THE HUMAN BODY  produces vitamin D with the help of

sunlight
ORIENTATION  excretes salts in perspiration
 helps regulate body temperature
ANATOMY  location of cutaneous nerve receptors
 ana “up” & tomy “ cutting”  SKELETAL SYSTEM
 to cut apart, cutting up, to dissect &  consists of bones, cartilages,
separate ligaments, and joints
 study of the structure and shape of the  provides a framework and muscle
body and its parts attachment for movement
 observation is used to see sizes and  protects and supports body organs
relationships of parts  site of blood cell formation
 stores minerals
 MUSCULAR SYSTEM
PHYSIOLOGY  skeletal muscles contract (or shorten)
 study of how the body and its parts work  produces movement of bones
or function  allows manipulation of the
 structure determines what functions can environment, locomotion, and facial
occur expression
 maintains posture
LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL  produces heat
 NERVOUS SYSTEM
ORGANIZATION
 fast-acting control system
1. Chemical level – atoms combine to  consists of brain, spinal cord, nerves,
form molecules and sensory receptors
2. Cellular level – cells are made up of  responds to internal and external
molecules stimuli
3. Tissue level – tissues consist of  sensory receptors detect changes
similar types of cells  messages are sent to the central
4. Organ level – organs are made up of nervous system
different types of tissues  central nervous system assesses
5. Organ system level – organ systems information and activates effectors
consist of different organs that work (muscles and glands)
together closely
6. Organismal level – organisms are
 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
made up of many organ system
 secretes chemical molecules, called
hormones, into the blood
ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW  body functions controlled by
 INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM hormones include:
 forms the external body covering 1. growth
(skin) and includes hair and 2. reproduction
fingernails 3. use of nutrients
 waterproofs the body  Endocrine glands include:
 cushions and protects deeper tissues 1. pituitary gland
from injury 2. thyroid and parathyroids
3. adrenal glands
 4. thymus  includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary
5. pancreas bladder, and urethra
6. pineal gland O  eliminates nitrogenous wastes
7. ovaries (females) and testes  maintains acid-base balance
(males)  regulates water and electrolyte
 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM balance
 includes heart and blood vessels  helps regulate normal blood pressure
1. heart pumps blood  REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
2. vessels transport blood to tissues  overall function is production of
 blood transports: offspring
1. oxygen and carbon dioxide  for males – testes, scrotum, penis,
2. nutrients accessory glands, and duct system
3. hormones 1. testes produce sperm and male
 blood also contains white blood cells sex hormones
and chemicals that provide 2. duct system carries sperm to
protection from foreign invaders exterior
 LYMPHATIC SYSTEM  for females – ovaries, uterine tubes,
 includes lymphatic vessels, lymph uterus, and vagina
nodes, and lymphoid organs 1. ovaries produce eggs and female
 complements the cardiovascular sex hormones
system by returning leaked fluids 2. uterus provides site of
back to bloodstream development for fetus
 lymph nodes and other lymphoid 3. mammary glands of female
organs cleanse the blood breasts produce milk to nourish
 houses white blood cells, which are the newborn
involved in immunity
 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM MAINTAINING LIFE
 Includes the nasal passages, pharynx,
 NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS
larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
 gases are exchanged with the blood (M3)
through air sacs in the lungs; gaseous  Maintaining boundaries – separate
exchange: the inside from the outside
1. supplies the body with oxygen  Movement – locomotion and
2. removes carbon dioxide movement of substances
 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM  Metabolism – chemical reactions
 includes the oral cavity (mouth), within the body
esophagus, stomach, small and large 1. breaks down complex molecules
intestines, rectum, and accessory into smaller ones
organs 2. builds larger molecules from
 breaks down food smaller ones
 allows for nutrient absorption into 3. produces energy (ATP)
blood 4. regulated by hormones
 eliminates indigestible material as (GRRED)
feces  Growth – increases cell or body size
 URINARY SYSTEM (through increasing the number of
cells); hormones play a major role
  Responsiveness (irritability) – ability  Exact terms are used for position,
to sense changes and react
 Reproduction – occurs on cellular or
organismal level
1. cellular – new cells are used for
growth and repair
2. organismal – the reproductive
system handles the task
 Excretion – eliminates excreta
(waste) from metabolic reactions in
the form of urine, feces, or sweat
 Digestion – breakdown and
absorption of nutrients

direction, regions, and structures

 SURVIVAL NEEDS
(NNOWA)  ANATOMICAL POSTION
 Normal body temperature - 37°C or  stand erect, feet parallel, arms
98.6°F hanging at the sides with palms
1. below – chemical reactions slow facing forward and thumbs pointing
and stop away from the body
2. above – chemical reactions
proceed too rapidly  DIRECTIONAL TERMS
 Nutrients – chemicals used for
energy and cell building (include
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids,
vitamins, and minerals)
 Oxygen – required for chemical
reactions (made available by the
cooperation of the respiratory and
cardiovascular systems)
 Water
- 60 to 80% of body weight
- most abundant chemical in the
human body
- provides fluid base for body
secretions and excretions
 Atmospheric pressure – must be
appropriate for gas exchange

 explain location of one body

structure in relation to another
1. superior (cranial or cephalic) –
THE LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY
toward the head or upper part of
 Special terminology (to prevent a structure or the body; above
misunderstanding)
 2. inferior (caudal) – away from the  Three types of planes or sections
head or toward the lower part of exist as right angles to one another
a structure or the body; below 1. Sagittal – divides the body (or
3. anterior (ventral) – toward or at organ) into left and right parts
the front of the body; in front of 2. Median or Midsagittal – divides
4. posterior (dorsal) – toward or at the body (or organ) into equal
the backside of the body; behind left and right parts
5. medial – toward or at the middle 3. Frontal or Coronal – divides the
of the body; on the inner side of body (or organ) into anterior and
6. lateral – away from the midline posterior parts
of the body; on the outer side of 4. Transverse or Cross – divides the
7. intermediate – between a more body (or organ) into superior and
medial and a more lateral inferior parts
structure  BODY CAVITIES
8. proximal – close to the origin of  Two internal body cavities
the body part or point of 1. Dorsal
attachment to a limb to the body 2. Ventral
trunk  provide varying degrees of
9. distal – farther from the origin of protection to organs within them
a body part or the point of
attachment of a limb to the body
trunk
 Dorsal cavity (two subdivisions)
10. superficial (external) – toward or
1. Cranial cavity – houses the brain
at the body surface
(protected by the skull)
11. deep (internal) – away from the
2. Spinal cavity – houses the spinal
body surface; more internal
 REGIONAL TERMS
 Anterior (ventral) body landmarks
 Posterior (dorsal) body landmarks

cord (protected by the vertebrae)

 Ventral cavity (two subdivisions –
separated by the diaphragm)
1. Thoracic cavity
- cavity superior to the diaphragm
- houses heart, lungs, and other
 BODY PLANES AND SECTIONS organs
 Planes – sections that are cut along - Mediastinum – central region
imaginary lines that houses the heart, trachea, etc.
 - protected by the rib cage - Left lower quadrant (LLQ) =
2. Abdominopelvic cavity parts of small intestine
- cavity inferior to the diaphragm descending & sigmoid colon
- Abdominal cavity (superior) (parts of LI), left ureter, urinary
contains stomach, liver, etc. bladder
- Pelvic cavity (inferior) contains 2. Nine (9) regions
reproductive organs, bladder, and
rectum
- no physical structure separates
the cavities

 Abdominopelvic cavity subdivisions

1. Four (4) quadrants

 Other body cavities

1. Oral and digestive
2. Nasal
3. Orbital
4. Middle ear
 HOMEOSTASIS
 maintenance of relatively stable
internal conditions
1. dynamic state of equilibrium or
balance
- Right upper quadrant (RUQ) = 2. necessary for normal body
gallbladder, liver, right kidney, functioning and to sustain life
small intestine  Main controlling systems
- Left upper quadrant (LUQ) = 1. Nervous system
stomach, spleen, parts of 2. Endocrine system
duodenum (small intestine),  Homeostatic imbalance
pancreas, left kidney 1. disturbance in homeostasis
- Right lower quadrant (RLQ) = results in disease
appendix, cecum (beginning of  All homeostatic control mechanisms
large intestine), parts of have at least three components
ascending colon (part of large 1. receptor
intestine), small intestine, right - responds to stimuli (changes in
ureter urinary bladder the environment)
- sends information to control
center along an afferent pathway
2. control center
- determines set point
- analyses information
- determines appropriate response
3. effector
 - provides a means for response to
the stimulus
- information flows from control
center to effector along an
efferent pathway
 Feedback mechanisms
1. Negative feedback
- includes homeostatic control
mechanisms
- shuts off the original stimulus or
reduces its intensity
- works like a household
thermostat

2. Positive feedback
- rare in the human body
- increases the original stimulus to
push the variable farther
- reaction occurs at a faster rate
- occurs in blood clotting and
during the birth of a baby