STUDENT NAME

INTRODUCTION TO CARGO OPERATIONS

The transport of cargoes dates back through the centuries to the Egyptians, the
Phoenicians, ancient Greeks and early Chinese, long before the Europeans, ventured
beyond the shores of the Atlantic. Strong evidence exists that the Chinese Treasure
Ships traded for spices, and charted the Americas, Antarctica, Australia and the Pacific
and Indian Oceans, before Columbus reportedly discovered America. The stones for
the Pyramids of Egypt had to be brought up the River Nile or across the Mediterranean
and this would reflect the means of lifting heavy weights, and transporting the same
was a known science even before the birth of Christ. Marco Polo reported 200 000
vessels a year were plying the Yangtze River of China in 1271 and it must be assumed
that commerce was very much alive with a variety of merchandise being transported
over water. Products from the world’s markets have grown considerably alongside
technology. Bigger and better ships feed the world populations and the methods of
faster and safer transport have evolved over the centuries.

cargo operations means activities relating to cargo and passengers and shall include,
but not be limited to, coordination of stevedores and terminal operators, reporting cargo
to relevant customs authorities and documentation.

The various cargoes and merchandise may be broadly divided into the following six
types:

1. Bulk solids

2. Bulk liquids

3. Containerized units

4. Refrigerated/chilled

5. General, which includes virtually everything not in (1), (2), (3) and (4) above

6. Roll-on, Roll-off (Ro-Ro) cargoes.

Related to cargo operations

• Business operations means engaging in commerce in any form, including by
acquiring, developing, maintaining, owning, selling, possessing, leasing, or
operating equipment, facilities, personnel, products, services, personal
property, real property, or any other apparatus of business or commerce.

• Production Operations means all operations conducted for the purpose of

producing Petroleum from the Development Area after the commencement of
production from the Development Area including the operation and
maintenance of all necessary facilities therefor.

• Salvage operation means any business, trade or industry engaged in whole or

in part in salvaging or reclaiming any product or material, including but not
limited to metals, chemicals, shipping containers or drums.

• Mining Operations means every kind of work done on or in respect of the

Property or the Minerals derived from the Property during the Option Period by
or under the direction of the Optionee including, without limiting the generality
of the foregoing, the work of assessment, geophysical, geochemical and
geological surveys, studies and mapping, investigating, drilling, assaying,
prospecting, designing, examining, equipping, improving, surveying, shaft-
sinking, raising, cross-cutting and drifting, searching for, digging, trucking,
sampling, working and procuring minerals, ores and metals, surveying and
bringing any mining claims to lease or patent, reclaiming and all other work
usually considered to be prospecting, exploration, development, mining and
reclamation work; in paying wages and salaries of workers engaged in the work
and in supplying food, lodging,

• Petroleum Operations means, as the context may require, Exploration

Operations, Development Operations or Production Operations or any
combination of two or more of such operations, including construction,
operation and maintenance of all necessary facilities, plugging and
 abandonment of Wells, safety, environmental protection, transportation,
storage, sale or disposition of Petroleum to the Delivery Point, Site Restoration
and any or all other incidental operations or activities as may be necessary.

• Railway Operation means the construction and operation under this Agreement
of the relevant Railway and associated access roads and Additional
Infrastructure (if any) within the relevant Railway Corridor and of the
associated Lateral Access Roads, in accordance with approved proposals;

CARGO OPERATIONS FACILITIES

Cargo services offered to airlines that have special agreements require exceptional care
and it is compulsory that the services are carried out by certified personnel who have
been trained to international standards.

Cold Storage Rooms

9 Cold Storage Rooms measuring 25 square meters each, with temperatures adjustable
between +5 and -25 degrees.

Car parking

Hydraulic ramps with a capacity of unloading five vehicles at a time are available. The
area is wide enough to permit 150 large vehicles to maneuver.

Open Shed

Enclosed equipment and ULD pallet preparation areas measuring 3270 square meters
and an open shed containing 9 cold storage depots.

Office Areas
There are offices for lease measuring 12 square meters within the terminal building for
Air Cargo Agencies and airline companies. Suitable work stations for customs and
operations services are located on the ground floor. The ISG Cargo Office comprises
of 3 battery powered reach trucks, 2 battery powered tractors, 3 tractors, 2 battery
powered forklifts, 1 diesel forklift, 5 battery powered transpallets, 10 manual
transpallets, 6 electric conveyor belts,1 6 ton scale, 4 X-Ray machines and 7 chargers.

Container Terminals

In the world of container transportation, it is crucial to remain competitive and you are
well served by periodically upgrading your facilities in order to maximize storage
capacity and minimize container handling costs. Our team works with you to find the
best market position, avoiding both costly over-investment as well as the potential
revenue loss from under-investment, all while taking potential market volatility and
key international developments into consideration.

We are fully conversant in the latest developments in quayside and gantry crane
technology, including partially and fully automated systems. We will ensure that your
terminals and their associated wharves, berth depths, container handling equipment,
and gate systems are optimized for the larger modern ships and the associated increased
container traffic in a cost effective and efficient manner.

Types of Ships

1. Container Ships

As the name suggests, a vessel structured specifically to hold huge quantities of cargo
compacted in different types of containers is referred to as a container vessel (ship).

Types of Container Ships On Basis Of Sizes:

• Panamax
• Suezmax
• Post-Panamax
• Post-Suezmax
• Post-Malaccamax

2. Bulk Carrier Ships

Bulk carriers are a type of ship which transports cargoes (generally dry cargo) in bulk
quantities. The cargo transported in such ships is loose cargo, i.e. without any specific
packaging and generally contains items like food grains, ores and coals and even
cement.

Some other forms of dry cargo are:

 • Tramps: A boat or ship engaged in the tramp trade does not have a fixed
schedule or published ports of call.
• Cargo Liners: An ocean liner is designed to transport passengers from point A
to point B. The classic example of such a voyage would be a transatlantic
crossing from Europe to America.

3. Tanker Ships

Tanker ships are specialized vessels for carrying a large amount of liquid cargo.
Tankers are further sub-divided into different types based on the cargo they carry.

The main types of tankers are:

• Oil Tankers: Oil tankers mainly carry crude oil and its by-products.
• Liquefied Gas Carriers: A gas carrier (or gas tanker) is designed to transport
LPG, LNG or liquefied chemical gases in bulk.

4. Roll-on Roll-Off Ships

Ro-Ro is an acronym for Roll-on/roll-off. Roll-on/roll-off ships are vessels that are
used to carry wheeled cargo.

5. Passenger Ships

Passenger ships, as the name suggests, are mainly used for transiting passengers.

6. Offshore Vessels

Offshore vessels mainly help in oil exploration and construction jobs at sea. Offshore
vessels are of several types.

Some of the main ones are:

• Supply Ship: Vessels that supply to offshore rigs

• Pipe Layers: Vessels engages in laying pipes and cables
• Crane Barges or floating cranes: A crane vessel, crane ship or floating crane is
a ship with a crane specialized in lifting heavy loads
 • Semi-submersible Drill Rigs: These are Mobile Offshore Drilling Units to make
stable platforms for drilling oil and gas
• Drill Ships: A drillship is a merchant vessel designed for use in exploratory
offshore drilling of new oil and gas wells or scientific drilling purposes
• Accommodation Barges: Could be a stand-alone floating hotel or can include
accommodation as well as space for Cargo
• Production Platforms: To extract and process oil and natural gas or to
temporarily store product until it can be brought to shore for refining and
marketing
• Floating Storage Unit (FSU) – Floating vessel mainly used for storage of oil
and by-products.
• Floating Production and Storage Unit (FPSO): A floating production storage
and offloading unit is a floating vessel used by the offshore oil and gas industry
for the production and processing of hydrocarbons and the storage of oil
• Anchor handling vessels – These are used for offshore construction and
installation operations.
• Diving vessels – Are vessels used by divers for diving in the ocean for
underwater jobs.

7. Fishing Vessels

Ships or boats used for recreational or commercial fishing at sea are called fishing
vessels.

8. High-Speed Craft

High-speed crafts are a special type of technologically advanced high-performance

(typically high speed) marine vehicles. Though most of these technologies are not used
in commercial vessels, a few have been successfully implemented and tested in
conventional merchant vessels of small scale.

Cargo Handling Equipment

Before any cargo operation takes place it is essential that the Chief Officer is confident
that the ships lifting equipment and associated loading/dis charge facilities are 100%
operational and free of any defects. Under the Lifting Plant Regulations, the
International Safety Management (ISM) Code, and ship’s planned maintenance
schedule all-cargo-handling equipment could expect to be inspected and maintained at
regular intervals.

In the case of lifting plant, derricks, cranes, shackles, wires, etc. the fol lowing test
times would be required:

1. after installation when new

2. following any major repair

3. at intervals of every 5 years

Cargo Handling Equipment and Fuel Types

Equipment Example(s) Description Fuel

Types

Automated Automated guided vehicles Electric

Guided (AGVs) use guidance technology
Vehicle (guide wire, lasers, cameras, etc.)
to transport cargo without an
onboard driver. AGVs used for
freight transport typically have
freight-handling capabilities
similar to either small forklifts or
Shutterstock 1812970162 yard trucks.

Chassis Chassis rotators are heavy-duty Diesel

Rotator forklift trucks with a “flipper”
attachment used for handling and
storage of container chassis.
Chassis are rotated so they can be
stored in configurations that
 Photo courtesy of Big Red, minimize space use and potential
Inc. for damage.

Also known as chassis flippers.

Container Container cranes are a type of Diesel

Crane large dockside gantry crane Electric
found at
container terminals and used
for loading and unloading
intermodal containers from
container ships.

Also known as ship-to-shore

(STS) cranes, STS gantry cranes,
harbor cranes, or container-
Shutterstock 739896253 handling gantry cranes.

Equipment Example(s) Description Fuel

Types

Forklift Forklifts are Gasoline

powered industrial Diesel
trucks that use two CNG
forks attached to a LPG
mast to lift and move Electric
materials over short Fuel cell
distances. They are
diverse in size and lift
Shutterstock 1512392330 capacity, ranging
 from 1 to 40 tons.
Types include pallet
jacks, warehouse
lifts, side loaders, top
lifts, reach stackers,
and rough terrain
lifts.

Also known as lift

trucks or fork trucks.

Log Stacker Log stackers Diesel

transport logs or
similarly shaped
materials using a
hydraulically
powered claw with
Source: two or more opposing
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ levers, known as a
File:Logging_Port_Chalmers.jpg grapple.

Material Material handlers Diesel

Handler transport materials Hybrid
using an Electric
interchangeable
attachment. Often
cables are wrapped
around cargo and
attached to a bar or
hook, allowing the
material handler to
operate much like a
Photo courtesy of Sennebogen LLC crane.
 Mobile Mobile cranes run on Diesel
Crane either wheels or Electric
tracks and use hoist
ropes and a hook to
lift and lower heavy
objects and transport
Shutterstock 260356430 them.

Pallet Jack Pallet jacks are used Electric

to lift and move
pallets. Pallet jacks
are the most basic
form of a forklift and
are intended to move
pallets within a
warehouse.

Also known as pallet

trucks, pallet pumps,
pump trucks,
scooters, dogs, or
Shutterstock 625194704 jiggers.

Cargo Handling Safety

develop strategies and improve identity theft techniques to steal cargo from shippers,
companies should develop strategies to keep cargo safe. The best security measures are
well thought-out and planned in advance:

I. Find Reliable, Trusted Partners. Often, shippers choose freight brokers or

carriers based on the lowest freight rate they offer. Shippers may save money
in the short run with this strategy, but will get exposed to many security and
liability issues.
 II. Cargo Theft Policy and Staff Training. First of all, companies should have
cargo theft policies. Second, it`s important to ensure every person involved in
transportation understands these rules and knows what to do to prevent cargo
from being stolen.
III. Verify Contact Information. The easiest way to avoid identity theft is to make
sure the company representative you’re dealing with really works there. You
can simply use contact information on a company`s website to verify
employment.
IV. Keep Cargo Moving. Pre-loading is a popular time-saving strategy, but fully
loaded trailers on unattended lots creates a great opportunity for cargo thieves.
Define the time limits on how long the loaded trailer can remain unattended
before it is hauled away.
V. Check The Truck and The Driver. To prevent fictitious pick-up, check the
door of the truck that is picking up your cargo. Motor carrier trucks must have
the company name and FMCSA/USDOT numbers printed on the side. Don`t
forget to check driver`s license plate as well.
VI. Focus on “Hot Times”. Cargo thefts occurs more frequently on weekends
(especially Saturday) and holiday periods – think about all those pre-loaded
trucks parked on lots on weekends. Concentrate security efforts in times when
thefts are most likely to happen.
VII. Insurance Coverage. Having the right insurance with the right limits is
necessary. Despite all prevention methods, cargo theft could happen to your
company, and it`s important to have the right loss prevention standards.

Protective equipment

Protective equipment to include:

1. full protective suit manufactured in a resistant material with tight-fit ting

cuff and ankle design

2. protective helmet

3. suitable boots
 4. suitable gloves

5. a face shield or goggle protection

6. a large apron.

Safety equipment set

Safety equipment set shall comprise:

1. a self-contained B/A (SCBA)

2. protective clothing (as described above)

3. steel core rescue line and harness

4. explosive-proof safety lamp.

Dry Cargo Slings

Dry cargo is a term that is used to describe goods that are solid and dry, and require no
special types of precautions during the shipping process. Goods of this type are not any
form of gas or liquid, and may be shipped in containers that do not have any type of
temperature control equipment included. There are a number of types of goods that
may be considered dry cargo, including some dry good products, metals like iron or
steel, and even some types of food grains that have a higher tolerance to heat or cold.

Bulk cargo refers to material in either liquid or granular, particulate form, as a mass of
relatively small solids, such as petroleum/crude oil, grain, coal, or gravel. This cargo is
usually dropped or poured, with a spout or shovel bucket, into a bulk carrier ship's hold,
railroad car/railway wagon, or tanker truck/trailer/semi-trailer body. Smaller quantities
can be boxed (or drummed) and palletised; cargo packaged in this manner is referred
to as breakbulk cargo .Bulk cargo is classified as liquid or dry.
INSPECTION AND PREPARATION OF HOLDS

Inspections

Thorough inspections would detect corrosion, damage, hairline cracks and excessive
wear and tear. Once defects are found corrective action would be taken to ensure that
the plant is retained at 100% efficiency. These inspections would normally be carried
out systematically under the ship’s planned maintenance schedule. This allows a
permanent record to be maintained and is evidence to present to an ISM Auditor.

Testing plant

Lifting appliances are tested by a cargo surveyor at intervals of 5 years, or following

installation or repairs. The test could be conducted by either of two methods:

1. By lifting the proof load, and swinging the load through the derrick or crane’s
operating arc, as per the ship’s rigging plan. This test is known as the ‘dynamic test’
and concrete blocks of the correct weight are normally used to conduct this operation.

2. The static test is carried out employing a ‘dynamometer’ secured to the lifting point
of the rig and an anchored position on the deck. The proof load weight is then placed
on the rig and measured by the dynamometer, to the satisfaction of the surveyor.

Designated ‘bulk carrier’

1. The holds would be swept down and cleared of any residuals from the previous
cargo.

2. All rubbish and waste matter must be removed from the cargo space, before loading
of the next cargo can commence.

3. The hold bilge system would need to be inspected and checked to ensure that:

• the bilge suctions are operational;

• the bilge bays are clean and smelling sweet (not liable to cause cargo taint).

4. All hold lighting arrangements, together with relevant fittings, would be inspected
and seen to be in good order.

5. The space, depending on the nature of the previous cargo and the nature of the next
cargo to be carried, would probably require to be washed down with a salt water wash.

CARGO VENTILATION AND SWEAT CONTROL

A great number of cargo claims are made for merchandise which has been damaged in
transit. Much of this damage is caused by either ‘ships sweat’ or ‘cargo sweat’ and
could be effectively reduced by prudent ventilation of cargo spaces.

Sweat is formed when water vapor in the air condenses out into water droplets once the
air is cooled below its dew point. The water droplets may be deposited onto the ship’s
structure or onto the cargo. In the former, it is known as ‘ships sweat’ and this may run
or subsequently drip onto the cargo. When the water droplets form on cargo this is
known as ‘cargo sweat’ and will occur when the temperature of the cargo is cold and
the incoming air is warm.
To avoid sweat and its damaging effects it is imperative that ‘wet and dry’ bulb
temperatures of the air entering and the air contained within the cargo compartment,
are taken at frequent intervals. If the temperatures of the external air is less than the
dew point of the air already inside the space, sweating could well occur. Such

conditions give rise to ‘ships sweat’ and is commonly found on voyages from warm
climates towards colder destination.

HANDLING OF TIMBER

Timber is generally shipped as logs, pit props or sawn packaged timber. The high SF
of timber (1.39 m/tonne), generally indicates that a ship whose holds are full with
forestry products will often not be down to her marks. For this reason an additional
heavy cargo like ore is often booked alongside the timber cargo. Alternatively, the more
common method is to split the timber cargo to positions both below and above decks.

Timber – should be taken to mean any sawn wood, or lumber, cants, logs, poles,
pulpwood and all other types of timber in loose or packaged forms.

The term does not include wood pulp or similar cargo.

Timber deck cargo – means a cargo of timber carried on an uncovered part of a

freeboard or superstructure deck. The term does not include wood pulp or similar cargo.
Timber lashings – all lashings and securing components should possess a breaking
strength of not less than 133 kN.

Timber loadline – a special loadline assigned to ships complying with certain

conditions relating to their construction set out by the International Convention on
Loadlines and used when the cargo complies with the stowage and securing conditions
of this code.

CARGO SECURING AND DECK CARGO

Securing of cargo can be made by any or in a combination of the following methods:

• Blocking
Examples of blocking: front wall, wedges, dunnage bags, chocks and beams.

• Lashings
Examples of lashings are web lashings, loadbinders with chain and fixed
winches. The equipment can be used in different applications e.g. top-over
lashings (friction lashing), direct lashings and loop lashings.
 • Locking
Locking means that the cargo is mechanically locked to the cargo carrier. One
example is twistlock for containers.

The regulations require that the following criteria are met when carrying deck cargo:

1. That the vessel will have adequate stability at all stages of the voyage for the
amount of cargo it is proposed to load.

2. Adequate provision must be made for the safe access of the crew when
passing from one part of the vessel to another.

3. Steering gear arrangements must be protected against damage and in the

event of a breakdown of the gear, enough deck space must be available to
operate an emergency system.

4. If cargo is to be stowed on hatches, these hatches must be correctly bat toned

down and of adequate strength to support the carriage of the cargoes.

5. Decks, designated for the stowage of deck cargo.

6. Deck cargo parcels are to be well-secured and, if necessary, protected from

the weather elements including the heat of the sun.

BAGGED CARGOES

There are many examples of bagged cargoes: fishmeal, grain, beans, cocoa, etc. to
name but a few. They may be packed in paper bags like cement, or Hessian sacks, as
employed for grain or bean products, loading taking place either in containers or on
pallet slings. Size of bags tends to vary depending on the product, and are seen as a
regular type of package for general cargo vessels.

However, handling bagged cargo is expensive by today’s standards and many of the
products lend more easily and more economically to bulk car riage or container stow.
Where bags are stowed they should be on double dunnage, stacked either bag on bag
or stowed half bag as shown in Figure
Bags containing oil seeds of any type must be stowed in a cool place as these are liable
to spontaneous combustion. Examples of products for bag stowage:

Bone meal – other than keeping dry, no special stowage precautions are required.

Cattle food – should be kept dry and away from strong smelling goods.

Cement – paper bags require care in handling. Stow in a dry place and not more than
fifteen (15) bags high. Alternative carriage in bulk in specially designed ships for the
task. Bilges should be rendered sift proof and com-paraments must be thoroughly clean
to avoid contamination which would render cement useless as a binding agent.

DANGEROUS GOODS

Dangerous goods – means substances, materials and articles covered by the IMDG
Code

Documentation detail for shipping dangerous goods

One of the prime functions of any documentation that accompanies dangerous goods
for shipping is to provide basic information associated with the hazardous substance.
To this end, the shipping document for each product, material or article offered for
shipment must include the following:

1. The proper shipping name.

2. The class and when assigned, and the division of the goods.
 3. The UN number.

4. The packaging group for the substance carried under a ‘Not Otherwise Specified’
(NOS) notation or other generic entry which may include the possibility of the
assignment of more than one packaging group.

5. For ‘Class 7’, radioactive materials only, the Class 7 schedule number.

6. Any empty or any packages containing residual dangerous goods must be marked
by the words empty uncleaned or residue-last contained, before or after the proper
shipping name of the substance.

REFRIGERATED CARGO

Refrigerated cargoes mainly fall into the category of foodstuffs by way of meat, dairy
products, fruit, poultry, etc. as a high degree of cleanliness is expected throughout the
cargo compartments. Prior to loading such products, the spaces are often surveyed and
in virtually every case pre-cooling of dunnage and handling gear has to be carried out.
Bilge bays must be cleaned out and sweetened, and the suctions tested to satisfaction.
Brine traps should also be cleaned and refilled, brine traps serving a dual purpose by
preventing cold air reaching the bilge areas and so freezing any residual water while at
the same time preventing odors from the bilges reaching into cargo compartments.

Compartment insulation

All compartments are insulated for the purpose of reducing the load on the refrigeration
plant and reducing heat loss from the compartment. It also pro vides time for
engineers to instigate repairs in the event that machinery fails.

Qualities of a good insulation material are that it:

1. should not absorb moisture

2. should not harbour vermin

3. should be fire resistant

4. must be odourless
5. should be low cost and available worldwide

6. should be light for draught considerations

7. should not have excessive settling levels as this would require re-packing

8. should have strength and durability.

Examples in use include: polyurethane, plastics (PVC), aluminium foil, cork granules
and glass wool.

Qualities of a good refrigerant

1. A high thermal dynamic efficiency is required

2. Low cost

3. Low working pressure and low volume

4. Non-toxic, non-inflammable and not explosive

5. Easily available worldwide

6. High critical temperature

7. High value of latent heat

8. Non-corrosive
RORO AND CAR CARRIERS

RORO ships are cargo ships designed to carry

wheeled cargo, such as cars, motorcycles, trucks,
semi-trailer trucks, buses, trailers, and railroad cars,
that are driven on and off the ship on their own
wheels or using a platform vehicle, such as a self-
propelled modular transporter.

Modern RoRo vessels are extremely sophisticated

feats of modern engineering. Some of the largest
ships currently in use are in excess of 860 feet long, have nine internal decks and are
capable of carrying an incredible 6,000 cars per sailing.

Large car carriers are shipping up to 6500 car units at any one time, usu ally on a one-
way trip, with limited prospects for return cargoes. With this in mind a high ballast
capacity is generally a main feature of their operation. Where return cargoes are booked
the Pure Car Carriers (PCCs) and Pure Car Truck Carriers (PCTCs) have greater
flexibility.

CONTAINER CARGO

Cargo containers are large, steel boxes that are used to transport goods by ship, train,
and truck. In this blog, we’ll focus on the most cost-efficient way in which cargo
containers help us in transporting the goods – through sea freight.

Cargo containers come in a variety of sizes, are typically made of corrugated steel, and
are very strong to withhold bulky cargo.

Types of containers

1. Dry storage container

 2. Flat rack container
3. Open top container
4. Open side storage container
5. Refrigerated ISO containers
6. ISO Tanks
7. Half height containers
8. Special purpose containers

DRY BULK CARGO

Dry bulk cargo is a variety of solid goods that are transported by logistics company in
large unpackaged units and measured as tons of deadweight tonnage (dwt). The weight
of the cargo is carried by ships that are commonly referred to as bulk carriers. There is
a variety of bulk carriers according to their capacity. Small mini-bulker can carry up to
10,000 DWT while giant-bulker has a capacity up to 400,000 DWT.

Characteristics of Dry Bulk Cargo

• Uniform in composition or homogenous material

• Combination of particles, granules or other large pieces of material
• A wide number of cargoes apart from liquids and gases
• It is loaded directly into the cargo spaces without an intermediate form of
incarceration.

SEGREGATION AND SEPARATION OF CARGO

Dangerous goods that have to be segregated from each other must not be transported
in the same cargo transport. . Further advice on the segregation of containers, housing
dangerous goods on board container vessels, is given in the code. Similar conditions
for Ro-Ro units apply, and reference to the IMDG Code should be made.

Different types of cargoes must be segregated, namely

 - dangerous goods

- dry cargo

- wet cargo

- clean cargo

- dirty cargo

- delicate cargo

- valuable cargo, e.g. banknotes, personal effects

Various methods could involve stowing the cargoes in such a way so as they do not
chemically react adversely with incompatible cargoes. Some edible foodstuff/bulk
cargo does not get tainted with a foul smell, some other dirty bulk cargoes may spoil
other clean cargoes such as machinery etc.

While carrying general cargo, a port of discharge must be borne in mind, keeping cargo
on upper decks/tween decks or upper layers for the first port of discharge and the cargo
in the bottom holds for later ports of discharge. Adjacent parcels of cargo may be
separated by either by separation cloth or tarpaulins, or even marking packages in
different color codes.
REFERENCE

1. Cargo Work for Maritime Operation 7th Edition, by David J. House (Book)
2. https://www.lawinsider.com/dictionary/cargo-operations
3. https://www.wsp.com/-/media/sector/global/image/img-port-facilities-
container-
terminal.jpg?h=710&iar=0&w=1440&hash=3B95D90A3FDA6A2DA62343B
2B6C0BB00
4. https://www.marineinsight.com/guidelines/a-guide-to-types-of-ships/
5. California Air Resources Board, “Cargo Handling Equipment”:
https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/ourwork/programs/cargo-handling-equipment
6. https://www.marineteacher.com/post/segregation-and-separation-of-cargoes-
dry-cargo
7. https://www.teralogistics.com/type-of-marine-cargo-dry-bulk/