REVIEWER IN EAPP 3.

OBJECTIVITY - It means that as an academic

LESSON 1 – LANGUAGE USED IN ACADEMIC TEXTS writer, we should be neutral and fair in writing
FROM VARIOUS DISCIPLINE our ideas.
ACADEMIC TEXT - is a form of scholarly material that - Ways to ensure objectivity:
focuses on a certain discipline. Primarily, it aims to ✓ stress the information and claims rather
inform, explain, and explore concepts, ideas, and than the writer
theories that may be relevant to a field of study. ✓ refrain from using first- and second-person
Through this, readers can engage in intellectual point-of-view (I, you, we, us, my)
discussions to widen understanding of a specific topic. 4. PRECISION AND ACCURACY - It means the
In addition, it may also be used in presenting an careful handling of data that will contribute to
argument or claim that could enrich the readers' the validity of the text.
knowledge of the concept at hand. As such, it is
characterized by an impersonal tone, research, and LESSON 2 – UNDERSTANDING TEXT STRUCTURE
evidence-driven arguments, logical, and well- - Text structure refers to how the information
structured information presentation. within a written text is organized. This strategy
EXAMPLES OF ACADEMIC TEXTS helps you understand that a text might
1. Academic Journals present a main idea and details; a cause and
2. Theses/Dissertation then its effects; and/or different views of a
3. Concept Paper topic among others. Knowing to recognize
4. Book Review common text structures can help you monitor
5. Position Paper your comprehension.
6. Essay Source: http://www.adlit.org/strategies/
Objectives:
- To explain TWO COMMONS ACADEMIC TEXT STRUCTURE
- To inform A. 3 Part Essay Structure - This is the basis of all
Audience: formal writing.
- Readers specialized in a discipline 1. Introduction - It states the issue or topic,
- Scholarly readers reason or purpose, and structure or the
Structure: manner in which the writer wants the
- Introduction readers to get the information of the
- Body paper.
- Conclusion 2. Body Paragraph - It is elaboration or
FEATURES OF ACADEMIC TEXTS explanation of the topic. It is in the body
1. FORMALITY - Below are ways on how to that comprehensive discussion of the
achieve and ensure the formality of your topic is done by citing evidence that
academic text. support the writer’s perspectives on the
✓ Avoid colloquial words (a bit, things, such as topic being discussed through examples,
kind of like, as a matter of fact) and two word definitions, etc.
verbs (put off, bring down, take off, break down, 3. Conclusion - It is a summary of the ideas
turn on, dress up, drop by, back up, ask around ) presented in the paper and explains briefly
✓ Avoid abbreviations (can’t, don’t, doesn’t, I’m, how these ideas are connected to one
haven’t, didn’t, won’t, wouldn’t) another. This connection of ideas is
✓ Refrain from using first- and second-person generally known as the general statement.
point-of-view (I, you, we, us, my) B. IMRad Text Structure - This is commonly used
2. EXPLICITNESS - t means clear and plain. It can in writing scientific articles or reports
be obtained by clearly presenting connections 1. Introduction - It states the status of a
and relationships of the ideas in a text. It can current phenomenon. It includes what the
be achieved using SIGNALLING WORDS: author know and what he/she wanted to
Eventually, similarly, nevertheless, despite, on know about It is also in the introduction
the contrary thus, for instance, in general where the writer states his/her thesis

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 statement, hypothesis or research - Whenever you paraphrase, remember these two
question. points:
- You must provide a reference.
2. Methods - It explains the process on an - The paraphrase must be in your own words.
author reach the results of his/her study You must do more than merely substitute phrases
or investigation. here and there. You must also create your own
3. Results and Discussion - It explains the sentence structures.
findings of the study or investigation. PURPOSE OF A SUMMARY
Here,the author can compare the result of 1. It helps to judge the understanding of an individual
his/her work with other existing studies or about the given passage.
investigations and posts his/her 2. Helps to build the comprehending capability of the
recommendation/s based on his/her students.
findings. 3. Helps curate the essential components from the
TYPES OF TEXT STRUCTURES passage without causing a confusion
1. Description - This type of text structure 4. Help to remember the passage and its important
features a detailed description of something details i.e. helps build memory.
to give the reader a mental picture. TIPS IN SUMMARIZING
2. Cause and Effect - This structure presents the 1.Re-read the text to be summarized repeatedly.
causal relationship between an specific event, 2. Identify the main idea of the text.
idea, or concept and the events, ideas, or 3. Put yourself in the situation of the reader.
concept that follow. 4.Use appropriate transitional devices.
3. Comparison and Contrast - This type of text 5. Limit your summary to a few sentences.
examines the similarities and differences 6. Proofread your work.
between two or more people, events, TECHNIQUES IN SUMMARIZING
concepts, ideas, etc.
4. Order / Sequence - This text structure gives
readers a chronological of events or a list of
steps in a procedure.
5. Problem / Solution - This type of structure
sets up a problem or problems, explains the
solution, and then discusses the effects of the
solution.
LESSON 3 – TECHNIQUES IN SUMMARIZING
ACADEMIC TEXTS

SUMMARIZING - A summary or a precis is a synopsis

or digest of the essence of an entire text. Usually, a
summary is included in reviews (as in a review of a
book or an academic text) or a literary critique (as in a
summary of a short story or novel) (Wyson, 2016).
- According to Rick Wormeli (n.d.), “Summaries are
about the author’s arguments and details; they are not
the place for personal opinions or judgments.”
Therefore, summaries should be between 10 to 25
percent of the original text’s length (1 percent for
novels). If the summary is more than 25% of the
original text’s length, you need to delete more details
and keep only the important information.
- One of the toughest parts of summarizing, is
PARAPHRASING - putting important information into
your own words.
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 text. The text below is a sample of an
inductive writing pattern.
2. DEDUCTIVE - It is the opposite of induction;
this writing method starts from general to
specific, which means that conclusions are
presented first before presenting the support
ideas or the specific details. The text below is a
sample of a deductive writing pattern.
3. DEDUCTIVE – INDUCTIVE - It is a combination
of the first two methods; this pattern starts
from a general statement, proceeds in
discussing specific details in the middle of the
text, and ends with a recapitulation of the
generalized statement at the end.
- Usually, this repeated general statement
becomes an “intensifier” of the idea presented
at the beginning of the text. The text below is
a sample of a deductive-inductive writing
pattern.
4. INDUCTIVE – DEDUCTIVE - It is a combination
of the two previous methods; this pattern
WHAT IS A THESIS STATEMENT? starts from specific, presents a generalized
- A thesis statement is a sentence used in an statement or conclusion at the middle and
essay that serves as the guide for the essay proceeds in discussing additional information
and directly answers the question or task or support details towards the end. The text
asked of you. An essay must have a main below is a sample of an inductive-deductive
point, main idea or central message. There are writing pattern.
other specific arguments in it and they should 5. HINTED / IMPLIED - It is the most different
support or reflect the main idea and such main among the methods; this pattern does NOT
point or central message is the thesis. It is directly present a generalized statement or
written as the thesis statement. Remember a conclusion, which means that the writer
thesis statement is simply a factual statement leaves it to the audience to conclude and
nor is not just a topic sentence. It has to be make generalized statements about the ideas
noted that the thesis statement is also presented in the text. The text below is a
considered the main idea. sample of a hinted/implied writing pattern.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A THESIS STATEMENT
A thesis statement has the following characteristics: LESSON 4 – OUTLINES READING ACADEMIC TEXTS IN
a. It addresses the prompt clearly. VARIOUS DISCIPLINE
b. It makes a claim or presents an argument - OUTLINING - An outline is a tool used to
c. It may be arguable if the thesis an opinion. organize written ideas about a topic or thesis
Where can we find the thesis statement / main idea? into a logical order. Outlines arrange major
There are five (5) ways on how thesis statement or topics, subtopics, and supporting details.
main idea can be written or developed: these are Writers use outlines when writing their papers
inductive, deductive, inductive-deductive, deductive – in order to know which topic to cover in what
inductive and hinted. order. Outlines for papers can be very general
1. INDUCTIVE - It is a writing method which or very detailed. Reading outline is used to get
starts from particular to general; this means the main ideas of a text that is already written
that specific details are presented at the first while writing outline is a skeletal overview of
part of the text and conclusions or your draft, which contains the fundamental
generalizations are placed at the end of the points and the different ideas that support
them.
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Organizing your idea in an outline is the first sentence of the second paragraph
• Begin by answering the question that leads to of the body, and so on.
your thesis statement. • Each capital letter (A, B, C, D…) indicates a
• Use the two or three main ideas from this main point within the structure of the
technique as your main heading. paragraph. So in our introduction, A. is the
• Write subtopics for each main idea. attention getter, B. is another attention getter,
• Write the supporting details for each of the C. describes a point that makes the topic
subtopics. personal, and D. is the thesis statement.
• Place the title at the center above the outline. • Each Arabic numeral (1, 2, 3, 4…) indicates a
• Every level of the outline must have at least two sentence or piece of supporting evidence for
items (I and II, A and B, 1 and 2). each main point. So in the first body
• Put a period after each numeral and letter. paragraph (II.), point A. is a general statement
• Indent each new level of the outline. that needs some additional support, so 1.
• All items of one kind (roman numerals, capital provides a supporting statement of fact and
letters, Arabic numerals) should line up with each the citation of where that information came
other. from. 2. provides another sentence with
• Capitalize the first letter of each item. supporting evidence, as does 3.
• The terms Introduction, Body, and Conclusion do 2. TOPIC OUTLINE - Using words and phrases as
not have to be included in the outline. They are entries.
not topics; they are merely organizational units in · Several aspects must be considered in writing
the writer’s mind. a topic outline.
BASIC OUTLINE FORM 1. Recall that all headings and subheadings
I. Roman Numerals must be words or phrases, not sentences.
A. I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, etc. 2. Also, the wording within each division must
B. Represent main ideas to be covered in the be parallel.
paper in the order they will be presented 3. Finally, as in any outline, remember that a
II. Uppercase Letters division or subdivision cannot be divided into
A. A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, etc. one part; therefore, if there is an "A" there
B. Represent subtopics within each main idea must be a "B," and if there is a "1" there must
III. Arabic Numbers be a "2."
A. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, etc.
B. Represent details or subdivisions within LESSON 5 - Critical approaches in writing critique
subtopics 1. Formalism
IV. Lowercase Letters Claims that literary works contain intrinsic
A. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, l, m, etc. properties and treats each work as a distinct work
B. Represent details within subdivisions of art. In short, it posits that the key to
understanding a text is through the text itself; the
MAIN IDEA - It is up to the writer to decide on historical context, the author, or any other
how many main ideas and supporting ideas external contexts are not necessary in interpreting
adequately describe the subject. However, the meaning.
traditional form dictates that if there is a I in the Critical approaches in writing critique
outline, there has to be a II; if there is an A, there • The common aspects looked into formalism:
has to be a B; and so forth. • Author’s technique in resolving contradictions
OUTLINE STRUCTURES within the work
1. SENTENCE OUTLINE - Using complete • Central passage that sums up the entirety of
sentences as entries. the work
• Each roman numeral (I, II, III, IV…) indicates • Contribution of parts and the work as a whole
the start of a new paragraph. So I. is the first to its aesthetic quality
sentence of the introduction, II. is the first • Relationship of the form and the content
sentence of the first paragraph of the body, III. • Use of imagery to develop the symbols used in
the work
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• Paradox, ambiguity, and irony of the work by poet Robert Bly. The bulk of gender criticism,
• Unity in the work however, is feminist and takes as a central precept
2. Feminism that the 10 patriarchal attitudes that have
- Focuses in how literature presents women as dominated western thought have resulted,
subjects of socio-political, psychological, and consciously or unconsciously, in literature “full of
economic oppression. unexamined ‘male-produced’ assumptions.”
It also reveals how aspects of our patriarchal, i.e., 6. Historical - This approach “seeks to understand
how our culture views men as superior and a literary work by investigating the social, cultural,
women as inferior and intellectual context that produced it—a
Critical approaches in writing critique context that necessarily includes the artist’s
• The common aspects looked into when biography and milieu.” A key goal for historical
feminism are as follows: critics is to understand the effect of a literary work
• How culture determines gender upon its original readers.
• How gender equality (or the lack of it) is Critical approaches in writing critique
presented in the text • The common aspects looked into when using
• How gender issues are presented in literary Marxist criticism are as follows:
works and other aspects of human production and • Social class are represented in the work
daily life • Social class of the writer/creator
• How women are socially, politically, • Social class of the characters’
psychologically, and economically oppressed by • Conflicts and interaction between economic
patriarchy classes
• How particular ideology is an overpowering STRUCTURE OF A REACTION PAPER, REVIEW OR
presence CRITIQUE
3. Reader-response approach 1. Introduction (around 5%of the paper)
- Is concerned with the reviewer’s reaction as an - Title of the book/article/work
audience of a work. This approach claims that the - Writer’s name
reader’s role cannot be separated from the - Thesis statement
understanding of the work; a text does not have 2. Summary (around 10% of the paper)
meaning until the reader reads it and interprets it. - Objective or purpose
Readers are therefore not passive and distant but - Methods used (if applicable)
are active consumers of the material presented to - Major findings, claims, ideas, or messages
them. 3. Review/Critique (in no particular order and
• The common aspects looked into when reader around 75% of the paper)
response approach are as follows: - Appropriateness of methodology to support the
• Interaction between the reader and the text in arguments (for books and articles) or
creating meaning appropriateness of the mode of presentation
• The impact of reader’s delivery of sounds and (other works)
visuals on enhancing and changing meaning - Theoretical soundness, coherence of ideas
4. Marxist criticism - Sufficiency and soundness of explanation in
- Is concerned with differences between economic relation to other available information and experts
classes and implications of the capitalist systems, - Other perspectives in explaining the concepts
such as the continuing conflicts between the and ideas
working class and their elite. Hence, it attempts to - Structure of a reaction paper, review or critique
reveal that the ultimate source of people's 4. Conclusion (around 10% of the paper)
experience is the socioeconomic system. - Overall impression of the work
5. Gender Criticism - This approach “examines - Scholarly or literary value of the reviewed article,
how sexual identity influences the creation and book or work
reception of literary works.” Originally an offshoot - Benefits for the intended audience or field
of feminist movements, gender criticism today - Suggestion for future direction of research
includes a number of approaches, including the so-
called “masculinist” approach recently advocated
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STRUCTURE OF A REACTION PAPER, REVIEW OR contains the term to be defined and the detailed
CRITIQUE exposition of the term through the use of
1. Introduction illustrations, examples, and description.
- Basic details about the material, such as its title, THREE WAYS OF PRESENTING A DEFINITION
director or artist, name of exhibition/event and - An informal definition is done through a
the like Main assessment of the material (for films parenthetical or brief explanation.
and performances) Example: Tocopherol (VitaminE) is naturally found
2. Plot summary/description in vegetable oil, fish, and nuts.
- Gist of the plot - A formal definition explains a term by
- Simple description of the artwork incorporating the term to be defined (species),
3. Analysis/interpretation the general category of the term (genus), and
- Discussion and analysis of the work (you may the quality that makes the term different from
employ the critical approach here) other terms in the same category (differentia).
4. Conclusion/evaluation Example: Vitamin E is a light yellow fat-soluble
- Reinforcement of the main assessment vitamin that acts as an anti-oxidant.
- An extended definition is a detailed way of
Lesson 6: WRITING A CONCEPT PAPER defining a term and is usually composed of at
WHAT IS A CONCEPT PAPER? least one paragraph. This type of definition
- Prior to the submission of a project proposal, incorporates various patterns of development
proponents are requested to submit a (e.g., formal and informal definition,
summary of what the project is all about, the comparison and contrast, narration,
reasons for conducting the project, how it will description, classification, functional analysis,
be carried out. This summary document is process, analogy, and cause and effect) to
called a concept paper. explain a given concept.
- A concept paper provides an overview of the Example:
project and helps in funding agencies Subsequent to materials design is the preparation
eliminate proposals that are likely to be of learning materials. Learning materials refer to
disapproved. both printed and non-printed objects or items that
• Hence, it helps save time and effort for both teachers and learners use to facilitate language
the proponents and the funding agencies. learning. Nowadays, materials are becoming more
• Since a concept paper is preliminary document and more sophisticated, incorporating authentic
for a proposal, it shows a preview of the language samples and realias that help make a
improvements that the proponent would like to connection between classrooms and real-life
have implemented. activities. They also incorporate information and
• Concept papers can be helpful in addressing communication technology (ICT), role – plays,
social issues especially since they aim to show information – gap activities, songs, taped
solutions to tangible issues which plague society. transcripts, integrated macroskills, and explicit
USES OF A CONCEPT PAPER rubrics.
It serves as a foundation of the full proposal. - Extended, expanded or amplified definition –
It helps determine whether a certain project is this is also referring to the other different
feasible or not. ways on how to define words aside from
It is used to pique the interest of the potential informal and formal:
funding agencies. 1. Etymology – definition based on its word
It is used to obtain informal feedback on the origin
ideas prior to preparing the full proposal. - Example: The term originated from the greek
THREE WAYS IN EXPLAINING A CONCEPT word “demokratia” which means “rule of the
1. DEFINITION – It is the method of identifying a people”
given term and making its meaning clearer. Its 2. Historical definition – definition based on
main purpose is to clarify and explain concepts, when the word was first coined and how it
ideas, and issues by answering the question, evolved to how it is being used today
“What does it mean?” This mode of explanation
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Example: The term Democracy is coined in the government is that “all eligible citizens
middle of the 5th century to denote the participate equally.
political systems then existing in some Greek (Formal definition). It encompasses social,
city-states, notably Athens economic, and cultural conditions that enable
3. Negation / Elimination - Defining the term the free and equal practice of political self –
by stating it from what it is NOT. determination.
Example: Democracy is NOT leading the (Extended definition by analysis). The political
people by coercion. system of classical Athens for example,
4. Operating Principle / function - Stating granted democratic citizenship to an elite class
what the term is for of free men and excluded slaves and women
Example: Democracy is for the people who are from political participation.
oppressed and marginalized. - To better present ideas, you should identify
5. Comparison and Contrast – using the words the important elements contained in a
that are similar and different to the word definition. These include the term being
being defined. defined, the detailed explanation, and the
Example: Democracy is like leading a family specific examples. The following signal words
with everybody having equal rights and it is will also help you in writing this kind of text.
not the way one member having all the power - as defined - for example - for instance
to rule. - is defined as - means - such as
6. Analysis by Partitioning – defines the word - to define - to illustrate
by partitioning or dividing the word into 2. EXPLICATION
chunks of information from which the term - It is a method of explanation in which sentences,
can be used. verses, quotes, or passages are taken from a
Example: Democracy encompasses social, literary or academic work and then interpreted
economic, and cultural conditions that enable and explained in a detailed way. When using this
the free and equal practice of political self – technique, you need to clearly present your thesis
determination. in the introduction and follow it up with a detailed
7. Use of Examples – defines the word by analysis of a passage or text. You may begin the
providing examples which allow the definition body of the explication by analyzing and explaining
to be concretized. how the text was constructed. Your explication
Example: The political system of classical should end with a concise conclusion by restating
Athens for example, granted democratic your thesis and major arguments.
citizenship to an elite class of free men and 3. CLARIFICATION
excluded slaves and women from political - It is a method of explanation in which the points
participation. are organized from a general abstract idea to
8. Use of Analogy – defines the word specific and concrete examples. It entails the
comparing the term to another object / analysis of the concept by looking at the examples
concept / idea that shares the same and specifying some of its characteristics to arrive
characteristics as the term being defined at one working definition which can be used
Example: Democracy is to holding someone throughout the paper.
gently that it takes that person the liberty to The following signal words will help in writing
set himself / herself free but chooses to stay this kind of text.
because he / she wants to - after all - namely
9. Combined definition – it defines the word - as an example - put another way
by introducing the term in a sentence - consider the following - specifically
definition that exactly specifies its genus or - for example - stated differently
class and its function or purpose. - for instance - that is
Example: Democracy is the term that belongs - in other words - to be specific
to the class, “form of government; and what - in particular - to clarify
distinguishes it from other forms of - in short - to illustrate

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 PARTS OF A CONCEPT PAPER
- A concept paper usually ranges from 500 to CONCEPT PAPER FOR ACADEMIC RESEARCH
2000 words and is usually divided into several 1. Title Page
parts. - State your research title.
The parts of a concept paper may also vary - State your name and school.
depending on the nature of the project / activity. - State the date of submission.
2. Background of the Study
CONCEPT PAPER FOR A PROJECT - Provide the current state of the field you are
1. Cover Page researching on.
- State the name of the proponents and their - State the gap in knowledge and problems to be
affiliations. addressed by the research. Provide statistics and
- State the address, contact numbers, and email previous studies to prove your claims.
addresses of the proponents. - State the reasons why you want to investigate on
- State the head of the agency and his/her contact the chose topic.
information. - State the theoretical and practical implications of
- State the date of submission. your proposed research.
2. Introduction 3. Preliminary Literature Review
- State the information about the funding agency - Provide a theoretical framework. The theoretical
to show that you understand its mission. framework includes the theory that will guide you
- State the mission of the agency that the in the conduct of your research.
proponents represent and align it to the funding - Provide related literature that supports your
agency’s mission. Also, state the year the topic.
proponents’ agency was established, its major - Provide related studies that will help you in
accomplishments, and other details that conducting the research or analyzing and
demonstrate its capability to undertake the discussing the data.
proposed project. - Provide a brief synthesis of the reviewed
- Present and describe other partner agencies and literature and studies.
why they are qualified as such. 4. Statement of the Problem / Objectives
- Provide reasons why the funding agency should - State your general problem in one sentence.
support the project. - State your specific research questions or
3. Rationale or Background objectives.
- State the gap in knowledge to be addressed by 5. Abridged Methodology
the project. - Provide the context and participants of the study.
- State the problems to be solved. - Provide the instruments to be used.
- State the project’s significance. - Provide the data collection procedure.
4. Project Description - Provide the data analysis scheme to be used.
- State the goal and objectives of the project. 6. Timeline
- Present the methodology (sometimes termed as - Provide a timeline (e.g., Gantt chart) set in
Action Plan, Project Activities, or Approach) months and year.
- Present the timeline expressed in months and 7. References
year. - Provide a list of all books, journals, and other
- State the benefits or anticipated outcomes. resources cited in your paper.
- State how success of outcomes will be evaluated. GUIDELINES IN WRITING A CONCEPT PAPER
5. Project Needs and Cost 1. Cost and methodology should be reasonable.
- Outline the main budget; include the item 2. The budget, methodology, and timeline should
description and amount. be clearly aligned.
- Explain or justify how the budget will be used. 3. Use statistics and figures when discussing the
- List the personnel or equipment needed for the rationale for the project.
project. 4. Use no more than five pages (single-spaced)
excluding the cover page. Do not overwhelm the
readers with details.
8
5. Never request funding for planning the
proposal.
6. Adjust your language to the intended readers.
You may use technical terms if readers are
scholars and scientists. However, refrain from
using jargon when your target readers are lay
persons.
7. Include the overview of the budget if it is
required. If not, then skip the budget section. In
place of this, you may simply include the type of
support you may need such as personnel, travel
and communication, and equipment.
8. Be sure that basic format details, such as page
numbers, are incorporated.
9. Cite your references.