CU

HARVARD
REFERENCING

KEERTHANA MUTHURAJAN
MSC PT (UK)
 Where can we obtain information

Book
Dissertation
E-book
Conference
Chapter or section in a book Recording
Journal articles Videos and images
Magazines Film
Website Interview
Report Newspaper
How have you done referencing
previously???
The Harvard style consists of two elements:

•In-text citations in the body of the paper that include the author, the date and often a page
number.
•A reference list at the end of the paper giving full bibliographic details of all in-text citations.
Online ??
Google
Google scholar

DATABASE
No more Wikipedia…

In general, citing Wikipedia entries is not recommended.

How have you done referencing
previously like this???
How have you done referencing previously like this???
COVENTRY HARVARD
REFERENCING
Document the source in two ways:
◦ 1. In-text citation
◦ 2. List of references

In-text citation

The Main body of your writing;

ØGive the author’s surname or the corporate author
ØThe year of publication
ØPage number
List of references
ØAt the end of your document
ØThe List of References is organised alphabetically according to the surname of the author or corporate
author.
ØIt shouldn’t be numbered
ØThere is a line of space between each entry
ØEvery line after the first should be indented so that author stands out.
ØThere is no full stop at the end of each entry.

Eg:
Genc, A., Ozyurek, S., Koca, U., and Gunerli, A. (2012) 'Respiratory and b Hemodynamic Responses to
Mobilization of Critically Ill Obese Patients'. Cardiopulmonary Physical Therapy Journal 23 (1), 14
You must give intext citations each time you
o Borrow Ideas
o Information
o Images
o Numerical Data
from a source in order to display intellectual
honesty about the sources you have used.
Volume and issue no:
◦ Volume typically refers to the number of years the publication has been circulated, and issue refers to
how many times that periodical has been published during that year
Let’s go in depth!!!
How to cite an author’s name

You have two options, and you may vary the practice throughout your academic paper. .
Option 1 If you mention the author’s name in your own writing, just give the date (and page
number if you quote, paraphrase, or summarise specific information) in your in-text citation.
Example: Shah (2005: 66) maintains that in recent years Coventry has become Britain’s most
important industrial city.
Option 2 If you do not mention the author’s name in your writing, give the author’s surname
and date (and the page number if you quote, paraphrase, or summarise specific information) in
your in-text citation.
Example: Wavelets are an effective means of disease detection (Qureshi 2006: 95)
What should I do if I cannot find the date
on a web site?
For the purpose of accuracy, if you cannot find the date, it is best to write ‘n.d.’,
which means ‘no date’.
Example: Students are gaining increasingly high grades (National Student Forum
n.d.).
 What should I do if I cannot find the
author of a source?
Option 1 If the source is anonymous, you can write ‘Anon.’ instead of the author.
Example: At the turn of the twentieth century, research in biology was influenced by scientific positivism
(Anon. 1900).
Option 2: You can also give the corporate author or the title of the document instead of the author.
Example: Occupy Wall Street movements in New York City have been using tactics of creative organising
(Village Voice 2012).
How to cite more than one source in the same sentence
Cite more than one author in the same sentence if they deal with the same topic or make similar
points or use similar methods or evidence. List the sources in alphabetical order and separate
each one with a semi-colon.

Example: Health informatics will radically change the nature of the National Health Service by
the year 2010 (Brown 2002: 3; Lee 2006: 44; Padda 2005: 14)
How do I cite a single source with
multiple authors using ‘et al.’?
For up to three authors, give all the authors’ surnames in your in-text citation.
Example: Cox, Patel, and Pavliotis (2004) discuss Britain’s future adoption of the euro.
More than three authors use ‘et al.’ A full stop after ‘al.’
Ex: Mark et al. (2004)
Although only one surname is given, you are referring to multiple authors, so the next verb in
your sentence must agree in the plural rather than the singular.
Example: Fletcher et al. (2006: 88) suggest that in this century global climate change has caused
billions of dollars worth of damage.
Where full stop comes?
Do not use a full stop until AFTER your in-text citation in brackets because the in-text citation is
part of your sentence.
Ex: Anderson posits that vitamin E has ‘life-changing effects’ (2006: 8).
When should I use or not use italics?
• The titles of all the main documents must be italicised, such as titles of books, titles of
journals, titles of websites, etc.
Example: Dickens wrote many novels, but Hard Times (Jones 2004: 16) is the most interesting
from a philosophical perspective.
• Do not use italics for the title of journal articles or book chapters. Instead, use single quotation
marks. The title of any sub-document or sub-section of a main document, such as the article or
chapter that sits within a publication, must sit within single quotation marks.
Example: Peterson’s recent article on oncology entitled ‘Meningioma Detection’ (2006) makes a
real contribution to cancer research.
• Do not write quotes in italics!
 What should I do if I list more than one
source by the same author
If you list sources by the same author published in different years, arrange them in reverse chronological order with
the most recent first.
If you list different sources by the same author published in the same year, arrange them in alphabetical order by
title and label the first source a, the second b.
Patel, J. (2005) Education and Individuality: Teaching and Learning in the Contemporary Climate. Manchester: Manchester University
Press

Patel, J. (2002a) Learning Styles and Reflective Practice: The Pedagogy of Individualised Instruction. London: Routledge

Patel, J. (2002b) Signification and Psychology in Education: A Case Study of Theory in Practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
How do I find the date in a book?

The three places,

§The front
§Inside cover
§The title page
If many dates of publication are given, you should
usually use the copyright one (e.g. ©2001) because
the other dates are just reprints.
However, if the book has been revised and you
consulted the revised, 2nd or 3rd edition etc., you
must record that it is a revised edition, because the
content and page numbers may be different from
the original.
In-text Citations: Secondary Sources
Secondary sources may be considered recycled sources.
If you are reading a source in which another source is cited, first try to find the original.
Check in the footnotes, bibliography, or List of References in the source to find information
about the original.
If you cannot find the original in the University Library, ask at the Enquiry Desk about ordering
the original source via the inter-library loan service.
Within brackets give the surname of the author you have not read but which is referred to by
the source you have read (the original author/source) and the date of this original source.
Write ‘cited in’ and give the surname of the author whose work you have read and the date of
the secondary source.
Add a colon, then give the page number of the source you have read to help readers locate the
passage.
Example: Concern about climate change is becoming a ‘force for good’ in international politics
(Patel 2004 cited in Brown 2005: 6).

You should mention only Brown’s source in the list of references.

Break!!!
How should I reference a first, second,
etc. or revised edition?

Give the author’s surname and initials, the date of the edition you are using in brackets, the title
in italics followed by a full stop and then write ‘2nd edn.’, ‘3rd edn.’ or ‘rev. edn.’ as appropriate.
Then the place of publication followed by a colon then the publisher.

Example: Dudley, P. R. (2001) Wavelets in Computing: An Efficient Means of Conducting

Research. 2nd edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Where should I put an editor or the
editors?
If there is only one editor, give the editor’s name and write ‘ed.’ in brackets [if there are two or
more editors, give their surnames followed by a comma and their initials in the order they are
listed in the book and write ‘eds.’ in brackets]. Then give the date in brackets and the title in
italics followed by a full stop. Finally, give the place of publication followed by a colon then the
publisher.

Example: Edwards, J. P. (ed.) (2006) Translation Theory Since 1945. Oxford: Oxford University
Press
What do I do if I have both an editor and
an author?
If a source has both an author and an editor (which is more rare), give the author’s surname and
initials as usual and the date in brackets, followed by the title in italics then a full stop, then
write ‘ed. by’ and give the editor’s surname and initials. Finally, give the place of publication
followed by a colon then the publisher.

Example: Dickinson, E. (1999) The Poems of Emily Dickinson. ed. by Franklin, R. W. Cambridge:
Belknap Press
A whole book
Give the author’s surname and initials then the year in brackets, then the title in italics followed
by a full stop. Finally, give the place of publication followed by a colon then the publisher.

Example: Dagorne, F. G. (2003) French Cultural Developments: A Feminist Perspective. London:

Macmillan
A book with multiple authors
If your source has more than one author, record them all in the order they are given. For each
author put the surname first followed by the initials. Put a comma between each author.
When there are only two authors, separate them by ‘and’. When you give in-text citations you
can use ‘et al.’

Example: Edwell, R., Ambrose, A., and Baker, C. (2002) European Politics Since 1997. London:
Routledge
A chapter or essay in an edited collection
Write ‘in’ and give the title of the book in italics followed by a full stop. Write ‘ed. by’ and give
the surname and initials of the editor.
Finally, give the place of publication followed by a colon then the publisher, and the pages in
between which the article is found after a comma.

Example: Aggarwal, B. (2005) ‘The Declining British Bird Population’. in A Guide to Contemporary
Ornithology. ed. by Adams, G. London: Palgrave, 66-99
 A printed journal article
Give the title of the journal in italics then the volume number followed by the issue number in
brackets if there is one, then the pages in between which the article is found after a comma.
When you are giving in-text citations you can use ‘et al.’ for more than three authors, but in the
List of References you should give all the authors in order to credit them fully.
Example: Potter, F., Pavliotis, M., Kiran, D., Qureshi, H. A., and Ball, R. (2005) ‘White Noise and
Particle Behaviour’. Journal of Mathematics and Physics 2 (1), 67-81
An electronic journal article
Give the volume number, then the issue number in brackets if there is one, and finally, after a
comma, give the page numbers in between which the article is found, followed by a full stop.
Write ‘available from’, and give the full web site address or the subject directory address or the
database address, starting with < and ending with >. Finally, give the date of access in square
brackets.

Example: Dhillon, B. (2004) ‘Should Doctors Wear Ties?’ Medical Monthly [online] 3 (1), 55-88.
available from [20 April 2006]
Note: Electronic academic articles are now identified by a Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
number instead of an URL.
Please use this as per the following example: Rodgers, S. (2013) ‘The Journalistic Field and the
City: Some Practical and Organisational Tales about the Toronto Star’s New Deal for Cities’. City
& Community 12(1), 56-77. DOI: 10.1111/cico.12002
 DOI
A Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is a unique identifier with a more stable link to
a publication than a URL. If a DOI is provided for a source, then it should be
given in the reference list entry.
However, if no DOI is available, then the name of the database or the URL
should be given. Date of retrieval is not required if providing a DOI. No
concluding full stop is necessary following a DOI.
A web site
Give the author’s surname and initials or the name of the organisation that produced the web site as a
corporate author. Give the year it was created or last updated in brackets. Give the title in italics (you
may need to make up an appropriate title), then write ‘online’ in square brackets. Write ‘available from’
and give the full web site address starting with < and ending with > then write the date of access in
square brackets.

Example:
Centre for Academic Writing (2006) The List of References Illustrated [online] available from
<http://home.ched.coventry.ac.uk/caw/ harvard/index.htm> [20 July 2006]
RefWorks ProQuest!
Punctuation matters!!!!
Thank you!
Any questions????