2 nouns are
For short words including 1 or 2 syllabus- required.
adjective + er For short words including 1 or 2 syllabus-
For example: tall = taller; short= shorter adverb + er
For longer words including more than 3 For example: fast = faster; short= shorter
syllabuses –more + adjective For longer words including more than 3
For example: interesting= more syllabuses – more + adverb
interesting For example: recently= more recently
5. Superlative degree: only one noun is 5. Superlative degree: only one noun is
highlighted. highlighted.
For short words including 1 or syllabuses- For short words including 1 or syllabuses-
the + adjective + est the + adverb + est
For example: big= the biggest; high= the For example: fast= the fastest
highest For long words including more than 3
For long words including more than 3 syllabuses-
syllabuses- the most + adverb
the most + adjective For example: recently= the most recently
For example: attractive= the most
attractive

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 There are some exceptions:

Positive Adjectives Comparative Superlative

good better The best

bad worse The worst
little less The least
far farther/further The farthest/the furthest

Positive Adverbs Comparative Superlative

well better best
badly worse worst
little less least
much more most

The following words, together with their comparative and superlative forms, can be
both adverbs and adjectives: early, far, fast, hard, late

ing ed

For general characteristic For temporary situations

It causes a feeling It describes a feeling

annoying annoyed
boring bored
confusing confused

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 Adverbs are also used to describe adjectives; we use them to make adjectives
stronger.
For example:
The weather is bitterly cold (intensifying adverb)
She was deeply worried last night.
Everyone was very excited.
It's a really interesting story.
Everyone was extremely excited.
If you are seventeen, you are old enough to drive a car.
The film was absolutely awful.
He was an exceptionally brilliant child.
The food smelled really disgusting.

Here is a list of some common gradable adjectives and some modifiers that we can use
with them.

Modifiers a little/a bit → pretty/quite → really/very → extremely

angry, big, boring, cheap, cold, expensive, frightening, funny, hot,
Adjectives
interesting, old, pretty, small, tasty, tired, etc.

Here is a list of some common extreme (non-gradable) adjectives and some

modifiers that we can use with them.

Modifiers absolutely/really
amazing, ancient, awful, boiling, delicious, enormous, excellent,
Adjectives exhausted, fascinating, freezing, gorgeous, terrible, terrifying, tiny,
etc.

Here is a list of some common absolute (non-gradable) adjectives and some

modifiers that we can use with them.

Modifiers absolutely/totally/completely

acceptable, dead, destroyed, finished, free, impossible, necessary,

Adjectives
perfect, ruined, unacceptable, etc.

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 1.Used to + verb = is used for talking about past habits. ( ardım/ərdim şəkilçisi )

I used to smoke before, however, I don’t smoke anymore.

Did you use to smoke before?
I didn't use to smoke before, however, I’m addicted to it now.
2.Get used to + verb + ing = is used for talking about some new habits. (öyrəşirəm)
I want to get used to waking up early.
Do you want to get used to waking up early?
She doesn’t want to get used to waking up early
3.To be used to + verb + ing = is used for talking about your current habits. (öyrəşmişəm)
I’m used to living in Baku.
Are you used to living in Baku?
She isn’t used to living in Baku.

Used to Would

Only for past habits Past habits and unreal situations (dreams)
With both action and stative verbs Only with action verbs (for past habits)
Time period doesn’t have to be established Time period has to be established
More casual and used in everyday speech Little formal and polite

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 A relative clause is also known as an adjective clause.
There are five relative pronouns—that, which, who, whom, and whose—and three
relative adverbs—where, when, and why.
I like the person. The person was nice to me = I like the person who was nice to me.
There are two types of relative clauses: restrictive and nonrestrictive.
A restrictive relative clause:
Information that’s necessary for complete identification of the noun. Use “that” or
“which” for non-human nouns; use “that” or “who” for human nouns. Do not use
commas.
Students whose grades are low can drop one test score. (Only this group can drop a test
score.)
A non-restrictive relative clause
This type of relative clause merely provides extra information
My mother is thinking of opening a restaurant. My mother is an excellent cook
= My mother, who is an excellent cook, is thinking of opening a restaurant.
Here are a few examples:
The book that she read was important for her literature review. (restrictive)
The participants who were interviewed volunteered to be part of the study. (restrictive)
Walden University, which is entirely online, has main administrative offices in Baltimore
and Minneapolis. (nonrestrictive)
The –ing form is sometimes used to include additional information in a sentence in a
reduced relative clause.
For example:
The woman wearing a dress is sitting by the window. (The woman who is wearing a
dress is sitting by the window.)
The pens sitting on the desk belong to the teacher.
The past participle is sometimes used in a phrase to supply additional information.
The ideas presented at the conference are important to remember. (The ideas that were
presented in the conference are important to remember.)
Taken by surprise, Alice hugged her long lost friend.

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 Tag questions (or question tags) are often used for checking information that we think we know
is true. Usually if the main clause is positive, the question tag is negative, and if the main clause
is negative, it's positive.

For example: It's cold (positive), isn't it (negative)? And: It isn't cold (negative), is it (positive)?

There is one weird exception: the question tag after I am is aren't I.

For example: I'm in charge of the food, aren't I?

So + auxiliary verb + subject Neither + auxiliary verb + subject

a positive sentence is also true for me a negative sentence is also true for me

Sabina: I hate mushrooms. Sabina: I don't live in London.

Me: So do I (=I also hate mushrooms). Me: Neither do I (=I also don't live in
London.)

too/ as well also either

Use them in positive Use it in positive Use it when a negative

sentences at the end of sentences before a verb sentence is also true for
the sentence. you

I like basketball and I like

jogging too. I like basketball and I also Sabina: I can’t sing well.
I like basketball and I like like jogging. Me: Me either/ I can’t either
jogging as well.

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 Tense Meaning Translation

Present Simple Indiki qeyri-müəyyən ır,ir,ur,ür

Present Continuous İndiki davam edici ır,ir,ur,ür

Present Perfect İndiki bitmiş mış,miş,muş,müş,ıb,i

b

Present Perfect continuous İndiki bitmiş davam edici ır,ir,ur,ür

Past Simple Keçmiş qeyri-müəyyən Idi, dı,di,du,dü

Past Continuous Keçmiş davam edici ırdı,irdi,urdu,ürdü

Past Perfect Keçmiş bitmiş mışdı,mişdi,muşdu,

müşdü

Past Perfect Continuous Keçmiş bitmiş davam edici mışdı,mişdi,muşdu,

müşdü

Future Simple Gələcək qeyri-müəyyən acaq,əcək

Future Continuous Gələcək davamedici maqda/məkdə olacaq

Future Perfect Gələcək bitmiş mış/miş olacaq

Future Perfect Continuous Gələcək bitmiş davam edici mış/miş olacaq

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 Present Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous

Facts. Repeated 1.now 1.Past actions- 1.started in the past

actions 2.future no exact time and is still going on.
100% 2.=perfect
1.No action= 3.temporary continuous.- Have+been+v+ing
am/is/are Am/is/are with stative He/she/it
2.Action= verb +verb+ing verbs.
+has+been+v+ing
He/she/it Have+v3
+verb+S(es,ies) He/she/it
+has+ v3

Past Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous

1.past Exact time in 1.Happened Started, continued and

actions-exact time the past and a before completed in the past.
continuous something and
1.No action= action. is a completed Had+been+v+ing
event.
was/were
2.=Past perfect
2.Action= verb 2 Was/were
+verb+ing continuous
(stative verbs)
Had+v3

Future Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous

1.Promise Continuous 1.Something Started, will continue

2.Dreams(unplann action has already in the future (period,
ed) happening at started but will not completed)
a given point finish in the
in the future future Will+have+been+v+
Will+verb
Will+be+v+in 2.=Future ing
g perfect
continuous
(stative verbs)
Will+have+v3

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 Past
Simple Past
1.He played football last Tuesday. 2. He was happy on his birthday.
1.Did they play football? 2. Were they happy last Christmas?
1.I didn’t go home yesterday. 2. She wasn’t at home 2 hours ago.
Past Progressive
He was playing football yesterday at 8pm.
Was she sleeping last night?
She wasn’t sleeping last night.

Past Perfect Simple

The movie had already started when I arrived at the cinema.
Had the movie started before I arrived at the cinema?
The movie hadn’t started when I arrived at the cinema.
Past Perfect Progressive
He had been playing football for ten years when I met him for the first time.
Had he been playing football for ten years when I met him for the first time?
He hadn’t been playing football for ten years when I met him for the first time.

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 Present
Simple Present

1.He plays football every Tuesday. 2. She is a beautiful girl.

1.Does he play football everyday? 2. Is she lazy?

1.He doesn’t love football. 2. They aren’t my relatives.

Present Progressive

1.He is playing football now.

2.I’m hanging out with friends tonight.
3.I’m not working this week because I’m ill.

Is he playing football at the moment?

They aren’t listening to me now.

Present Perfect Simple

He has won five matches so far.

Has he won any matches before?

He hasn’t won any matches yet./ I haven’t won yet.

Present Perfect Progressive

He has been playing football for ten years.

Has he been playing football for ten years?

He hasn’t been playing football for ten years./ I haven’t been playing football for ten
years.

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 Future
Future I Simple
He will / is going to play football next weekend.
Will he play football? / Is he going to play football next
weekend?
He will not (won’t) play football./ He isn’t going to play football.
Future I Progressive
He will be playing football tomorrow at 5pm.
Will he be playing football tomorrow at 5pm?

He won’t be playing football tomorrow at 5pm.

Future II Simple
He will have won five matches by then.
Will he have won any matches by next year?
He won’t have won any matches by next year.
Future II Progressive
He will have been playing football for ten years.
Will he have been playing football for ten years.
He won’t have been playing football for ten years.

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 There are always two parts to a conditional sentence – one part beginning with ‘if’ to
describe a possible situation, and the second part which describes the consequence.
There are four types of conditional sentences: The zero conditional, The first
conditional, The second conditional, The third conditional.
0 IF conditional is used to mention facts and habits.
IF + present simple ---------- Present simple
If you eat a lot, you put on weight.
If it doesn’t rain for a long time, the earth gets very dry.

I IF conditional is used to mention realistic plans

IF + present simple ---------- Will
If they’re hungry, I’ll make some sandwiches.
He’ll call if he needs help.

II IF conditional is used to mention improbable or impossible situations in the present or future.

IF + past simple ---------- Would
If I were rich, I’d spend all my time traveling. (But I’m not rich so I can’t.)
What would you do if you were offered a job in Canada?

III IF conditional is used to mention regrets.

IF + past perfect ---------- Would have + verb 3
If I hadn’t learnt English, I wouldn’t have got this job.
What would you have studied if you hadn’t done engineering?

Unless = IF NOT
If you don't study diligently, you'll never Unless you study diligently, you'll never
understand trigonometry. understand trigonometry.

If he wasn't very ill, he would be at work. Unless he was very ill, he would be at work.

I wouldn't have phoned him if you hadn't I wouldn't have phoned him unless you'd
suggested it. suggested it.

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 We use Reported speech when we want to tell someone else what the first person said.

You should change:

1. The tense
2. The pronouns
3. The time expressions

say/said tell/told ask/asked

To report someone’s words To report someone’s To report someone’s
commands or instructions questions

+ to + II person NO preposition
He said TO me He told me to go
NO preposition
+ full sentence He told me not to go
He asked me what I was
He said he was in a hurry
doing
+ that + full sentence
He said that he was in a hurry

now then / at that time

today yesterday / that day / Tuesday / the 27th of June
the day before yesterday / the day before / Wednesday
yesterday
/ the 5th of December
last night the night before, Thursday night
last week the week before / the previous week
tomorrow today / the next day / the following day / Friday

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 Reported Statements

Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech

She said (that) she liked ice
Present simple I like ice cream
cream.
She said (that) she was
Present continuous I am living in London
living in London.
She said (that) she had
Past simple I bought a car bought a car OR She said
(that) she bought a car.
She said (that) she had been
Past continuous I was walking along the street
walking along the street.
She said (that) she hadn't
Present perfect I haven't seen Julie
seen Julie.
She said (that) she had
Past perfect* I had taken English lessons before taken English lessons
before.
She said (that) she would
Will I'll see you later
see me later.
She said (that) she would
Would* I would help, but..”
help but...
She said (that) she could
Can I can speak perfect English
speak perfect English.
She said (that) she could
Could* I could swim when I was four
swim when she was four.
She said (that) she should
Should* I should call my mother
call her mother
She said (that) she might be
Might* I might be late
late

She said she had to study at

Must I must study at the weekend
the weekend

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 Reported Orders

Direct Order Reported Order

Go to bed! He told the child to go to bed.
Don't worry! He told her not to worry.
Be on time! He told me to be on time.
Don't smoke! He told us not to smoke.

Reported Questions

‘WH’ (with question words) questions:

Direct Question Reported Question

Where is the Post Office, please? She asked me where the Post Office was.
What are you doing? She asked me what I was doing.
She asked me who that fantastic man had
Who was that fantastic man?
been.

‘YES/NO’ questions: we use ‘if’ or ‘whether’

Direct Question Reported Question

Do you love me? He asked me if I loved him.
Have you ever been to Mexico? She asked me if I had ever been to Mexico.
Are you living here?
She asked me if I was living here.

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 Reported Requests

Direct Request Reported Request

Please help me. She asked me to help her.
Please don't smoke. She asked me not to smoke.
Could you bring my book tonight? She asked me to bring her book that night.
Could you pass the milk, please? She asked me to pass the milk.
Would you mind coming early tomorrow? She asked me to come early the next day.

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 So Such

So + adjective/adverb Such + noun = a certain type or kind of

She was so beautiful (= she was very (this is quite formal)
beautiful). I'd never heard such music before. (= I'd never
He ran so quickly (= he ran very quickly). heard this kind of music before.)
I ate so much cake.
He had so many books.

So = something that has already been said No such + noun = the noun doesn't exist
A: Is dinner ready? B: I hope so (= I hope that Ghosts? There's no such thing!
dinner is ready)

Or so = approximately As such (formal)

I think there were fifty people or so at the party A: Is Lucy your boss now? B: Not as such (= not
exactly) but she does work for the same
company.

Like 1. I like football. 1. Love

2. There are many interesting 2. For example
books on the table, like
“Inferno”.
To be like What is the weather like? A general description
Look like What does your sister look like? About appearance

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 Tenses Active voice Passive voice

Present simple He always solves the Is/are+v3

problems The problems are always
solved

Past simple He solved the problem Was/were+v3

yesterday The problem was solved
yesterday
Present continuous He is solving the problem Is/are+being+v3
now The problem is being
solved now
Past continuous He was solving the Was/were+v3
problem yesterday at 7pm The problem was being
solved yesterday at 7pm

Present perfect He has already solved the Have/has+been+v3

problem The problem has already
been solved
Past perfect He had solved the problem Had+been+v3
before I came The problem had been
solved before I came

Future simple He will solve the problem Will+be+v3

tomorrow The problem will be solved
tomorrow
Future continuous He will be solving the Will be+being+v3
problem tomorrow at 2pm The problem will be being
solved tomorrow at 2pm

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 Future perfect He will have solved the Will have+been+v3
problem by tomorrow The problem will have been
solved by tomorrow

To be going to He is going to solve the To be going to+be+v3

problem The problem is going to be
solved
Modal verbs He must solve the problem Modal verbs+be+v3
The problem must be
solved
Gerund continuous She loves when someone Being+v3
says how cute she is She loves being told how
cute she is
Gerund perfect You told the news and I Having+been+v3
appreciate it I appreciate having been
told the news
Infinitive She hopes someone will (to)be+v3
choose her She hopes to be chosen

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 Gerund (verb+ing) Infinitive (to+verb)
1. As the subject or object of a 1. After many adjectives
sentence (changing a verb to a It's difficult to get up early
noun)
Smoking is a bad habit
2. After prepositions 3. After certain verbs
I’m looking forward to starting my new job We decided to leave

3. After certain verbs 4. To show the purpose (= in order to)

I enjoy singing She studies hard to get good marks.

We use the bare infinitive (the infinitive without 'to'):

After modal verbs - I can meet you at six o'clock

After 'let', 'make' and (sometimes) 'help' - The teacher let us leave early
After some verbs of perception (see, watch, hear, notice, feel, sense) - I watched her
walk away
After expressions with 'why' - why go out the night before an exam? ( nəyə lazım?! )

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 We use a causative verb when we want to talk about something that someone else did
for us or for another person.

The Passive Causative

1. Have + object + Verb 3 (have something done)
We usually use 'have something done' when we are talking about paying someone to do
something for us. It's often used for services.
For example:
I had my car washed.
Jane will have his house painted.
2. Get + object + past participle (get something done)
This has the same meaning as 'have', but is less formal.
For example:
I'll get my hair cut next week.
He got his washing machine fixed yesterday.

Causative verbs

1. Have + someone + do something

When someone does something for you because you pay or ask them to do it, but you
also say who this person is.
Examples:
HAVE SOMEONE DO SOMETHING
The teacher had the students write a test.
call you with the
I’ll have my assistant
details.
I had the handyman fix the leak.
Did you have the electrician repair the TV

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 2. Get + someone + to do something
When someone does something for you because you pay or ask them to do it, but you
also say who this person is. (Less formal)
Examples:
GET SOMEONE TO DO SOMETHING
I (finally) got my kids to go to bed.
I can never get my wife to cook dinner.
Can you ever get your sisters to stop fighting?
Kevin got his brothers to take him to the park.

3. Make + someone + do something

When you force someone to do something for you
Examples:
MAKE SOMEONE/SOMETHING DO SOMETHING
You make your hips sway.
Don’t make her (Sarah) cry.
The teacher made him (Peter) work hard.
Why do you make them (your parents) worry so much about you?

4. Let + someone + do something

When you allow someone to do something for you
Examples:
LET SOMEONE/SOMETHING DO SOMETHING
She let the kids stay up past midnight.
I let the chicken burn in the oven.
Why did he let this happen?
Let me go!

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 1. I wish/ If only + Past simple = is used to talk about unreal situations
For example: I wish you were here/ If only you were here.

2. I wish/ If only + Past perfect = is used to talk about regrets

For example: I wish they wish they hadn't eaten so much chocolate. They're feeling very sick
now.
/If only I'd studied harder when I was at school.

3. I wish + Would = is used to talk about complaints

For example: I wish you wouldn't borrow my clothes without asking.

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 We can use modal verbs for deduction – guessing if something is true using the
available information. The modal verb we choose shows how certain we are about
the possibility.
We use modal verb + infinitive to deduce and speculate about an action that happens in
the present.
Must + verb She must be on the bus. I’m sure
Might + verb She might come soon. Maybe
May + verb She may be in the wrong Maybe
room.
Could + verb She could be lost. Maybe
Can + verb Prices can be high in Baku. Generally possible
Can't + verb She can't be at home. It’s impossible
Should + verb It shouldn't take long to drive Probably
here.

We use modal verb + have + verb 3 to deduce and speculate about an action that
happened in the past.

Must + have + verb3 She must have forgotten I’m sure

about our date.
Might + have + verb3 She might have worked late. Maybe
May + have + verb3 She may have felt ill. Maybe
Could + have + verb3 She could have taken the Maybe
wrong bus.
Can't + have + verb3 She can't have bought a new It’s impossible
car.

Should + have + verb3 You should’ve come to the I criticize / I regret

concert.

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 1. Prefer something + to +
something else
1. I prefer tea to coffee. 2. Prefer +verb + ing + to +
2. I prefer driving to traveling verb + ing
Prefer (in general) by train. 3. Prefer + to verb + rather
3. I prefer to drive rather than than + verb (or something
travel by train. else)

1. Well, I’d prefer to go by car.

1. Would prefer + to verb
2. I’d prefer to stay at home
Would prefer (in a particular 2. Would prefer + to verb +
tonight rather than hang out
situation) rather than + verb
with my friends.

She's been behaving rather

Rather (quite) Rather + adjective/ adverb
strangely
1. Would rather + verb
1. I’d rather not go out tonight
2. Would rather + verb +
2. I’d rather go out with you
Would rather (=would prefer) than + verb
than stay at home
3. I’d rather + II person +
3. I’d rather they didn’t come.
verb2
Had rather (would rather) I had rather not see her Had rather + verb
We'd better leave now. It
Had better (give advice) Had better + verb
might rain.

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 I exercise because it's healthy."
Because/As/Since I exercise since it's healthy." Reason
I exercise as it's healthy."
Even if you take a taxi, you'll still miss
your plane.
Even though you take a taxi, you'll still
miss your plane.
Although I'm bad at soccer, it's fun to
play.
Even if/Even I'm bad at soccer, it's fun to play,
though/Though/Although/ though. Contrast
Whereas/While/Whilst (Br)
All of my sisters are doctors, whereas I
am a teacher.
He is careful, while I take risks.
He is careful, whilst I take risks.

I'm going to buy a car; however, I'll

have to use all of my savings.
However/Yet Contrast
I'm going to buy a car. Yet I'll have to
use all of my savings.

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 We'll be there at about 7.30, if there's
a suitable train.
We'll be there at about 7.30,
providing that there's a suitable train.
We'll be there at about 7.30, provided
that there's a suitable train.
If/Providing that/Provided
We'll be there at about 7.30, as long Condition
that/As long as/Unless/In case
as there's a suitable train.
We won’t be there at about 7.30,
unless there's a suitable train.
I'll take cash in case we need it on the
ferry.

We have to wait until he arrives.

We have to wait till he arrives.
Until/Till/By*/By the
I have to visit her by tomorrow Time
time/Before
It's going to be late by the time he
finishes
After you get there, you'll love it.
After/Once/Having Once you get there, you'll love it. Time
Having got there, you'll love it.
When you get there, you'll love it.
Whenever something goes wrong, he
When/Whenever/As soon as Time
blames me.
As soon you get home, please, call me.
As if/As though She felt as if all her worries had gone.
She felt as though all her worries had
Unreal
gone.

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 I don’t know if she’ll come
I don’t know whether she’ll come or
If/Whether Hesitation
not

She is too young so that she cannot

smoke.
I will leave the party early in order
So that/In order that/To/In that I will catch the bus.
Result / Reason
order to She sold her guitar to buy a laptop
She sold her guitar in order to buy a
laptop

We fought because of our political

differences.
The traffic jam was due to a terrible
Because of/Due to/Owing accident at the intersection.
Reason
to/On account of Owing to a lack of funds, the project
will not continue next year.
She could not come on account of her
illness.
I love him despite his faults.
In spite of/Despite Contrast
I love him in spite of his faults.

Sabina Aliyeva @aseducenter 30

 Adjectives and Adverbs

1. Choose the correct answer:

a. Farruh’s car is as big as / the biggest his friend’s.

b. Who is shorter than / the shortest person in your family?
c. Who is more independent than / the most independent person you know?
d. These armchairs are more comfortable than / the most comfortable ours.
e. My brother-in-law is taller than / the tallest in the class.
f. Is Jalal’s cat older than / the oldest yours?
g. Who is the best / better than actor in the world?
h. We are younger than / the youngest the rest of the class.
i. My hair is the straightest / straighter than your hair.
j. He is more famous/ the most famous singer in the world.

2. Choose the correct form (adjective or adverb).

a. Jeyhun held the plate _________________. (careful / carefully)

b. Rustam is a _________________ person. (careful / carefully)
c. I ran _________________ to the station. (quick / quickly)
d. The journey was _________________. (quick / quickly)
e. You look _________________. Didn’t you sleep well? (tired / tiredly)
f. The baby rubbed her eyes _________________. (tired / tiredly)
g. My sister sang _________________. (happy / happily)
h. You sound _________________. (happy / happily)
i. I speak English _________________. (well / good)
j. His English is _________________. (well / good)

Sabina Aliyeva @aseducenter 31

 Used to, get used to and to be used to

Choose the correct answer.

1 - I'm not used to ____ up this early.

A. get
B. getting
2 - I used to ____ a lot.
A. read
B. reading
3 - You'll have to get used to ____ on the right when you live there.
A. drive
B. driving
4 - I didn't use to ____ it, but I do now.
A. like
B. liking
5 - I found it hard to get used to ____ in such a hot country.
A. live
B. living
6 - Where did you use to ____ when you visited?
A. stay
B. staying
7 - It took me a while to get used to ____ the language.
A. speak
B. speaking
8 - I used to ____ hard when I was a student.
A. work
B. working
9 - Have you got used to ____ it yet?
A. do
B. doing
10 - I'm not used to ____ so much tea.
1. drink
2. drinking

Sabina Aliyeva @aseducenter 32

 Relative clause and participle clauses

1. Fill in the gaps with the correct relative pronoun or adverb:

a. A butcher’s is a shop …………………………. you can buy meat.

b. The man …………….. robbed the bank, had two knives.
c. He wore a mask …………… made him look like a Zombie.
d. He came with a friend ………………… waited outside in the car.
e. 25 December is the day ………………….. people get their Christmas presents.
f. The bag …………………… contained the money was pink.
g. The people …………………….. were in the bank, were really frightened.
h. A man …………………….. mobile was ringing did not know what to do.
i. A famine was the reason ………........ so many Irish people emigrated to the USA in the
19th century.

2. Make one sentence from two. Complete the sentences with an –ing or -ed clause.

a. A bell was ringing. I was woken up by it.

I was woken up by …………………….

b. A girl was sitting next to me on the plane. I didn’t talk much to her.
I didn’t talk much to the …………………….

c. A bus was taking us to the airport. It broke down.

The ……………………. broke down.

d. Some paintings were stolen from his exhibition. They haven’t been found yet.
The ……………………. haven’t been found yet.

e. A man was injured in the accident. He was taken to hospital.

The boy ……………………. was taken to hospital.

Question tags and short answers

Sabina Aliyeva @aseducenter 33

 1. Add a question tag to these sentences.

a. I am not disturbing you, _____________________?

b. Sona does her work very well, ________________________?
c. This isn’t very nice, _____________________?
d. She likes lively places, ______________________?
e. They didn’t hurt the kid, _______________________?
f. There were three car accidents last night, _______________________?
g. Tourists used to come here, ________________________?
h. You haven’t got a laptop, ________________________?
i. Laman has to fill a form, ________________________?
j. He couldn’t choose one, _______________________?

2. Answer with So… subject or Neither… subject.

a. I haven’t had dinner yet. _________.

b. I’m hungry. ___________.
c. I’ve already watched this movie.___________.
d. I can’t go to the party. ___________.
e. I was absolutely exhausted this morning. ___________.

3. Answer with too or either

a. I’m not thirsty. I’m not thirsty_____________.

b. I’m hanging out tonight. I’m hanging out tonight______________.
c. It rained on Friday. It rained on Saturday_____.
d. Javad can’t ride a bicycle. He can’t ride a horse______.
e. I don’t like to go swimming. I don’t like to go swimming_______.

Verb tenses

Sabina Aliyeva @aseducenter 34

 1. Fill in the correct form of the verb.

a. They _______________ in Baku for 20 years. (be)

b. I _______________ a wonderful movie in the cinema last week. (see)
c. The sun _______________ when the climber reached Mount Everest. (shine)
d. I promise that I _______________ tell this secret to anyone. (not tell)
e. Unfortunately, just as we got to the airport their plane was _______________. (take)
f. They _______________ to the movies only once in a while (go)
g. I was absolutely exhausted yesterday because I _______________ well the night before.
(not sleep)
h. Sh! Someone _______________ to us. (listen)!
i. Everyone _______________ when the earthquake hit the city. (sleep)
j. She _______________ by herself since her divorce (live)
k. I was really furious that I ______________ such a stupid mistake. (make)
l. I predict that by 2030, people _______________ on Mars. (land)
m. _______________ soccer at 10am tomorrow. (play)

2. Choose the correct answer.

1. Don’t come before six. I .......................... my task.

a. haven’t finished b. won’t have finished c. hadn’t finished
2. She loves animals. She .......................... a dog for as long as she can remember.
a. has had b. had had c. will have had
3. Javid wanted to know why Fatima .......................... to him yet.
a. hasn’t texted b. hasn’t been texting c. hadn’t texted
4. We .......................... him, so we were very surprised to see him.
a. haven’t been expecting b. haven’t expected c. hadn’t been expecting
5. His playing has improved because he .......................... all month.
a. will have practiced b. has been practicing c. had practiced

Sabina Aliyeva @aseducenter 35

 If conditionals

1. Choose the correct options to complete the following mixed conditional sentences.

a. If she hadn't fought for their relationship, they _______________ together now. (be)
b. I would be pleased if I _______________ 'yes' when he asked me to marry him.(say)
c. If you weren't such an idiot, they ________________ you to yesterday's party.(invite)
d. If you _______________ a map, as I told you, we wouldn't be lost now.(take)
e. If I didn't love you, I _______________ you last month.(marry)
f If I had more time, I _______________ you last week.(call)
g. If you _______________ that job, you would be miserable now.(accept)
h I'm scared of flying. If I _______________ afraid of flying we'd have traveled by plane.(be)
i. If you _______________ dad's car without permission last night, you might be in
trouble.(take)
j. You wouldn't have this job if I _______________ you for the interview.(prepare)
k. If it doesn’t rain, we _______________ to the beach.(go)
l. If it _______________ tonight, we will make a snowman tomorrow.(snow)

2. Choose the correct answer (if or unless)

a. The teacher will be furious if/unless you don't the homework.

b. You can't go on vacation if/unless you don't save some money.
c. You will feel cold if/unless you wear a warm jacket.
d. We'll arrive on time if/unless we hurry.
e. Don't call me if/unless it's an emergency.

Sabina Aliyeva @aseducenter 36

 Reported speech

1. Change the sentences to reported speech.

a. She said, "I can get home on my own".

She said that she _______________ get home on _______________ own.
b. They said, "We haven't been to an exhibition for ages".
They said that they _______________ to an exhibition for ages .
c. The police asked me, "When did you leave the office this morning ?"
The police asked me when I _______________ the office _______________ morning .
d. He said, "I'll think about it."
He said that he _______________ think about it.
e. The doctor told me. "You should cut down on your smoking."
The doctor told me _______________ on my smoking.
f. He asked me, "Do you understand all the rules?"
He asked me _______________ all the rules.
g. She asked me, "When will I see you again?"
She asked me _______________ see _______________ again.
h. My parents said, "We' going on holiday tomorrow."
My parents said that _______________ holiday the _______________.
i. She said, "Wait until I get back!"
She told him _______________ until _______________ back.
j. Samir said, "We must leave soon."
Samir said that _______________ leave soon.

2. Change the sentences to reported speech.

1. “Don’t forget to buy a pack of chips!” said Farruh to Jeyran. (remind, using infinitive)
_____________________________________________________
2. “You shouldn’t go into the water” said the coast guard. (advise against)
_____________________________________________________
3. “I’ll go to Italy on holiday” said Vusal. (decide, using infinitive)
_____________________________________________________
4. “I think you should go to the dentist” Jeyran said to Farruh. (advise, using infinitive)
_____________________________________________________
5. “Watch out for the weak bridge” he said. (warn, using ‘about’)
___________________________________________________

Sabina Aliyeva @aseducenter 37

 So vs Such and Like

1. Fill in the gaps with ‘so’ or ‘such’.

a. We were __________ happy that we started singing.

b. He speaks Japanese __________ well!
c. Sevil is __________ a professional writer.
d. She runs __________ quickly!
e. It was __________ late we missed the last bus.
f. They have __________ a big house that I got lost in!
g. She has __________ a sweet kitten.
h. That was __________ an amazing book.
i. The weather was __________ cold, I stayed inside.
j. He’s __________ a teenager!

2. Choose the correct option.

1. Riad, are you all right? You _ you've just seen a ghost.
a. look like
b. are like
c. like

2. What do _ doing after the class?

a. are you like
b. you look like
c. you like

3. I think Javid really _ his brother. They’re not twins but I can’t tell them apart.
a. is like
b. looks like
c. likes

4. We're going to Italy tomorrow but I have no idea what the weather _.
a. is like
b. likes
c. looks like

Sabina Aliyeva @aseducenter 38

 The Passive voice

1. Write the question forms of the sentences.

a. Table is made of wood. ________________________________________________________ ?

b. The telephone has been invented by Mr Bell. ________________________________ ?
c. This phone was fixed by Javid yesterday. _____________________________________?
d. The robbers will be arrested by the police. ___________________________________?
e. Champagne is made in France. ________________________________________________?

2. Rewrite the following passage in the Passive.

Someone broke into a local jewelry shop yesterday. The owner had just locked up the
shop when a robber with a gun threatened him. The robber told him to unlock the shop
and give him all the diamonds in the safe. Then the robber tied him up. The police have
organized a search for the robber. They hope they will find him in a few days. Doctors
are treating the owner of the shop for shock.

____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

3. Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the verb (passive gerund or passive infinitive).

1. I don’t like _______________ at (laugh at).

2. Sam remembers ________________ (tell about) the party.
3. His greatest ambition is _______________ (choose) to take part in the Olympics.
4. ________________ (accept) for that course changed my life.
5. The children are looking forward to _____________ (film) for that television programme.

Sabina Aliyeva @aseducenter 39

 Gerund vs Infinitive

1. Fill in the gaps with the verb in brackets in the appropriate form.

a. I can't stand ________________ in queues. ( to wait )

b. I wouldn't like ________________ in his shoes. ( to be )
c. Jim loves ________________ in Thailand. ( to work )
d. I hate ________________ the shopping on Saturday. ( to do )
e. Blast! I forgot ________________ milk. ( to buy )
f. In the end we decided ________________ in. ( to stay )
g. I need ________________ some information about Portugal. ( to find )
h. My parents like ________________ for long walks at the weekend. ( to go )
i. Tony gave up ________________ years ago. ( to smoke )
j. I wanted ________________ and see Troy but no one else was interested. ( to go )

2. Fill in the gaps with the verb in brackets in the appropriate form.

One year ago, my friend Sarah decided _________________ (lose) some weight. She stopped
_________________ (eat) chocolate, gave up _________________ (drink) beer, and she refused
_________________ (eat) anything high in fat. This was difficult for her because she enjoyed
_________________ (eat) chocolate and she preferred _________________ (drink) beer to Diet
Coke! Luckily, her boyfriend agreed _________________ (help) her. He promised
_________________ (make) her a lot of healthy food, and he did. But after two months, she
only managed _________________ (lose) 3 pounds. Now, her boyfriend has suggested
_________________ (join) a gym. Sarah hates _________________ (exercise), but she will try it.

Sabina Aliyeva @aseducenter 40

 Causative verbs

1. Change these sentences using the causative verbs.

a. I printed the photo. (have)

___________________________________________________________________________
b. I checked my teeth. (get)
___________________________________________________________________________
c. I cleaned the windows. (have)
___________________________________________________________________________
d. I made the necklace. (get)
___________________________________________________________________________

2. Choose the correct option.

1. She ________ that he wouldn't tell anyone.

a. made him promise
b. made him promised

2. Does your tooth still hurt? Yes, I have to get a dentist ________ soon.
a. look at it
b. to look at it

3. I ________ a couple of days ago.

a. had my bike fix
b. had my bike fixed

4. I will not ________ with this!

a. allow you get away
b. let you get away

5. Don't ________ these things about you!

a. let him to say
b. let him said

Sabina Aliyeva @aseducenter 41

 I wish/ If only

1. Complete the sentences using the correct form of ‘wish’ clauses.

a.. I wish the holidays _______________ (come) so we could go off to the seaside.

b. I wish we _______________ (go) to the match on Saturday but we're visiting my uncle.

c. I wish you _______________ (keep) your mouth shut yesterday. Now Mary knows.

d. If only I _______________ (lose) all my money. Now I'm broke.

e. Peter is always late. If only he _______________ (turn up) on time for a change!

2. Choose the correct options to complete the text.

Dear Dad,
I feel really upset! I wish I 1 didn't accept/wouldn't accept/hadn't accepted this job. If only
I 2 had listened/would listen/listened to you before I made the decision to come here. l
wish the people here 3 hadn't been/wouldn't be/weren't so unfriendly. I don't like it at all!
If only I 4 had had/had/would have longer breaks.
Looking at a laptop screen all day is exhausting; I wish my laptop 5 explode/will
explode/would explode! And I wish my boss 6 stopped/would stop/had stopped yelling at
me all the time. He's always in a bad mood. It's so annoying! Also, I wish there 7
were/would be/had been someone here I could talk to but there is no-one I can talk to. I
haven't made any friends. If only I 8 would have made/had made/made some friends
when I arrived here, but meeting new people is very difficult. I wish you 9 would
live/lived/had lived nearer to me. If only I 10 could have seen/would see/could see you
more often!
Please write soon. I miss you!
Love,
Murad

Sabina Aliyeva @aseducenter 42

 Speculation and Deduction

1. Choose the correct option.

a. I ___ written down the number incorrectly. I've just called a hotel, not the restaurant.
must have
might have

b. My friends___ been at the bookcafe but I didn't see them.

must have
could have

c. Raul ___ been very happy when he found out he was going to be a dad. He's wanted
this for a long time.
may have
must have

d. He ___ gone to the city center. He did say he wanted to go shopping.

can't have
could have

e. Nobody knows exactly why she died. But we think it___ been an accident.
may have
can’t have

f. We really enjoyed the movie. You _______ come with us.

a.might have
d.should have

g. They _______ bought a new car. They are both unemployed.

a.can't have
d.could have

Sabina Aliyeva @aseducenter 43

 Prefer VS Rather VS Had better

2. Complete the sentences using the correct form of the verbs.

a. I would rather _______________ (learn) French than Spanish.

b. I would prefer _______________ (have) dinner late tonight.

c. Would you rather _______________ (drive) a car or a motorcycle?

d. She would rather _______________ (live) with her parents than alone.

e. Would you prefer _______________ (stay) in or go out?

2. Complete the sentences using the correct option.

A. I prefer coffee __________ tea.

a. to b. than

B. I don't fancy going to the theater again. I'd rather __________ to the cinema.
a. go b. to go

C. Although I love relaxing on beaches, I think I prefer __________ in the mountains.

a. walk b. walking

D. I'd rather speak to him in person __________ things over the phone.
a. than discuss b. to discussing

E. I prefer trains __________ cars.

a. than b. to

Sabina Aliyeva @aseducenter 44

 Adverbial clauses

1. Fill in the gaps with although, even though, despite or in spite of.

a. _______________ she is beautiful, everybody hates her.

b. The children slept deeply_______________ the noise.
c. _______________ earning a low salary, Sara helped her parents.
d. Jane rarely sees Alan_______________ they are neighbors.
e. _______________ I was very hungry, I could not eat.

2. Fill in the gaps with although, in spite of, because or because of.

a. She only accepted the job _______________ the salary, which was very high.
b. _______________ it rained a lot, we enjoyed our holidays.
c. _______________ all our careful planning, a lot of things went wrong.
d. _______________ we had planned everything carefully, many things went wrong.
e. I went home early _______________ I was not feeling well.

3. Choose the correct option.

A. The pollution of the seas can only be prevented _____

all countries follow the same policy.
a. whereas
b. provided that

B. I love my wife so much that it seems to me _____ no

monument in the world existed _____ my wife, leaning
against it.
a. even if / apart from
b. as though / but for

C. _____ he arrived at the airport did he remember that

he had left his passport in the briefcase at home.
a. not until
b. as soon as

Sabina Aliyeva @aseducenter 45

 D. Traffic to the airport has been much lighter ____ the metro system was built.
a. as if
b. since

E. ____ writing techniques and vocabulary can be taught, no amount of instruction can
make up for a lack of natural creative talent.
a. while
b. no matter

F. In their opinion, they presented the best proposals, _____ they didn’t get the contract.
a. if
b. yet

G. We are, from this date forward, canceling your company’s credit facility with us ______
your poor payment record.
A) on account of
B) even though

H. ___ you like it or not, you have to take this test.

a. if
b. whether

4. Complete the text with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

Hi Jeyla,
I can’t wait to see you – I can’t believe that by the time I 1 _______________(see)
you, I 2 _______________(be) France for a month! As soon as you 3
_______________(arrive), we’ll plan where to go, but can you bring a sleeping bag in
case we 4 _______________(decide) to go camping? Tomorrow, I 5
________________(visit) my cousins in Paris, so it’s a shame we’ll have to wait until
Saturday to meet, but I should be there the minute your train
6 _______________(get) in. Just think: this time on Saturday, we
7 _______________(talk) to each other face to face! Lots of love until then.

Sofia.

Sabina Aliyeva @aseducenter 46