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Connectors of Cause and Result

This document provides examples and explanations of linking words used to indicate reasons and results in English. It distinguishes between words like "because" and "because of" that indicate reasons, with "because" followed by a subject and verb and "because of" followed by a noun. It also discusses more formal words for reasons like "due to", "owing to", "due to the fact that", and "owing to the fact that". For results, it outlines words like "therefore", "consequently", and "as a result" that are more formal and written, while "so" is more informal and spoken. The document concludes with an exercise to test understanding of the different linking words.

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154 views2 pages

Connectors of Cause and Result

This document provides examples and explanations of linking words used to indicate reasons and results in English. It distinguishes between words like "because" and "because of" that indicate reasons, with "because" followed by a subject and verb and "because of" followed by a noun. It also discusses more formal words for reasons like "due to", "owing to", "due to the fact that", and "owing to the fact that". For results, it outlines words like "therefore", "consequently", and "as a result" that are more formal and written, while "so" is more informal and spoken. The document concludes with an exercise to test understanding of the different linking words.

Uploaded by

Anita
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LINKING WORDS: REASONS

Because / Because of (porque / debido a)


The difference between these two words is that because is followed by a subject + verb, and because of is
followed by a noun:
 The game was canceled because of the rain.
 The game was canceled because it was raining.

Due to / Owing to (debido a)


Due to and owing to are also followed by a noun. These words are a little more formal.
 There’s a lot of traffic today due to the upcoming holiday.
(holiday = noun)
 The after-school program was canceled owing to lack of interest from the students.
(lack = noun)

Due to the fact that / Owing to the fact that (por el motive de)
Use these phrases before a subject + verb. Again, these phrases are a little more formal.
 Many people are still unemployed due to the fact that the economic recovery has been slower than
anticipated.
 The publisher rejected the author’s latest work owing to the fact that the manuscript was full of errors.

Since / As (porque; como)


Since and as are more informal, and they are followed by a subject + verb.
 I’m going to bed at 10 PM since I need to get up early tomorrow morning.
 I didn’t go to the gym today, as I had a lot of homework to do.

LINKING WORDS: RESULTS

Therefore / Consequently / As a result (por tanto / así que / en consecuencia)


These words are more formal, and are more commonly used in written English.
 Our company’s profits have increased 150% in the past year. Therefore, we’re going to invest in new
equipment and training programs.
 The tennis player had knee surgery mid-October; consequently, she took the rest of the season off.
 There have been heavy rains throughout the interior of the state. As a result, several areas have experienced
flooding.

So (así que)
“So” is more informal, and more commonly used in spoken English.
 We were hungry, so we stopped at a cafe for a snack.

EXERCISE
Question 1
 We can't make copies _________ the machine is broken.
A because
B because of
C due to
Question 2
 I couldn't play in the soccer game _________ my knee injury.
A since
B because of
as a result
C
Question 3
 The entire region lost power ______ the thunderstorm.

A due to
B owing to the fact that
C therefore

Question 4
 Airports are increasing their security measures ________ there have been several bomb threats in the past few weeks.
A due to the fact that
B consequently
C owing to
Question 5
 Let's stop off at the library _________ I can return these books.
A as
B therefore
C so
Question 6
 I'll pay for your coffee ______ you paid for mine the last time we went out.
A therefore
B due to
C since
Question 7
 The company president and vice-president could not attend the meeting. _________, we decided to postpone
it until the following week.
A Therefore
B Owing to
C Because
Question 8
 She thought nobody had enjoyed the article she wrote in the magazine. __________, she was quite surprised
when she received her first piece of fan e-mail.
A Since
B Consequently
C Due to the fact that
Question 9
 Fifty people lost their jobs ________ of budget cuts in the marketing department.
A as a result
B since
C owing to
Question 10
 Kevin wasn't feeling well yesterday afternoon, _______ I'm not sure if he'll come into the office today.
A as
B so
C because
ANSWERS: 1 because / 2 because of / 3. due to/ 4. due to the fact that / 5. So / 6. since / 7. Therefore / 8. Consequently / 9. as a
result / 10. so.

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