Name: ____________________________________________________ Date: __________________

AP Chemistry Summer Assignment: CB Unit 1

The College Board revised the AP Chemistry
curriculum in late 2019 and arranged the course into
nine themed units. I have readjusted my traditional
AP Chem Summer Assignment to fully cover Unit 1 of
this newly revised curriculum. The eight topics in
Unit 1 should be a review of material that we covered
in Honors Chemistry. The material does go into more
depth and your knowledge of these content areas will
increase.

The AP Chemistry Summer Assignment will consist of some work in this packet, 2 POGIL packets,
Mastering Chemistry, and College Board APChem Progress Checks.

Google Classroom Join Code: 2bxi7bf

Due Date for AP Chem Summer Assignment: All assignments will be posted in Google Classroom.
The AP Chemistry Summer Assignment must be submitted in paper format by the first day of class
(tentatively September ______, 20221). There will be a full exam on this material on the 2rd class day.
We will have 1 hour of review before the exam.

Work Due 09/______/20221:

1. This completed packet (1 electronic .pdf) (100pt homework grade)
2. The 2 POGIL packets on mass spectrometry and PES spectroscopy (1 electronic .pdf) (100pt
homework grade)
3. Mastering Chemistry (100 pt homework grade)
4. College Board APChem Progress Check (formative grade)
How To Contact Mrs. Voicu: Email is the best way to contact me. Over the summer I do not check
my email as regularly as during the school year. If I am unavailable due to my vacation, I will change
my email notice to reflect this.
How to Succeed in AP Chemistry: It sounds cliché, but your progress and success in this course
will reflect the amount of effort that you put into the course. AP Chemistry has a very large syllabus
and requires you to have advanced skills in applied problem solving. The course will continually
cover new material and it is your responsibility to ensure that you understand and practice what we
cover in class. For the majority of students this means considerable practice beyond assigned
classwork. You should be committed to understanding the material in multiple contexts. This is a
college level course! Expect to put in at least 2 hours of homework/reading time per class.

1
This due date may change when the 2022-2023 school calendar is published.
Pre-Unit 1- Sig Figs, Dimensional Analysis, and Nomenclature: You are expected to be fluent in
the use of significant figures (sig figs), dimensional analysis (including squared and cubed units),
and ionic/molecular nomenclature. This is not part of the College Board’s AP Chemistry Curriculum,
but is an anticipated skill.
Sig Figs: All measured numbers have a degree of precision that is related to the number of reported
digits. Scientists report all known values plus an estimated value. For a digital device the
manufacturer has worked this into the digital reading and the value is reported as displayed on the
device. When we use measured numerical values in calculations, we want to make sure that our
result does not over or underestimate precision.
Reflect: What do you already know about sig figs? _________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Sig Fig Review:
1) All digits with a value of 1-9 are significant.
2) Zeros, Which are significant?
Some zeros have a place value and some are merely placeholders. Placeholder zeros are not
significant and are not counted as sig figs! How can one tell which zero is which?
a) “Sandwich zeros,” or zeros that appear between two digits, are always significant
b) Numbers without a decimal: All trailing zeros are placeholders and NOT significant
c) Numbers with a decimal: All leading zeros are placeholders and NOT significant
Here is a good mnemonic to help you remember which zeros are significant: The Atlantic-Pacific
Rule (Figure 1.1).

Figure 1.1
Screencast “Atlantic-Pacific Rule of Significance” https://youtu.be/RnDj7ohzcss
3) Reading sig figs on an analog device (ruler, buret, graduated cylinder, etc.)
 The reported values on analog devices
are all of the marked values, plus a
guess of the next value place.
Reminder: Read at the bottom on the
meniscus!
Report the correct reading of the
listed devices and list the number of
sig figs2 (include units):
a) beaker
= _______________ and _______ sig figs
b) graduated cylinder
= _______________ and _______ sig figs
c) buret
= ________________ and _______ sig figs

4) Mathematical operations with sig figs:

You must account for sig figs in mathematical operations involving measured numbers. Conversion
factors and counted numbers are considered to have an “infinite” number of sig figs and will not
limit the sig figs in your answer. This is to ensure that you don’t over or under report the precision
of your calculated value.
a) Addition and Subtraction: Round your result to the same number of decimal places as the
measurement with the fewest decimal places.
b) Multiplication and Division: Round your result to the smallest number of sig figs in the
measured numbers.
c) Combined Operations: Use the rules of PEMDAS to determine the order of operations. Do
not round your answers in intermediate steps and round to the final number of sig figs in
the final step (using addition/subtraction rules, assuming this is the final step).
See this review of combined sig fig rules in an open source textbook
(chem.libretexts.org)(https://qrgo.page.link/xMLJK). Video links in the
eTextbook offer additional information and support.

2
a) 28 mL of liquid (20 is the known value, 8 is the estimated value). 2 sig figs. b) 28.1 mL (28 is the known
value, 0.1 is the estimated value). 3 sig figs. c) 28.32 mL (28.3 is the known value, 0.02 is the estimated
value). 4 sig figs. c) 28.32 mL (28.3 is the known value, 0.02 is the estimated value). 4 sig figs.
Sig Fig Practice3:
1.37) List the number of sig figs in the following numbers:
a) 601 kg = _________ sig figs
b) 0.054 s = _________ sig figs
c) 6.3050 cm = _________ sig figs
d) 0.0105 L = _________ sig figs
e) 7.0500 x 10-3 m = _________ sig figs
f) 400 g = _________ sig figs

1.41) Carry out the following operations and report your answer to the correct number of sig figs.
a) 14.3505 + 2.65 = ________________
b) 952.7 – 140.7389 = ________________
c) (3.29 x 104)(2.501) = ________________
d) 0.0588/0.677 = ________________

1.42) Carry out the following operations and report your answer to the correct number of sig figs.
a) 320.5 – (6104.5/2.3) = ________________
b) [(285.3 x 105) - (1.200 x 103)] x 2.8954 = ________________
c) (0.0045 x 20,000.0) + (2813 x 12) = ________________
d) 863 x [1255 – (3.45 x 108)] = ________________

Rate Your Understanding of Sig Figs:

❒ High, no errors

❒ Confident but I had errors

❒ I need help. I will remediate my learning by doing the following:

1) _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2) _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3) _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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1.37 a) 3; b) 2; c) 5; d) 3; e) 5; f) 1; 1.41 a) 17.00; b) 812.0; c) 8.23 x 103; d) 8.69 x 10-2; 1.42 a) -2.3 x 103; b)
8.260 x 107; c) 3.4 x 104; d) 7.62 x 105
Dimensional Analysis or Unit Conversion: An algebraic process termed dimensional analysis is
used to convert given units into desired units. This was introduced in both regular and honors
chemistry. You are expected to be fluent with this technique. You should label units of all
intermediate steps to make sure the initial unit(s) cancel(s) and provide the desired unit(s).
Answers on assessments that lack units will be graded as zero points. This is consistent with the AP
Chem College Board scoring guidelines.
Reminder! You must be using the same unit to add and subtract. Units multiply and divide.
Reflect: What do you already know about dimensional analysis? ________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Dimensional Analysis Practice4:
1.51) Perform the following conversions; report your answer with the correct number of sig figs:
a) 5.00 days to s = _____________________
b) 0.0550 mi to m = _____________________ (1.6093 km = 1 mi)
c) $1.89/gal to dollars/L = _____________________ (1 L = 1.057 qt); you are expected to know 4 qt = 1
gal)
d) 0.510 in./ms to km/hr = ____________________ (1 in = 2.54 cm)
e) 22.50 gal/min to L/s = _____________________ (see problem c) for conversion factor)

Rate your Understanding of Dimensional Analysis:

❒ High, no errors

❒ Confident but I had errors

❒ I need help. I will remediate my learning by doing the following:

1) _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2) _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3) _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Need Assistance? Tyler Dewitt’s unit conversion videos on YouTube give clear
examples of how to perform dimensional analysis. Follow this link or the QR code
to the full playlist: https://qrgo.page.link/ihKFB

4
1.51 a)
Nomenclature: You are expected to know how to name ionic, molecular, and molecular acid
compounds

Common Polyatomic Ions You Need to Know

Name Formula Name Formula

Acetate C2H3O2- or CH3CO2- Superoxide O2-

Chlorate ClO3- Carbonate CO32-
Bromate BrO3- Cyanide CN-
Iodate IO3- Azide N3-
Sulfate SO4-2 Phosphate PO4-3
Permanganate MnO4- Hydrogen Phosphate HPO4-2
Chromate CrO4-2 Dihydrogen Phosphate H2PO4-
Dichromate Cr2O7-2 Hydroxide OH-
Nitrate NO3- Ammonium NH4+
Peroxide O22- Hydronium H3O+

For the other polyatomic ions that are variations on those above:
● If there is one more oxygen atom, change the name to per-_____-ate.
● If there is one less oxygen atom, change the name to _____-ite.
● If there are two less oxygen atoms, change the name to hypo-_______-ite.
● If there is a hydrogen ion as part of the polyatomic ion, it reduces the charge on the
polyatomic ion by 1.

Examples:
SO32- = sulfite HSO4- = hydrogen sulfate SO22- = hyposulfite

CO32- = carbonate HCO3- = hydrogen

carbonate HCO2- = hydrogen
carbonite

Acids
 ● Acids always begin with an “H” atom. If the “H” atom is not first, it is not an acid!
● Acids that do not contain “O” atoms, are called “hydro-_____-ic acid”.
● Acids that contain “O” atoms NEVER include the prefix “hydro”.
o If the acid comes from the____ –ate anion, it becomes “____-ic acid”
o If the acid comes from the ____-ite anion, it becomes “____-ous acid”

Examples:

HCl = hydrochloric acid HClO3 = chloric acid

HClO = hypochlorous
acid

H3PO4 = phosphoric acid KH2PO4 = potassium

dihydrogen phosphate

H2SO4 = sulfuric acid NaHSO4 = sodium

hydrogen sulfate H2S = hydrosulfuric
acid

HI = hydroiodic acid HIO3 (from iodate) =

iodic acid

AP Chem CED5 Unit 1 Atomic Structure and Properties- Topics:

1.1 Moles and Molar Mass
1.2 Mass Spectroscopy of Elements
1.3 Elemental Composition of Pure Substances
1.4 Composition of Mixtures
1.5 Atomic Structure and Electron Configuration
1.6 Photoelectron Spectroscopy

5
CED: Course and Exam Description
1.7 Periodic Trends
1.8 Valence Electrons and Ionic Compounds

1.1 Moles and Molar Mass

SPQ 1.A Calculate quantities of a substance or its relative number of particles using dimensional
analysis and the mole concept
1.A.1 One cannot count particles directly while performing laboratory work. Thus, there must be a
connection between the masses of substances reacting and the actual number of particles
undergoing chemical changes.
1.A.2 Avogadro’s number (NA = 6.022 x 1023 mol-1) provides the connection between the number of
moles in a pure sample of a substance and the number of constituent particles (or formula
units) of that substance.
1.A.3 Expressing the mass of an individual atom or molecule in atomic mass units (amu) is helpful
because the average atomic mass in amu of one particle (atom or molecule) or formula unit
of a substance will always be numerically equal to the molar mass of that substance in
grams. Thus, there is a quantitative connection between the mass of a substance and the
number of particles that the substance contains.
Correlation to Chemistry the Central Science, 13e (Brown, LeMay, et. al.): Chapters 2.4, 3.3, 3.4

1.2 Mass Spectroscopy of Elements

SPQ 1.B Explore the quantitative relationship between the mass spectrum of an element and the
masses of the element’s isotopes
1.B.1 The mass spectrum of a sample containing a single element can be used to determine the
identity of the isotopes of that element and the relative abundance of each isotope in nature
1.B.2 The average atomic mass of an element can be estimated from the weighted average of the
isotopic masses using the mass of each isotope and its relative abundance
** Interpreting mass spectra of samples containing multiple elements or peaks arising from species
other than singly charged monatomic ions will not be assessed on the AP exam. **
Problem 1: “A Closer Look: The Mass Spectrometer.” Understand that scientists can obtain the
atomic weight of a substance using a mass spectrometer (mass spec). The element chlorine has two
isotopes (35Cl and 37Cl in relative abundances of 75.78% and 24.22% (a 3:1 ratio)). When we analyze
a chlorine containing compound with a mass spec we can readily see the two different chlorine
isotopes.
Problem 2: Chloroethane (ClCH2CH3) has a molecular mass of 64, when we use the data from the
periodic table to perform this calculation. However, when this compound it analyzed by mass spec
we see peaks at 64 and 66 in a ratio of 3:1. This is because chlorine has two isotopes and the mass
spec is precise enough to be able to detect the difference. The x-axis of the mass spectrum shows
m/e (or m/z) which is the charge to mass ratio while the y-axis shows relative abundance. The mass
spec ionizes the chloroethane to form both 35ClCH2CH3+ and 37ClCH2CH3+ which can be analyzed by
the detector. As expected, chloroethane with a 35Cl-isotope is in higher abundance than that with the
37
Cl-isotope.

Figure 1. Mass spectrum of chloroethane

See the following Bozeman Science link which has a good explanation of what
mass spec is and how it works: https://youtu.be/mBT73Pesiog

After you look at the video, what do you think the peaks at m/e 51 and 49 are in the chloroethane
mass spectrum (remember, compounds can fragment in the mass spec)?

m/e @ 49 = __________________________________ and m/e = 51 = ________________________________________

Additional Practice:

● Solve each of the following problems. Report your answers with the correct number of
significant figures.
● 16.5 + 8 + 4.73 =
● 23.27 - 12.058 =
● 0.0853 + 0.05477 + 0.0002 =
● 35 / 0.0622 =
● 3400 x 0.00800 =
● (43.1 + 27.250) x (22.514 - 18.0) =
 0.00155 x 22.1011

● Solve the following problems using dimensional analysis. Report your answers with the
correct number of significant figures.
● Your plumber discovers a small leak that is leaking water at a rate of 1.2 mL per
hour. How many Liters of water are leaked in exactly one week?

● You visit the Willis Tower. You notice that every room in the Willis Tower has 18
lights on the ceiling and get curious about how many lights are in the whole building.
There are 110 floors in the Willis Tower, and each floor has 98 rooms in it. Wow!
How many total lights are in the Willis Tower?

● Dr. Ott can run a marathon (26.2 miles) in 2.925 hours. What is his average speed in
meters per second? (1 meter = 3.28 feet, 1 mile = 5280 feet)

● Solve the following density problems:

● The density of a copper cube is 8.92 g/mL. If that cube had its volume computed to
be 74 mL, what is the mass of that cube?

● Using water displacement, a fine young chemist decides to submerge an iron (D =

7.6 g/mL) chunk into a graduated cylinder with 20.0 mL of water. If the cylinder has
a mass of 67 grams, what is the final volume in the graduated cylinder?

● You go fishing and obtain some lead weights for your trip. Since you are the smartest
chemistry student in the land, you know that lead’s density is 11.34 g/mL. If there
are 50 weights in a 250. mL box, what is the mass of each weight?
 ● A student pipettes 5.00 mL of ethanol into a flask that has a mass of 15.25 grams.
She finds the mass of the flask plus ethanol is 19.17 grams. Calculate the density of
ethanol.

● Identify the following as a physical property, physical change, chemical property, or

chemical change.
● Ethanol has a density of 0.697 g/mL.
● The solution turns blue upon mixing two clear aqueous solutions.
● Wood burns in an oven.
● Methyl alcohol is highly flammable.
● Ice melts in a beaker.
● Methyl ethanoate smells like green apple.
● A car crashes into a wall.
● Sugar dissolves in water.

● Complete the following table concerning an atom/ion and its subatomic particles:

Mass Atomic # of # of # of Symb

# # Protons Neutrons Electrons ol
41 19

35 32

10 13

● Answer the following questions which deal with the Laws of Definite and Multiple
Proportions:
● Nitrogen (N) and silicon (Si) form two binary compounds with the following
compositions:

Compound Mass % N Mass % Si

1 33.22 66.72
2 39.94 60.06

● Compute the mass of silicon that combines with 1.000 g of nitrogen in each
case.
● Show that these compounds satisfy the Law of Multiple Proportions. If the
second compound has the formula Si3N4, what is the formula of the first
compound?
 ● A 57.6 gram sample of methane (CH4) is found to contain 43.2 grams of carbon. How
much hydrogen, in grams, would a 37.8 gram sample of methane contain?

● Name or form the following ionic compounds:

Name
Formula

● Lithium oxide _________

● ______________________________ Mg(NO3)2
● Calcium nitride _________
● ______________________________ (NH4)2SO4
● Iron (II) carbonate _________
● ______________________________ Cu2S

● Write and balance the following chemical equations:

● ____ Cu (s) + ____ Al2O3 (aq) ____ CuO (aq) + ____ Al (s)
● ____ C4H10 (l) + ____ O2 (g) ____ CO2 (g) + _____ H2O (g)
● ____ (NH4)2SO4 (aq) + ____ Fe(NO3)3 (aq) ____ Fe2(SO4)3 (s) + ____ NH4NO3 (aq)
● Hydrogen peroxide decomposes into water and oxygen gas.
● Sodium metal reacts with aqueous barium fluoride….
● Aqueous strontium acetate reacts with aqueous potassium hydroxide….
● Pentanol (C5H11OH) is combusted in air.

● Calculate the following using molar conversions:

● Find the number of moles in 75.5 grams of aluminum hydroxide.
● How many molecules are in 35.5 grams of carbon dioxide?
● How many atoms of nitrogen are in 4.33 moles of calcium nitrate?
● Find the mass that is equivalent to 0.056 moles of sugar (C12H22O11).
● How many atoms of hydrogen can be found in 100. grams of acetic acid?

● Determine the percentage by mass for the given element/molecule in each problem:
● % carbon in C8H18
● % oxygen in magnesium phosphate
● % aluminum in aluminum acetate
● % water in BaSO4 · 2 H2O
 ● Calculate the average atomic mass of an isotope given their masses and relative abundances.
●

%
Isotope Abundanc
e
Chlorine –
75.77%
35
Chlorine –
24.23 %
37

%
Isotop
Abundanc
e
e
Ak –
47.23 %
141
Ak –
21.22 %
145
Ak –
31.55 %
146

● Solve the following stoichiometry problems:

● ____ CaCl2 (aq) + ____ Al2O3 (s) ___ CaO (s) + ____ AlCl3 (aq)
● How many moles of calcium chloride would react with 5.99 moles of
aluminum oxide?
● If 2.44 moles of calcium oxide are made, how many grams of aluminum
chloride are also made?
● If 14.5 grams of CaCl2 react with excess Al2O3, how many grams of CaO are
produced?

● Ammonium chloride reacts with lead (IV) nitrate.

● If 18.5 grams of each reactant is present:
● Which reactant limits?
● How many grams of the excess reactant would remain?
● How much lead (IV) chloride is made?
 ● If 9.50 grams of lead (IV) chloride are experimentally made, what is
the percent yield?

● Hexane (C6H14) is combusted in air.

● Write the balanced equation for the combustion reaction.
● How many moles of carbon dioxide are made if 43.0 grams of oxygen gas
react?
● If 3.22 grams of hexane react with 10.4 grams of oxygen gas, what is the
maximum mass of water vapor that can be produced?
● Determine the empirical and molecular formulas given the following information:
● Methyl butanoate has a percent composition of 58.8% C, 9.8% H, and 31.4% O. Its
molecular weight is 102 g/mol. Find its molecular formula.
● A compound is found to have 9.09 g C, 1.52 g H, and 14.4 g F. What is its empirical
formula? If the compound has a molecular mass of 66 g/mol, what is its molecular
formula?

Additional Work:
● Assigned on mastering chemistry link will be provided on google classroom Summer
Assignment tab
● 2 POGILs