Definition

• Definition of Antennas
– Webster’s : A usually metallic device (as a
rod or a wire) for radiating and receiving
radio waves
– IEEE’s : A means for radiating or receiving
radio waves
• In short, the transitional device (i.e., a
transducer) between free-space and a
guiding device

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 Antenna as a transition device

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 Types of Antennas
• Wire Antennas

Dipole Circular (square) loop Helix

Pyramidal horn Conical horn Rectangular waveguide

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 Types of Antennas (cont’d)
• Microstrip Antennas

Rectangular Circular

• Array Antennas

Yagi-Uda Aperture array

Microstrip patch array Waveguide slot antenna array

• Lens Antennas

Convex-
Convex-
convex
plane

Concave- Concave-
plane concave

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 Radiation Mechanism
Current density Jz [A/m2]: J z  qv v z , qv [C/m3]
Js [A/m]: J s  qs vz , qs [C/m2]
Iz [A]: I z  ql v z , ql [C/m]
Time-varying current: dI z dv z
 ql  ql a z
dt dt
y

z
dI z dv z
E
l
x
l  lql  lql a z
+vz dt dt
Jc
V
z

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 Radiation Mechanism (cont’d)
• To create radiation, needs a time-varying
current or an acceleration (or deceleration) of
charge, thus
– No moving charge, no current, no radiation
– Charge moving with uniform velocity:
• No radiation if the wire is straight and of infinite length
• Radiation if there is a discontinuity
– Radiation if charge oscillating in a time-motion

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 Radiation Mechanism (cont’d)
• Single wire examples

curved bent

discontinuous
terminated

truncated
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 Radiation Mechanism (cont’d)
• Two-wire examples

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 Current Distribution on two-wire

2-wire transmission line

Linear Dipole
flared transmission line

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Intuitive
Picture of
Radiation
Intuitive Picture of Radiation
 Historical Development
1873 Maxwell’s equations predict
electromagnetic radiation
1886 First wireless electromagnetic
system (Hertz)
1896 Wireless telegraph (Marconi)
1901 First transatlantic transmission
(Marconi)
1904 Radio broadcasting development;
First radio receiver; First
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commercial broadcasting station
 Historical Development (cont’d)
1923 Television broadcasting
development; Yagi-Uda antenna
1938 Radar system development
1962 Satellite communication begins (1st
commercial satellite launched)
1978 First GPS satellite was launched
1979 First cellular phone network (1G)
1983 First cellular phone service in U.S.
1990s Digital cellular phone development
(2G)
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 Historical Development (cont’d)

1998 The start of Bluetooth