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Lecture 04 - Describing Physical Quantities

This document provides an overview of physical quantities and units of measurement. It discusses base units for the International System of Units (SI), units, conversion factors, molecular weight, moles, symbols used to represent physical quantities, combined and defined units like force and pressure, important process variables like density and flow rate, and dimension consistency in equations. It concludes with sample homework questions involving these concepts. The key information covered includes definitions of physical quantities, units, moles, molecular weight, common symbols, and ensuring dimensional consistency in equations.

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43 views10 pages

Lecture 04 - Describing Physical Quantities

This document provides an overview of physical quantities and units of measurement. It discusses base units for the International System of Units (SI), units, conversion factors, molecular weight, moles, symbols used to represent physical quantities, combined and defined units like force and pressure, important process variables like density and flow rate, and dimension consistency in equations. It concludes with sample homework questions involving these concepts. The key information covered includes definitions of physical quantities, units, moles, molecular weight, common symbols, and ensuring dimensional consistency in equations.

Uploaded by

Uyên Nhi Đào
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 04

Describing physical quantities

Huynh Kim Lam


www.lamhuynh.net

1
Physical quantities

Base or Sample Units for Three Measurement Systems

2
Units

A physical quantity
A numerical value A unit

A recorded number
Certain digits ONE uncertain digit

An exact number
Certain digits (usually integer)

Counting numbers

Conversion Factors
A conversion factor is a relationship
expressed by an equation where the entries
on both sides of the equation are the same
quantity but expressed in different units.
3
Units
Molecular Weight
• The molecular weight of a molecule is the sum of the masses of all the atoms that
make up that molecule.
→ Inconvenient to measure and use the absolute mass of a molecule (expressed in atomic mass units)

• The mass of a large number of molecules is used


The number of molecules in a gram-mole is Avogadro’s number
→ the molecular weight of a substance is the mass in grams of one gram-mole of that substance

Moles
• A gram-mole (or a mole) ≡ the amount (number of molecules) of that compound
whose mass in grams is numerically equal to its molecular weight
• gram-mole (gmol): the amount of a species such that its mass in grams numerically equals its
molecular weight (this amount is associated with Avogadro’s number of molecules)
• kilogram-mole (kgmol): the amount of a species such that its mass in kilograms numerically equals its
molecular weight
• pound-mole (lbmol): the amount of a species such that its mass in pounds-mass numerically equals its
molecular weight

1 kgmol = 1000 gmol, and 1 lbmol = 454 gmol.


4
Symbols

Symbols are used to represent physical quantities

Symbol Description
m the mass of a quantity of material
mA the mass of a particular chemical species (in this case,
species A), either as a pure material or within a mixture
n the number of moles of a material
nA the number of moles of a particular chemical species (in
this case, species A) either as a pure material or within a
mixture
MWA the molecular weight of a particular chemical species (in
this case, species A)

5
Units
Combined and Defined Units

Others:
• Force (unit: N) → F = ma
• Fweight = mg (note: vector)
• Pound-force (lbf): often simply called “pounds”
• lbf vs. lbm
• Pressure (unit: Pa) ≡ force exerted per area

6
Important process variables
• Density: ρ = m/V

• Flow Rate: 𝑋𝑋̇ ≡ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑⁄𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑


mass flow rate (𝑚𝑚):
̇ the mass of a material that passes a reference plane within a unit time interval
molar flow rate (𝑛𝑛):
̇ the number of moles of a material that passes a reference plane within a unit time
interval
̇ the volume of a material that passes a reference plane within a unit time
volumetric flow rate (𝑉𝑉):
interval

• Mixture composition

7
Dimension consistency

Equations must obey the rules of dimensional consistency:


• Terms that are added together (or subtracted) must have the same units.
• Exponents must be unitless.

⇒ CHECKING!

8
Homework

Questions 4, 7 & 9

9
Scenario: An assignment
The memo from your supervisor
You are a chemical engineer for the
ABC Chemical Company, which
makes a valuable product but also
makes hydrochloric acid (HCl) as a
waste byproduct.

This hypothetical problem is a useful


prototype

⇒ to perform some relevant chemical


engineering calculations, design
some equipment,
⇒ justify the proposal to the
“company” through an economic
analysis, all of which are typical
tasks and approaches for a
chemical engineer, regardless of
the specific application
10

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