Chote. S COMMUNICATION FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES When sa LEARNING OUTCOMES 7 : i ‘© Completed this Chapter, they should be able to: * Analyze varie ic 2 Wr ‘d academic texts sing some questions to guide the analysis; . rite ang ic 4 Present academic papers using correct tone, style, delivery, and ‘Ocumentation of Sources; 3. Show i : Fee Ma coclganon porn Ge (or ie audience and Context) in the Presentation of ideas; and 4. i EXPFESS and communicate ideas by using Be oes alee cuca Visual, and/or web-based Presentations for audiences in local and global settings. INTRODUCTION » even watch several video clips and at oral outputs. Although these outputs may serve some other purposes, they can still qualify, technically, as academic materials. This means that you have been doing academic-write-ups all along. And this is not to say that you were even required to write at least one book review, literature review, proposal, position paper, and some business letters with a résumé) in Grades 11 and/or 12! research report, project (especially an application letter In other words, you have actually been immersed in some kind of academic writing “in the past, and you have succeeded in coping with it. Did any of ‘your teachers tell you that you were doing academic writing? Possibly, especially in your “English for Academic and Professional Purposes” class. ‘This chapter will make you recall some of what you now know about academic writing, but mostimportanty a college freshmen, you wl be dong some analyses of various types of academic articles before finally producing your own academic papers for presentation both orally and otherwise (print, audio, visual, web-based), ' 167 ‘Communicate & Connect! Scanned with CamScannerfulfill a requirement UNDERSTANDING THE MEANING OF AGADEMIC WRITING ng done €0 ademic writing is any writin ed for pul » which [may] also [be] used 7" Fas essays, book “fe o erences, hers or presented at confer ‘demic journals, theses, aca ions, research and term papers, ications that are In its broadest sens of a college or uni and dissertations (“Writing for Education,” 2018). | any formal written Fi F ic writing is ; A more narrow meaning specifies that academic w: ee Searchers inlerery : ae s, ae work produced in an academic setting by students, professor holarly conversation; its e in scho} Sai d engag d dissertations discipline to convey ideas, make arguments, an rey most common forms are literary analyses, research papers, and these (Valdes, 2018). Academic writing produces or analyzes knowledge; while writing, you peed to analyze knowledge and take up a position or stance appropriate to your deg: i program (“What Is Academic Writing?” 2007). The type of writing you are pect to work on differs from that of a student in another degree program because academic writing varies from discipline to discipline. Different areas of knowledge have different traditions, conventions, as well as ways of thinking and doing things; therefore, to be effective in your chosen field, you need to know not only its language but also its values, rules, and terms—things that are important to actively and competently perform and participate in the academic discourse and college writing of your academic discipline (“What Is Academic Writing?” 2007; 2018). specific definition? SRA GOMMUNIEATElns inn f } 1. What is the broad meaning of academic writing? What is its -2. Why does academic writing differ from discipline to discipline? PEOMEET an Think about the kinds of academic writing you have done in Grades 11 aa 12. 1. What are they? ‘ 2. Which of them did you have difficulties in writing? Why? 3. Which did you find easier to d do you Say so? Scanned with CamScannerKNOWING HOW ACADEMIG WRITING ig DOHE Although the academi sti ic process of writing a is followed oe Varies from discipline to discipline, the same need to be considered (Bullock a degree programs. Here are the guidelines that Weinberg, 2009), 1. Choose atopic, Look fy Appropriate to the completion, 2. Consider (b) expected Kind or can (OPE that interests you. The topic should be vnd of text assigned and to the specified, required time of thetorical ele ts. These are (@) purpose for writing, audience, opinionated, Sgn © stance—whether serious, objective, critical, ionic, reasonable ioe sO indieret—and tether Fanny, formal or informal nena 85% oF etl, (8) gene that calls for either personal essay nee netase sich as memo, ete, reprt abstract research, electronics al yee ad proposal) medum—print spoken, of ee lesign-—format, typefaces, illustrations, and audio-visual materials, - Generate ideas and text. Aim to find the best information from credible, sources. Self-publishing’ media, such as websites, should be evaluated—if managed by an expert or a group of experts, or by laypersons and amateurs. Organize yourideas, The organization needed depends on rhetorical elements, like purpose, audience, stance and tone, genre, and medium. 5. Write out a draft. Consider your genre, medium, and design when deciding on register and style of writing. . Revise, edit, and proofread. Pay special attention to correctness of language (grammar, mechanics, style). 7. Evaluate your work. Answer the following questions. a. How well did you convey the information? Is it complete enough for your audience's needs? What strategies did you rely on, and how did they help you achieve your purpose? c. How well did you organize your ideas? 4 Are the data properly documented? Are the sources of information credible? Did you use any tables, graphs, diagrams, photographs, illustrations, or . Di ; * ome other graphics effectively? : 169 Communicate & Connect! Scanned with CamScanner£ What did you do especially well? g What could still be improved? SE) COMMUNICATE!» 2 1. What should be your basic considerations in selecting your topic? ; es. 2. What are the rhetorical considerations? Explain each and cite examp! "9 . ible sources”? 3. What is the meaning of “find the best information from credible sot QONNECT! nnn Which among the guidelines did you find most challenging to follow when you Prepared and submitted your academic-writing projects in Grades 11 and 12? Why? THE STRUCTURE OF ACADEMIC TEXTS You cin easily recognize academic texts because they are organized in a specific way; they have a clear structure that helps you as writer to organize your ideas easily and to allow your reader to understand your writing better. Most texts use the IMRD structure—the acronym for introduction, methods and materials, results, and discussion. The aim and research questions, which are usually found after the introduction, together with a conclusion and referes es, complement the structure (Berger, 2016; “The Structure of Academic Texts,” 2017). J 1. Aim. This is the general purpose of the text, and it appears after the introduction. (Example: “To investigate how effective nursing interventions are for smoking cessation”) 2. Research questions. The questions, which are placed after the aim, limit or specify the aim. (Questions for the cited aim: “What nursing interventions exist?” and “How many patients are still smoke-free after one year?" 3. Introduction. This comes before the aim and the research questions, Explain the importance of the aim, mention that there is something about it that is not yet known, and specify the benefit/s that can be gained from the knowledge to be discovered. Using the cited aim and research questions, perhaps the benefit can be “to provide better care or develop a new drug or new treatment method,” or Scanned with CamScanner‘that there is Problem wit} i are needed.” A fe, han existing method and that alternative methods : er importance of nev Hs have accounted for the context and pointed to the when you present yo wledge in the field, your reader will be well prepared ur ain pi . : 'm and research questions after the introduction. When writin, review) and where hes: YOU may also cite researches done (in a litestuse Still needs to be found out, leading to your aim. Methodsand materials ond ene Mention what procedure you followed to achieve your 'swer your research questions. Fi ns. First, der should understand how you got the resulie q ‘rst, your reader shoul and at aici able to duplicate your biauleesdy after reading this section, they should be St i aks ‘art with the method, such as your study design. If you tell your readers, ight away that your work is a literature review or that your method consisted of interviewi i i : terviewing nurses using semi-structured interviews, it will be easier for them to understand the details that follow. Results. Present the results objectively without interpreting them because the interpretation will appear in the discussion section. For text coherence, sequence the results by following the particular order of the research questions as they were given. Use properly labeled or captioned tables to make the results easier to understand even without reading the accompanying texts. Discussion. ‘This is where you interpret your results. It is the most difficult part because you need to analyze the results and interpret them at the same time. This is the usual outline for this part. a. First paragraph: Repeat the aim and give the importance of the study to the field. For instance, you can say “This is the first study to examine the correlation between ...” Then you briefly account for the most important parts of your zesults,pshaps linking them to your hypothesis if you have one. as b. The rest of the discussion analyzes and interprets the _senults, ‘These questions can help you- © What do your results mean? How do they relate to previous vezcatch? What ark ‘the'teasone for + How vel dference between your study and previous research? What nti ote! a betwee: to potential similarities indicate? How may your method have affected your results? + How m: 1m Scanned with CamScanner2 do th * What are the strengths and weaknesses of the study? How do they affect your results? ‘ s? What are the + How are your results important to future development clinical implications, for example? + What kind of research is needed in the fie 7. Conclusion. Make a general statement about your aim and your on the implications of your results and mention the need for fart 8.. References. Indicate all cited sources of data, and use the American Psychological Association (APA) style of documentation. Jd in the future, and why? results; focus her research. Formats of Research or Scholarly and Professional Reports Research/Scholarly Report (Treadwell, 2017) 5 Title Page Abstract. Introduction * Goals and Significance of Research * Literature Review * Aim and Research Questions and/or Hypothesis Method and Materials * Participants or Sampling * Procedure Uséd * Measures Used (if quantitative study) Results Discussion * Analysis and Interpretation of Results * Conclusions ‘+ Recommendations for Future Research References Appendices ps Scanned with CamScannerExecutive (A professional re, research report.) Protes, 0 Title Page al Renort (Tre. — Re ‘adwell, 2017) Table of Contents a able of Content if recess ary) © Summary Introduction Body of Report and intended audience of the Port m; 2Y OF may not contain the sections expected for a Recommendations Appendices KEY FEATURES OF ACADEMIG TEXTS . WwW hatever format is followed for the presentation of ideas, the various academic texts are identified through their basic features (Bullock & Weinberg, 2009). st 2. Communicate €7 CONNECT Literacy Narrative (well-told story, vivid detail, clear significance) Article/Book Review (a summary of text, attention to context, a clear interpretation, support for your conclusions) Research Report (a tightly focused topic, well-researched information, various writing strategies, clear definitions, appropriate design) Position Paper (a clear and arguable position, background information, ‘good reasons, convincing evidence, appeals to readers, a trustworthy tone, consideration of any other positions) Abstract, such as informative, descriptive, critical abstracts (a summary of basic information, objective description, brevity) Evaluation (a concise description of the subject, clearly defined criteria, a Knowledgeable discussion, a balanced and fair assessment, well-supported reasons) Laboratory Report (an explicit title, abstract, purpose, methods, results and abot iscussion, references, appendices, appropriate format) 173 Scanned with CamScanner‘ Janguage of the 8. Literary Analysis (an arguable thesis, careful attention to the language : : ion) text, attention to patterns or themes, a clear interpretation) 7 ion, a convincin, 9. Proposal (a well-defined problem, a recommended soluti a en ; ; iction, argument for your solution, possible questions, a call for actio tone) COMMUNICATE! no ” iti 1. What does the acronym IMRD stand for? 2. How does “aim” differ from “research questions”? 3. What does “key features” mean? CONNECT 5 : The following texts are short and do not follow the usual formats expected of the | nine texts listed above whose key features are specified in parentheses. Despite this “irregularity,” read each text, focus on its content, and determine its key features using the list above as guide. Do the following with a seatmate: 1. Read each academic text. 2. Determine its key features based on the context. If some features are not found in the text, just write (on the spaces provided) those that you can identify. 3. Specify its genre based on the identified key features. Write your answer on the space given. [Text | Should You Be Taking Aspirin Every Day? (2014) ~ ‘Not only is aspirin a standard remedy for pain and fever, but it’s also used to prevent serious illness. Millions of heart attack and stroke survivors pop a low- dose tablet every day to stop them having another event and, increasingly, healthy people are taking it daily to safeguard their cardiovascular health, too. We've known for a logg time that aspirin is very effective in preventing heart attacks and strokes in people with a cardiovascular problem. The drug works by thinning the blood to help prevent small blood clots. More recently, there's been evidence that low doses of daily aspirin can prevent gastro-intestinal cancers, as well as breast and prostate cancer, and:can also ‘slow mental decline. . But, because aspirin thins the blood, people taking it regularly may actually be at higher risk of a stroke because their brains bleed more. its long-term use has also been linked to macular degeneration and increased risk of internal bleeding. Scanned with CamScanner[ While theres hile there's no na = researchers say that qo! ah¥one really benefit, doctors, to stop their a5 Needed to be smarter al in without medical advice, bout which patients could General practitig i Mer Dr, bj include nr Liz a stroke Fenn N° have sae says those who can benefit from the drug iovecen vevO any Sort of heart event, like heart attack, or cardiovascular digron® else, it’s up to like angina, a a doct fie ot Se and bleeding, ‘or to carefully weigh up their risk: Key features; —_ 7 Say Goodbye to Spam Email (2014) Pam, or junk mail, is a fact of i if it carrie attachment, bur . internet life. Some of it carries malware as an “re main problem with spam is thatit is annoying because it Swamps Your email inbox with pointless messages. Most email programs have built-in filters tha and divert them into a Junk folder. You can cor consider to be spam, t will recognize unwanted messages nfigure the filter to “learn” what you or to block certain senders. Avoid publishing your email address on websites—spammers “trawl!” the internet for email addresses. Be careful who you give your email address to, and if you need to send out multiple copies of an email, use blind copy (bcc) instead to mask the other recipients’ addresses. Delete spam messages without opening them. Signs of possible spam-are bad spelling in email headers, suspicious sender addresses, or emails sent at odd hours. _ | If you do open a spam mail, never reply to it or click on any adverts, pictures, or links it may contain—it will only confirm that yours is a live email address. Ifyou receive an unexpected email purporting to come from your bank, credit card company, or other supplier, be wary. If the email asks you to respond by clicking ona link, don’t do it! Instead, contact the organization yourself by calling their authenticated telephone number, or by navigating independently to their official website. Consider setting up a second email address—and keep one address for your persorial correspondence and anather for your online transactions. Scanned with CamScanner| Key features: Genre: Lee ees A Safety Net for the Drought-Stricken (2015) ing and irrigation is a d buying water isn’t an In the foggy hillsides outside Lima, Peru, water for drin! luxury. The area’s 6.5mm of annual rainfall barely helps, an option in this poverty-stricken region. poles is an idea that of Canada, the “fog lection trough and Surprisingly, a piece of mesh hung vertically between two holds water, literally. Invented by the Meteorological Service fences” capture water droplets in fog, which trickle into a col drain into tanks. During the foggiest months of the year, the community of Bellavista can harvest 2801 of water every night using five fog fences. “These fog nets have improved our quality of life,” says resident Noe Neira Tocto. “We can grow vegetables for our families.” Fog fences are also helping irrigate arid regions in other parts of South America and in Africa. Recently, researchers from the Netherlands and China developed an absorbent fabric that may help fog fences collect even more water. Key features: Genre: Text4 Is It Bad to Fall Asleep with the TV on? (2014) This habit may mess with your shut-eye. A new Australian study found that watching TV before bed keeps kids and teens up later rather than lulling them to sleep. University of Pennsylvania research from 2009 revealed that the time people spent watching TV before bed was a key factor in when they hit the sack, Which could lead to sleep deficits. Researchers at Ohio State University even found that hamsters exposed to TV-like light at night showed signs of depression. Scanned with CamScannerBut don’t swa PTV tir —$—__ more stimulating vt f0r iPad or mary ; te or wrt to slip into slumbee YOU" rain. Using tne disorders. " Says Mi phone time. These devices are actually Iehaet Behe close to bedtime can make it tougher 'US, a psychologist who specializes in sleep However, if * HF You swea “| IF th: wrong. “For certain peo, my Seinfeld reruns help yo b which is very ple who have help you snooze, you might not be Pass trouble ‘turning their brain off watching TV, ive, sure to set a timer peo allow ta timer them to relax and fall asleep,” says Breus. Just be totun OU. UI i nthe You.up in the middle of the he a ff so that the blaring infomercial doesn’t wake Key features: eh a Genre: TextS | rents With Help from Uncle Lee (Padua, 2015) ly husband Ariel arrived in Adelaide, South Australia, in the middle of winter, 2012. He was a migrant fro! li it m the Philippines, hi erin ippines, hoping to create a better future for Starting a new life in a foreign land far from the support of friends and relatives seemed an instirmountable task. Ariel was raised in a family whose life centered around the renowned Naga College Foundation, a school his grandfather had built in Naga City. He had attended the school himself and, after graduating with a degree in economics from ‘the University of the Philippines in 1988, he returned there to work in the family business with his grandparents, mother, and uncles, We wert married in 1995 and built a home close to both our parents, as well as the school. But opportunities were limited for our sons, so when Ariel had the chance to try for a new life in ‘Australia, he took it. In Adelaide, Ariel stayed in one room ina house rented to boarders and took on the task of looking for a job. But, with one rejection after another and money running low, after four months he was ‘already contemplating coming home. endly local man named Lee. They both regularly attended ‘after chatting several times, Lee invited Ariel to visit Victor 1d ofthe difficulties Ariel had been facing, Lee kindly int. With this offer came the company Then he met a fri vegetarian aroun, ee arbor with him. When vifered im a room in his home for a tiny rer o that Ariel so longed fo! Ww Scanned with CamScannerst name, Ariel decided to ily got used to it. With his wiet, timid husband. He ht him Australian slang. as Lee is a trained Not being used to calling people we respect by their fi call Lee “Uncle.” Lee laughed it off at first but eventual big laugh and loud voice, Lee is the exact opposite of my ai showed Ariel the best places to shop for bargains and taug More importantly, he encouraged Ariel when he felt down, psychiatric nurse. When it was my time to join Ariel, Lee welcomed me into his home with a hug. uh made me feel that everything would be fine. After four months with Lee, an wi our three sons ready to join us, we left his home to start on our own. He insisted on helping us move, driving a trailer loaded with our belongings and appliances given to us by him and his friends. ‘Two years on we are still in Adelaide, working and loving this city with its beaches, parks, and people who wave and smile. Uncle Lee holds a special place in our hearts, He opened his home and heart to us—complete strangers—without asking anything in return. ‘ Key features: Genre: ‘Angel Time: The Songs Of The Seraphim, by Anne Rice (Rudd, 2017) From its initial facade, the latest novel by international best-selling author Anne Rice carries the attractive promise of being a “dark gothic novel.” This description is perhaps true in terms of its preoccupation with the religious persecutions of medieval Jewish people and the awe-inspiring architecture of enchanting sacred buildings, which feature strongly throughout the novel since they hold a special interest for the story's central protagonist. ° The expectation of anovel filled with “suspense” and intrigueis not quite fulfilled however. Dramatic battle scenes perhaps, and the conflict between man and the unseen spiritual forces of good and evil would have helped the story live up to its captivating synopsis. Rice's lead character, Toby O'Dare is introduced to us from the outset as a particularly shady and even quite frightening character, but whom later we discover is only. loner with no genuine desire to hurt peomie, in spite of Toby's working'a a contracted serial killer, he works alone onda gous ‘the benefits of strong connections in the criminal underworld that oth have encouraged readers to view him as a serious threat and menat at large. therwise may ce to society Scanned with CamScannerNB is typi search fa Pally poverty-stricken alcoholic mother biogray ceptance aca with the plot concerned primarily childhood with tennant in life following a difficult and it Policeman for a father and a drunken a mom PS rath; a father and a drunl | | thus paving tte re-awakening ines tee subseaventyfalows " 1 Way in which Toby i spiritual peace. 'V for a long ang rather V realizes the error of his ways, arduous search for a new kind of inner The author's Fi lumane, even caring people, in spite of their icking phantoms of the night. su = Separent however, the guilt and the need to perform good : 'e sins Toby has committed, shouts unreservedly of with the insistence th: all the bad deeds To ae be to happen, Toby has to accept the guidance and discernment of an Be! Who explains to him that he must walk back into the past to help put right | the actions of others that have led to the false accusation of two innocent people. The angel explains that since God dwells Outside of time, he uses angels to affect the earthly destinies of His children from the past, the present, and the future. The angel then proceeds to explain T B foby’s part in God’s “grand master plan” which results in Toby traveling to a place in medieval Norwich. works to make Catholic doctrine As this period of history is brought back to life, Toby plays the part of a Dominican brother, which also happened to be a lifelong ambition from his youth before he went “bad.” To achieve this, he must travel in “Angel Time” to a place where Jewish people were persecuted for their religion by Christian believers. But before we are allowed to feel enthralled with the prospect of traveling through time in the company of heavenly multitudes while experiencing the wonders of spiritual realms among the angelic hosts, their presence in the text is swiftly chopped out, and the narrative is again replaced by Toby's re-telling of events, The story could have done witha litle more imaginative emphasis on the mystical World of spirits and divine intervention, with a greater stress given to the interplay is chosen angel. As itis, it feels as though Toby is left virtually between Toby and his chosen ang ; and pretty much left to get on with things by himself stranded in medieval England and pretty i With the use of guess work as a guide to what he should be doing and more or less playing things by ear. heaton my ‘ dermines the concept the author is trying to get across, with her This, then, Caan oposedly acting as an important helper to the angel and thereby lead character te reater good. This lack of contextualized exchange in dialogue bringing about the Br ctershas the effect of watering down Toby’s overallimportance between the oe ‘Toby to escape from his real life in the present, with the detraction twonée al id have led as a priest living in the past. intoa Scanned with CamScanner180 Although Rice is to be commended for her defense of a strong moral ain in which good overcomes “bad” in human nature, it remains however With’ 9 Pondering and rather plodding, religious framework. The constant reflection ie the past throughout the novel's entirety comes across as a slightly unhealthy morbidity, bordering on an obsessive fixation with life in the past to help Toby learn from his own mistakes. Clearly, however, Rice’s intention is to endear the reader to her central character in order to discover how the actions of other people encourage him to make the right choices in his own life. But the concern is whether readers, other than die-hard fans, will have the patience to stay the journey with Toby O’Dare as he begins his ext quest in sequels to this story. Key features: Genre: Text7__| How | Went from Mommy Flab to Fab (Adapted from Delamar, 2014) All it took was one innocent “Wow, Mommy. . . BIG tummy!” from my two-year-old son Cooper and I knew that there simply was no denying my big, bulging mommy pooch. Kids don’t lie! It was time to do something about it. Looking at pictures of me with my flabby belly and heavy thighs; I realized, how could | have let myself go? The thing is, the more weight you gain, the more you hide, and the more your self-esteem goes down. But hiding myself won't magically make the problem go away. | need to face it and fix it. Like everybody else, | wanted a practical solution: something quick, easy, won’t leave me hungry or put my health at risk. | found it at MARIE SLIMMERS. | lost 12 Ibs, and a total of 27 inches all over in just 12 weeks. Even mi favorite skinny jeans fit me again because | lost 3.5 inches on my waist, 4 inches on my hips, and § inches on my thighs! That's without surgery, crash diets, or stressful workouts. And | was never hungry! Thanks to the practical advice of their trained nutritionists. clothes say so—my | definitely recommend MARIE SLIMMERS. My favorite treatmer INCH-LOSS really firmed me up. Imagine my tummy's flatter; when all | did was lie down! nt, PHYSIQUE and my legs slimmer Now | have the confidence to be all | want to be: a mom, quirky, kikay girl I've been neglecting. I've finally shed off rediscovered my best “ME.” DJ, and Delle the fun, my body insecurity and It's time to get slimmer, sexier, and more confident. Call Marie Slimmers today Scanned with CamScanner(— Key features: Genre: Text 8 Top Travel Destination (Editorial, 2014) In the Philippines, according to the Huffington Post, tourists get value for their money. A recent survey by the popular online news aggregator and blog site’s travel section picked the Philippines as one of the top 10 “Places to Go” around the world—sites that “can deliver big but cost little.” Among the other countries on the list are Greece and India. Earlier, popular travel guide Lonely Planet also picked the Philippines as one of the top value destinations for 2014. Other websites and magazines have also included individual destinations in the Philippines on their lists of the world’s best in various travel categories. ‘The country should build on the international attention it is generating in the travel industry. Competition is fierce, especially within the region, for foreign visitors. With air safety restrictions on the country being eased, an aggressive effort must be undertaken to have more direct flights between the Philippines and foreign destinations particularly in Europe. ‘As the recent spate of good reviews abroad indicated, the country has much to offer international travelers, from shopping in Manila to swimming with whale f the world’s best diving sites. sharks and exploring some © eed is enhancement, through improvements in tourism inations n What the thd overnmentis aiming or 10 million tourist arrivals by 2016, but accommodations are limited. Transportation facilities, from airports and ports to accommodation tourist buses, need major upgrading Flpinos ae renowned Ba ieereereine s can use skills training. +t tour guides = ‘ty as a travel destination will come next year, whi fation’s capacity 2: 5 it i Yo wnen A test of the 1 Panu leaders’ summit of the Asia Pacific Economic il osts te cnet Metro Manila ts eaaton must ensure that the summit willbe a showcase of Cooperation foru! seeertippines’ best, Scanned with CamScanner