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TAE 501 EVT Unit 1 Lec 04v1.00

The document provides an overview of electric vehicle technology, including: 1) The major components of a modern electric drive consist of the electric motor propulsion subsystem, energy source subsystem, and auxiliary subsystem. 2) There are various electric vehicle configurations depending on the electric propulsion and energy sources used. Common configurations include replacing the internal combustion engine with an electric motor or using multiple traction motors. 3) Traction motor characteristics, such as constant torque at low speeds and constant power at high speeds, influence transmission requirements. A single-gear transmission may be sufficient if the motor has a long constant power region.

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83 views14 pages

TAE 501 EVT Unit 1 Lec 04v1.00

The document provides an overview of electric vehicle technology, including: 1) The major components of a modern electric drive consist of the electric motor propulsion subsystem, energy source subsystem, and auxiliary subsystem. 2) There are various electric vehicle configurations depending on the electric propulsion and energy sources used. Common configurations include replacing the internal combustion engine with an electric motor or using multiple traction motors. 3) Traction motor characteristics, such as constant torque at low speeds and constant power at high speeds, influence transmission requirements. A single-gear transmission may be sufficient if the motor has a long constant power region.

Uploaded by

Punit Gupta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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TAE 501 Unit I

Lecture 04:Introduction to
Electric Vehicle Technology
Acknowledgement to all authors for their valuable contribution
Particular thanks to Dr C V Mohan
2

Primary Electric Power Train


3
Conceptual Illustration of general
EV Configuration

1
4
Major Components of Modern Electric Drive

A Modern electric drive consist of three major subsystems namely


Electric motor propulsion, energy source and auxiliary, Electric propulsion
subsystem is comprised of a vehicle controller, power electronic converter,
electric motor,mechanical transmission and driving wheels.
The energy source subsystem involves the energy source,the energy
management unit,and the energy refueling unit.

The auxiliary subsystem consist of the power steering unit,the climate


control unit and auxiliary supply unit.

Based on the control inputs from the accelerator and brake pedals, the
vehicle controller provides proper control signals to the electronic power
converter, which functions to regulate the power flow between the electric
motor and energy source. The backward power flow is due to the regenerative
braking of the EV and this regenerated energy can be restored to the energy
source, provided the energy source is receptive

1
5
EV Configuration
⚫ There are a variety of possible EV configurations due to
the variations in electric propulsion characteristics and
energy sources,as shown in Figure

Figure (a) shows the configuration of the first alternative, in which an electric
propulsion replaces the IC engine of a conventional vehicle drive train.
It consists of an electric motor, a clutch, a gearbox, and a differential. The
clutch and gearbox may be replaced by automatic transmission.
The clutch is used to connect or disconnect the power of the electric motor
from the driven wheels.
The gearbox provides a set of gear ratios to modify the speed-power (torque)
profile to match the load requirement

1
6

• With an electric motor that has constant power in a long speed range,
a fixed gearing can replace the multispeed gear box and reduce the
need for a clutch. This configuration not only reduces the size and
weight of the mechanical transmission, but also simplifies the drive train
control because gear shifting is not needed
• Similar to the drive train in (b), the electric motor, the fixed gearing, and the
differential can be further integrated into a single assembly while both axles
point at both driving wheels. The whole drive train is further simplified and
compacted.

1
7

In Figure (d), the mechanical differential is replaced by using


two traction motors. Each of them drives one side wheel and
operates at a different speed when the vehicle is running
along a curved path.

In order to further simplify the drive train, the traction


motor can be placed inside a wheel. This arrangement is
the so-called in wheel drive. A thin planetary gear set may
be used to reduce the motor speed and enhance the motor
torque.
8

By fully abandoning any mechanical gearing between the


electric motor and the driving wheel, the out-rotor of a
low-speed electric motor in the in-wheel drive can be
directly connected to the driving wheel. The speed control
of the electric motor is equivalent to the control of the
wheel speed and hence the vehicle speed. However, this
arrangement requires the electric motor to have a higher
torque to start and accelerate the vehicle.
Traction Motor Characteristics

⚫ Variable-speed electric motor drives usually have the


characteristics shown in the above Figure.
⚫ At the low-speed region less than the base speed as marked
in Figure the motor has a constant torque.
17
Traction Motor Characteristics
⚫ In the high-speed region higher than the base speed, the
motor has a constant power.
⚫ This characteristic is usually represented by a speed ratio x,
defined as the ratio of its maximum speed to its base speed
⚫ In low-speed operations, voltage supply to the motor
increases with the increase of the speed through the
electronic converter while the flux is kept constant.
⚫ At the point of base speed, the voltage of the motor reaches
the source voltage. After the base speed, the motor voltage is
kept constant and the flux is weakened, dropping
hyperbolically with increasing speed. Hence, its torque also
drops hyperbolically with increasing speed.

18
Traction Motor Characteristics

⚫Ffff
• In the above Figure shows the torque--speed profiles of a 60
kW motor with different speed ratios x (x=2, 4, and 6).
• Itis clear that with a long constant power region, the
maximum torque of the motor can be significantly
increased, and hence vehicle acceleration and gradeability
performance can be improved
19
Traction Motor Characteristics
⚫ However, each type of motor inherently has its limited
maximum speed ratio.
⚫ For example, a permanent magnet motor has a small x (<2)
because of the difficulty of field weakening due to the
presence of the permanent magnet. Switched reluctance
motors may achieve x >6 and induction motors about
x =4 or 2-3

20
1
3 Tractive Effort and Transmission Requirement
⚫ The tractive effort developed by a traction motor on driven
wheels and the vehicle speed are expressed as

where Tm and Nm are the motor torque output and speed


in rpm, respectively, ig is the gear ratio of transmission, Io
is the gear ratio of final drive, ɳ t is the efficiency of the
whole driveline from the motor to the driven wheels, and
rd is the radius of the drive wheels.
1
4 Tractive Effort and Transmission Requirement
⚫ The use of a multigear or single-gear transmission depends
mostly on the motor speed-torque characteristics. If the
motor has a long constant power region, a single-gear
transmission would be sufficient for a high tractive effort
at low speeds. Otherwise, a multigear (more than two
gears) transmission has to be used

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